PRESENT    DAY 
POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION 

OF    CHINA 


BY 


H.   S.  Bkuxnekt   and  V.  V.   Hagelstkom 

STUDENT-INTERPRETERS    OF    THE 
IMPERIAL    RUSSIAN    LEGATION,    PEIPING 


REVISED    BY 
N.  Th.  KOJ.E88UFF 

CHINESE    SPCRETARY    OF    THE 
IMPERIAL    RUSSIAN    LEGATION,    PEIPING 

TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  RUSSLIN 

WITH   THE   authors'    S>"'»^TIO>r 
BY 

A.  HELT.CHKNKO 

H.l.lt.M.    CONSUL    AT    FOOCHOW;    AND 

E.  E.  iMOKAN,  Ph.  H.   (yale) 

OF    THE    (  HINESE    IMPERIAl.    MAKIllME    I  TSTOMS    SEKVICE 


Sole  Distributors 

I'ARAiinv  niiuK  liAi.i.iinY 

Booksellers  and  Publishers 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

U.S.A. 


J  ^  LIBRARY 

1^0  3  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

/  ^  /  /  SANTA  BARBARA 

111) 

C/X^  TRANSLATORS"  NOTE. 


Since  the  issue  of  the  original  edition  of  the  "Present  Day 
Political  Organization  of  China,"  in  May,  11)10,  numerous  and  varied 
changes  have  been  effected  in  China's  government  system.  Many 
esuiblishments  and  posts  have  been  abolished,  such  as  the  Grand 
Secretariat  and  the  Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments  ;  others'  have  been 
re-organized,  while  some  have  been  neuiy-instituted,  ^r  instance,  the 
Cabinet  and  the  Privy  Council. 

These  changes  and  modifications,  thanks  to  the  untiring  energy  of 
Metj6i"s.  Brunnert  and  Hagel§trom,  the  joint-authors  of  the  "  Present 
Day  Political  Oi'ganizatiou  of  China,"  have  been  incorporated  h\  the 
text  of  this  translation  or  are  separately  treated  in  the  Supplement. 

The  trauslatoi:s  tender  their  heartiest  thanks  to  Mr.  H.  S.  Brunnert, 
who  kindly  checked  the  translation  with  the  original  text,  and  to 
Mr.  E.  T.  C.  Werner,  H.  B.  M.  Consul  at  Foochow,  for  his  kindly 
interest  in  re-reading  the  manuscript. 

A.  BELTCHENKO. 
E.  MORAN. 
Foochow,  \bth  August,  I'Jll. 


PREFACE 


"  The  activity  for  reform  in  China  haa  of  late  become  so  intense  that 
it  has  affected  various  branches  of  the  Government,  and  the  old 
organization  of  the  State — an  inheritance  of  grey  antiqiuty — is  gradually 
making  way  for  another,  based,  for  the  most  part,  on  principles  brought 
to  China  from  other  countries. 

"  An  Imperial  Edict  stated  that  it  was  necessary  for  China  to  becbme 
a  Constitutional  State  and,  conforming  to  this,  there  began  a  radical 
demolition  of  existing  institutions  or  their  adjustment  to  a  new  govern- 
ment organization.  The  system  of  competitive  examinations  for  literary 
degrees,  held  periodically,  existing  long  since,  was  abolished,  and  the 
Grovernment  is  now  occupied  in  the  organization  of  a  net  of  schools, 
where  the  younger  generation  may  study  sciences  as  in  Europe,  America 
and  Japan. 

"  There  is  being  gradually  introduced  the  principle  of  separation  of 
judicial  and  administrative  authorities  and  throughout  the  whole  of 
China  new  judicial  establishments  are  making  their  appearance,  organized 
on  the  European  model. 

"  The  Police  have  been  organized  on  new  lines  and  the  prisons 
reformed. 

"  With  the  object  of  strengthening  the  national  power  there  is  being 
carried  out  a  scheme  for  the  organization  of  an  army,  and  measures  are 
being  taken  to  re-create  a  navy. 

"  The  Jiannermen,  up  to  now  .a  favoured  class,  are  l>eing  gradually 
placed  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  mass  of  the  population  and  are,  bit 
by  bit,  losing  the  privileges  obtained  three  centuries  ago. 

"  In  the  various  towns  and  villages  the  Government  is  striving  by 
every  means  to  inculcate  the  principles  of  local  self-government. 


"  The  population  is  acquainted  with  the  principles  of  representative 
government  and  an  assembly  of  the  people  has  been  called,  in  the 
beginning  to  be  a  deliberative  organization,  for  the  discussion  of 
government  affairs. 

"  The  whole  country  watches  with  straiiied  attention  the  activity  of 
the  Government  in  its  efforts  for  the  enlargement  and  improvement  of 
means  of  communication,  the  fostering  of  industry  and  commerce,  the 
reinforcement  of  the. colonization  on  the  borders,  and,  finally,  its  measures 
looking  towards  the  placing  of' the  control  of  the  finances  of  the  Empire 
in  the  hands  of  one  responsible  establishment — the  Ministry  of  Finance. 

"  In  connection  with  general  reforms  the  Government  is  materializing 
a  practice  of  centralization  of  power  and  abolition  of  that  •  abnormal 
phenomenon,  historically  formed,  by  which  the  highest  provincial  official 
was  its  full  and  irresponsible  master  and  ruler,  to  the  Central  Govern- 
ment appertaining  a  general  supervision  and  the  right  of  appointment  of 
provincial  officials  only.  At  the  same  time  there  is  observed  on  the 
part  of  thf>  Chinese  Government  a  policy  of  entire  re-organization  of  the 
go^'ernriHiit  of  the  dependencies,  looking  towards  their  gradual  conver- 
sion into  actual  provinces  of  China. 

"  Although  all  the  proposed  reforms  are,  so  far,  not  completed, 
nevertheless,  the  achievement  in  this  direction  has  greatly  altered  the 
political  organization  of  the  country.  Many  institutions  have  been 
entirely  abohshed,  others  have  been  re-organized  on  new  lines,  while 
some  have  just  been  called  into  existence. 

"For  everyone  interested  in  the  life  of  China,  and  following 
attentively  all  the  reforms  in  progress,  it  is,  of  course,  very  interesting 
and  important  to  know,  at  least  in  general,  the  internal  organization  of 
the  old,  the  reformed,  and  the  newly-organized  institutions. 

"  Until  lately  there  was  no  dearth  of  works  in  European  languages 
furnishing  copious  information  in  this  direction. 

"  Every  student  of  Chinese  is  acquainted,  of  course,  with  the  well- 
known  work  of  AY.  F.  Mayers,  "  The  Chinese  Government,"  a  work 
enjoying  a  well-deserved  reputation  in  the  sinological  world  and,  as  a 
classic,  unique  in  its  genre,  which,  notwithstanding  its  small  size,  gives 
in  a  very  concise  form  a  mass  of  information  and  acquaints  the  readei- 
with  the  government  organization  of  China  as  it  existed,  with  no 
substantial  changes,  for  a  long  period. 


*'  A  good  sequel  to  the  work  of  W.  F.  Mayers  is  '*  Melanj;:es  sur 
rAdministration,"  by  P.  Hoang  (from  series  "  Varietes  Sinologkiues/') 
which,  though  not  a  systematic  exposition,  gives  much  information 
concerning  the  politicjil  organization  of  China,  gathered  from  Chinese 
sources  chiefly. 

"It  is  to  l)e  regretted  that  l)(^th  works  mentioned  above,  edited,  the 
first  in  189(1  (8rd  edition)  and  the  second  in  1902,  are  now  largely 
obsolete  and  hence  their  use  by  ]X'rsons  unable  to  follow  the  reforms  in 
China  presents  great  inconvenience. 

"The  Trade  and  Admiuistnitiou  of  the  Chinese  Empire,"  by 
H.  B.  Morse,  issued  in  1908,  a  masterpiece  in  all  other  respects,  where 
the  present  government  organization  of  China  is  treated,  does  nothing, 
we  regret  to  say,  but  disseminate  the  information  already  compiled  by 
W.  F.  Mayers,  presenting  nothing  new  in  the  literature  on  this  subject. 

"  The  articles  "  Pekinger  Zentralregierung,"  by  Dr.  Hauer,  and 
"  Die  Provianzial  behorden,"  by  Dr.  Betz,  in  "  Mittheilungen  des  Seminars 
fiir  Orientalisclie  Spraclien  an  der  Koniglichen  Friedrich-Wilhelms- 
L'niversitat  zu  Berlin,  Jahrgang  XII,"  are,  so  far  as  wo  are  aware,  the 
hrst  and  only  attempts  to  draw  a  general  j^icture  of  the  administrative 
organization  of  China  from  the  latest  sources  ot  imorination. 

"  In  Russia  our  venerable  and  respected  sinologue.  Professor 
P.  8.  Popoff,  following  attentively  all  movements  in  China,  did  not 
permit  that  part  of  which  we  are  speaking  to  escape  him  and  in  his 
work  "  Government  Organization  of  China  and  Branches  of  Adminis- 
tration," St.  Petersburg,  1903,  Supplement,  St.  Petersburg,  r.ioO,  in  a 
compact  form  but,  nevertheless,  of  suflRcient  fullness,  the  ordinary 
rfji.der  (the  Ijook  was  chiefly  intended  for  the  use  of  the  students  of  the 
Professor — students  of  the  Oriental  Languages  Section  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  University)  ia  •  made  acquainted  with  the  government 
organization,  as  well  as  with  the  latest  reforms  affecting  iL 

"  On  the  one  hand,  the  obsoleteness  of  some  works,  on  the  other, 
the  insufficiency  of  the  information  supplied  (for  those  who  arc 
constrained  to  a  close  jic(juaintance  of  the  complicated  mechanism  of 
the  government  establishments  of  China),  encouraged  us  to  devote  part 
of  oar  leisure  to  the  study,  frort  Chinese  sources,  of  the  reforms 
undertaken  by  China  during  the  past  ten  years. 

t 


"As  a  result  of  our  labours  we  now  present  this  book  to  the 
judgnieut  of  Russian  students  of  Chinese,  whose  remarks  as  to  mistakes, 
inexactitudes  and  imperfections  in  general  will  be  gratefully  received 
and,  should  a  subsequent  edition  be  needed,  taken  into  consideration. 

"  Invaluable  assistance  was  rendered  us  by  Mr.  N,  Th.  KolessofF, 
Chinese  Secretary  of  the  Imperial^  Russian  Legation,  who  not  only 
placed  at  our  disposal  his  numerous  manuscripts  but,  also,  undertook 
the  heavy  task  of  scrutinizing  the  text  from  beginning  to  end  and 
corrected  numerous  errors  therein,  for  which  we  express  our  sincere  and 
grateful  thanks. 

"  In  conclusion  we  consider  it  our  duty  to  express  our  gratitude  to 
Hia  Excellency  J.  J.  Korostovetz,  Imperial  Russian  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  to  whose  keen  interest  and  moral 
support  the  issue  of  this  volume  is  greatly  due." 

H.  BRUNNERT. 
V.  HAGELSTROM. 

Peking,  28^/i  March,  1910. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PARS 

PART  T  : — The  Emperor  aAd  the  Imperial  Court.     Metroiwlitan 

(Government  EstabUshments  (Ministries  excepted). 

The  Emperor  and  the  Imperial  Court         -             -             -  1 

Estabhshment  (Palace)  of  Princes  of  the  Blood       -             -  10 

Eunuchs               -             -             -             -             -             -  10 

The  Imperial  Clan  Court  -             -  ,          -             -             -  11 

The  Imperial  Household   -             -             -             -             -  13 

The  Imperial  Equipage  Department           -             -             -  35 

Refjency                -             -             -             -             -             -  3i> 

Parliament            -             -             -             -             -             -  40 

Council  of  State                 -             -              -             -             -  41 

Grand  Secretariat  or  Imperial  Chancery     -             -             -  43 

Committee  of  Ministers     -             -             -             -             -  46. 

Committee  for  Drawijij^  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional 

Government :  Statistical  and  Information  Bureaux       -  47 

The  National  Assembly  and  Provincial  Assemblies                -  52 
Committee  for  Revising  and  Compiling  Civil  and  Criminal 

Codes            ------  59 

General  Staff  of  the  Army              -             -             -             -  61 

Commission  for  the.  Reorganization  of  the  Na\y  and  the 

Naval  Council            -             -             -             -             -  G4 

Commission  for  the  Revision  of  the  Banner  Organization     -  68 

The  Anti-Opium  Commission         -             -             -             -  68 
Committee    in   charge   of    Construction    of    the    Imperial 

Mausoleum  "Ch'ung  Ling"  -             -             -              -  70 

Hiatoriographical  Commission         -             -             -             -  71 

The  National  Academy     -             -             -             -             -  7f^ 

The  Censorate      -             -             -             -             -             -  75 

Supreme  Court  of  Justice                -             -             -             -  79 

Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy         -             -             -             -  82 

[      i      ] 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


PART  1  : — nnilinued.  page 

The  Imperial  Medical  Deijartmout              -  -             -  85 

Board  of  Customs  Control               -          ■    -  -             -  86 

The  Imperial  Maritime  Customs    -             -  -             -  88 

PART  II :— Ministries  (Boards). 

Ministries  (Boards)  in  General       -             -  -             -  97 

Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs            ....  104 

Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments     -             -  -             -  114 

Ministry  of  the  Interior    -             -             -  -             -115 

Ministry  of  Finance           -             -             -  -             -  118 

Ministry  of  Rites               -             -             -  -             -  124 

Ministry  of  Education       -             -             -  -             -131 

Ministry  of  War                -             -             -  -             -  1 38 

Ministiy  of  Justice            -             -              -  --147 

Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  (.!oiumerce    -  -  152 

Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications       -  -             -  157 

Ministry  of  Dependencies               -             -  -             -  160 

Police :                 -             -             -             -  -             -  167 

.4.     Metropolitan  Police        -             -  '   -              -  167 

B.     Provincial  Police             -             -  -             -  172 

Police  Schools      -             -             -             -  --173 

Local  Self-government      -             -             -  ~             -  174 

Oeneral  Census     -             -             -             -  •-             -  185 

Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Financial  Affairs 

of  the  Empire            -             -             -  -             -  186 
Branch  Offices  of  the  Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of 

the  Financial  Affairs  of  the  Empire     -•  -             -  188 

Banks  (Government  and  others)    -             -  -             -  189 

Mints      -                           -             -             -  -             -193 

Head  Office  for  the  Collection  of  Excise  on  Native  Opium  -  194 

Office  of  the  Customs  and  Octroi  of  Peking  at  the  Ch'ung 

W^n  Gate     -             -             -             -  -             -  195 

Native  (Land)  Customs    -             -             -  -             -  196 

Government  Granaries       -             -■            -  -             -  190 

Financial  College               -             -             -  .  i             -  1 97 

[     ii     ]•         - 


I 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


PART  II  : — continued.  page 

Imperial  Mausolea            -             -             -             -             -  198 

Metropolitan      Temples. — Sacrifices. — Buddhism,      Taoism, 

and  Shamanism          .             .             -             .             _  202 
Education             -             -             -             -             -             -211 

Elementary  and  Primary  Schools  -             -             -             -  213 

Middle  Schools     -             -             -             -             -             -  218 

Higher  Schools     - .            -             -             -             -             -  220 

Universities          .---__  223 

Professional  Schools           -              .             .             _             .  233 

.4.     Agric^ultural  Schools        -             -             -             -  236 

y>.     Schools  of  Trades  and  Handicrafts            -             -  238 

C.     Commercial  Schools         -             -             -             -  241 

T).     Mercantile  Marine  Schools           -             -             -  243 

Normal  Schools          -----  246 

Special  Schools  -  -  -  -  -253 

Examinations  and  Literary  Degrees            -             -             -  2G6 

Administration  of  Schools               -             -             _             _  273 

Chinese  Students  Abroad                -             -             -             -  278 

Public  Libraries  ------  283 

Military  Forces  of  China  -             -   ■          -             _             -  285 

A.     Lu  Chiin  or  Land  Forces             _             -             .  285 

Military  Ranks     ------  289 

Reviews  of  Troops             ---._.  301 

Committees  for  Drilling  Troops                   .             -             -  303 

Military  Prisons  ------  306 

Military  Police  (Gendarmerie)        -             -             w              -  307 

It.    Reserve  Forces  (Hsiin  Fang  Tui)-             -  309 

Military  Schools    -  -  -  -  -  -312 

iJanner  Forces      -       -,     -             -             -             -             -  323 

The  Old  Chinese  Array      -             -             -             -             -  337 

Military  I'ost  Stations        -              -              -              -              -  341 

Ofliix*  of  Government  Droves          -              -              -              -  348 

Naval  Forces  of  China      -----  344 

Judicial  Flsbiblishinents  and  Prisons            -             -             .  34(5 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


PART  II  : — contrimed.  page 

A.  Shen  P'aii  T'ing  or  Judicial  Establishments  -  346 

B.  Chien  Oh'a  T'ing  or  Prosecuting  Attorneys'  Offices  353 

C.  Prisons  -  -  -  -  -  854 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  -  ■  -  -  357 
Colonization  -  -  .  _  .  _  _  355 
Piailways  -  -  •  -  -  -  369 
Telegraphs  and  Telephones  -  -  -  -  ^72 
Bank  of  Communications      -         -             -             -  .  373 

PART  III : — Metropolitan  Prefecture  and  Manchuria,  Provincial 

Administration  and  Dependencies  of  China. 

Peking  and  the  Metropolitan  Prefecture     -             -  -  377 

Government  of  Manchuria             -■             -             -  -  384 

Provincial  Administration               -             -             -  -  395 

A.     Higher  Administration  -             -             -  -  395. 

}j.     Local     Administration      (of     Prefectures,  Sub- 
prefectures,  Departments  and  Districts)  -  -  425 
Administration  of  "  Native "  Districts         -             _  .  433. 
Eastern  Turkestan             .             .             .             .  .  439. 
The  Dependencies  of  the  Empire   -             -             -  -  441 

A.  Mongolia  -             .         _             .             _  .  442- 

B.  K'uk'unor  (Kokouor)      -             -             -  -  46a 

C.  Tibet  and  the  Lamaist  Hierarchy             -  -  "465 
PART  IV :— Appendix. 

Specially  Deputed  Officials             -             -             -  -  481 

Establishments  Abolished  or  Reorganized                -  -  484 

Honorary  Titles                 -             .          -  _             _  .  490,- 

Hereditary  Ranks   and    Titles    of    Honour ;    Posthumous 

Titles            -             -             -             -             -  -  49^ 

Distinctions  for  Merit       -----  497 

Decorations           -             -             -•           -             -  -49^ 

The  Government  Service  -----  504 

Supplement. 

Alphabetical  Index  of  Chinese  Characters. 

Sources  of  Information. 

[     iv     ] 


P  A  K  T     I . 

THE     E  M  P  E  K  O  E    AND     THE 
IMPEKIAL     COURT 


METROPOLITAN   GOVERNMENT 

ESTABLISHMENTS 

(mixistkies  excepted) 


THE 

EMPEROR  AND  THE  IMPERIAL  COURT. 


1.      ^^  Huanjj' Ti',  The  I'^iniievor.    Ordinaiy  designation,  ^ 

^  _t  Huang'  Shang';  J:  Shang'.  Title  of  respect,  ^  ^  to 
T'ien'  Tz^^  the  Son  of  Heaven.  Popular  appellation,  ^^ 
1g  ^  S  ^  Tang^  Chin'  Fo'  ^'ch^  the  Ruddiia  of  the  present 
day.  Also±  ^  Chu'  Tzu%  tho  Master,  Lord  :  ^  jr  Shong* 
Chu',  the  Atigiist  Master,  or  I^ord.  In  addresses,  ^  ^  ^ 
Wan*  Sui*  Yeh*,  Lord  of  Ten  Thousand  Vears  ;  ^^  ~f  Pi* 
Hsia*,  Your  Majesty  (literally,  beneath  the  footstool).  The 
Em])eror  \isuallv  designates  hitnst^lf  by  the  term  J^  (.'hr-n*,  1, 
We. 

A  symbol  of  the  Lmperor's  dignity  in  ( 'hina  is  a 
mythological  animal,  the  Diagon,  Therefore,  everything  apper- 
taining to  the  Emperor  is  styled  fj|  Lung'',  Dragon  ;  for  instance, 
H  ^   Lung'  Tso',  the  Emperor's  (Dragon)  Throne,  etc. 

Since  1044  the  :^  ^n  ^i]  '^'^^  Ch^ng'  Ch'ao-  or  Manchu 
dynasty  has  reigned  in  China  ;  the  present  ICmperor,  tlie- tenth  of 
this  House,  has  reigned  sincn  the  22nd  .January,  1909.  He  is 
known  from  his  reign  as  ^  $jc  Hsiian'  T'ung^  and  is  the  nephe-w 
of  the  late  Emperor  ^  ^  Ivuang'  Hsii'.  His  real  name,  ^  ^ 
P'm'  T-,  ceased  to  exist  foi  liis  sMbjciM-  (mi  ilic  day  he  asecnided 
the  throiie, 

lA.  lEMWl'':  ri±  'i^^^'i*  V.V  Ch'ing*  Kang'  Hsing» 
Tsou'.  Performing  duties  at  the  \  i\  Ch'ing  I'alace  (Palace  of 
the  Heir  Apparent  ;  scr  Nu.  10  I  v;.  This  expression  refers  to 
tb"'  instruction  of  the  lOmperor    (J^  '!'.'(&  M    Shou''    Huang*    Ti' 

1  [      J      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 


2  Tu'^),  for  which  duty  it  is  customary  to  appoint  the  most  worthy 

♦q         and  most  learned  officials  of  the  Empire.     Tims,  as  tutors  of  the 

K         late  Emperor  ;;)^  |^   Kuang  Hsii  there  were  appointed  the  late 

Assistant  Grand  Secretary  ^  |gj  ^>Weng^  T'ung-^-ho^  (deceased 

in  1904),  and  the  late  Grand  Secretary  J^  ^  ^  Sun^   Chia'-nai* 

(deceased  in  November,  1909). 

The  instruction  of  the  reigning  Emperor  has  been  entrusted, 
by  Edict  of  the  Empress  Dowager,  ^  ^  Lung^  Yii*,  dated  the 
10th  Jul V,  1911,  to  the  Chancellor  of  the  National  Academy, 
Grand  Secretary  (^  ^  j^  Lu^^  Jun'*-hsiaiig%  Vice-President  (of 
a  Ministry)  g^  ^  ig  Ch'en^  Pao'-ch'on',  ;,'id  Deputy  Lieutenant- 
General  ^  ^  ffl  f^  K'o'*-t'an^.  The  latter  is  specially  entrusted 
with  the  instruction  of  the  Emperor  in  the  Manchu  language  and 
literature  (^  fg  •^-  ^  Kuo*  Yii^  C:h'ing'  Wen'). 

2.  '^  Jn  Huang^  Ilou*,  The  Empress.  Literary  designa- 
tion, t\t  ^  Chung'  Kung\  the  Central  Palace  (from  her  place 
of  residence).  Title  of  respect,  J^  ^  Kuo^  Mu*,  jNIother  of  the 
State. 

When  there  are  two  Empresses  they  are  distinguished 
by  their  places  of  residence  ;  one  is  styled  J^  '^  Tung^  Kung\ 
and  the  other  ^  ^  Hsi^  Kung^  (the  Empress  occupying  the 
East  Palace  and  the  Empress  occupying  the  West  Palace). 

3.  i^  ±  ^^  T^ai^  Shang*  Huang"^  Ti*,  the  Father  of 
the  Emperor.  Also  ;;|C  Jl  ^  T'ai-*  Shang*  Huang".  These 
titles  are  used  only  when  the  Emperor's  father  is  alive  during 
his  son's  reign.  

.  4.     M.i^J^    Huang2   T'ai'  Hou"*,  the   Empress  Dowager; 
the  Empress  of  a  deceased  Emperor. 

The  Empress  Consort  of  the  late  Emi)eror  ^  ||[  Kuang' 
Hsii*  is  now   known,   from  her  title  of   respect,  as  ^  |^f  Lung* 

5-  i^  B.  X  B  "l^"'"'  Huang^  T'ai*  Hon*,  the  Great 
Eniproiss  Dowager.     This  title  was  bestowed  after  the   death  of 

[     ^     ]      ' 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

the  Emperor  ^  ^  Ku.mg'  Hsii^,  which  took  place  on   the    14th  Q 

Novemlvn-,  1908,  on  the  Empress  3gt  |3  Tzu'  Hsi^,  in  order  tiiat  to 

she  might  be  distinguished  from  tiie   Empress  of    the  preceding  ^g 
Emperor  {see  No.  4). 

6.  ^  ^  ^B  Huang'  Ivuei'  Fei',  Imperial  Concubine  of 
the  First  Kank.  A  concubine  of  the  second  rank  {see  No.  7 ) 
may  be  advanced  by  imperial  favour  to  this  rank  and,  especially 
in  the  event  of  giving  birth  to  a  son,  the  Empress  Consort 
having  borne  none,  a  concubine  of  the  first  rank  may  be  raised  to 
the  position  of  Empress  Consort. 

"•  ^  iE  ^^"€'i'  Fei',  imperial  Concubine  of  the -Second 
Kank. 

8.  ^  Fei\  Imperiid  Concubine  of  the  Thiid  Rank. 

9.  ^  J 'in'.  Imperial  Concubine  of  the  Fourth  Kank. 

10.  ;^  A  '^■'^i^ci*  Jen^,  Imperial  Concubine  of  the  Fifth 
Rank 

11.  ^  [§  Ta»  Ying'-'  and  ff^  ^  Ch'ang^  Tsai^  Female 
Attendants  of  the.  Emperor.  These  may  be  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  concubine. 

In  addition  there  are  f|^  ^  Shih'  Ni''.  Serving  Women  of 
the  Imperial  Family. 

12.  ^^  T'ai^  Tzu'  or  ^  j^  ^  Huang*  T'ai*  Tzu', 
the  Heir  Apparent.  Also  called  tfr  ^  Shih^  T/u',  literary 
designation,  ^  f^  Huang'  Clru',  ■p  fj  Ch'ii'  Cluing  and  ^  ^ 
Tung^  Kung'. 

I'^mperors  of  the  reigning  dynasty,  j)resiuuably  fearing  the 
organisation  of  parties  and  intrigues  for  the  succession,  have  not, 
as  a  rule,  aj)pointpd  the  Heir  Apparent  during  their  lifetime.  As 
a  general  rule  the  Heir  Appan'ut  must  he  of  the  generation 
following  tliat  of  the  Finperor.  Exceptions  to  this  may  be 
noticed,  however,  as   the   Emperor      ^',J';     Mi'^   Tsung'   (1HG2- 

[      3      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 


13        1875)  and  the  Emperor  if.  ^  Te*  Tsung'  (1875-1908)   were   of 
to         the  same  generation  (oi  ^  Tsai'). 

16  13.     ^  ^f:  Kuang^  Tzu^  Prince,   Son  of  an  Emperor  (in 

conversation  m  |§-  A*  Ko*;  fiu'ther  distinguished  by  :::^  Ta*, 
great,  eldest,  and  by  numerals).  This  title  is  applied  to  the  sons 
of  an  Emperor  until  such  time  as  they  receive  princely  rank,  i.e. 
jg  ^  Ch'in^   Wang',  literary  designation,  ^  ^ .  Wang^  Ti^  or 

BB  Ti». 

l"*-  ^  i  Kung'  Chu^,  Imperial  Princess ;  Daughter  of  an 
Emperor.     This  is  the  general  designation. 

Princesses  born  to  an  Empress  are  called  [^  "^  5^  ^  Ku' 
Lun'  Kung'  Chu'  (from  the  Manchu  word  G  urun,  the  equivalent 
of  me  Chinese  Kuo,  meaning  State);  those  born  to  Imperial 
Concubines  are  called  ^U  5^  S  i  ^^'^'^  She^  Kung  Chu^  (from 
the  Manchu  word  lloshe,  menning  appanage).  Imperial 
Princesses  retain  these  titles  after  marriage. 

15.     ^  %\\i  E^   Fu*,  Husband    of   an    Imperial    Princess   (in 
former  dynasties  the  designation  was  ,|jf  ,||  Fu*  Ma^). 

Conforming   to  the  rank  of  the    Imperial    P)-incesses,  their 
husbands  are  styled  :— 

1.  ©  fi^  M  Ht  Ku^  Lun' E*  Fi.% 

2.  fO  ®  M  if  Ho^She'' E<  Fu% 

3.  ^  ^  ^.  M  To^  Lo2  E<  FuV 

4.  0  Ul  m  m  K'l'  Shani  E'  Fn\ 

5.  BIS  i  m  m  <^'lnin^  Chu^  E^  FuS 

6.  m'±  M  m  Hsien*  Chu^  E^  FuS 

7.  U  n  m  m  ChUn^  Chun^  E^  Fu\ 

8.  Sg  ^  §1  If  Hsien^  Chiin^  t*  Fu*,  and 
9-  M^A  m  Hsiang^  Chun^  E*  Fu^ 

10.     fU  5g  ^  ^   Ho^   She'  Ch'In'   Wang*,   Prince    of    the 
Blood  of  the  first  degree. 

[      4      ] 


PRESENT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OV    CHINA. 


This  title,  as  well  as  the  eleven   following,  are   conferred  on        17 
Ma«chus  and  Mongols"  only,  i.e.  on  kinsmen  of  the  TmpcM-ial  House,         ^q 

17.     ^  ^  21)  I  To'    T.o-   Chiin*    Wang^    Prince    of    the       27a 
Blood  of  the  second  degree. 

18-  ^  ^  H  WJ  '1'<^'  f^^''  t'eii  LeS  Prince  of  the  Blood 
of  the  third  degree. 

Blood  of  the  fourili  degn^e. 

2<J-  45  B  m  B  ^  ^'^"^*  1^"'  *^^^^""*  ^"^"«'  Knng',  Prince 
of  the  Blood  of  the  iifth  degree. 

21-  ^  B  ii  ®  S  t'eng^  \W  Fu^  Kuo='  Kung',  Prince 
of  the  Blood  of  the  .-ixrh  degree. 

22.  ^  A  /"V^  fel  13  ^  1*"'  •^"'  I'a'  ^''^•"'  Chen*  Kuo» 
Kung',  Prince  of  the  Blood  of  the  seventh  degree. 

23.  :^  \  A  '^  ^i  B  ^  I'"'  Ju'  Pa*  Fen'  Fu»  Kuo'^ 
Kung',  Prince  of  the  Blood  of  the  eighth  degree. 

2'i.  M^M  /^^  Chen-*  Kno'  Chiang'  Chiin',  Noble  of 
the  Imperial  lineage  of  the  ninth  rank.  This  title  is  of  three 
classes,  ^  Trng^. 

25.  ^^'^  ^  Fii'  Kuo-^  Chiang'  Chiin',  Noble  of  the 
Imperial  lineagi,'  of  tho  tenth  rank.  This  title  is  of  three 
classes,  ^   ''"'ig^. 

26.  ^  ^  IHJ  ^  Feng*  Kiio'  Chiang'  Chiin',  Noble  of  the 
Imperial  lineage  of  thr>  eleventh  rank.  This  titft>  is  of  three 
classes,  ^  Trng'. 

27-  ^  .S.  ^  W-  ^''♦'■"S*  T^-"^  Chiang'  ChiinS  Noble  of  the 
Imperial  lineage  of  the  twelfth  rank. 

27a.  5i  '"^'"'ff's  Princes  of  the  Blood  of  the  fifth  and 
sixth  degree  bear  the  titles  ^  g  Ch«"ii*  Kuo',  Guarding  the 
Dynasty  (State),  and  ^  [^  I'li^  Kno',  Assisting  the  Dynasty 
(State). 

[     5     ] 


PKEflENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

27b  The  distinction  :^  A  A  ^  Pu*  Ju^  Pa*  Fen^  in  the  title  of 

Princes  of  the  Blood  of  the  seventh  and  eighth  degrees  signifies 
that  eight  special  privileges,  allowed  the  Princes  of  the  Blood  of 
the  first  six  degrees,  are  denied  them.     These  privileges  are  : — 

1 .  The  wearing  of  a  purple  button, 

2.  The  wearing  of  the  three-eyed  peacock  feather, 

3.  The  wearing  of  dragon  embroidered  plaques  on  official 
dress, 

4.  The  presence  of  red-painted  spears  at  the  entrances  of 
their  residences, 

5.  The  attachment  of  tassels  at  the  breasts  of  their  horses, 

6.  The  using  of  purple  bridle  reins, 

7.  The  using  of  a  certain  lea-pot  (carried  by  a  special 
servant  when  going  abroad), 

8.  The  right  to  a  small  carpet  of  yello-nr  or  red  colour  for 
seating  themselves. 

^  in  Chiang'  Chiin^,  Nobles  of  the  Imperial  lineage,  are 
distinguished  in  the  several  grades  by  the  titles  1^  ^  Chen* 
Kuo',  Guarding  the  Dynasty  (State),  |f}j  gj  Fu*  Kuo^  Assisting 
the  Dynasty  (State)  ^  ^  Feng*  KuoS  Serving  the  Dynasty 
(State),  and  ^  ,g[  Feng*  tn\  By  Imperial  Favour. 

The  above-mentioned  titles  {see  Nos.  16  to  27)  are 
transmitted  in  a  descending  scale.  Foi-  instance,  a.  ^^  Pei^ 
Le*'s  eldest  son  becomes  a\g_  ^  Pei'  Tzu''. 

An  exception  to  this  rule  appears,  however,  in  those  cases  in 
which  the  titles  are  conferred  If  H  ^  ^  Shih*  Hsi^  Wang'  T*i*, 
with  Right  of  Perpetual  Inheritance  (for  instance,  the  eldest  son 
of  the  Princes  ^  Ch'un'^  ^  Kvmgi  and  ^  Ch'ing*  succeeds  to 
father's  rank). 

27b.  The  following  table  shows  the  method  in  which 
Imperial  titles  of  nobility  are  transmitted  to  following  generations: 

[     fi     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANISATION    OF    CHINA, 


•A 

B 
z 

too 
^^ 


O 


if 


s  <» 

O 
9i 


o  A 

3  — 
o 


a. 

B 


o 


S 


o 
J5 


o* 

Of- 

He: 
«z 

s 


s. 

£3 


►1  a 
o  i> 


o 


a  V 


a. 

E  J" 

O  '■ 


2i. 


c 


.  2 


iitS     ii 


o 


tl 


ii 


o  W         o  <^ 


a 


n 

« 

» 

s 
o 


5r* 

o 


I 

o 


2    I 


o  -^  2 


It 


c: 


a  ■      —         — 

■—   ■        _*  .09 

^53       i; 


E 


o 
-A 


'A 


be 


Cl. 

Q 


o 


E 


£2 
O 


B. 

E 


o 


S 


o 


n 


Ei! 


s 

a 

Ml 
'C 

o 


£ 


H 
Id 

ov. 


a 

4 


bo 


9 
O 

■o 

8 


« 


Q 

M 

o 
o 


c 
E 

o  -a 


B 


■c 

A. 


a 


o 

p 


■j: 
u, 


t 


a 


M 
i^ 


t 

<J5  H 


s 
o 
U. 

o 

c 


8 

c 


8 

a 
■C 


o 


o 
a 

0. 


,o  « 

-3  M 

o 

O 

;« 

'A 

o  5 
ta  o 

—  -o 

I'' 


^  a 
o  ^• 


3" 


o 


13 


6- 


~  a 

o 


m 
I 


l^tl^l 


B 

^  JO 

^  2 


rtO  —  ^  —  J.De« 

z       y.       x; 


[      7     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANISATION    OF    CHINA. 


28 

to 


28.  -jg-  :f  Sliih-^  T7Al^  Son  of  a  Pi-ince  of!  the  Blood  of  the 
first  degree   (see  No.   16).     Designated   thus  until  the   title  of 

o«        Prince  is  attained.     The  folloquial  designation  is  Pfjf  |^  A^  Ko*. 

29.  -^  ^  Chang^  Tzu^  Son  of  a  Prince  of  the  Blood  of 
the  second  degree  (see  No.  17).  Designated  thus  until  the  title 
of  Prince  is  attained.  The  colloquial  designation  is  Pijf  |g. 
A^  Ko^ 

30.  H5  ^  Chiiti''  Chu^  Daughter  of  a  Piince  of  tlie  Blood 
of  the  first  degree  {sec  No.  16). 

31.  ^>^  Msien*  Chu^  Daughtei-  ^'  a  Pi-ince  of  the  Blood 
of  the  second  degree  (see  No.  17). 

32.  115  ^  Chiin*  Chiiu^  Daughter  of  a  Prince  of  the 
Blood  of  the  third  degi-ee  (sec  No.  18). 

33.  m^  Hsien*  Chiiji\  Daughter  of  a  Priu.  e  of  tiie  Blood 
of  the  fourth  degree  {see  No.  19). 

34.  ^5  ^  Hsiiaug'  ChiirP,  Daughtei'  of  a  Prince  of  the 
Biood  of  the  fifth  (oi-  sixth)  degree  {see  Nos.  20  to  22). 

3o,  ^  ^  Ko^  Ko\  thus  are  designated,  in  colloquial 
usage,  the  daughters  of  Princes  of  the  Blood  of  the  first  six 
degrees  {.-ee  Nos.  30  to  34).  They  are  further  distinguished  as 
follows  : 

ffl  5g  #  IS-  Wt)2  She^  Ko"  KoS  Daughter  of  a  Prince  of  the 
Blood  of  the  first  degree, 

^M^^  Toi  Lo'^  Ko-t  KoS  Daughter  of  a  Prince  of  the 
Blood  of  the  second  (or  third)  degree,  and 

M  ill  IS-  ^  1^"*  SJian'  Ko*  Ko^  Daughter  of  a  Prince  of 
the  Blood  of  the  fourth  degree. 

35a.  ^^  Tsung^  Nii',  Daughter  of  a  Prince  of  the  Blood 
of  lower  rank  (below  the  sixth). 

36.  ^m^  ^^^^  Chin*,  Princess  Coiitiort  of  a  l^rince  of  the 
Blood  of  the  first  (or  second)  degree.- 

37.  f|lj  |g  ^  Ts'e''  Fu2  Chin*,  Concubine  of  a  Prsnce  of  the 
Blood  of  the  first  (or  second)  degree. 

[     8     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 


38.      ^  \  Fu^  .loir.  l*rime.ss  Consort    of   ii    Prince  of  the        33 
Blood  of  tlie  tliii-d  (or  fourth)  de<;fiec.  to 

•'^.^       ^  ^  Tsuno;'  Sliih',  Imperial  C'lan^nlon.      (Also  called        ^^ 
^  /[^  ^  Hiianji-  Tai*  'i^/.ii^,  wearin";  a  yellow  g;h"dle).      Tliey  nre 
the  descendants  of    the  acknowled^^ed    founder    of    the    reigning 
Mauchu  dynasty,  ^  Ijijl  Ilsien^"  Tsu,'  A.D.  lo83-l61.). 

^^^-  ^  IS  ^"'''o'  (('hiieh')  LoS  Collateral  relatives  of  the 
ImiH'rial  House.  Also  <  aUcd  j^  ^  ^  Hun*:^' Tai^  T/ii' ( wearitig 
a  red  gii'dle).  They  are  the  descendants  from  the  collateral  line 
of  the  Kinperor  llsien  Tsii  (sre  No.  39). 

41.  ^  IPi  ?  I  TmcI.^  Mao'  T/u-''  Wang2,  The  Iron- 
capped  Princes  or  l*riMces  of  the  Iron  Cap  (Ci'own)  (also  called 
A  :^  ^  Pa'  Ta'  Cilia, '  Kiuht  Great  or  Princely  Houses). 
Thus  are  designated  tlie  descendants  of  certain  of  the  supporters 
of  the  Ma:K"hu  Emperors  in  their  conquest  of  China.  These 
Princes,  hy  rigiit  of  per[)etual  inheritance,  are  Princes  of  tlie  tiist 
or  second  degree, .as  .howii  l)elo\v  : 

1-  »§  M'£  r^i''  ^  •••''"'  ^Vang^  T.i  (family  name).  Prince  of 
the  first  degi-ee, 

-■  #  f^  2  ''"''  ('''■'"'  Wang2,  .Iiii  (family  iKiine),  Prince 
of  the  first  degree, 

3.  Ji  iBi  3E  "^''i'  ^''''i"'  ^Vang',  Yii  (family  name),  Prince 
of  the  Hrst  degree, 

-i-  i:lfi  '^  EE  ''^"'  (-'li''"'  ^^':»"g',  y"  (fiuiiily  name),  IVince  of 
the  first  degree, 

^^  tJI)i^EE  Cheng'  Cli'in'  Wang',  C^heng  (family  name), 
Prince  of  the  first  deirree, 

6.  iff  ?jl  ?E  <''l"'ang'  Ch'in'  Wang-,  Clmaiig  (family  name), 
Prince  of  the  first    degree. 

7.  j<fj  7fi  glJ  ^  SI «  lli-eiig^  Chiin^    Wang',  Shun  Ch'fing 

(family  name).  Prince  of  tlu^  second  degree, 

«•  jfe  i/j  gl>  HE  ''^''<''  <'••''"'  Oluin*  Wang»,  KN)  Ch'in 
(family  name),  Prince  of  the  .-.econd  degree. 

[      ••»      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA.     . 

41a  All  the  above  Princes  are  descended  in  a  direct  line  from 

^f^        the  sons  and   grandsons  of  the  Emperors  ^  /j||[  Tai*  Tzu'  and 
60        *  ^  Tai*  Tsung.i 

41a.  I^M  ^  I'  Ch'in>,WangSI  (family  name),  Prince  of 
the  fii'st  degree.  The  holder  of  this  title  of  perpetual  inheritance 
is  descended  from  the  Prince  of  Hsien,  thirteenth  son  of  the 
Emperor  ^  fl^  K'ang  Hsi,  A.D.  1662-1722. 

ESTABLISHMENT  (PALACE)  OF  PRINCES  OF 

THE  BLOOD. 

42.  ^  J^  Wang^  l\i',  Establishments  (palaces)  of  Princes 
of  the  Blood.  The  management  of  these  establishments  is  vested 
in  the  following  officials  : 

43.  ^  ^  Chang*  Shih^,  Commandant  of  a  Prince's 
Palace  ;  3a.* 

44.  ^  ^  :^  Ssu'  P  Chang',  Major-domo  of  a  Prince's 
Palace  :  4a. 

45.  MWi  1^'^^  Wei^,  Officers  of  a  Prince's  Bod3'giiard  ; 
from  3b  to  5  b. 

46.  ^  ^  Tieii^  P,  Assistant  Major-domo  of  a  Prince's 
Palace  (see  No.  44)  ;   from  4b  to  8b. 

■47.      ^  j^  Pao^  I^,  Bondservants  {see  No.  97  for  details). 

48.  -^  ^<  #  M  I'ao^  I'  Ts'an'  Ling',  Chief  Controller  of 
Bondservants  :   .3r. 

49.  U^i^^  Pao'  V  Tso'  Ling',  Department  Controller 
of  Bondservants  ;   4b. 

EUNUCHS. 

50.  mn±^.mf:^^^Um^  Ts.mg'  Kuan'  T'ai* 
Chien^  Hsien^  Kung'  Tien*  Chien*  Tu^  Ling'  Shih^  Chief 
Eunuch. 

*  Here,  nml  in  |iap;r&  following,  the  niinieral  antl  letter  signify  official  grade 
{see  No.  965). 

[      10     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


60 


51.  Sg^;^i£^^^i£iEf#  Tsnng'  Kuan'  T'ai*  Chien^  51 
Hsien'  Kung'  Tien^  Chien*  C'heng^  Sliih*,  Senior  Assistant  Cliief  ^^ 
Eunuch. 

52.  ^if:<Cg£if  ^^li^lJ  ^  -sung'  Kuan'  TJai^  Cl.ien^ 
Hsien*  Kung'  Tien^  Chien*  Vu*  Shili%  .Junior  Assistant  Chief 
Eunuch. 

53.  ■i"^;*Cg£ij^^f^  Shou'  Ling'  T'ai^  Chien*  Hsien' 
Chih»  Shou'  ShiM,  Chief  of  Ofhce  of  Eunuch  Affairs. 

54.  -^mi^^m^^  »''«"'  I^i»g'  T'ai*  Chien*  Hsien' 
Shih^  Chien^  Senior  Assistant  Chief  of  Office  of  Eunuch  Affairs. 

54a.  glj  W  ^  >?C  i£  ir  f#  ^  ^^"*  S'lo"'  l^ing'  T'ai^  Chien^ 
Hsien'  Shih^  Cliien*,  , Junior  Assistant  Chief  of  Office  of  JOunuch 
Affairs. 

55.  j^  ^  T*ni^  Cliien%  Eunucli  (or  '^  'g*  Iluan'  Kuan', 
3t  Tang',  r|t  f|[  Chung'  Fu*;  collociuiallv  called  ^  i\  Lao' 
Kung';    mP\  Ven'  Ko'). 

TilE    IMPERIAL    CLAN    COURT. 

5fi.  ^  K  }{i  Tsung'  .len'  Fn',  The  rnij)erial  Clan  Court. 
This  department  controls  nil  affairs  relating  to  the  rmjierial 
Kindred  {ser  Nos.  '\0  and  40),  has  judicial  and  disciplinary 
authority  over  them,  and  preserves  the  Family  I?oll  or  Genea- 
logical Record,  3[  )^  Vii*  Tieh.' 

57 •  /^  '^  Tsuiig'  I-iing^  (litcrar}-  designation,  ^  l/gp  Tsung' 
Ch'ing' ),  Presiding  Controller  of  the  Luperial  Clan  Court. 
This  ofJicial  is  appointed  frou)  the  ranks  of  the  Senior  Princes  of 
the  Blood. 

58.  ^  77c  jE  Tso'  Tsung'  Cheng\  Senioi-  Assistant 
Controller  of  th*-  Im|)erial  Clan  Court. 

5'J.  ^JvfTlE  "^  "'  I  sung'  (yheng\  .Luiior  Assistant  Con- 
troller of  the  Impoial  C'lan  C'ourt. 

60.  ^  >J^  A  1^**'  T>Mug'  .It'n'^,  Senior  Director  of  the 
Imperial  Clan  ('curt. 

["J 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINa. 


Ql  61.     ^^A    ^  "^   Tsiing'   Jen^,    .Tunior    Director    of    the 

*Q         Imperial  Clan  Court. 

M^  61a.     The  positions  aforementioned  (see  Nos.  .)8  to  6  1  )  are 

all  filled  by  Princes  of  the  B!ood. 

(>2.     fl^f^  Fu"  Cli'cng-^,   Vice-director  of  the    Imperial  Clan 

Court  (appointed  from  the  ranks  of  Chinese)  ;   3 a. 

63.  ;?f .  ^  ol  Chingi  Li*  Ssu',  Registry  Office  of  the 
Imperial  Clan  Court.      This  office  is  supervised  b}'  : 

64.  Two  i^^  ChiugM.i^  Hegistrars  ;   6a. 
6'5.     ^  ^  Tso'  k5su',  First  Department. 
66-     !^  oj  Vu'  Ssu',  Second  Department. 

66a.  Only  Clansmeu  of  the  Iniperial  House  {see  No.  39) 
are  eligil>le  for  office  in  the  t«x)  departments  mentioned  above 
(see  Nos.  65  and  66). 

67.  fjg^'g*  Li^  Shi hMvuan',  Administrators;  .') A.  There 
are  two  at  the  Ivegislr}-  Office  (see  No.  63),  three  in  the  First 
Department  (see  No.  6.3),  one  in  the  Second  Department 
(see  No.  66),  and  one  at  the  Bullion  Vaults  (see  No.  71). 

68.  Sljfi^'g'  Fu*  Li'  Shih*  Kuan\  Assistant  Adminis- 
trators ;  5]5.  There  are  two  at  the  Registry  Office  (see  No.  63), 
one  in  the  First  Department  (set'  No.  65),  and  three  in  the 
Second  Department  (sec  No.  66). 

69.  ^±^  T'ang2  Chu'  Shih^  Senior  Secretaries;  6a. 
Fom- are  stationed  at  the  Registry  Office  (see  No.  63),  two  of 
whom  are  Chinese. 

69a.  =^  ^  Chu^  Shih'',  Secretaries  ;  6a.  There  are  two 
Secretaries  in  both  the  First  and  Second  Departments  (see 
Nos.  65  and  66)  and  one  at  the  Bullion  Vaults  (see  No.  71). 

70.  ^  II^-  ^  Pi^  T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks.  The  number  of 
these  officials  to  be  employed  at  the  Registry  Office  (see  No.  63), 
in  the  First  and  Second  Departments  (see  Nos.  65  and  66),  and 
at  the  Bullion  Vaults  {sec  No.  71),  is  not  fixed. 

71.  ^M  Yin'  K'u*,  Bullion  Vaults. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHIVA. 

72.      ifJlj'RJ^^I^    I'^'Ja"'    1^''    Vin'»    K'u*   Sliih*    \Vu\        72 
Treasurei*s-in-chief.      Two  of  those  officials  are  in  charge  of  the         to 
Bullion  Vaults.  wg 

'^'^-  ^  ^  K'ung'  Fang',  I'risoii  of  the  Imperial  (Jlan 
Court  (prison;   lit.  empty  room). 

"■l-  ^  ^  U}  Huang*  Tang^  Fang^,  Dehealogical  Record 
Office  of  the  Imperial  Clan  Court  (.--cc  No.  56). 

THE    IMPERIAL    HOUSEHOLD. 

7.').  ^  |§  /f^  NeiV  Wu^  Fu^,  The  Imperial  Household. 
This  department  serves  muuerous  and  varied  needs  of  the 
Imperial  Court.  Being  in  character  more  private  than  govern- 
mental, houevcr,  it  is  not  included  in  the  list  of  Ministries  or 
"  Boards." 

'6.  W.'^\^]BJ^  J<^  Tsung'  Kuan'  Nei^  Wu^  Fu'  Ta* 
Ch'en",  Ministers  of  the  Household  (their  nund)er  is  not  fixed  ; 
at  present  there  are  four).  To  the  Ministers  of  the  Household 
are  directly  subordinated  : 

One  ^  El>  ^  T'ang^  Lang'  ('hung',  Department  Director 
(attached  to  the  Ministers), 

Two  ^  i  ^  T'ang'  ('hu^  ShihS  Secretaries  of  the 
Ministers,  and 

Numerous  ^f;^  ^  [jlJi  it  ^'ang'  Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks. 

The  establishment  of  the  Imperial  Household  is  divided 
into  7  departments  (see  below)  and  special  bureaux  and  otKces  ; 
the  officials  employed  therein  are  as  follows  : 

ni>  i|»  Lang*  Chung',  Department  Directors  (1  to  4  ;  at  the 
Bullion  Vaults,  although  having  the  same  rights  as  other 
Department  Direct<jrs,  they  are  called  Ij^  t^  UlJ  f\f  Tsung' 
Pan*  I^arig'  Clmrig'j, 

¥i  3^'  1<1>  Viiair  Wai*  Lang',  Assistant  Di'partment  Direc- 
tors (from  one  to  twelve), 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANI/.ATION    OF    CHINA 


77  3E^  Chu^   Shih^  and  ^ff^H^^  Wei'  Sliu^  Chu»  Shih% 

Secretaries  (from  one  to  three),  and 

^  W'  X^  Pi'  'r'ieh'  ^hih*,  Clerks  (number  not  fixed). 

Distinctive  officials  in  the  varioijs  departments,  bureaux  and 
offices  of  the  Imperial  Household  will  be  treated  later. 

'''* •  ^  ^  ^  Kuang-^  Ch'u^  Ssu',  Department  of  the  Privy 
Purse  (lakhinf,  in  his  "  Description  of  Peking,"  No.  16,  styles 
this  department  "Department  of  Supplies.") 

This  department  supervises  six  storehouses  or  vaults,  i.e. 

1.  |gj$  Yin'  KV,  Bullion  Vaults, 

2.  fg  ^  P'i-  K'u^  Fur  Store, 

3.  li  If  Tz'uMv'uS  Porcelain  Store, 

4.  1^  J^  Tuan*  K'u*,  Silk  Store, 

5.  ^  If  I^  K'u*,  Imperial  Wardrobe,  and 

6.  ^  If  Ch'a2  K'uS  Tea  Store. 

The  administration  of  these  stores  is  vested  in  four  Depart- 
ment Directors,  two  of  whom  ^re  designated  Iff, '  *^ /^  J$  ^  ^ 
Tsung^  Kuan*  T^iu*  K'u''  Shih*  Wu*,  Superintendents  of  the 
Six  Imperial  Storehonsco,  and  the  others  ^^3^j^^^  Chien' 
She*  Ijiu*  K'u*  Shih*  Wu*,  Assistant-  Su})erintendents  of  the 
Six  Imperial  Storehouses. 

In  addition  to  the  officials  mentioned  in  No.  76  there  is,  for 
each  of  the  Imperial  Storehouses,  an  Assistant  Department  Direc- 
tor, appointed  from  one  of  the  Ministries  ("Boards"),  stjled 
(taking  the  Bullion  Vaults  for  an  example)  i^^|S)^.^fj^  Chien^ 
She*  Yin'  K'u*  Shih*  Wu*,  Assistant  Superintendent  of  the 
Bullion  Vaults.  Further,  there  are  ^  J^  ffj  J^  T^iu*  P'in*  Ssu^ 
K'u*,  Controllers  of  tlie  Sixth  Class  (one  or  two),  ^^  |g  r]  J^ 
Wu«  P'in*  Chi*  Ssu^  K'u*,  Controllers  of  Unclassed  Rank,  ^\U\M 
Fu*  Ssui  K'u*,  Assistant  (Jontrolleis,  ^\^  K'u'  Shih^  Inspectors, 
and  /\  tJ,  p;j  ;g  Pa^  P'in*  Ssu'  Chiang*,  Overseers  of  the  Eiglith 
Class.  Of  the  last  mentioned  there  are  two  at  the  Bullion 
Vaults,  Porcelain  Store  and  Imperial  Wardrobe. 

[      U     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


"8.      ^  ft  pj  Hui^  Chi*  Ssu*,  Accounts  Department.      This        73 
department  collects  rent  of  Banner  property.  ^o 

78a.       H  il  fR  H^  0^  ^  Sani  Ch'l'   Vin»  I.ian-'  Chuang^        ^q^ 
T*.ou'  Ch'u\  OfHce  fqr  collecting  rents  of   Imperial   lands   (lands 
given  on  lease  to  the  three  Household  Haimers,  .sec  No.  97). 

79.  ^  J§  SJ  C'hang'  Li*  Ssu',  Department  of  Ceremonial 
(by  Imperial  edict  of  tiie  12th  Ai)ril,  1909,  changed  from  ^  ^ 
gj  Chang'  1'  Ssu').  This  dejiartment  regulates  sacrificial  and 
cerenmnial  observances  of  the  Court  and  has  control  over  the 
Eunuchs  {see  Nos.  50  to  55). 

Officials  attached  to  the  Department  of  C  ciemonial,  in 
addition  to  those  mentioned  in  No,  76,  arc  : 

i@  JJiK   B*   ^'"^  C  hn'  Kuan',  Readers  of  I 'ravers  at  Sacrifices, 

H  )|i^  SIS  Tsan'  I.i^  Lang^  Heralds, 

rJ  x^  'g'  Ssn'  Tsu^  Kuan',  Supervis<»rs  of  Sacrificial  Attri- 
butes, 

^  ^  ^^"'  Shui^  Kent  Collectors  (for  lands  of  the  depart- 
ment). 

p]  §  Ssu'  Ilsiang',  Acolytes, 

pj  ^  Ssii'  Tni^,  Supervisors  of  Preparation  of  [ncense 
(supervise  the  powdering  of  l)ark  used  in  the  nmmjfacture  of 
incense),  arid 

pJ  ^  Ssu'  'I's'-iiaii'',  Supervisors  of  I*ieparati()n  of'Katables 
for  Sacrifices. 

Also  included  in  the  department  are  : — 

79-^-  ;^^-K"<»^  l'^lng^  Fruit  Office,  which  supplies  the 
fiiiit  used  in  saciifiees.      Its  staff' comprises  ; 

vft^S^M!:  I^'»"'  l^';i"g'  Chang*  Kuo»,  Controllers  of  the 
PVuit  ( )fHee,  and 

fi'J  ^  ^l  '■""'  Cltang-  Kuo',  Assistant  Controllers  of  the 
Fruit  Office. 

7y».  >/.^^^  Sheng'  I'-ing'  Shu*.  The  (.ourt  Theatrical 
Bureau  (or  \{]  Jff  Smr   Fii'j,  wliii-.h  ananges  theatricals  in  which 

[       1='      ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

79a       EuiiHAhs  are  tlie  performers.      It  has  at  its  head  two  Department 
^         Directors  (oi   their  Assistants),  desio^nated  ^  JM  ^  ^  :§■  ^  ^ 
gj         Chien*  Li'  Sheng^  P'ing^  Shu^  Shili*  Wu*,  Chiefs  of  the  Court 
Theatrical  Bnrean. 

79a.  |fp  ^  Shen'^  Fang-,  ^  Office  of  Shamanism.  This  is 
attached  to  tlie  it^  ^  ^  K'un^  Ning'  Kung^  tlie  Shamanic 
Chapel  .(see  No.  104a),  Avhere  Eunuchs  or  ^ll'^^'j^  Sa^  AIo* 
T'ai*  T'ai^  (idem  H  J^  ^  ^  Sa^  ^io'  T'ai^  T'ai^  or  ^  jjl  [jfe  ^ 
Sa^  Man^  T'ai*  T'ai''),  Shamanic  I'l'iestesscs,  daily  offer  sacrifices 
to  the  spii'its  of  the  ancestors  of  the  Emi)erors  of  the  reigning 
dynasty  (compare  No.  573b). 

These  Priestesses  and  Eunuclis  are  under  the  control  of  the 
Office  of  Shamanism. 

^^-  M^'^i  Tu'  Yu^  SsnS  Department  of  the  Household 
Guard  and  the  Imperial  Hunt.  This  department  lias  charge  of 
the  Imperial  hunts  and  of  a  staff  of  huntsmen,  divided  into  three 
detachments. 

In  this  department  are  found  :  . 

1.  i^  ^  Kou'  Fang^,  The  Imperial  Kennels, 

2.  ^  ^  Ying^  Fang^,  The  Imperial  (lerfaleon  /\viary, 
and 

3.  ^^  Hu"*  Fang^  The  Imperial  Hawk  Aviary. 

81.  'ji^^flj^  Shen^  Hsing^  Ssu',  Judicial  Department. 
This  department  takes  cognisance  of  all  cases  relating  to  members 
of  the  Imperial  ('Ian  Court  and  determines  the  jjuuishment. 

To  the  department  there  is  attached  tlie  ^  ^  ^  Fan^  I* 
Ch'u*,  Police  Biu-eau,  which  has,  amongst  other  duties,  control 
of  the  Eunuchs  of  the  Court. 

The  officials  at  the  head  of  the   Police   Bin-eau  (Department 
Directors,  Assistant  Department  Directors  or  officials  of  lower 
rank)  are  styled  ^  $S ^  ^  Kuan'  Hsia^  Fan^  Yi*,  Controllers  | 
of  the  Police  Bureau. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZA.TION    OF    CHINA. 


82.  ^it  p]  ^^i"g'  Tsao*  Ssu\  Department  of  Works.  82 
This  department  is  responsible  for  the  supplies  of  the  (Jourt  and  tO 
also  for  the  repairing  of  streets,  buildings  and  walls  of  the  qk 
Forbidden  City. 

At  the  head  of  the  department  there  is  a  f[||  d^  ;/y;  g  Cliih' 
Nien'  Ta*  Ch'en^,  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Works,  to  whom, 
in  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  No.  76,  are  subordinated  : 

1-  ^0^  C'hang^  K'u*,  Storehouse  Overseers, 

2-  wU  ^  }$,  Fu*  Chang'  K'u*,  Assistant  Storehouse 
Overseers, 

3.     J$  ^  K'u^  Shou*,  Storehouse  Keepers, 
*i-      "6]  E  ^su^  Chiang*,  Inspectors  of  Works,  and 
5-      ^"  ^  p]  [£  ^^'^ei'  Shu*  Ssu^  Chiang*,  Assistant  Inspectors 
of  Works. 

Under  the  Department  of  Works  is  the  '^  ^  ^  J$  Kuan^ 
Fang-  Tsu^  K'u*,  OflSce  for  Collecting  Rent  of  Confiscated 
Property.  Tiie  heads  of  this  office  (Department  Director, 
Assistant  Department  Director,  etc.)  are  designated  ^  Jl  'j^  ^ 
^  jtK  ^  f§  Chien'  Li'  Kuan^  Fang^'  Tsu>  K'u*  Shih*  Wu*, 
Superintendents  of  the  Office  for  Collecting  Kent  of  Confiscated 
Property. 

^3.  S^  ^  pj  Ch'ing*  Fengi  Ssu',  Pasturage  Department, 
which  manages  the  flocks  and  herds  maintained  for  Palace  use, 
both  near  the  capital  and  in  the  provinces.  At  its  head  is  a  f||[ 
^  :k  ^  Chih^  Nien^  Ta*  Ch'en=,  Chief  of  the  Pasturage 
Department. 

84.  -U  If  fEj  pr]  Ch'ien"^  Liang'  Ya*  Men',  Pay  Office 
(pays  the  wages  of  the  Household  Banner;^). 

S'i-  ^  ea  m;  i:?  Jl  ^  i^  ®  m  m  m  <^'l'^inK^*  ^ua..'  Fang' 
Kuan»  Li^  Si'A'  Kuan'  Ling'  Shih^  Wu'  ('h'u\  ^  pj^  i]i  ffj  j^ 
Kuan'  Fang'  Shih*  Wu*  Ch'u*,  or  f^!  [^^  |>7j  g  Chang?  Kuan' 
Fang'  Ch'u*,  Chancery  of  the  Imperial  Household.  At  its  head 
there   is  a  Department  Director,  styled  ^  M  ^^  ^^  ^  diang' 

2  [      17     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

86  Kuan^  Fang^  Shih'*  Wu*,  Chancellor  of  the  Imperial  Household, 
to  In  addition  there  are  two  Assistant  Department  Directors,  called 
87a  WiMM^^B  Hsieh^^  Li'  Kuan^  Fang^  Shih^  WuS  Assistant 
Chancellors  of  the  Imperial  Household,  thirty  |^  '^  |§  Nei* 
Kuan'  Ling',  Chancery  Overseers,  and  thirty  g|J  (^  ^  f§  Fu* 
Nei*  Kuan'  Ling',  Assistant  Chancery  •  Overseers  (compare 
No.  104d). 

86.  j^WIM  Tsao^  Pan^  Ch«u%  Workshops  of  the  Im- 
perial Household  (lakhinf,  in  his  "Description  of  Peking,"  No.  14, 
styles  these  workshops  the  "  Office  of  Arts  and  Crafts.")  These 
workshops  are  attached  to  the  ^  ;[^\  |^  Yang'  Hsin^  Tien*  (see 
No.  104b). 

At  the  head  of  the  Workshops  of  the  Imperial  Household 
are  Ministers  of  the  Household,  styled  ^  JJH  Sh  if  ii -^  f >7  Kuan' 
Li'  Tsao*  Pan*  Ch'u*  Shih*  Wu*,  Superintendents  of  the  Imperial 
Workshops.  In  addition,  there  are  two  Department  Directors, 
two  Assistant  Department  Directors,  two  Secretaries  and  numer- 
ous Clerks  {see  No.  76).  Also,  there  are  >?:;  t^',  j;^  ^  Liu* 
P'in'  K'u*  Chang',  Overseers  of  the  Sixth  Class,  and  /\  ,o  fg  -^ 
Pa'  P'in'  Ts'uii  Chang',  Overseers  of  the  Eighth  Class  (from 
five  to  seven  of  each). 

87.  ^  ^  Kiian^  Hsiieh^,  Schools  of  the  Imperial  House- 
hold (Government  Schools)  ;  three  in  all. 

87 A.  fM  ^  '^  '^  ^  Hsieu^  Ani  Kung^  Kuan^  P^sueh^ 
School  at  the  Palace  of  Universal  Peace  ;  maintained  for  the 
children  of  the  high  officials  of  the  eight'  Banners  (compare 
lakhinf's  "Description  of  Peking,"  No.  14).  In  charge  of  this 
school  are  Ministers  of  the  Household,  styled  ^  J^l  ^  ^  ^"^  ^ 
^  1"^  Kuan'  Li'  Hsien^  An\  Kung^  Kuan^  Hsiich^  Shih*  Wu*, 
Curators  of  the  School  at  the  Palace  of  Universal  Peace.  To 
these  are  subordinated  Department  Directors,  called  if;g  ^  'g*  Jp 
^  f§  Tsung'  Kuan'  Kuau^  Hsueh*  Shih*  Wu",  Superintendents 
of  Government  (Imperial  Household)  Schools. 

[     18     ] 


PRESENT    DAX    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

-''"n.      :^  ilj  '^-  ^  CWnn/  Shan'  Kuan'   Hsiieh',  School  at       87b 
the  Ked  Hill  (close  to  ^-  [[}  Ching'  Shan',  Red  Hill— or  ^  [l]         tO 
Mei*  Shan',  Coal  Hill).     This  school   is  for  the  children  of  the        on 
three  Superior  Banners.      For  its  administration  see  No.  87a. 

f^"^  •  rf]'  fl^  ti*  i^  ^^an^*  Fu'  Kuan'  HsuehS  Court  Thea- 
trical School  (attached  to  the  Court  Theatrical  Office  ;  see 
No.  79 n).  This  school  prepares  actors  for  the  Court  Theatre. 
For  its  administration  see  No.  87a. 

8«.  ±191%  Shang^  Ssu*  Yiian\  The  Palace  Stud.  At 
its  head  is  a  Mhuster  of  the  Household,  styled  if  I'll  ±  ,13  ^  ^  ?# 
Kuan'  Li'  Shang'  Ssu"*  Yiian'  Shih*  Wu',  Superintendent  of  the 
Palace  Stud,  and  two  ±,  H  f^  W  Shang^  Ssu*  Yuan<  Ch'ing', 
Directors  of  the  Palace  Stud. 

The  Palace  Stud  is  divided  into  two  departments,  i.e.  ^  p] 
Tso'  Ssu',  the  First  Department,  and  :}^  p]  Yu'  Ssu',  the  Second 
Department,  and,  in  addition  to  the  officials  mentioned  in  No.  76, 
furnishes  employment  for  the  following  : — 

21  IWi>C  f'f  ^J  ^'  Tun'  Shih'  \Yc[\  Supervisors  of 
Droves,  3  .p]  '^^'4  i^  Sau'  An'  ('hang',  Saddlery  Inspectors, 
2  a!j  nl  1^  il-  1^'u^  fesu'  An'  Chang',  Assistant  Saddlery 
Inspectors,  ',  ^  [i|]j  ^  I'  Shih'  Chang\  Veterinary  Sur- 
geons, and  2  J^^\\  ^  gilj  ^  Fu'  I'  Shih'  Chang',  Assistant  Veter- 
inary Surgeons. 

Tlie  Stables  are  distinguished  as  (I).  jX]  |^  Nei^  C'hiu^, 
Stables  at  the  Capital,  and  (2).  ^^  J^t  Wai»  ChiuS  Provin- 
cial Stable?,  and  are  directed  by  f(['^  ^  Chiu'  Chang',  Inspectors 
of  the  Stables,  and  ^  jvllj  Chiu*  Fu%  Assistant  Inspectors  of  the 
Stable?.  Besides  there  are  ^  J4:  ^^"^  Chang\  Inspectors  of 
Droves,  and  ^  ,','j|J  Mu*  Fu^  Assistant  Inspectors  of  Droves. 

89.  ik^  iiVi  ?Z  Wu'  Pei'  Yaan\  The  Imperial  Armoury 
(in  lakhinf's  "  Desci  iption  of  Peking,"  under  No.  08,  styled 
"War  Depot").  This  establishment  supervises  the  arsenal, 
fuUery,    harnesa    shop,   saddle  shop,  etc.,    where    arrows,    bows, 

[      I'J     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANL-';ATION    OF    CHINA. 

90  armour,  helmets,  saddles,  tents,  etc.,  are  manufactured  for  the 
Emperor's  use  and  for  the  army. 

In  charge  of  the  Armoury  is  a  Prince  or  Minister  of  the 
Household,  called  ^M^iM^m^B  Kuan^  Li^  Wu^  Pei^  YiJan* 
Shih^  Wu*,  Superintendent  of  the  Imperial  Armoury,  and  two 
^  ^  K  9iP  ^^^^  -P^^*  Yiian^  Ch'ing\  Directors  of  t*lie  Imperial 
Armoury.  In  addition,  besides  the  officials  mentioned  in  No.  76, 
there  are  ;i^  ^  ^  ^  Liu^  P'in'  K'u*  Chang'.  Overseers  of  the 
Sixth  Class  (six),  m  M  :^^uMW.  Wei^  Shu^  Liu*  P'in^  K'u* 
Chang',  Assistant  Overseers  of  the  Sixth  Class  (three),  4fft  o^  |g 
J^  ^  Wy  P'in'  Chi*  K'u"  Chang',  Unclassed  Oversppjis  (six) 
;!^  i^  K'u*  Shou',  Storehouse  Keepers  (42),  '^  $\  Ssu'  Han^ 
Supervisors  of  Armour-makings  'r]  |§  Ssu^  Wo*,  Supervisors  of 
Tent-making,  glj  ^J  ||§  Fu*  Ssu^  Wo*,  Assistant  Supervisars  of 
Tent-making,  -gj  ^  Ssu'  Kung\  Siipervisors  of  Bow-making,  ^J 
^  Ssu^  Shih',  Supervisors  of  Arrow-makiiif^,  ^  ^  i^.  fg  Chang^ 
San'  Tsung'  Ling',  also  #'  f  ^  ^  ^  ^  Wei'  Shu*  Chang^ 
San'  Tsung'  Ling',  Supervisors  of  Umbrella-making,  their  Assis- 
tants and  ;V  m  M  ^  ^^^  ^''^^^  Ts^i^  Chang',  Overseers  of  the 
Eighth  Class,  as  well  as  others. 

90.  ^  M  ^  Feng*  Ch'en-  Yiian*,  Bureau  of  Imperial 
Gardens  and  Hunting  Parks  ;  controlling  the  Imperial  Gardens 
and  Hunting  Parks  and  the  growing  of  rice  for  the  Court. 

The  chief  of  this  bureau  is  a  Prince  or  a  Minister  of  the 
Household,  styled  ^  JS  ^  M  ^a  ^  S  Kuan'  Li'  Feng*  Ch'en'' 
Yiian*  Shih*  AVu*,  Superintendent  of  the  Imperial  Gardens  and 
Hunting  Parks.  He  is  assisted  by  two  ^  ^  ^'£  ifjif]  Feng*  Ch'en' 
Yiian*  C'h'ing\  Directors  of  the  Imperial  Gardens  and  Hunting 
Parks,  to  whom  are  subordinated  Department  Directors,  Assis- 
tant Department  Directors,  Secretaries,  Clerks,  etc.  (compare 
No.  76). 

Under  the  bureau's  administration  are  the  following  estate."?, 
situated  in  or  near  Peking  : — 

[     20     J 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

1.  ^  ^  Nan' Yiian*  (commonly  called  ^  ^  Hai»  Tzii»).         90a 

2.  M  m  H  Yiian-  Ming'  Yiian'.  tO 
3-     i^#^  di'ang*  Ch'un'  Yuan'  (also  called  ;g  #  U        91 

Ch'ang'  Ch'un'  Yiian'),  and 

4.  ^f  JL  m  ^'I'ing'  I'  Yuan'  (also  called  ^mM  Ch'ing^ 
I'  Yiiau'  or  gp  Ojj  M  ('l""g'  ^ling'  Yuan').  At  the  head  of 
these  are  Ministers  of  the  Household,  styled  ^  Jll  flj]  i]  iji^  # 
H  ^  f^  Ivuan'  Li3  Y'ian'  Ming'  Yuan'  Ch\ang*  Cli'mi^  Yiian" 
Shih^  \Vu*,  Superintendents  of  the  Yiian  ^ling  and  Ch'ang  Ch'un 
Gardeng  {i.e.  Palace  of  Eternal  Spring)  or  ^  JJg  j|§  jf  ^  ^  ^ 
^  ^  Kuan'  Li'  (  h'ing'  I'  Yiian'  Tcng'  Ch'u^  Shih^  Wu^  Super- 
intendents of  the  Ch'ing  I  and  other  Gardens.. 

The  actual  management  of -the  varioiis  gardens  is  vested  in 
%  ^  Yiian^  Ch'eng',  Ins])ector8  ('nine  at  each  garden  or  park) 
of  the  sixth  class  (;^  pO  ^^  ^  j  j^^*  ^4,^3  yiian^  Ch'eng')  and 
seventh  class  {-^^  ^j,  ^J^,  ^  I'h'i^  P'in' Yiian^  Ch'eng'),  assisted  by 
^  ^Ij  Yiian^  Fu*,  Deputy  Inspecto}-s  (not  exceeding  21  at  each 
garden)  of  the  seventh  and  eighth  classes  (-^  ^  ^^  glj  Ch'i^ 
P'in'  Yiian^  Fu^  and  A  pu  ^a  M  P'^'  l^'i"^  Yiian^  Fu^),  and 
^  ^  ^  m'J  ^^'ei'  Shu*  Yiian''  Fu*,  Assistant.  Deputy  Inspectors 
(not  exceeding  11). 

Also  under  the  supervision  of  the  Bureau  of  Imperial 
Gardens  and  Hmiting  Parks  is  the  : 

90a.  fg  B1  ig  Tao*  T'ien'  Ch'ang',  Imperial  Agriculture 
Office  ;  controH'uig  the  sowing  of  rice  and  gardening  for  the 
Court. 

91-  ^  ^i  ¥i  M  Vii'  Cli^i'  Slian'  Fang',  Imperial  Buttery 
(also  ^  ^>  B  iS  Yii*  Ch'a'  Shan*  Ch'u*). 

In  charge  of  the  Imperial  Buttery  are  Ministers  of  the 
Household,  <;allcd  ^  n.  ^  '^x  Wi  U)  4^  B  l"^'"-'"'  '  '•'  Yu'  Ch'a' 
vSlian*  Fang'  Shih*  \Vu*,  Siipfrinteiidents  of  the  Imperial 
Buttery  ;  there  are  also  three  f,',]  j)^  jE  Shang*  Shan*  Cheng*, 
Chief  Trenehftr-.Knight8,  one  f^l  ^§  i'jlj  Sliang*  Shan*  Fu*,  Assistant 

[     21      ] 


PRESENT    D  \Y    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


94 


92  Chief  Treiicher-Kniglit,  twelve  fii}  |^  Shang^  Shan*.  Soi\  itiu-ineii, 
to  three  fl^j  t'^  IE  Sharig^  Ch'a^  Cheng*,  Chief  Ciip-I'farcr.-^,  one 
fni  tti  fi'J  I^hiiiig'*  Cli'a'-'  Fxi*,  Assistant  Chief  ('up-hearer,  and  -i\' 
fpj  ^'i  Shaiii;'  Ch'a^,  Cxi])-bearevs  (compare  No'.  570). 

92.  1^1  ^  ^  ^'ii^  Yao*  Fang',  The  Imperial  Dispensary. 
At  its  head  is  a  Minister  of  the  Household,  styled  ^MMM^ 
^  f^  Kuan'  Li'  Yu"  Yao*  Fang-  Shih*  Wu*,  Superintendent  of 
the  Imperial  Dispensary  ;  the  subordinate  officials  (compare 
No.  7fi)  are  styled  ^  Jl|fl  M-J3  ^  B  C^^en^  Li'  Yii*  Yao* 
Fang"  Sliih'*  Wu'',  to  show  that  their  duties  at  the  Dispensary  are 
in  addition  to  those  of  whatever  snhstantiA^e  post  they  may  hold. 

■^^-  t[I  Hu  ^  Yii*  Ch'uaii^  Ch'u*,  Imperial  lioats  Office. 
Its  chief  is  a  Minister  of  the  Household  having  the  title  of 
^  i%  til  il[\  I'M  ^  B  Kuan'  Li'  Yii^  Ch'uan'  Ch'u'  Shih*  Wu% 
Superinterident  of  the  Imperial  Boats  Office.  The  suborumate 
officials  (compare  No.  76 j  bear  the  title  ^  J'li  fj|i  j^  h!i  ^  i% 
(Tiien^  Li'  Yii*  Ch'uan"  Ch'u*  Shih'  Wu  . 

^3a.  lij  ^  ^^  jM  Yii'*  N^iao^  ('h-iang^  CliM*,  In.i)crial 
GaiMc  Preserve.  One  of  the  Princes  or  ^linisters  oi  inf 
Hou.-ehold  is  .,t  its  head  and  is  styled  ^  J'R  fH  .g  |i>  jg  IjC  ^ 
Kuan'  Li'  Yii'  Niao'  <'h'iang^  ChV  Shih*  Wu\  Superinteudent 
of  tiie  Jniperial  Game  Preserve.      II<^  has  aHsi>tini!;  him  : 

^  fc  iill  l!3  y^  ^^;^"'  I^iiii^'  Tsung'  ('liv:ng-.  Senior  Gamo- 
keep»;rs  (Subalterns  of  tlio  (hiards,  No.  99),  2  /.vJ  ^(§  ;^  Fu< 
T^'SUitg^  (Ti'eng-,  Junior  Gamekeepers,  5  j^^-fTii  Ni.io'  Ch'iang* 
Chang',  Keepers  of  the  Gunroom,  and  2  ^  /<  "^  0,  J^  ^  Nei* 
Huo'  Yao'  K'u*  K'li''  Chang',  Keepers  of  the  Ammunition-store. 

^■i-  ii^  ')l  l^  i\i1  ^  )M  ^Vu'  Ying^  Tien*  Hsiu^  Shu^  Ch'u*, 
Piiiitii!/,'  niUcc  and  Piook bindery  at  the  Tin-one  Hall  (see 
Isu.  iUlJjj.,     'lliis  office  prepares  boohs  for  the  C'ourt  use. 

In  I  lie  above-mentioned  Throne  Hall  wei'e  stored,  from  times 
long  paj-t,  stereot}pe  plates,  nmny  of  which  have,  unfortunately, 
b'  en  dcstiuyed  by  hres  that  have  taken  place  there. 

r      22     ] 


PKESENT    DAT    POLITICAL,    UliU AxVlZATION    OF    CHINA. 

In  clini'jo  •>f  the  Priiitiiiir  Oftice  is  a  P)inoo  or  ^Minister  of       94* 
the  HousehoU,  stvlod   f^  J^  %l  ^t  ^^^  f,'f  m  ^  >|T  ^^  Kuan'  Li»         tO 
Wu'   Viii-^  Tl.M.^   Jlsiu'   Shu'   (Mi'ii'  SlnhMVn%  Snj.onutendent        q^ 
of  th<'  Printinu"  Oiilce  an«l  Bookhiiulery  ■\i  the  Thnnie  Hull,  and 
subord'uaieil  to  him,  in  addititu  to  llv  usiuil  tilli«ial>  {src  No.  76), 
are   1   Assistant  iX'jiartniout  Diicctor,  stvled  3:  ^    oil   Cheng* 
Chieii'  Tsao',  Overseer  of  Vr<trl>-,  1   Assistant  Cliancellor  of  the 
In^pcvi:'!    Household,  (src  No.   85)  styled   glj    ^    y^   Vu*  <"aien* 
Tsao%    Assistant   Overseer  of    \\'^orks,   4    |^   ^     K'n'    (-h.i:  g^, 
Inspectors,    6    ^  ^-  1$  ^    ^Vei^    Shu-*    Kni"*    l-'linng*.    Deputy 
Inspectors,    2  ,^J§  ^    'I'sunQ:^  Ts'ai^,   Revisers   (1    Chinese  and  1 
Manchu:,  2  J£-  f^  T'i^'  Tiao*,  Assistant  Rovisers,  12  ^  f^  Tsuan' 
Hsiu\   Proof   Readers,   and    10  \§j  f.^  irlsielr'   Hsiii',  As>i<t:.ht 
Proof  Readers. 

94a.  ^  ^  ^  Vii^  Shu^  Ch'iiVrhe  Imperial  Lihrary  (:;lso 
the  private  library  of  the  Emperor). 

At  the  head  of  the  Tinperial  Library  is  a  Prince  or 
Minister  of  the  Ho:!sch..!d.  styled  ^"  J']!  W?\  iM  ^  f^  '^''"^t'' 
Li^  Yu'  Shu'  Ch.'u*  Shih''  Wu',  Curntor  ..f  the  J-nperial 
Library,  subordinated  to  him,  in  additio?!  to  the.  officials 
mentioned  in  No.  76,  deslynalod  ^  JiRlIll  ^}  iJ^  ifi' f^  '  liit-m 
Li^  Yii^  Shu'  ChV  <h\u'  AVn».  are  1  JE  ^^  m  ^  J^  VhC^uir* 
Chien'  Tsai*"*  "^su'  K'"*  I. ibrauau-!n-(']iiff /'Overseer  of  Works), 
1  SO  Sri!  tI  I^  ^,  i'"*''  Chiet.i  Tsao^  Km.'  Chan,o:^  Deputy 
Lihran:;n-iii-Chi('f  (Assistant  Overseer  of  Works),  2  ji]l  ^  K'n" 
Chanr'  Libi-ariruis.  and  G  -^  ^-  J^^  ^^*  Wei^"  Shu^  K'u^  Chang', 
Depu!\    Librarians. 

!'•'>•  i^!3  ^.  X  ^  ^  Tstmg'  Li'  Km.-'  Chs'n.Lr-  (  h'u*, 
frnpcr'nl  '. '(•n-.UT.ctkui  Office  ;■  as  opposed  to  the  ji^  ^jjf  J^  Tsao* 
Pan*  <'h'u*  (.:rr  No.  9f]),  this  offic..-'  has  to  do  with  1m!!jc  I'alace 
bitildinfrs  only. 

At  the  lie;id  (-f  the  hnpc-ial  Coiislrudioii  (  )ffic(»  is  a  riiiice 
or  Mii.i^f--  -f  tho  Hoii.st'hold,  bearin<,'  the  tltl|i-  ffTRXt'i!^  'Kf^ 

[      2.T     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

96        Kiian^  Li'  Knng}  Ch'eng''  (Jh'u*  Shili*  Wu^  Superintendent  of 
to        the  Imperial  (construction  Office.     The  usual  subordinate  officials 
gy        (see  No.  76)  are  styled   ^  il  X  >g  ^  ^  ^  Chien^  Li'  Kung^ 
Ch'eng'^  Ch'u*  Shih^  Wu^ 

96.  ^^  ^  Chih^  Jan'  Chir,  Imperial  Weaving  and 
Dyeing  Office  (where  tissues  for  the  Court  use  are  woven  and 
dyed)  ;  supervised  by  a  Prince  or  Minister  of  the  Household, 
called  ^  3^  ^  ^  ic  g  Kuan^  Chih^  Jan'  Chu^  Ta^  Ch'en% 
Director  of  the  Weaving  and  Dyeing  Office.  Subordinate  to 
him,  in  addition  to  the  usual  officials .  (sec  No.  76),  styled 
MM^^^B  ^^  <^liien^  She''  Chih^  Jan'  Chii'  Wu*  Ssu^ 
Kuan',  are  : 

1  f\  }$.  Ssui  i^i^4^  Inspector,  6  J$_  i^  K'u*  Shih^ 
Overseers,  2  p]  (£  Ssu^  (■hiang'',  Clerks  of  Works,  and  6  ^  f^ 
Ling'  Ts'ui^  (idem.). 

97.  pq  ^  Nei*  Ch'i^,  Houseliold  Division  of  the  ]5anners. 
The  Eight   Banners  /\    ^    Pa^    Ch'i^    (see   No.    718)   are 

divided  into  the  |^  ^  Nei*  Ch'i^,  Inner  or  Household  Division, 
and  3?|>  1^  Wd^  (Jh'i^,  Outer  Division. 

The  Household, Division  of  the  Banners  is  under  the  control 
of  the  Imperial  Household  (^sce  No.  75)  and  its  duties  consist 
chiefly  in  guarding  the  different  parts  of  the  Forbidden  City 
{see  No.  104).  It  is  composed  of  the  so-called  ^  ^  Pao^  I^, 
Bond-servants,  a  class  formed  at  the  beginning  of  the  rise  of  the 
Manchu  dynasty,  when,  for  the  Emperor  and  Princes,  there  were 
appointed  from  the  Bannei's  a  certain  number  of  fann'lies  who 
continued-  to  serve,  from  one  generation  to  another,  the  Imperial 
Heusehold  and  the  Princes  of  the  Blood.  They  receive  a  fixed 
salary  from  the  government  treasury  and  retain  their  status  even 
if  they  are  employed  on  other  service. 

Like  the  Banner  Forces,  the  Household  Division  of 
the  Banners  is  made  up  from  the  Eight  Banners  and  is 
divided  into  :  j 

[     24     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

^    ■±    ^   M    Sluuig^    San'    Ch'iS    The    Three    Superior       97a 
Banners,    or    ?3  H  !^   ^^^^    S''^"'    C'h'i*,    The    Three    Imperial        ^q 
Banners  (composed  of  Bordered  Yellow,  Plain  Yellow  and  Plain       q^ 
White  Banners),  and 

2  T  i  JSS  ilsia*  Wu^  Ch'i^  The  Five  Lower  Banners 
(composed  of  the   fi\e  remaining    Banners;   compare  No.  718). 

The    Three    Superior    Banners    appertain    to    the    Imperial 

Household,  and  the   Bond-servants  composing   them    are   called 

^  ^  ^  Huang'  Pao^  I',  the  Imperial  Household  Bond-servants. 

The  Five  Lower  Banners  are  attached  to  the  various 
Princely  Houses,  and  the  Bond-servants  composing  them  are 
called  5  ^  ^  Wang-  Pao'  T'.  Bond-servants  of  Princes  of  the 
Blood. 

The  Three  Imperial  Banners  arc  divided  into  the  following 
brigades  : 

97a.  [^  ^  Iff  %'  Nel'  Hu*  Chun'  Ying»,  The  Imperial 
Guards.  Its  organisation  is  similar  to  that  of  the  ^  ^  ^ 
Hu*  Chlin'  Ying",  the  Guards  {see  No.  734). 

97 IJ.  1^1  ^  !|^  ^^  Nei^  Hsiao'  Ch'i*  Ying^,  The  Household 
Brigade  of  the  Line  ;  this  must  be  distinguished  from  ^  1^  ^ 
Hsiao'  Ch'i'  Ying^  P>rigade  of  the  Line  {see  Nos.  718  to  732a). 

97c.  ^  qU  ^  ^  Nei*  Ch'ien^'  Feng'  Ying',  The  Household 
Vangtiaid  ;  its  organisation  is  similar  to  the  gH  |^  ^  C'h'ien' 
Feng'  Ying',  Jinnner  Vanguard  (see  No.  735). 

07u.  m  m  SI  I^J  t^MW-'^  Yuan'  xMing'  Yiian'  Nei* 
Ch'i"''  IIu'  (.'hiJn'  Ying*,  The  Imperial  Guards  at  the  Summer 
Palace,  Yuan  Ming  Yiian.  Its  organisation  is  the  same  as  the 
lUl  n;]  i;i  A  m  m'^  '^  Viian'  Ming'  Yiian=  Pa'  Ch'i'  Hu« 
Chim'  Ying-,  The  Guards  Brigade  at  the  Summer  Palace,  Yiian 
Ming  Yiian  (see  No.  741  ). 

97k.  ft  ^  ifll  ffi  ^  ^^^'  Yiian*  Hu*  Wei*  Ying',  The 
Guards  Brigade  :it  the  Nan'  Yiian*  (The  Southern  Park  ;  also 
^  -f  llai»  T/.u';.      The  staff  includes    1   ^   f^  Tsung^   Kuan*. 

[      ^■'      ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

98  Commandant ;  4a,  8   Rg  ^  Fang^  Yii^  Captains  ;  5a,  10  ^  fg 
to        Ling'  Ts'ui^  Corporals,  and  90  ,^  ^  Hsiao^  Ch'i',  Privates. 

99  98.  m^mB  (also  ^m  ^  Shih*  Wei^  Ch'u^)  Ling' 
Shih^  Wei*  Fu',  Office  of  the  Imperial  Body-guard.  This 
office  controls  the  affiiirs  of  the  ^  ^  ^  Ch'in^  Chun^  Ying^, 
the  Imperial  Body-guard,'  composed  of  -^  ^  ^  ^  Shih*  Wei* 
Ch'iniChiin'. 

The  duty  of  the  Body-guard  is  to  escort  the  Emperor, 
perform  various  offices  in  the  interior  of  the  Palace,  and  guard  the 
Emperor's  person.  It  is  chiefly  composed  of  young  men  from 
the  Three  Imperial  Banners  {see  No.  97.) 

The  administration  of  the  Imperial  Body-guard  is  vested,  in  : 

L  Six  ff  ^  tx  ^  :;^  g  Ling^  Shih*  Wei*  Nei*  Ta* 
Ch'en^,  Chamberlains  of  the  Imperial  Body-guard;  1a.  Whether 
tlie  Emperor  is  abroad  or  in  the  Capital,  two  of  these  are  selected 
as  ^  ^  ;;^C  E  iiou*  Hu*  Ta*  Ch'en",  Chamberlains  of  the  Rear- 
guard. 

2.  Six  pq  J^  E^  Nei*  Ta*  Ch'en^,  Senior  Assistant 
Chamberlains  of  the  Imperial  Body-guard  ;  1b. 

3,  An  indefinite  number  of  f^  ^  f<i  ^  San^  Chlh*  Ta* 
Ch'en',  Junior  Assistant  Cliamberlains  of  the  Imperial  Body- 
guard ;  2b.  This  title  of  ^^  ^  ;/(;  g  is  often  conferred  as  a 
hereditary  title. 

From  the  Senior  and  Junior  Assistant  Chamberlains  of  the 
Imperial  Body-guard  there  are  appointed  (similarly  to  the 
Chamberlains)  ten  m  d\  ^  E  Clrien=^  Yin^  Ta*  Ch'en^ 
Chamberlains  of  the  Yan-guard. 

99.     The  Imperial  Body-guard  is  composed  of  : 

1.  -^  ^  Shih*  Wei*,  also  ?t  ^  f#  ^  H^a^  Ling'  Shih* 
Wei*,  the  Senior  Body-guards  (wearing  the  Peacock  Feather); 
Sixty  are  —  ^  I^  T6ng^  First  Rank  ;   3a,  One  Hundred  and 

[-   26     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Fifty  12  ^  Erh  Teng^,  Second   Rank  ;  4a,  ami   Two  Hundred      100 
&nd  Seventy  ^  ^  San^   Teng^,  Third  Rank  ;  oa,  and  ^  ^  Ssu* 
Teng',  Fourth  Rank  ;  5b. 

2-  H  ^fi  Of  '4i  Lan'  Ling^  Shih*  Wei%  the  Junior  Body- 
guards (wearing  tlie  Blue  Feather)  ;  6a.  There  are  Ninety  of 
these. 

3.  ^  ie  f#  ft  Tsungi  Shih*  Shih'  Wei^  also  E.  ^  ^,  ^ 
^  tt  Sani  QY^^i",  Tsimg'  Shili"*  Shih^  Woi^  the  ..ansmen 
Corps  of  tlie  Imperial  Body-guards.  Nine  of  tliese  are  — 
^  I^  Teng^,  First  Rank,  Eigliteen  are  H  ^  Erh  Teng^, 
Second  Rank,  and  Sixtv-three  are  ^  |£  San^  Tcng',  Third  Rank. 

From  the  above-mentioned  Body-guards,  commonly  known 
as  ^  jlj^  (^  tt  S'^'i'  C'h'i^  Shih^  Wei*,  there  are  selected  an 
indefinite  number  of  fp  bU  f#  Wl  YiV -Ch'ien^  Shih*  Wei*, 
Guards  of  the  Ante-chamber,  and  i^^  '}%-  PI  fJ/  fij^  Ch'ien^  Ch'ing^ 
Men-  Shih^  Wei*,  Criiards  at  the  Ch'ien  Ch'ing  Gate. 

In  addition,  there  are  Sixty  f»J  ^  l£  iff '^  I'ao*  Wei^  Pan 
Shih*   Wei*,  the    Imperial   Body-guards  wearing   the    Leopard's 
Tail. 

4.  SI  f#  ^  Han*  Shih*  Wei*,  Chinese  Corps  of  the 
Imperial  Body-guards  ;  these  are  of  three  ranks. 

When  engaged  on  guard  duty,  the  Body-guards  are  divided 
into  6  IfE  Pan',  Reliefs,  which,  in  turn,  are  divided  into  2  ^  I*, 
Wings. 

In  command  of  each  relief  is  a  f^  ^j  ii£  ^  Shih*  Wei* 
Pan'  Ling',  Commandei-  of  a  Relief  of  tlio  Jiody  guards,  and 
below  him  is  a  ^-  Jjf  ^  Shu*  Pan'  I-^ing',  Second  in  Command 
of  a  Belief  of  the  Body-guards. 

For  every  ten  Privates  theie  is  a  {jf  ^if.j  if"  JJ  Shin  Wei* 
Shih'  Chang',  Sergeant. 

100.  The  KmjM'ror's  jjcrsonal  di'tuchmciit  of  the  Body- 
guards consists  of  77  ^  '>[(  ^  Cii'in'  ("hiin'  Hsiao*,  Lieutenants; 
6a,  70  ^  ^  's\i  ^   Shu*  Ch'in'  Chiin'  Hsiao*,  Sub-Lieutenants; 

[      27     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

101       8b,  7  #  -^  m  ^  ;^^  AVei'  Shu*  Ch'ini  Chun^  Hsiao\  Sergeants, 
to        and  1,756  ^^  Sji  Ch'in'  C\\\m\  Privates, 

103  101.     in     m    j<    ^    Yu"    Oli'ien^    Ta*    Ch'en^   Adjutant 

General  ;   there   are  four  of  these,  appointed  from  the  Princes  or 
Ministers  of  the  Household. 

101  A.  ^  Bi|  t7  ^  Yu'  Ch'ien-  Hsiug- Tsou^  Attache  to 
the  Eni])en)r "s  Sivile.  This  title  is  usually  conferred  on 
Mongol  i;iu  Priiiei'S. 

K'2.  11^  TJ]  #•  ^  ^*  It  ^  :^  it  Tsnng='  Ssu^  C'hi^  Ch'a» 
Shou^  Wei'  iShih'  I^  Ch'u%  Vigilance  Office  (office  of  the 
General  Inspectors  charged  Avith  the  safety  and  tranquillity  of 
the  Palace  precincts). 

This  office  was  established  in  accordance  with  an  Edict  of 
the  13th  December,  1908,  and  is  under  the  control  of  3  |[^1  ^  ^ 
•g  ^  ^  ^  ia:  :;^  E  Tsung^  Ssu^  Clu^  Ch'-a"   Sliou^  Wei*  Shih* 
I^  Ta*  Ch'eir,  (Tenci'al  Inspectors  (charged  with  the  safety  and 
^  tranquillit}'     of     t!ic     Palace    precincts).      These     otHcials    are 

appointed  from  llic  Piinces  or  High  Officials. 

Two  re])orts  of  the  Vigilance  Office,  approved  on  the  19th 
December,  1908,  and  the  9th  January,  1909,  show  its  adminis- 
tration and  staff  to  be  as  follows  : 

The  actual  management  is  vested  in  a  ||^S  ^jj^  Tsung'  Pan*, 
Manager,  and  1  ^  |||f-  Pang'  I*an*,  Assistiint.  Ik'iow  these  are  4 
II  ^  ^i  Jn  <^'l'i'  Ch'a^  Change  Clung',  S.^Ccctaries,  and  10 
^  S  ^-  ^  Ch  2  Ch'a'^  Wei'  YiianS  Supervisors  (these  are 
chiefly  charged  with  keeping  a  sharp  Avntch  o\or  the  Palace 
Guard). 

103.     *^  ft  :^    Chin*  Wei-*  Chiin',  Now  Palace  Guard. 

The  organisation  of  this  body  was  decreed  b'y  Imperial 
Edict  of  the  25th  December,  1908,  the  tenor  of  Avhich  was  as. 
follows  : 

"  Prince  Tsai  Tao,  Prince  of  the  3rd  Order,  Prince  Yii 
"Lang,  Prince  of  the   3rd  Ordei-,  and  T'ieh  Liang,  President 

^  [     28     ] 


PRESENT    I>AY    POLITICAL    OUO  ANT/ ATION'    OF    CHINA. 


*' of  till-  Mini-tr\  of  War,  are  appointed  Supcrintcnilents  for  the      103a 
'•  oi  ^.!!M-:itii)ii  ;in(l  (Irillino:  of  an  Imperial  (iiuards  Corps.     They         tO 
*'  aif  :uiiln'ri>>  il  to  select  from  any  of  the  Banner  Corp?  men  of      inSu 
'•  L;i"'tl    pli\  .-iiiiic  and  health  for  these  (inards  and  they  are  to  be 
'•  ri«h-(  ii'Mtioiis  n?id   dilJQ^cnt    in    this   work.     The    (-orps   will   be 
"  Tnnloi-  the  special  command  of  the    Trince   Rco;ent.     A  fnrther 
"  Eilict  uill  be  issned  when  the  Corps  is  finictioning  smoothly. 
"  Snch  is  tlif  l''.mj)eror's  pleasure." 

103a.  Tile  New  Talacc  (iiiards  are,  so  it  seems,  to  replace 
the  original  liupciial  (iiuirds.  Thry  are  to  1)C  organised  as 
divisions  of.  nii.l  will  !)■■  in  1  \  pe  similar  to,  the  New  Army. 

Il  is  |)i.ij)osr;d  to  til•^t  comph'to  tlie  formation  of  one  division 
of  thr  X<t\  Talace  (IumiIs,  I'ccrnits  to  be  (bawu  from  the  First 
aiid  Sixth  l)i\  iyioiis  of  th<'  Nc"  Army.  \\  itli  this  object  in  view 
ihtre  h:is  bcou  i:;itablishe'l  th.^  *<^.  'fj^f  j\l  ^|||  f/fj  jg  Chin^  AVei^ 
Chini'  IT  ii'i'  Tien'  CliMi"',  Ofhcc  for  Dilllin-  of  tlic  New  l*alace 
(luards,  MiK.h  r  the  sn|.  ma  ision  of  three  Vf  IJ]  ^j||  1^^  ^'j^  fi{5  ill  j\,  £ 
Chiian'  Ssii'  Ilslin'  Lien'  Chin'  Wei'  Chiin'  Ta'  Ch'^•n^  Snper- 
\\  (»iv  of  (lie  iJiillinj^  of  th(^  New  Palace  (Jnards.  To  these  are 
attach"  li  : 

iD.'iP..  A.  if£jia'a*  f 'liiin' 'IV.ii'  Kuan'.  Aliliiaiy  In>trnctors; 
six  in  all  (on.-  i-  of  the  — •  ^  P  Tciis^'',  {"irst  Pnik-.  two  are  of 
'''C  ~  '^  P.rli'  T«*nj^-,  Second  P.oik.  ;tnd  three  are  of  the 
^^  San'  'Jeiig^,  'J'hird  Kanl^  .  'I  li. -i  ( )fHcers  manage 
correspondence,  supervise  sections  of  the  stall",  are  responsible  for 
instruction.  ;ind  :ire  in  eh:irL!;e  of  the  foui-  stdj-othces  atl;u'lied  to 
the  Chi.  f  h/dlin--  Ollice  (mv  below.  No,  10;U  ). 

Diiectlv  snboidinatcd  t.<  tli-    above-mentioned  are: 

i.  !'•  \jl   '\i   i\  ''''•''■  '■''''^''   "^  ":'''^   Adjutants, 

'^.  't    }\    .   '    n   Shn'   J  hi'    ViiMii  .   W  i,iei8  (of  ihiee  ranks), 

•^-  -  ?r^  If'l  il  1''"'  '1'"'  Vii..n-,   Drafts. nen, 

•b  1  riJ  li'!]  ii  Vie'  Shua'  Viian*,  Manager  of  Printing 
( )Hice. 

[      -"J      1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANlZATION    OF    CHINA. 


4030  5.      1  JKC  ^  M  Shoui  Chilli  Yiian^,  Treasurer, 

to  6.      1  ^;  f§  ^  Shu*  Wii*  Yiian^,  General  Supervisor, 

103i»  7.     2  J^  ^  ^  Ti*  Shih*  Yiian^,  Registrars. 

103c.      B.     To  the  Office  for  Drilling  of  the  New  Palace 
Guards  there  are  attached  the  following  four  sub-offices  : 
1-      J^  M  f^t-  Chiin^  Hsieh''  K'o\  Armoury, 

2.  1^  fj^  ^.  Chun^  Fa^  K'o\  Office  of  Military  Jurispru- 
dence, 

3.  ^  Wi  P\  ^-hun^  Hsii'  K'o\  ( Commissariat  Department,  and 

4.  ^  -g  ^  ChiiRi  II  K'o\  Medical  Department. 

In  each  of  the  sub-offices,  or  sections,  there  is  a  ^  § 
Chien^  Tu',  Section  (^hief,  and  from  thi-ee  to  five  jfJf  ^  K'o^ 
Yiian^,  Secretaries.     In  addition,  there  are  . 

1-      17    p1  t^i  ^  Ssu^  Shui  Sheng",  Writers, 

2.  1 1    nl  ^  ^:  Ssu^  Shih<  ShengS  Clerks, 

3.  10  ]glj  F.[J  =7^  Shuai  Yin*  Shou^  Compositors,  and 

4.  20  ^i^f^  Fu^  IS  Servants. 

103d.  As  has  been  stated  above  {sec  '^o.  103a),  the 
formation  of  the  New  Palace  Guards,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
is  identical  with  that  of  the  ^^  W  ^  ^k  Lu*  Chiini  Ko*  Chen*, 
Divisions  of  the  New  Army.  The  artillery  detachment,  for 
instance,  consists  of  three  companies  of  field  artillery.  Also, . 
there  are  : 

1-  ^  3^  §■  Chiao^  T'ung^  Ying^,  Military  Communica- 
cions  compoi^'^d  of  two  companies,  Lc.  ^  ^  ^  T'ieh^  Lu*  Tui*, 
Railway  Company,  and  H  f g  ^  Tien*  Ilsin*  Tui*,  Telegraph 
Company. 

2.  1  ^  Ying^  Corps,  of  H  i|  ^  B  Chi^  Kuan^  P'ao* 
Tui*,  Machine-gun  Corps  (this  is  a  temporary  organisation  and 
will  be  abolished  when  the  complete  formation  of  tlie  New 
Palace  Guards  has  been  effected),  and  1  ^'  Ying^,  ^  ^  ^ 
Chung*  P'ao*  Tui*,  Corps  of  Heavy  Artillery. 

[     30     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXI7ATION    OF    CHINA. 

3.      Jjater  it   is  planned  to  organise  a  |^  ^  ^  Chiin*  Ke^       104 
Tui%  Carrier  Pigeon   Corps,  and  a  ^  3E^  [^  Ch'i«  Ch^u"  Tui\        tO 
Aeronautic  Corps.  104a 

To  tlie  Commander  of  each  ])rigade,  regiment  or  battalion 
there  will  })e  attached  a  ^,|j  'g*  Fii^  Kuan^,  Adjutant 

104.  The  Imperial  Palaces  in  Peking  are  situated  in  the 
^^i^  Tzh'  Chin'  (;h'eng^  Red  Forbidden  (4ty,  which  lies 
within  the  ^  J^^^  Huang^  Ch'eng",  Imperial  City,  where  most  of 
the  buildings  and  offices  pertaining  to  the  Imperial  Household 
are  to  be  found. 

Four  gates  afford  access  to  the  Forbidden  City  : 

1.  On  the  North,  jpi[i  j^  PI  Shen"  Wu'  Uen\ 
'2.     On  the  East,  ^  #  PI  Tung'  Una'  Men-. 

3.  On  the  South,  ^  pf]  Wu^"  Men'-. 

4.  On  the  West,  gg  #!  pf]  Hsi'-  Hua'  Men'. 

104a.  Within  the  Forbidden  (^ity  there  is  a  series  of  ^ 
Kung\  Palaces,  ^  Tien'',  Halls,  and  ^  Ko^,  Pavilions. 

The  best  known  of  the  Palaces  are  : 

1-  ?2  ?ra  ^'  Ch'ien*  Ch'ing^  Kung',  where  the  most 
Ijrilliant  receptions  take  place,  audiences  are  granted  to  Foreign 
Representatives  (since  a  few  years  ago),  Chinese  officials  are 
received,  and  state  business  transacted. 

2.  iljl  ^  ^'7  K'un^  Ning»  Kung',  Palace  of  an  Fmpress,  or 
Shamanic  Chapel  {see  Nos.  79c  and  573c). 

^-  II  ^  ^  Yii^  Ch'ing^  Rung',  Palace  of  the  Ilcii- 
Apparent. 

4.  1^%  t1  ^'^^S'  Siiou'  Kung'.  To  this  Palace  there 
are  six  gates  ;  the  main  gate,  on  the  South,  is  called  ^  jitji  p*} 
Huang-  Chi-  Men^  Peyond  the  gates  there  is  the  Throne  Hall, 
^  fe^  iS  Huang-  Chi-"  Tien',  and  behind  this  is  the  Palace 
Ning*  Shou*  Kung',  where  the  Enii)ress  Dowager  ^' ^  '^\  }[i  fii 
Hsiao*  Ch'in'  Hsien'  Huang*  Hou^  resided. 

[     :'l      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

104b  5.      ^^  Chai'^  Kung^,  Palace  of  Expiation  or  Abstinence. 

The  Emperor  visits  this  Palace  to  fast  previous  to   important 
sacrifices. 

^.  ^  fD  ^  Yung^  Ho^  KungS  Buddhist  Temple  (lakhipf 
calls  it  the  Tibetan  Monastery).  At  the  head  of  this  temple, 
is  one  of  the  four  Hutukhtus  living  in  Peking  (see  No.  917). 

104b.     The  best  known  of  the  Halls  are  : 

1.  :*:  tl  Ic  T'ai*  Ho''  TienS  Hall  of  Perfect  Harmony 
(or  Hall  of  Harmony  in  Nature).  Here  the  Emperor  holds 
levees  on  New  Year's  Day,  his  birthday,  and  on  the  Winter 
solstice. 

2.  Ffi  fO  ¥^  Chungi  Ho2  TienS  Throne  Hall.  In  this 
Hall  the  Emperor  scrutinises  prayers  written  for  state  worship 
and  examines  the  corn  and  implements  provided  for  the 
ploughing  ceremony. 

3.  i^  %\  Bi  Pao^  Ho2  TienS  Throne  Hall.  In  this  Hall 
the  Emperor  attends  examinations  for  highest  literary  degrees. 

4.  ^  #  Be  Wen'  Hua=  TienS  Throne  Hall.  Here  the 
Emperor,  in  the  second  moon,  attends  for  explanation  of  the 
Classics. 

5.  Wl  ^  Be  Wu^  Yiug^  TienS  Throne  Hall  where 
stereotype  plates  are  stored  (properly  Printing  Office,  see 
No.:94). 

6.  ^  5E  Be  i'eng''  Hsien^  TienS  Hall  where  the  Emperor 
worships  his  ancestors. 

7.  ^  JCi\  Be  Yang'  Hsin^  Tici^S  Hall  to  which  the 
Emperor  retii-es  for  relaxation.  At  the  present  time  this  Hall  is 
given  \ip  to  the  Prince  Regent  for  studying  government  affiiirs 
and  for  small  audiences  which  he  may  hold  (see  No.  86). 

8.  ^  IE  Be  Chungi  Cheng^  TienS  Buddhist  Chapel.  Of 
the  Pavilions  the  best  known  are  : 

[     32     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

1-      :X   jIH   i1    ^^^n'   ^'"an^   Ko^   The   Library.       Here   is      104c 
found  a  full  collection  of  books,  labelled  in  Chinese  [[9   1$  :^  fj        to 
Ssu^  K'u«  Ch'iian*  Shu'.  1q4d 

In  charge  of  the  Library  is  a  Grand  Secretary  (compare 
No.   131 ).,  assisted  by  : 

1  il  H  ^  ^  T'i'  Chii^  Ko'  Shlh*,  Director  of  the 
Library, 

-  M  ^  ^  ^^iog*  ^^o*  Shih*,  Assistant  Directors  of  the 
Library , 

6  fi  ^  ^  Chih^  Ko'  ShihS  Officials  on  duty  at  the 
Library,  and 

6  >^  I]^  Chien'  Yueh',  Inspectors, 

2  ^  7^  f^  Tzu'  Kuangi  Ko^  (situated  on  the  Western 
side  of  the  Imperial  <'ity),  Pavilion  of  Purple  Lustre,  where 
vassals  are  received  and  entertained. 

104c.  The  most  commonly  known  gates  of  the  Forbidden 
City  are  the  ^  fD  PT  T'ai^  Ho'  Men*  and  the  $^  jf  ^  Ch'ien' 
Ch'ing'  Men'  ;  the  first  leads  to  the  Hall  of  the  same  name  {see 
No.  104 p.)  and  the  second  to  the  Cli'ien^  Ch'ing'  Palace  {see 
No.  104  a). 

To  the  Imperial  City  there  are  the  following  gates  at  the 
South  : — 

!•  ;A;  J^  P5  Tai*  Ch'lng'  Men*,  serving  as  the  main 
entrance  to  the  Imperial  City.  Before  this  gate  there  is  a 
square  court  surrounded  by  a  granite  palisade,  called  the  ^^^ 
Ch'i  P'an  Chi'ch. 

2-  ^  ^  PT   T'ien'  An'  Men'. 

3-  A/l'i  i"]  Tiian'  Men*.  Beyond  this  gate,  entrance  to  the 
P'orbidden  City  is  obtained  through  the  ^  PT  Wu*  Men* 
{tee  No.  104). 

104]).  In  charge  of  the  Palaces  there  are  (in  number  from 
2  to  3)  Ministers  of  the  Household,  I'rinces  of-  the  HIo<k1 
or     Grand     i^ec^etarieR,     styled     ^  iJE  }^t'^t^  ^    Kuan*    Li* 

[     ««     ] 


PHESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

■9 

104k  (Mou^)  Kung^  Shin*  Wu*,  Superintendents  of  Affairs  o£  such 
.  to  ^^^  such  a  Palace.  Subordinated  to  them,  deputed  from  the 
IQK  Imperial  Household,  are  ||5  ^1'  Lang^  Chung\  Department 
Directors,  ^  ^\>  HR  Ylian"  Wai*  Lang'^,  Assistant  Department 
Directors,  and  f^]  ^  pg  Nei*  Kuan^  Ling^,  Overseers,  bearing 
the  title  MM'^tS^^  B  <^hien'  Li^  (Mou^)  Kung^  Shih*  Wu*, 
Managers  of  Affairs  of  such  and  such  a  Palace. 

In   addition   to   the   officials    above-mentioned   there    are    a 
number  of  ^  ^   Chu^   Shih*  and  ^  1-  5fe  ^  Wei'  Shu*  Chu' 
■    Shih*,  Secretaries,  and  ^c  |pi5  x^  Pi'  T'ieli'  Shih*,  Clerks. 

The  management  of  Palace  Halls  and  Pavilions  is  arranged 
on  the  same  basis  as  the  Palace  management. 

lOiE.  15F[  f n  ffl  I'  Ho^"  YlianS  Summer  Palace  of  the 
Emperor.  This  Palace  was  the  fixed  Summer  residence  of  the 
late  Emperor  and  Empress  Dowager.  At  the  present  time  it  is 
under  seal  until  the  Emperor  reaches  his  majority.  The  grounds, 
however,  are  opened  on  the  5th,  loth  and  25th  of  each  moon  to 
the  inspection  of  Diplomatic  Representatives  and  emment 
foreigners. 

The  Summer  Palace  Is  under  the  svipervision  of  the  Bureau 
of  Imperial  Gardens  and  Himting  Parks  {sec  Nos.  90  and  741). 
3^  1  (-U  ift  Pi'  Shu'  Shan^  Chuangi,  Summer  Palace  at 
^  IPf  Jehol  (in  the  prefecture  of  ;fc  fi  l^  Ch'eng^  Te^  Fu',  to 
the  North-east  of  Peking).  Until  1860  this  Palace  was  the 
Summer  residence  of  the  Emperors. 

105.  ^  ^  j^  Tsou*  Shih*  Ch'u*,  Chancery  of  Memorials 
to  the  Emperor.  At  the  Chancery  are  stationed  G  ^  ^  ^ 
Tsou*  Shih*  Kuan\  Chancellors  of  Meniorials  to  the  Emperor, 
who  receive  memorials  from  the  provinces  which,  if  found  to  be 
written  in  accordance  with  fixed  etiquette,  are  handed  over  to 
the  Grand  Council  for  presentation  to  the  Emperor  (Metropolitan 
establishments  present  their  memorials  to  the  Grand  Council 
direct). 

[     34     ] 


rRE.SEXT    DAY    TOLITICAL    OllGAXlZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Tlie  Chancery   of   Memorials  to  the  Emperor  is  divided  into      105a 
two  sections ;  one  for  Chinese  and  Manchu  and  one  for  Mongolian        tO 
memorials.  \i\ 

The  general  snjiervlsiou  of  the  Chancery  is  the  duty  of 
®  nij  'J^  E  Yii*  Ch'ien'  Ta*  Ch'en',  Adjutant  Generals  (see 
No.  101). 

105  a.  ^  ^  ,1:  fic  3]?  f  [--  ^  Ch'in^  Feng*  Shang*  Yu*  Shih* 
Chien*  Ch'u*,  Chancery  for  the  i)ublication  of  Impei'ial  Edicts. 
At  the  head  of  this  Chancery  is  a  ^  ^  Chi"  Ch'a^  Inspector 
(usually  appointed  from  the  ranks  of  the  Grand  Secretaries). 

106.  J^  ^  if  1^  icS  <^'lii'  <-1i'a'  T'an^  Miao*  Ta*  Ch'en', 
Superintendent  of  Altars  and  Temples,  and  W\  ^  M  M  '^<-  E 
Pei*  Ch'a^  T'an^  Miao*  Ta^  c;h'en^  Assistant  Superintendent  of 
Altars  and  Temples.  By  these  titles  are  designated  the  officials 
charged  with  the  preparations  for  sacrifices  at  altars  and  temples. 

107.  ^  |H  |?|  A  E  Hsi3  Ch'i^  Wu^  Ta^  Ch'en^  Director 
o*"  the  Court  Ballet. 

^08.      p]  Is  ^  ^^"'  ^^^^  Chang',  Keeper  of  Palace  Keys. 


THE    IMPERIAL    EQUIPAGE'  DEPARTMENT. 

109.  ^  H  ^  Luan»  Yii^  Wei'  (previously  ^  fi|  ^ 
Luan^  I-  Wei*),  the  Imperial  Equipage  Department.  This  has 
charge  of  the  preparation  of  carriages,  chairs,  regalia,  etc., 
necessary  wiion  the  Emperor  goes  abroad. 

110.  ^  \^  ^  'k  E  ('hung'  Wei*  Shih*  Ta*  Ch'en', 
Superintendent  of  the  Imperial  r.quij)age  Department,  usually 
appointed  from  the  Princes  of  the  Blood  (literary  designation 
^  I/pfl  Xuan'  Cl.'iiig'). 

111.  ^^.  ^  fii  I^iian-  Yii'  Shih'  (formerly  ^  ^  fsi;  I^nan' 
P  Shih'j,  Commissioner  of  the  Imperial  E{[uipage/ Department  ; 
•J\.  Literary  designation  '<^fi  0«I  P  Wei*  Yii'  Ch'ing'  and  X 
;^  f;?j  T:i*  \Vei'-wei*.     There  are  two  of  these  officials. 

[     35     ] 


121 


P11E8ENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

112  112.  ^  ^  H  i^  Han«  Luan"  Yu»  Shih',  Chinese  Com- 

■jjQ        missioner  of  the  Imperial  Equipage  Department;  2a.     There  is 
one  of  these  officials. 

113.  li  m^BM^^  Tsimg'  Li^  Shih*  Wu*  Kuan* 
Chiin^  Shih^,  Chief  Marshals  of  the  Imperial  Equipage  Depart- 
ment. There  are  two  of  these  and  they ,  have  the  general 
supervision  of  the  five  sub-departments  into  which  the  Equipage 
Department  is  divided  (see  Nos.  118  to  123). 

114.  t^  m  '^B^-M  iM  Hsieh^  Li^  Shih*  Wu*  Yiin^ 
Hui'  Shih^,  Assistant  Chief  Marshals  of  the  Imperial  Equipage 
Department  (see  No.  113)  ;  two  officials  of  this  rank. 

115.  |J|f  JliB  M  ^  fUj  P'ei^  Ssu*  Kuan*  Chun^  ShihS 
Sacrificial  Marshals  of  the  Imperial  Equipage  Department ; 
two  officials  of  this  rank. 

116.  ^  JH  ^  T'ang^  Chu^  Shih*,  Chief  Secretary  (compare 
No.  288) ;  one  official  of  this  rank. 

117-  A^  M  M  Chingi  Li*  T'ing^,  Eegistry :  supervised  by 
two  ^  ^  Ching^  Li*,  Eegistrars;  6a. 

118-  S  ^  Tso'  So^,  First  Sub-department,  divided  into 
two  sections : 

1»     ^  H^  U  Luan^  Yii^  Ssu\  Carriage  Section,  9,nd 
2'     l^jj  Ml   rJ  llsiin*  Ma^  Ssu\  Equestrian  Section. 

119.  /^  ^  Yu*  So^,  Second  Department,  consisting  of  two 
sections : 

1.  3^  ^  "^J  Ch'ing^  Kai*  Ssu%  Umbrella  Section,  and 
2-     ^  ^  ^  Kung^  Shih^  Ssu',  Bow  and  Arrow  Section. 

120.  Jf  B'f  *'^^>?g^  S^^  Third  Sub-department,  consisting 
of  two  sections : 

!•     i^  iil  ^  Ching^  Chieh*  Ssu\  Pennons  Section,  and 

2.  1^  l)^  pj  Fan^  T'ung^  Ssu\  Flags  and  Signals  Section. 

121.  BU  )^  Ch'ien^  So^,  Fourth  Sub-department,  consisting 
of  two  sections : 

!•     M  ^  ^  Shan*  Shou^  Ssu^,  Fan  Section,  and 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


2.     ^  ^  "nl  Fu*  Yiieh^  Ssu',  Halberd  Section.  122 

122.  f^  ff\  Hou*  SoS  Fifth  Sub-department,  divided  into         to 
eight  sections;  22^ 

1-  Iff  ^'J  ^  ^an^  (^^hien^  Ssu\  Sword  Section, 

2-  :Jc  1^  ^  Ko'  Ciii'  SsuS  Spear  Section, 

3-  S)l|  ^  ly?  Hsi'in'  Hsiang^  So^  Ele])hant-training  Section, 
■i-  !^    p]  i'ling^  Ssu\  Eastern  Section, 

0.     i5j  "^  Hsi^  Ssu\  Western  Section, 

6.     If  -f  t^  ^'li'i'  ►*^liou='  Wei',  Standard-bearers  Section, 

"•      i  E]  T.so^  Ssu',  Left  Section,  and 

8.     /(j    BI  Vu^  Ssn',  Right  Section. 

123.  ^Vt  the  liead  of  each  of  the  above-mentioned  sub- 
departments  there  is  a  ^  Hf]  ^  ^  f^  Chang'  Yin^  Kuan""  Chiin^ 
Shih^  Snb-dcpartment  Cliief ;  3a,  to  whom  is  attached  one 
^^  ^MM  iM  Chang'  So'  Shih^  Ynn=  JIui'  Shih',  Assistant 
Sub-department  Cliief ;  4a. 

Each  section  is  directed  by-  a  ^  pfl  §|  |!^  f^  Chang'  Yin* 
Yiin'  Hui'  Shih',  Section  Chief  ;  4a,  (for  the  Elephant-training 
and  Standard-bearers  Section  called  ^  1:11  ^  ^  f?!^  Chang'  Yin'' 
Kuan*  Chim'  Shih'),  to  whom  is  attached  one  ^  ^  i^  ^  'i{  ]£ 
(;hang'  Ssu'  Shih*  Chill*  P  Cheng*  (fonnerly  r§  fi  IE  Chili*  P 
Cheng*),  Assistant  Section  Chiefs ;  5a  ;  but  for  the  Elephant- 
training  and  Standard-bearers  Sections  the  title  is,  for  the  former, 
^  ffj;  ¥  M-  f^  f^'  Chang'  So'  Shih*  Yiin'  Hul'  Shih',  and,  for 
the  latter,  ^  ^  'Jf  ^i  :,fT  f^j  Chang'  So'  Shih*  Kuan'  Chiin^  Shih'. 

In  the  Sub-departments  and  Sections  of  the  Equipage 
Department  are  also  employed  3pt  l|)if)  i^  Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks 
(number  not  fixed). 

124.  ^  Jf  Knan'  Li',  Over.»eers.  There  are  twelve 
attached  to  the  K(|uipage  Department  : 

C  fiV  M  fs  ■^^l  ''  ''"'tr'  ^*'^'"'  K»""'  l^'\  Overseer  vf 
Hcialds  and  Whips. 

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TRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


125  2.     ;g  ^   ^  ^    Ohia^    K'u*    Kuan^     Li^     Overseer    of 

Carriage  Houses, 

3.  ^  M  ^  M.  Pu'  Nien^  Kuan^  Li',  Overseer  of 
Imperial  Carriages,   • 

4.  2  |§  ^  iM  Yii^  Lo*  Kuan'  Li',  Overseer  of  the  Jade 
Carriage, 

5.  ^  $^  ^  Ji  Hsiang'  Lo'  Kuan'  Li',  Overseer  of  the 
Elephant  Carriage, 

6-  ^  1^  ^  J-1  ^'liin^  1^0^  Kuan'  Li',  Overseer  of  the 
Golden  ('ai-riage, 

"•  ^  ^  'W  J-S  ^^o'  ^-^o'  K^^an'  Li',  Overseer  of  the 
Leather  Carriage, 

8-  7}C  Ig-  'W  ^  Mii^  Lo^  Kuan'  Li^  Overseer  of  the 
Wooden  Carriage, 

9-  -^  ^  ^  S  'Jsung^  T'an'  Ivuan'  Li',  Overseer  of  Coir 
Mats, 

10.  ^  1^  ^  Ji^  T*ai^  Ju^  Kuan'  Li',  Overseer  of 
Kneeling  Rugs, 

11-  Mt  M  ^'S  Shu^  T'ou^  Kuan'  Li',  Overseer  of 
Combs,  and 

12.  fr^  ^  ^  JS  <^hia^  I'  Kuan'  Li',  Overseer  of  Livery 
for  Servants  and  (-hair-bearers. 

125.  To  the  Overseer  of  Heralds  and  Whips  (see  No.  124) 
there  are  attached  : 

3  n,^  ^  fg5  "g*  Ming-  Tsan"  Pien^  Kuan^  Heralds;    7.\,  and 

1    nj;*  ^  115  i^  Ming2  Tsan^  Pien^'  l^■hih',  Assistant  Herald. 

To  the  Overseer  of  Carriage  Houses  (see  No.  124)  there  are 
aHached : 

I  M  M  W  Y""'  1^11^^  Shih',  Assistant  Marshal ;  4a, 

1  >^  'j'l:  IE  Chih'  I^  ChOng'  (formerly  ri^  ff  TE  Chih^  I^ 
Chcng^),  Controller  of  the  Fifth  Class;  S.s,  and 

1  M  'Jl  i'l  ('^"•^"S'  I'  Yii^  (formerly  ^  [^  fj  ( ;heng'  I^'  \-n') 
Controller  of  the  Sixth  Class;  6a. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


To  the   Overseer   of  the   Imperial    Carriages   {see  No.  124)       126 
there  are  attached  : 

1  g  ^t  |iji  Yiin-  lluv  Shih\  Assistant  Marshal;  4a,  and 

2  ro  i L  IK  (^'liili-  I'  Cheng',  Controllers  of  tlie  Fifth  Class; 
5.\. 

To    the    remaining    Overseers    there    are    subordinated,     to 

each  : 

1    V^    i:    in    Cliih^    I'    Cheng\    Controller    of    the    Fifth 
Class;  OA,  and 

1   il  'IlM  ClK^ng'  V  Yii',  Controller  of  the  Sixth  Class. 

REGENCY. 

126.  WimWl^^  <"'l"en^  Kuo'  Sh6*  Cheng*  Wang^ 
Prince  Regent.  During  the  minority  of  the  present  Emperor, 
knovrn  from  his  reign  as  ^  ^^  Hsiian'  T'ung',  that  is,  until  he 
has  completed  jiis  education  and  has  married,  his  father,  g|  ^^  J 
^v5  Ch'un'  Ch'in^  Wang=  Tsai^  Feng",  Prince  of  the  First 
Degree,  Ch'un,  personal  Jiame  Tsai^  Feng',  will  govern  the 
Chinese  Empire  as  Regent,  having  been  empowered  to 
assume  his  title  by  the  late  Empress  Dowager  ^JXM^^ 
Hsiao*  Ch'in'  Hsien'  Huang'^  Hou*,  on  the  1.3th  November, 
1908. 

Rules  defining  the  rights  and  the  authority  of  the  Prince 
Regent,  elaborated  by  the  Grand  Secretariat,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Ministries  and  Chief  Government  Establishments,  were 
approved  by  the  Emperor  in  an  Edict  dated  13th  November, 
1908. 

All  government  affairs  are  transacted  by  the  Prince  Regent 
and  decisions  arc  pu]>lished  as  Edicts  of  th'o  Emperor  under  his 
seal.  In  very  important  cases  the  Prince.  Regent  requests  the 
Empress  Dowager  Hf:^r-S^^  Lung'  Yii*  Huang'  T'ai*  Hon* 
to  issue  an  Ediet. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


126a  The  Prince   Regent   is    Commander-in-Chief   of   all   Naval 

to        and   iMilitary   Forces  ard,   as  the  Emperor's  representative,  will 
■ioy        attend  sessions  of  the   National  Assembly.     He  will  also  open 
Parliament. 

All  reports  addressed  to  the  Emperor  are  presented  to 
the  Prince  Regent  and,  in  connection  with  foreign  affairs,  he 
concludes  treaties,  appoints  representatives  abroad,  and  receives 
tlie  credentials  of  the  representatives  of  Foreign  Pqwers 
appointed  to  China. 

For  the  expenses  of  the  Prince  Regent  there  are  allotted, 
yearly,  One  Hundred  and  Fifty  Thousand  Taels  by  the  Ministry 
of  Finance  (for  details  see  Rules,  in  16  Articles). 

126a.  ^\^J^  I'  Cheng*  ^Vang^  Prince  Regent.  This 
title  was  borne  by  ^  fj^  ^  ^  ff' Kung^  Ch'in'  Wang^  I*  Hsin^, 
Prince  of  the  First  Degree,  Kung,  personal  name  I*  Hsin\  during 
the  minority  of  the  Emperor  T'ung  Chih,  when,  with  the 
Empresses,  ■^*  ^  T'zn^  An'  and  ,^  ;]jg  T'zu^  Hsi^  he  Was^  in 
charge  of  the  government  of  the  Empire. 

126b.  ^  ^  (;h'i^  She^,  another  designatio?i  of  Prince 
Regent.  This  title  was  held  b}'  the  usm-per  J  ^  W^ang^  Mang' 
during  the  minority  of  the  Emperor  J^  -f"  M  '^^^  Tzu'  Ying\  of 
the  -^  llau^  Dynasty  (in  B.C.  6). 

126c.  ^  iC  0  ^  §1  Huang"  T'ai*  Hon*  Lin'^  Cli'ao', 
Empress  Dowager  Regent ;  also  called  ^  JH  9^  l^  Ch'ui^  Lien' 
T'ingi  Cheng"  (or  ^  ^|  |||  )^  Ch'ui^  Lien^  Hsvin*  C  heng^), 
literally  "  to  drop  the  curtain  and  administer  the  government." 
This  title  was  applied  to  the  late  Empress  Dowager  ^  ^  ^ 
^  jp  Msiao^  ('h'in^  Hsien'  Huang'  II ou"*  during  the  minority  of 
the  Emperor  yt  If  Ivuang'  Hsii'  (1875-1908.) 

PARLIAMENT. 

127.  HI  1^  I^  Yuan',  Parliament;  projected  Deliberative 
Assembly  of  China;  to  be  opened  in   1913.     It  will  consist  of 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


two  Houses,  i.e.  Jh  Hi  K  Shano^^   I^   Yiian^,   Upper    House,  and       128 
~F  1^  Sc  Hsia^  V  Yuan\  Lower  House. 

Rules  and  Regulations  for  Parliament  and  for  the  Electoral 
Laws  are  to  be  drawn  up  by  the  Department  for  Drawing  up 
Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government  and  will  be  pro- 
mulgated in  1912. 

The  establishment  of  a  Parliament  was  foreshadowed  by  the 
Emperor's  approval  of  a  general  outline  of  the  principles  of 
constitutional  government,  together  with  laws  concerning 
parliament  and  the  election  of  its  members,  (^sec  Edict  dated  27th 
August,  1908,  in  reply  to  a  report  from  the  Bureau  for  the 
Investigation  of  the  Principles  of  Constitutional  Government, 
with  two  enclosures). 

As  the  Parliament  will  have  deli))erative  authority  alone, 
having  no  executive  authority  whatsoever,  it  will  only  be  allowed 
to  discuss  questions  touching  the  .vhole  Empire  and  assist  in 
working  out  the  Budget.  Its  resolutions  will  be  carried  out 
only  after  the  Emperor's  approval  of  the  same  {sec  details  in 
article  "  China  on  the  eve  of  a  Constitution  "  in  the  "Messenger 
of  Asia,"  Xo.  1,  July,  19U9,  pages  57  to  74,  translation  from 
the  Chinese,  by  the  authors  of  the  Imperial  Edict  dated  27th 
August,  1908,  and  the  "Scheme  of  State  Laws  and  Programme 
of  Constitutional  Reforms  during  the  period  1908-1916."^ 

From  the  year  1910  until  the  opening  of  Parliament  there 
will  be  a  National  Assembly  as  a  pi'climinary  deliberative  body 
{see  Nos.  164  to  167c). 

COUNCIL    OF    STATE. 

128.  i^t?l|^  Chiin'  Chi'  ('h'u',  Council  of  State  (or 
Grand  Council).  This  is  tiic  Highest  Central  Establishment, 
being  in  charge  of  the  government  of  the  ICnipirc,  and  was 
established  about  1730  A.D.  It  was  originallv  a  AHlitarv 
Council   at   which   the   iirst    Emperors    of   the   present   Dvnasty 

[     -11      ] 


PRteStNl'   DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAJflZAtlON    OF    CfllNA. 

129       discussed  State  Affairs.     Now,  having  become  the  Privy  Council 
to        of  the  Emperor,,  most  Decrees  are  issued  from  this  establishment, 
1296      as  well  as  orders  concerning  State  Administration. 
The  r  ouncil  of  State  is  composed  of  : 

129.  ^Mi^^  Chiin^  Chi'  Ta*  Ch'^n^  Grand  Councillors, 
having  daily  audiences  with  the  Emperor.  The  number  of  these 
officials  is  not  fixed  but  for  many  years  past  there  have  not  been 
more  than  five,  i.e.  two  Manchus,  two  Chinese,  and  one  of  the 
Princes  of  the  Blood  as  President. 

Members  of  the  Council  of  State  are  usually  appointed  from 
the  ranks  of  officials  of  the  grade  of  Minister  of  State  or 
Assistant  Minister  of  State  and  they  usually  hold  substantive 
posts  other  than  in  the  Council. 

At  present  the  members  of  the  Council  of  State  countersign 
(^  ^  Shu*  ]Ming')  all  Decrees  issued  in  the  name  ©f  the 
Emperor  over  the  seal  of  the  Prince  Regent. 

129a.  ^^tl^  Chun^  Chi'  1:1  smg^  TsouS  also  UWM 
:;^  IS  _h  ^  ^  !7  ^  Tsai^  Chun'  Chi'  Ta^  Ch'en'  Shang^  Hsueh* 
Hsi^  Hsing'^  Tsou^,  Probationary  Grand  Councillor.  Newly- 
appointed  Grand  Councillors  are  often  thus  designated. 

129b.  ^i^M^  Chiin'  Chi'  Chang'  Ching',  also  /J>^i^ 
Hsiao'  Chiin'  C-hi',  Secretaries  of  the  Council  of  State  ;  sixty  in 
all.  They  attend  to  the  clerical  work  of  the  Council  and  are 
divided  into  four  sections  : 

1.  MMM  ^^lan'  T'ou'  Pan',  and  l^ZLB.  Man'  tvh*  Pan', 
First  and  Second  Manchu,  and 

2.  ^miM  Han^  T'ou'  Pan',  and  g|  Hl^  Han^  firh^  Pan', 
First  and  Second  Chinese. 

At  the  head  of  each  section  there  is  a  ^  gj  Ling'  Pan', 
Chief  of  Section  ;  3a,  assisted  by  a  |^  ^^  gf  Pang'  Ling'  Pan', 
Assistant  Chief  of  Section  ;  4a. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


The  titles  ^Ijff^.l?  J:  ^  ±   Ling*  Tan'  Chang^  Cbing'      129c 
Shang^  Hsiang'  Tsou\ Chief  of  Section,  and  f^M^iiWt^  VAlt         *° 
Pang'     Ling'     Pan'     ('hang^     Ching'     Shang*     Hsiang-     Tsou^        131 
Assistant  Chief  of  Section,  are  often   liorne  as  honorary  titles  by 
some  of  the  Secretaries. 

129c.  IB  f^  Chi^  ^fing%  tlms  is  designated  a  day-book, 
kept  at  the  Council  of  State,  for  recording  praiseworthy  actions 
of  officials. 


GRAND    SECRETARIAT    OR    IMPERIAL   CHANCERY. 

130.  ^^  Se'i*  Ko'',  Grand  Secretariat;  technically  the 
highest  government  establishment ;  organized  in  the  Ming 
Dynasty. 

Before  the  establishment  of  the  Grand  Council,  early  in  the 
18th  century  (see  No.  128),  the  duties  of  the  Grand  Secretariat 
included  the  preliminary  examination  of  reports  from  the 
Provincial  Authorities,  tiie  making  of  recommendations  as  to 
these  before  presentation  to  the  Emperor,  and  the  composition 
and  promulgation  of  Imperial  Decrees.  It  has  now,  however, 
lost  much  of  its  impoilance  and  its  duties  at  present  consist,  for 
the  most  part,  in  promulgating  Edicts  and  in  keeping  State 
Papers. 

The  (irand  Secretariat  is  coiiiposcd  as  follows  : 

i;il.  Four  i^^±  Ta'  Hsiich-  Shih^  (irand  Secretaries; 
lA  (colloquial  designation  l\i  ^  Chung'  T'ang',  ejjistolary 
designation  ^  |g  'I'sal'  Hsiang*  atul  ^fl  [^  Hsiang'  Kuo').  Two 
of  tliese  arc  .Manchus  and  two  an-  Chinese!,  chosen  froiTMhe  most 
distinguished  officials  of  the  l^mpiro  wIkj  are  sine  ijiki  non, 
Metropolitan  Graduates. 

F-ach  of  the  Grand  Secretaries  is  entitled  Ta  Hsiieh  Shih 
of  onf  or  other  of    the  Throne  Halls  or  I*avilion8  of  the  Imperial 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


132      Palace,  i.e.  f ^- ^[1  If*  ^^^^   Ho'  Tien*,  -^^W^  Wen'  Una?  TienS 
to        l^  5t  f^  Wu^  Yingi  TienS  ff^  ^  Wi  T'i^  JCn'  Ko',  ^  ^  ^  Wen' 
137       Yiian^  Ko'  and  j^t  ^   Tun»-^   Ko'  (the  selection  of  a  particular 
Hall  or  Pavilion  depends  on  the  Emperor's  will). 

Under  the  Ming  Dynasty  the  Grand  Secretai'ies  were 
familiarly  designated  f^  ^  Ko'  Lao',  Elders  of  the  Imperial 
Chancery  (rendered  by  the  Jesuit  Missionaries  as  Colao). 

132.  Two  ti^  fl  ;^  p  ±  Hsich'  Pan*  Ta*  Hsiieh'  Shih*, 
Assistant  Grand  Seci^etaries  ;  1b  (colloquial  designation  ^^ 
Chimg^  T'atig',  epistolary  designation  ^jjj  ^  Hsielr  K'uei'). 
One  is  ^Vlanchu  and  one  Chinese. 

Grand  Secretaries  and  Assistant  Grand  Secretaries  are 
usually  also  members  of  the  Council  of  State,  jVIinisters  of  State 
or  Assistant  Ministers  of  State. 

133.  Ten  f^l  11  ^  ±  ^^ei*  Ko'  Hsiieh'  Shih*,  Sub- 
Chancellors  of  the  Grand  Secretariat ;  2n  (literary  designation 
^P  Ko'  Hsiieh').  Six  are  Manchus  and  four  are  Chinese; 
they  act  as  registrars  of  certain  departments  ^f  the  State 
Archives. 

134.  Eiglit  ^J  i^  f#^P  ±.  Nei*  Ko'  Shih*  Tu'  llsiieh' 
Shih"*,  Beaders  of  the  Grand  Secretariat;  4b.  Six  are  Manchus 
and  two  Chinese.  They  compare  the  texts,  in  Manchu  and 
Chinese,  of  State  Papers. 

135.  Sixteen  Pa  ^  f#  ^  Nei*  Ko'  Shih*  Tu',  Assistant 
Readers  of  the  Grand  Secretariat ;  6a.  Fourteen  of  these  are 
Manchus  and  tAvo  are  Chinese. 

136.  ^ix  i?.j^M.||  Nei*  Ko'  Tien'  Chi',  Archivists  of  the 
Grand  Secretariat ;   7a  ;  four  Manchus  and  two  Chinese. 

137.  130  pg  r^  f|»  #  Nei*  Ko'  Chung^  Shu\  Secretaries  of 
the  Grand  Secretariat;  7b  (literary  designation  i^  ^  Chung' 
H^n*).     Six  of  these  do  duty  at : 

[     44     ] 


rKESENT    HAY    roi.ITICAL    OKOAXIZaTIOX    OF    (  IlIN'A. 


137a.     rjf  f^  f?|.  Cluing^  Shu^  K*o\  Imperial  Patent  Oflfice,      137a 
as   r\^  -^f  ^.^  f\i  ff  Chung^   Shu^  K'o^  Chung^  Sim',  Secretaries  of        to 
the    Imperial    Patent    Office;    Th.      Their    duty    is    to    prepare       140 
patents  and  chartei"s. 

At  the  head  of  the  Imperial  Patent  Office  there  are  : 
137k.     T^yo  ^  ^  ^I  U  f't  m  B  -k  E  ('^li*  <^^l^'a'  <^'l^ung' 
SUu^   K'o^   Shih^    Wn'  Ta^   Ch'en-,   ("ontrollcrs    of  the  Imperial 
Patent   Office  ;  appointed  from  the  ranks  of  the  Sub-Chancellors 
of  the  Grand  Secretariat. 

138.  To  the  Grand  Secretariat,  in  addition  to  the  Office 
above-mentioned,  there  are  attached  : 

3  Copying  Offices,  i.e.  ]y^~^Wj  ^I^'^n'  Pen'  Fang',  Manchu, 
("1  TJC  ^  Han^  PC-n'  Pang',  Chinese,  and  ^  ^  ff)  ^leng'  Ku^" 
Fang",  Mongolian. 

2  Kegistries,  i.e  ?}^  1^  ^  ^  ^Man^  P-iao"  (li'ien'  Ch'u^ 
Manchu,  and  jf  ^  ^  ^^  Han'  P'iao"  Ch'ien'  Ch'u^  Chinese, 
specially  charged  with  making  extracts  from  State  Documents. 

1  ilt^  ^  P-1'  Pen^"  Ch'u^  Office  for  copying  the  Emperor's 
endorsements  of  documents, 

1  l|^  I*  ^j;  Tic  J^  Shou'  Fa^  Hung2  Pen'  Ch'u^  Keceiving 
and  Forwarding  ( )ffice,  and 

1  fil]  ^  M.  ^^"'  ^'"^"^  J^'"''  Archives  Office. 

139.  -)j  ^^  Fang'  Lio^  Kuan\  Military  Archives  Office. 
This  office  is  specially  charged  with  the  drawing  up  of  records  of 
military  midertakings  and  achievements  of  the  present  Dynasty. 
It  is  under  the  supervision  and  control  of  the  (Jrand  Secretariat  : 
one  of  the  mem})ers  of  the  latter  usually  holds  the  position  of 
President,  ^jg  ^  Tsung'  Ts'ai'.  To  him  there  are  suhordiniitcd 
four  t2  p3  1  -i-  Tia(.\  Reviscr.s,  four  l|5^  ^  Shou'  Cha.ig', 
Archivists,  and  nine  ^  jljf  Tsuan'  llsiu',  Proof  Headers. 

140.  ^]  i^g  '^J  Ipj  Xei^  Fan'  Shu'  Fang',  .Manchu-Chinese 
Translation  ( )Hi(e ;  translates  State  Papers  from  Chinese  into 
Manchu  and  is  subject  to  the  control  of  the  Grand  Secreta'iat. 

[    4r,    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 
141 

^Q  COMMITTEE    OF   MINISTERS. 

148  141.     igf  f#  ^  Cheng*  Wu*  Ch'u\  Bureati  of  Government 

AiFaivs;  established  in  1901  for  the  examination  of  reports  and 
memorials,  dealing  with  reforms,  coming  from  officials  and  the 
people. 

When  first  formed,  this  Bixreau  was  composed  of  four 
members,  with  Prince  Ch'ing  as  its  head.  Officials  of  the  various 
Ministries  have  been  appointed  as  members  of  this  Bureau,  at 
the  same  time  continuing  to  hold  their  original  posts. 

In  the  year  1 905  the  Bureau  was  reorganized  as : 

141  A.  i^fil^M^B^  ^^'^*  ^^o'  Hui*  I*  Oh^ng*  Wu^ 
Ch'u*,  Committee  of  Ministers:  its  functions  were  unchanged  but 
the  number  of  its  members  was  increased. 

At  the  present  time  the  Committee  of  Ministers  is  compose^ 
as  follows : 

142.  \^  f^  ^^  g  Chcng^  Wu^  Ta'  Ch'cn^,  Ex-officio 
Members  of  the  Committee  of  Ministers.  These  arc  th'e  Grand 
Secretaries,  the  Assistant  Grand  Secretaries  and  the  President  of 
the  Council  of  State.      The  last-named  acts  as  President. 

143.  S  ^  ig!^  f#  :/c  S  Ts'an^  Yii*  Ch^ng*  Wu*  Ta*  Ch'enS 
Consulting     Members    of     the    Committee    of     Ministers.       The 
Presidents   of   the   various    ^Ministries    (l^oards)    comprise  these- 
(eleven,  there  now  being  eleven  Boards). 

144.  Two  f§  1^  T'i-  Tiao*,  Proctors :  chosen  from  the 
Sub-chancellors  of  tlie  Grand  Secretariat. 

145.  Three  ^  J;^  |^  Pang^  T'i^  TiaoS  Assistant  Proctors. 

146.  Two  Ij^l  ^  Tsimg^  Pan^,  Chief  Secretaries. 

147.  Two  ^  m  lji\  Pangi  Tsung^  Pan'  Assistant  Chief 
Secretaries. 

148.  ^  ^  Wen^  An'',  iSecretaries,  These  are  chosen  from 
the  ranks  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Grand  Secr^riat ;  number 
not  fixed. 

[    -46     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


149.     j^  ^  'b*  Ti'  Shih*  KuanS   Registrars  ;  chosen  from       149 
the  Secretaries  of  the  Grand  Secretariat ;  number  not  fixed.  tO 


COMMITTEE  FOR  DRAWING   UP  REGULATIONS  FOR 
CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 

150.  ^  ^  i^  ?^  It  K'ao^  Ch'a^  Cheng*  Chih*  K-uanS 
Committee  for  the  Investigation  of  the  Principles  of  Modern 
Politics  and  Government ;  established  in  1905  for  the  supervision 
of  everything  connected  with  the  introduction  of  constitutional 
government,  for  the  compilation  of  a  code  of  constitutional  laws, 
and  for  the  discussion  of  the  most  important  questions  of  State 
administration. 

In  1907  an  Imperial  Edict,  dated  13th  August,  directed 
that  the  name  of  the  Committee  be  changed  to  : 

150a.  M^M^  tfe"  Hsien*  Cheng*  Pien^  Ch'a»  Kuan^ 
Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional 
Government.  This  Committee  was  charged  with  the  supervision 
of  the  introduction  of  Constitutional  Government  in  China. 

By  the  Rules,  elaborated  by  the  Committee  itself,  approved 
by  the  Emperor  on  the  24th  August,  1 907,  at  the  head  of  the 
Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional  Govern- 
ment there  are  two  members  of  the  Council -of  State,  styled  : 

151.  ^mmmm^^B  ^uan^  Li'  Hsiea*  Cheng* 
Pien^  Ch'a'  Shih*  \\u\  Permanent  Members  of  the  Committee 
for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government. 
These  ofiicials,  for  the  actual  management  of  affairs,  appoint  two 

152.  JJJ  ^  T'i'  Tiao\  Proctors  (from  the  ranks  of  Vice- 
Presidents  of  Ministries,  or  Ofhcials  of  similar  rank). 

153.  |g  t-^  II  Thung^  Ho^  Yiian*,  Examiners  ;  two.  These 
officials  hupervise  the  preparation  of  reports,  manage  correspond- 
ence, and  control  the  pulilicatiun  of  a  t  ewspapcr. 

[  47  : 


153 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


154  154.     At  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for 

to         Constitutional  Government  there  are  two   Bureaux,   i.e.   Revising 
^53      Bureau  and  Statistical  Bureau. 

1o4a.  ^  f^i]  j^  Pien^  'Chill*  Chii^  Revising  Bureau; 
composed  of  three  ^ij-  K'o\  Sections. 

154b.  gi  ff  ^  T'ung^  Chi*  Chu^  Statistical  Bureau; 
composed  of  three  ^  K'o\  Sections. 

154c.  At  the  head  of  each  of  the  afore-mentioned  Bureaux 
there  is  a  ^j  ^  Chii^  Chang^,  President,  assisted  by  a  glj  ^  ;^ 
Fu*  Chii^  Chang^,  Vice-President. 

Each  Section  is  under  a  J£  ^^  ^  Cheng*  K'o^  Yiian^, 
Section  Chief,  to  whom  are  attached  a  number  of  glj  jf^  j^  Fu* 
K'o^  Yiiau^,  Assistant  Section  Chiefs  (the  number  of  these  depends 
on  the  needs  of  the  various  Sections). 

155.  |§  ^  .1^  Tsung^  Wu*  Ch'u*,  Chancery.  This  is 
directed  by  a  |,|l  |j/|  Tsung'  Pan^,  Chief  of  the  Chancery ;  he  is 
assisted  by  ^  ^  Iv'o^  Yiian^,  Assistant  Chiefs. 

The  (.'hancery  was  established  to  deal  with  the  I'egistering  of 
in-coming  and  out-going  documents  and  for  controlling  the 
income  and  ex})cnditure.  It  ^vas  formerly  called  l^f,  f^  ^  Shu* 
Wu*  Ch'u*. 

156.  ^  ^  j^  I*  Shu^  Ch'u*,  Translating  Office  (Inter- 
preting Office)  ;  for  the  translation  from  foreign  languages  oi 
books  necessary  to  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations 
for  Constitutional  Government.  The  staff  of  this  office  is  not 
fixed. 

157.  U  ^  J^  T'xx^  Shu^  Ch'u*,  Library;  directed  by 
J[5^  ^  Shou^  Chang',  Librarian.  Here  are  kept  works  in  Chinese 
and  foreign  languages,  as  well  as  maps. 

158.  'g*  |g  ^  Kuan'  Pao*  Chii^,  Government  Newspapers 
Office.     This  is  directed  by  a  |^g  ^.  Tsung'  Pan\  Superintendent 
who   is  responsible  f-or   the   editorial,  proof  reading  and  printmg 
sections  into  which  the  Office  is  divided,  i.e. 

[     48     ] 


TRESEXT    DAY    TOMTICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CIIIXA. 


1.  H  H  f,«f  Pien^  Chi'  K'o',  Editorial  Section, 

2.  Ij^  f  j  14  ("hiao'  Tui*  K'o',  Proof  Reading  Section,  and 
3       EH  KlJ  ^  Yin^  Shua'  K'o',  Printing  Section. 

159.  At  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for 
Constitutional  Government  there  are  many  somewhat  unofficial 
posts,  namely  : 

159a.  ^ifiC^l^tf  fl^  Hsien'  Cheng'  Pien^  ChV  Kuan' 
Hsing'  Tsou',  Attache  of  the  Committee  for  the  Drawing  up  of 
Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government.  These  officials  are 
appointed  from  the  ranks  of  expectant  Metropolitan  officials  of 
the  3rd  to  the  5th  classes. 

159b.  —  I^  ^'S  fi  ^  I'  Teng'  Tzu^  I'  Yuan=,  Advisers  of 
the  First  Class,  and  Zl  ^  If  ^  ^  Erh  Teng^  Tzu'  I^  Yuan', 
Advisers  of  the  Second  Class.  These  are,  at  the  Capital,  chosen 
from  officials  of  the  ranks  of  Vice-President  of  a  Ministry  to 
Secretary  of  a  Ministry  and,  in  the  provinces,  from  officials  of  the 
ranks  of  Taot'ai  to  Governor. 

160.  ^^M.P(  K'ao'  Ho'  Chuan^  K'o',  Investigation 
Bureau.  This  Bureau  was  established  at  the  Committee  for 
Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government  in 
consequence  of  a  report  by  the  Committee  approved  by  Imperial 
Edict  of  the  2nd  January,  1909,  for  keeping  a  watch  that 
constitutional  reform  schemes  are  properly  carried  out., 

In  Peking,  the'  ^Ministries,  and,  in  the  provinces,  the 
Governor-Generals  or  Governors,  must  report  every  six  months  as 
to  what  has  been  accomplished,  whence  the  Investigatfon  Bureau 
is  kept  informed  as  to  the  progress  of  the  preliminary  effijrts  with 
regard  to  the  introduction  of  constitutional  government  in  China. 

160a.  i^.  .''ji^  Tsimg'  Pan",  Bureau  (  hi.f  ;  at  the  head  of 
the  Investigation  Bureau,  This  official  is  under  the  control  of 
the  Proctors  of  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for 
Constitutional  Government  (*^<?  No.  152'.  He  hos  subordinated 
to  him  : 

b  [      10     ] 


159 

to 

160a 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


161  2  f^  j^  Pang'  Pan%  Assistants, 

to  2  j£  fif  M  Cheng*  K'o'  Yiian'^,  Senior  Secretaries,  and 

162b  ^  SiJ  f^  M.  F^*  ^'^^  Yiian',  Junior  Secretaries. 

161.  By  an  Imperial  Edict,  dated  22nd  October,  1907,  it 
was  directed,  in  reply  to  a  report  of  the  Committee  for  Drawing 
up  Regulations  for  Constitu^ic  lal  Government,  that  there  be 
established,  in  the  Capital  at  the  Ministries  and  important- 
Government  Offices,  3^  ft  ^  T'ung^  Chi*  Ch'u*,  Statistical 
Bureaux,  and,  in  the  provinces,  in  the  yamen  of  the  Governor- 
Generals  or  Governors,  |l§  ^.  ^  Tiao*  Ch'a^  Chii^,  Information 
Bureaux,  with  the  object  of  furnishing  the  Committee  with 
necessary  information. 

162.  ^^  ft  J^  T'ung'  Chi*  Ch'u*,  Statistical  Bureaux ;  first 
established  at  six  of  the  Ministries,  i.e.  Board  of  Home  Affairs, 
Board  of  Rites,  Board  of  Finance,  Board  of  Posts  and  Communi- 
cations, Board^of  Agriculture,  Works  and  Commerce,  and  Board 
of  Justice.     Later  these  bureaux  are  to  be  established  at  the 

•remaining  Ministries. 

The  organization  of  the  Statistical  Bureaux  is  not  the  same 
for  all  the  Boards. 

162a.  The  Statistical  Bureau  at  the  Board  of  Rites  has  at 
its  head  a  ^.  /^  Tsimg'  Ho'',  Superintendent,  and  is  divided  into 
two  sections  : 

1-  1^  ^  ^  Tiao*  Ch'a^  Ch'u*,  Information  Section,  and 

2-  Is  fti'lj  ^  Pieni  Chih*  Ch'u*,  Revising  Section.  Each 
Section  has  a  staff  consisting  of  1  Jg  |^  T'i^  Tiao*,  Proctor,  and 
10  ^  ^  K'o'  Yuan2,  Secretaries. 

16  2  b,  At  the  Board  of  Finance  the  Statistical  Bureau  is 
supervised  by  a  fg  fjf{:  Ling'  Pan^,  Chief  Director,  to  whom  there 
are  subordinated  4  |^r|  fjf  Tsung'  Pan',  Directors,  10  f^^^J  Pang^ 
PanS  Vice-Directors,  and  2  ^  |/jf  Tso*  Pan*,  Junior  Vice- 
Directors. 

[     50.    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


163.     1^  :^  ^j    Tiao^   Ch*a^  Chii*,     Information  Bureaux  ;      163 
established  in  each  province.     These  are  under  the  control  of  the        to 
respective  Governor-General  or  Governor  and  their  organization      103o 
is  based  on  a   Memorial  from  the   Committee   for  Drawing  up 
Regulations    for    Constitutional    Government,    approved   by   the 
Emperor  on  the  22nd  October,  19U7.  ' 

163a.  ^  f;/jf  Tsung'  Pan'*,  Director.  This  official,  appointed 
by  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional 
Government,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  local  Governoi'-General 
or  Governor,  for  managing  the  Information  Bureaux,  may,  at  the 
same  time,  do  duty  as  Adviser  to  the  Committee  (compare 
No.  159b). 

163b.  The  Information  Bui'caux  are  each  divided  into  two 
sections  : 

1-  ?i  M  >f4  Fa'  Chih'  K'o',  Section  of  Laws  and  Regula- 
tions, and 

2.     M  at  ^4  T'ung'  Chi'  K'o\  Statistical  Section. 

Each  of  these  Sections  is  divided  into  three  ^  Ku^  Sub- 
sections. 

At  the  head  of  each  section  there  is  a  f --j-  ^  K*o^  Chang', 
Section  Chief,  who,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Director,  manages 
the  affairs  of  his  section. 

Sub-sections  are  managed  by  ^  ^  ^  ^  Kuan'  Ku'  Wei' 
Yiian',  Secretaries  (from  one  to  three  in  each  Sub-section),  under 
the  .supervision  of  the  Section  Chief. 

163c.  For  correspondence  there  arc,  at  the  Sections  and 
Sul>-sections,  ( 1 )  2  -i^  ,'J  Htl  Tsung^  Shu'  Ch'iS  Senior  Secretaries, 
(2)  2  f//  :^  ^  la  Rang'  Tsung'  Shu'  Chi',  Assistant  Senior 
Secretaries,  (3)  2  jjaj-  ^^}  tg  '^'"'  ^^'"'  ^''''''  Section  Secretaries, 
(4)  2  fl^^Jpii  Ku^  Shu'  C\u\  Sub-section  Secretaries,  (5)  2  ^^ 
,«J„£  Kuan'  Chuan*  Shu'  Chi',  Archivi.sts,  and  (0)  2  )!j^^y^  ,'f  .iti 
Shou'  Fa'  Shu'  Clii\  Registrars. 

L     il     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


163d  163d.      B,^M  Sbi^i*  Wu*  Ch'u*,  Chancery  ;  for  managing- 

the    affairs    of    this    establishment   the    Bureau    Chief    appoints- 
2  ^,  ^  ^  M  Shu*  Wu*  Wei'  Yiian'^,  Chancery  Deputies. 


to. 
165 


THE    NATIONAL    ASSEMBLY    AND    PROVINCIAL 

ASSEMBLIES. 

164.  ^^  ^  Tzu^  Cheng*  Yiian*,  The  National  As- 
sembly ;  its  establishment  was  foreshadowed  by  an  Edict  of  the 
20th  September,  1907.     The  tenor  of  this  Edict  was  : 

"  A  Constitution  is  necessary  to  the  country.  As  the  twc 
"  Houses  of  Parliament  cannot  at  once  be  inaugurated,  it  will  be 
"  necessary  at  first  to  establish  an  Assembly  of  Ministers  to> 
"confer  on  State  matters  and  to  prepare  the  foundations  of 
"  Constitutional  Government.  Prince  P'u  Lun,  Prince  of  the 
"  4th  Order,  and  the  Grand  Secretary,  Sun  Chia  Kai,  are 
"appointed  to  preside  over  the  said  Assembly  and  they  are 
"  commanded  to  confer  with  the  Council  of  State  on  details  and 
*' modes  of  procedure.  Having  settled  upon  these,  details  are 
"to  be  presented  to  the  Throne  for  Imperial  sanction.  Respect 
"This." 

165.  The  first  National  Assembly,  organized  on  the 
authority  of  the  Edict  mentioned  (.see  No.  164),  is  merely  a 
temporary  establishment  entrusted  with  the  special  task  of 
drawing  up  regulations  for,  and  organizing  elections  to,  future 
National  Assemblies,  which  will  serve  as  a  foundation  for  the 
Parliament  that  will  be  opened  in  1917.  According  to  an 
Imperial  Decree  of  the  4th  of  November,  1910,  Parliament  is  to 
be  opened  in  1913  {see  No.  127). 

Similarly,  officials  previously  employed  in  connection  with, 
the  preparations  for  the  Assembly  have  also  had  temporary- 
posts. 

[     52     3 


niESKXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORG AKIZATIOX    OF    CIIIXA. 


165a.     As  at  first  constituterl,  there  were   at   tht>  head  of      165a. 
the    National    Assembly    two   =^.  ^  Tsung'  Ts'ai^   Presidents,         ^q 
and,  attached  to  them,  five  t^^  51  ^  iS  ^  ^  ^   Hsieh'  Li^  Tzu^       ^qq 
Cheng'  Yiian*  Sliili'  W^l^  Senior  Supervisors,  three  ff  i&  ^  ^ 
%}  ^   W   Tzu'   Cheng^  Yiian*  Pang^   Pan'    Shih'   Wu',  Junior 
Su])ervisors,   and   an    indefinite  number  of   ^  ilEJC  P^c  ^  n^  Tzu^ 
Cheng*  Yiian'  Ts'an'  I*,  Advisers  (at  the  last  session  there  were 
aix). 

Ifi6.  Bv  Pides  drawn  up  br  the  National  Assemblv 
(consisting  of  10  headings — the  first  two  of  which  were  sanctioned 
on  the  9th  July,  1908,  and  later  amended  and,  with  the  others, 
ap])roved  on  the  23rd  August,  1909)  the  subjects  that  may  be 
discussed  by  the  Assembly  are  : 

National  Income  aind  Expenditure,  jSIethods  of  Taxation 
and  the  National  Debt,  New  Codes  of  Laws  and  the  Amendment 
of  existing  Codes  (the  right  of  amendment  of  constitutional  laws 
is  removed  from  the  sphere  of  influence  of  the  Assembly). 

All  measures  handed  over  to  the  National  Assembly  for  its 
decision  must  first  be  considered  by  the  Council  of  State  or  the 
Iligli  Officials.  The  Assemblv,  however,  in  connection  with 
questions  relating  to  methods  of  taxation,  the  public  debt  and 
the  prejiaration  or  amendment  of  codes  of  laws,  may  initiate 
discussion  and  propose  draft  measures  (articles  14  and  15  of  the 
Rules). 

When  the  Assemblv  has  arrived  at  a  decision  on  anv 
subject,  a  Memorial  must  be  prepared  by  the  Presidents  and 
Supervisors  of  that  body,  in  consultation  with  the  Council  of 
State,  or  with  the  President  of  the  Board  concerned  ;  this 
Memorial,  in  the  usual  manner,  must  await  the  final  decision  of 
an  Imperial  Edict  (article  16). 

Matters  of  disagreement  between  the  National  Assembly 
and  the  Council  of  State  or  the  High  Officials  are  to  be  decided 
by  the  Emperor  (article  18). 

[      .'■'3      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CIIiyA.  . 

167  As    regards    the    Provincial     Assemblies,     the     National 

Assembly  acts  as  high  controller,  deciding  difterences  between 
the  individual  Provincial  Assemblies  and  between  the  Provincial 
Assemblies  and  the  High  Provincial  Authorities  (articles  22 
to  24). 

Sessions  of  the  National  Assembly  are  of  two  kinds,  i.e. 
ordinary  and  extraox-dinary.  Ordinary  sessions  are  to  be  held 
each  year,  dm-ing  the  9th,  10th  and  11th  moons  (article 
31);  an  extraordinary  session  may  be  summoned  by  Imperial 
Edict  whenever  occasion  demands  (article  32). 

In  the  Rules  it  is  clearly  pointed  out  for  what  reasons  the 
Emperor  may  adjourn  (article  52),  or  even  dissolve,  the 
Kational  Assembly  and  call  for  a  new  election  (article  53). 

The  scheme  of  constitutional  reforms  provides  for  a  general 
election,  in  1910,  of  delegates  to ,  the  National  Assembly  and  its 
opening  the  same  year.  Also,  it  calls  for  the  erection  of  a  hall 
in  the  Eastern  part  of  the  Tartar  City  at  the  fJJ  [^  P"]  ('h'ao^ 
Yang2  Men^  (also  ^  f[:  ^^  Ch'i-  Hua*' Men-),  to  the  North-west 
of  the  If  J  ^  □"  Kuan^  Hsiang*  T'ai-,.  the  Observatory,  where 
were  formerly  the  ^.^  Kung''  Yiian'*,  Examination  Halls,  for 
the  use  of  the  Assembly. 

167.  At  the  head  of  the  National  Assembly  there  is  now  a 
^  Wi  Tsung^  Ts'ai^,  President,  appointed  by  Imperial  Edict 
from  the  ranks  of  Princes  of  the  Blooi  or  fron  officials  of  the 
highest  rank  ('article  2).  To  him  there  is  attached  one  gl]  '^%  ^ 
Fu*  Tsung'  Ts'ai",  Vice-President,  appointed  by  the  Emperor 
from  officials  of  rank  not  lower  than  the  3rd  (article  3). 

While  the  Assembly  is  in  session,  the  President  and  Vice- 
President  do  duty  as  |^  ^  I*  Chang',  Chairman,  and  glj  ^  ^ 
Fu*  I*  Chang',  V ice-Chairman  of  Sessions  of  the  National 
Assembly  (article  30).  ^  g^  [^  li  ^  Tzu^  Cheng*  Yiian*  P 
Yiiah',  Members  of  the  National  Asseml)ly  (the  number  is  iixed 
at  two  hundred).     One  hundred  of  these  are  appointed  by  the 

[     5i     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

Emperor  and  one  hundred  elected  from  the  Provincial  Assemblies      167a 
(article  4).  tO 

All  members  of  the  National  Assembly  are  to  rank  equally        167b 
irrespective  of  the  positions  they  may  hold  (article  5). 

Eligible    for   membership    in    the    National    Assembly    are 
persons  over  30  vears  of  age  who  belong  to  the  following  classes : 

(a)  Hereditary  Princes  of  the  Blood, 

(b)  Manchus  and  Chinese  holding  hereditary  titles, 

(c)  Hereditary  Princes  of  Mongolia,  Tibet  and  Turkestan, 
fd)      Imperial  Clansmen  (irrespective  of  degree  of  kin), 
(o)      Officials    of   Metropolitan    Establishment   betwetsi  the 

4th  and  7th  ranks  (with  the  exception  ot  officials  of  justice, 
prosecutors  and  police  officials), 

(  f  )      Eminent  scholars, 

(g)      Large  tax-payers,  and 

(h)  Members  of  the  Provincial  Assemblies  (sec  details  in 
articles  i)  to  13  of  the  Pules). 

Detailed  Regulations,  drawn  up  by  the  National  Assembly 
itself  and  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  26th  October,  1909, 
define  dearly  those  who  come  within  the  eight  categories 
mentioned  above.  The  appointment  of  members  and  the  electoral 
procedure  are  also  elaK>rated  in  these  liegulations. 

1G7a.  Imniediatclv  on  opening  a  session,  the  menibers  of 
the  National  Assembly  are,  by  lot,  divided  into  various  ^  Ku', 
committees,  fnr  ilealing  with  special  ([uestions.  The  members  of 
the  conmiittees,  tjx  ^  Ku'  Vihin',  elect  their  respective  chaiiinan, 
^S^  KuM'hanr. 

IfiTi'..  For  the  clerical  work  of  the  National  Assembly 
there  is  a:  |^^Jf^  Pi'  Shu'  T'ing>,  Secretariat.  At  the  head  of 
this  is  a  ]^^  ^i  i^  Pi*  Shu'  Chang',  Senior  Secretary  ;  4a, 
appointed  ])V  the  Emperor.  To  him  arc  subordinated  —  '^  |)J>; 
fj  'B"  1'  T.'iig'   V'l*  Shu'    Kuan',  Secretaries  of  the  First  Class; 


PKE8ENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

167c      5a,'i:  ^m^^  Erh^  Teng'  Pi*  Shu^  Kuan',  Secretaries  of 
to         the  Second  Class;  6a,  and  H  ^  |i^  ^  'B*  San^  Teng^  Pi*  Shu' 
lg3       Kuan',    Secretaries    of    the    Third    Class  ;    7a    (there    are    four 
Secretaries  of  each  class  ;  in  all  twelve). 

The  Secretariat  is  composed  of  four  Sections,  i.e.  (1)  J^^fif 
Chii  Yao*  K'oS  Secret  Affairs,  (2)  |i  ^  f-f  I*  Shih*  K'oS 
Projects,  (3)  iifef^  Su^  Chi*  K'o\  Stenography,  and  (4)  BM^^ 
Shu*  Wu*  K'o\  Miscellaneous  Affairs.  The  First  Class  Secretary 
at  each  of  the  Sections  ranks  as  Chief,  ^  ^  K'o^  Chang^,  the 
others  as  his  assistants. 

In   addition   to   the  foregoing   there  are   ^  Jg   Shu'    Chi*, 
Writers,   and  J^  f 2  :^  Si^i^   Chi*   Sheng',   Stenographers  on  the 
staff  of  the  Seci'etariat,  and  there  is  also  a  {^  ^  ^  T'u^  Shu 
Shih',  Library,  in  charge  of  one  of  the  Secretaries,  who  is  styled 
^  JM  J^  Kuan^  Li'  Yiian'^,  Librarian. 

167c.  At  the  Assembly  there  are  special  tJP  f^  ^  'g' 
Shou^  Wei^  Ching^  Kuan',  Guards,  completely  imder  the 
authority  of  the  President  and  Vice-President. 

168.  g-^  g^  ^  Tzu^  I*  Cliii",  Provincial  Assemblies.  These 
are  the  National  Assembly's  representatives  in  the  provinces  and 
their  establishment  was  directed  by  Imperial  Edict  dated  19th 
October,  1907. 

On  the  22nd  July,  1908,  Regulations  for  the  Provincial 
Assemblies  drawn  up  by  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regula- 
tions for  Constitutional  Government  yyeve  sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  and,  in  1909,  in  all  the  provinces,  with  the  exception  of 
the  New  Dominion — where,  owing  to  the  ignorance  of  the  people 
the  assembly  Avill  be,  at  least  at  first,  drawn  up  on  different  lines 
— elections  for  members  of  the  Assemblies  were  held. 

In  the  New  Dominion  members  of  the  Assembly  will  '"be 
appointed,  not  elected  (see  the  report  of  the  Governor,  Lien  K'uei, 
dated  early  in  1909). 

[     5G     ] 


PRESENT    PAY    I'OLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


On  the  14th  October,  1909,  the  Provincial    Assemblies  had       169 
their  first  session  (srr  Edict  dated  13th  October,  1909). 

As  directed  by  the  first  article  of  the  Regulations,  Provincial 
Assemblies  are  established  in  the  cities  at  -which  the  Governor- 
Generals  or  Governors  reside,  their  chief  duty  being  to  bring  the 
opinions  of  the  peo])le  to  the  notice  of  the  chief  provincial 
executive  that  he  may  1)C  fully  informed  of  the  needs  of  his 
district  and  maintain  order  therein. 

For  the  election  of  members  of  the  Provincial  Assemblies 
there  is  a  double  election,  tliat  is,  there  is  an  election  of  delegates 
by  the  people  and  these,  in  turn,  elect  certain  of  their  number  as 
members  of  the  Assemblies. 

The  number  of  members  of  the  Provincial  Assembly  is  not 
the  same  for  all  the  provinces  but  ranges  from  30  (for  the 
provinces  of  Kirin,  Heilungchiang  and  Hsinchiang)  to  140  (for 
Chihli  province). 

The  electoral  franchise  is  given  to  all  males  of  twenty  five 
years  of  age  or  more,  provided  they  are  natives  of  the  province 
and  possess  any  of  the  qualifications  stated  in  detail  in  the 
Regulations  (articles  3  and  4). 

Membership  in  the  Provincial  Assembly  is  open  to  all  males 
of  thirty  years  of  age  or  more,  natives,  and  non-natives,  provided 
they  have  been  resident  in  the  province  concerned  for  ten  years, 
who  are  free  of  the  disqualifications  enumerated  in  detail  in 
articles  5  to  8  of  the  Regulations 

1G9.  Tn  the  internal  organization  of  the  Provinciol 
Assemblies  there  are  : 

1  •      M  ^  ^'  Chang*,  President, 

2.  aij  m  li  >'"'  ''  Chang',  Vice-President,  and  "^i^^MR 
Ch'ang^  Chii*  I*  Yiian-,  Resident  Members  of  the  Assembly. 
The  number  of  these  is  one  fifth  the  total  number  of  members  of 
the  As.sembly  (articles  10  to  14  of  the  Regulations). 

r    .-.7    1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

170  ,      The  members  of  the  Provincial  Assemblies  are  elected  for  a 

•^Q        term   of   three  years  ;   the  President  and  Vice-Presidents   retaia 
-^p       their  offices  during  the  entire  term,  the   Resident  Members  serve- 
one  year  only  (articles  15  to  17  of  the  Regulations). 

170.  The  Provincial  Assemblies  mav  discuss  affairs  dealinsr 
with  finance,  yearly  income  and  expenditure,  methods  of  taxation,, 
the  raising  of  loans  for  provincial  needs,  the  election  of  members 
to  the  National  Assembly,  and  qiiestions  submitted  to  them  by 
the  National  Assembly,  etc.  (see  articles  21  to  30  of  the 
Regulations,  in  which,  also,  is  defined  in  detail  the  relation  of  the 
Provincial  Assemblies  to  the  Governor-Generals,  Governors  and 
the  National  Assembly). 

171.  To  the  Provincial  Assemblv  there  is  attached  a 
^■^  iM  l^'^ii*  Shih*  Ch'u^,  Chancery,  under  the  control  of  the 
President  and  Vice-Presidents,  for  dealing  with  correspondence,, 
accounts  and  the  current  affairs  of  the  Aescnibly.  This  office  is 
directed  by  1  ^  |E  j^  Shu^  Chi*  Chang^,  Chief  Secretary,  and 
4^1^  Shu^  Chi*,  Secretaries,  who  are  selected  by  the  President, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Governor-General  or  Governor 
{see  articles  51  and  52  of  the  Regulations). 

172.  The  management  of  elections  for  members  of  the 
Provincial  Assemblies  is  undertaken  by  special  committees  in 
which  the  local  officials  act  as  |)7  ilf  ^  -^  Ch'u^  Hsuan'  T-hien^ 
Tu^,  Executive  Supervisors  of  the  First  Election,  or  ^  i^  ^  ^  Fii* 
Hsuan'  Chien^  Tu',  Executive  Supervisors  of  the  Second  Election^ 

To  the  above-mentioned  officials  there  are  subordinated 
during  elections  : 


^t) 


1.  ^  m  w  m  M.  Tw 

Supervisors  of  Balloting, 

2.     ^m    ^    ^    M.    T'ou^^ 
Inspectors  of  lialloting, 

3.  m  m  ^  n  M.  K'ai^ 

Supervising  Tellers,  and 

[     58      ] 


P'iao*     Kuan'     Li^ 

Yiian% 

P'iao*   Chieni   Ch'a' 

Yiian^, 

P'iao*     Kuan'     Li' 

Yiian^ 

PHESKXT     DAY     roLlTlCAL    OUGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


■*•     ^  Iv   S    ^    M    I^'ai'    P'i'^o'    Chieni    Ch'a-   Yiiair,       173 
Tellers  {see  details  in  articles  18  to  20  of  the  Regulations  dculing         to 
witli  the  Provincial  Assemblies  and  the  election  of  members,  beinir       --k 
additional  articles  to  the  Ivegulations), 

l-^-  m  m  H  ^  Ui^  ^  Tzu'  P  Chf.2  Ch'ou^  Pan^  Cb'u\ 
(Offices  for  arranerinir  for  Provincial  Assemblies,  established  in 
the  various  provinces  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  issued 
bv  the  Depart-nent  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional 
Government,  in  1  908,  with  the  object  of  organizing  the  elections 
of  members  of  the  Provincial  Assemblies.  After  the  opening  of 
thi'  Councils,  on  the  14th  October,  1909,  these  offices  ceased  to 
exist. 

COMMITTEE   FOR  REVISING  AND  COMPILING  CIVIL 
AND  CRIMINAL  C0DE5. 

1  "-^  •  f{f  IT  ^-  W-  i'a  Hsiu^  Ting^  Fa*  Lii^  Kuan^  Committee 
for  Revising  and  Compiling  Civil  and  Criminal  Codes.  This 
came  into  existence  l^ecause  of  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  11th 
October.  1907,  the  tenor  of  which  was  : 

"  The      Committee      for      Drawing      up      Regulations      for 
*'  Constitutional    Government  has   presented   a   Memorial  m-ging 
the  appointment  of  officials   to   compile   new   civil  and  criminal 


"code 


s. 


"  Shen  Chia-pen,  Junior  Vice-President  of  the  Ministry  of 
*'. Justice,  Yu  Lien-san,  ex-Governor  of  Shansi,  and  Ving  .lui, 
"  President  of  the  Supreme  Cotu-t,  ai-e  appointed  as  officials  for 
*' the  c(»mj)ilation  of  new  civil  and  criminal  codes.  They  are  to 
"study  the  codes  of  Foreign  Powers,  make  a  study  of  the 
"  cuBU)ms  and  conditions  in  Chinn,  and  draw  up  regulations  for 
"  presentation  to  us.      Respect  This."* 

17.0.  •  The  Coiiunittce  for  Revising  and  Compiling  Civil 
and  Criminal  Codes  has  at  its  head  two  fijf  2T  fi  f1-  'J<.  E  ^*^'"' 
Ting*  Fa*  Lii*  Ta*.  Ch'en^  Presidents,  who  control  : 

[     &'.'      ] 


PEESENT    PAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

176  176.     Two  ^-^  ^  TP  TiaoS  Proctors, 

to  177.     Ig  —  f'l-  Ti*  II  K'oi,  First  Section;   its  duty  is  to 

jQo       draw  up  a  code  of  commercial  law.      This  Section  is  in  charge  of 
a  : 

177a.  I^  ^  Tsung'  Tsuan^,  Chief  Eeviser,  assisted  by  4 
^  f^  Tsixan^  Hsiu^,  Eevisers,  4t  W:  f^  Hsieh*  Hsiu\  Assistant 
Revisers  and  1  or  2  |^  -^  ^  Tiao^  Ch'a"  Yiian^,  Correctors. 

178.  Ig  H  fij-  Ti*  Erh*  K'o",  Second  Section  :  in  charge 
of  the  compilation  of  civil  and  criminal  codes. 

178a.  The  staff  at  the  Second  Section  is  identical  to  that 
of  the  First  Section  (see  No.  177a). 

179.  ii  ^  J®  I'  Shui  Ch'u^  Translating  Office  (Inter- 
preting Office)  ;  in  chai'ge  of  the  translation  from  foreign 
languages  of  laws  and  judicial  works  generally.  This  office  is 
under  a  ^  ^  Tsung^  Tsuan^,  Chief  Reviser,  assisted  by  ^  ^ 
I^  Yuan'*,  Translators  (Intei'preters)  (number  not  fixed). 

180.  ^  ^  Jg  Pieh^  An*  Ch'u%  Codifying  Office.  At  the 
head  of  this  office  is  a  f;g  ^  Tsiuig^  Tsuan',  Chief  Reviser,  and 
subordinated  to  him  there  ai'e  2  ^  ji^  Tsuan^  Hsiu\  Revisers  and 
^  Wi  f^  Hsieh^  Hsiu^,  Assistant  Revisers. 

181-  H  ff  J^  Shu^  Wu*  (Jh'u%  Chancery;  in  charge  of 
clerical  work,  accounts  and  economical  administration.  At  its 
head  is  a  ^.  f^  H  3^  Shu*  Wu*  Tsung'  Pan*,  Chancery  Chief, 
assisted  by  ^  ^  Wei'  Yiian',  Deputies  (number  indefinite). 

182.  |'§  1^  'g*  Tzu^  I*  Kuan^,  Advisers  ;  appointed  to  an 
indefinite  number  by  the  Presidents  of  the  Committee.  All  the 
Provincial  Judges  are,  ex-officio.  Advisers  to  the  Committee  (for 
details  see  the  Memorial  from  the  Committee,  with  three 
enclosures,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  22nd  June,  1908). 

183.  ^  ^  ^  Tiao*  Ch'a^'  Yuan^  Legal  Experts; 
appointed  in  an  indefinite  number,  by  the  Presidents  of  the 
Committee,  from  its  staff  or  from  the  most  experienced  lawyers 
to  supply  the  Committee  with  necessary  information. 

[   <;o  ] 


\ 


PKESEKT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHIAA. 


GENERAL  STAFF  OF  THE  ARMY. 

184.  ^  1^  fl^  Chun^  Tzu^  FuS  General  Staff  Office  ;  not 
in  existence  as  yet  ;  tp  be  organized  on  the  same  lines  as  that  of 
Germany  or  Japan. 

In  an  Edict,  dated  the  (ith  November,  1906,  ruling  the  re- 
organization of  the  Board  of  War,  it  was  directed  that,  as  no 
General  Staff'  Office  was  in  existence,  all  matters  pertaining  to 
such  an  office  were  to  be  attended  to  by  the  : 

184a.  ^  lifj  ^  Chiin^  Tzu^  Ch'u^  General  Staff  Council, 
which  is  attached  to  the  Board  of  War  (compare  Nos.  184b,  417 
f.nd  418). 

By  an  Imperial  Edict,  dated  the  15th  July,  1909,  the 
General  Staff  Council  was  made  independent  of  the  Board  of 
War  and  its  fimctions  as : 

184  b.  :^  g-g  ^  Chiini  Tzu^  Ch-u*,  General  Staff  Council, 
which  assists  the  Emj)eror  -^s  Comnmnder-in-CliIef  of  the  Army 
and  Navy. 

The  Cieneral  Staff  Council  as  at  present  constituted  is  not 
the  same  as  the  similar  office  in  Kussia  but  is  a  preliminary  step 
to  the  establishment  of  a  General  Staff  Office  {see  No.  184). 

With  regard  to  all  questions  relating  to  defences  or  the 
command  of  the  forces,  the  General  Staff  Coiuicil  makes  recom- 
mendations whic'n,  after  the  Emperor's  sanction,  are  transmitted 
to  the  Board  of  War  or  the  Admiralty  for  execution. 

Under  the  supervision  of  the  General  Staff  Council  there 
are  : 

The  Military  Academy  (sec  No.  712;  tiie  school  for 
Officers  at  Paotingfu,  see  No.  712a,  is  to  be  under  the  General 
Staff  Council  until  the  Military  Academy  is  estalilished),  iSchools 
for  Military  Draftsmen  (see  No.  7151)),  Military  Attaches  at  the 
Legations  abroad  (sec  No.  329), 

Field  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  etc. 

[    <;i    1 


184 

to 

184b 


^ 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


184c 

to 

184i 


Provisional  Kegulations  for  the  General  Staif  Council  have 
been  drawn  iip  by  itself  and  were  sanc^^oned  by  the  Emperor  on 
the  22nd  September,  1909. 

At  the  head  of  the  General  Staff  C/OuncU  there  are  : 

184c.  Two  ^M'MW^^B  Kuan^*  Li^'  Chiin^  Tzu'  Ch'u* 
Shih*  Wu"*,  Chiefs  of  the  General  Staff  Council  ;  these  officials 
have  the  privilege  of  making  personal  reports  to  the  Emperor. 
To  them  are  directly  subordinated  : 

184D.     Two    l^liif^'    Chiin^    Tzu^    Shih^    Uh'efs    of    the 

Chancery  of  the   General   Staff  Council  (officials  of  the  rank  of 

Lieutenant-General,  Major-General  or  Colonel),  who  are. in  charge 

of  the  : 

184e.      jj  f^  ^.  Tsung'  Wu"  T'ing',  Chancery  ;  the  duties 

of  this  office  have  not  been  determined. 

184f.     To   the  General   Staff  Council,   in   addition  to  the 

offices  already  mentioned,  there"  are  attached,  with  functions  yet 

to  be  fixed  : 

1.  ^  —  ^  Ti^  I'  T'ingS  First  Section, 

2.  ^  H  ^.  Ti*  Erh*  T'ingS  Second  Section, 
^-     ^  H  j^  Ti*  San^  T'ing\  Third  Section, 

4.  ^jMM  Ti*  Ssu*  T'ing\  Fourth  Section, 

5.  ^  H  ^  Ti^  \Vu^  T'ingS  Fifth  Section,  and 

6.  XM'M  M  Hai^  Chiin^  T'ing',  Naval  Section. 
At  the  head  of  each  Section  there  is  a : 

184g.     jgi  ^  T'ingi  Chang^   Section  Chief  (from  officials 
of  the  rank  of  Major-General  or  Colonel).     This  official  directs, 
under    the    supervision   of    the    Directors   of    the    General    Staff 
Council,  all  affairs  pertaining  to  the  Sub-sections  of  his  respective 
Section.     Each  is  assisted  by  a  : 

184h.  gj]  "g"  Fu^  Kuan^  Adjutant  (from  officials  of  the 
rank  of  Captain  or  Lieutenant),  Avho  manages  the  general  affairs. 

184i.  Each  Section  is  composed'  of  ^-  K'o\  Sub-sections 
(their  number,  functions  and  staff  have  still  to  be  particularly 
determined). 

[     02     ] 


184l 


PRKSEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OP>G  AXIZATIOX    OF    CIIIXa. 

At  the  head  of  each  Sub-section  is  a  :  184j 

184j.     ^'\  ^  K'o^  Chang^  Sub-section  Chief  (from  officials         ^^ 
of  the  rank  of   Colonel  or  Lieutenant  Colonel),  who  is  in  charge 
of  the  atlairs  of  the  Sub-section  and  is  assisted  by 

1-  —  ^  ^  M.  I'  Teng'  K'o^  Ynan^  Secretaries  of  the 
Fii-st  Class  (from  Lieutenant  Colonels  and  Captains,  or  civil 
officials  of  simihir  rank), 

-'•  Z:  ^  ^  M  ^'^^^^*  TOng'  K'o^  Yuan^  Secretaries  of  the 
Second  Class,  and 

3-  H  ¥  ^4  M  ^'"'^  '^'*^""g^  I'^'*^'  YiianS  Secretar.es  of  the 
Third  Class  (these  two  latter  are  officials  of  the  rank  ot  Captain 
or  Lieutenant,  or  civil  officials  of  corresponding  rank.) 

For  the  clerical  work  of  the  Sub-sections  there  are  attached 
to  the  Sub-section  Chiefs  : 

1-  —  ^  i^^  ^  I'  Teng^  Lu^  Shih%  Writers  of  the  First 
Class, 

-'•  H  ^  if<  ^  J^rli*  Teng3  LuVShih%  Writers  of  the  Sscond 
Class,  and 

3.  H  ^  11^  San'  Tcng-^  Lu*  Shih',  Writers  of  the  Third 
Class. 

184k.  ^  Po^  'g'  Ku^  Wcn^  Kuan^  Advisers.  The  number 
of  these  is  not  fixed.  They  are  appointed  by  tiie  Emperor  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  General  Staff  Council. 

184l.  Having  under  its  control  (as  stated  alx)vc  in 
No.  184b>  all  the  Field  Officers  of  the  Anny  and  Navy, 
^IJJlf  Ts'an^  Mou-  Kuan\  the  General  Staff' Council  has  drawn 
up  Regulations  concerning  the  ranks  of  Field  Officers,  in  six 
articles  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  5th  October, .1909), 
which  empower  the  Council  to  issue  commissiftns  to  |)orsons  of  a 
rank  not  lower  than  1st  Lieutenant,  who  have  ]ia88ed  the 
exaiuinations  at  the  Military  Academy  (see  "So.  7\2  ;  until  its 
establishment,  the  School  for  FieM  Officers  at  I^aotingfii,  srr 
No.  712.\)  uml  to  persons  who  have  completed  the  course  of  study 

[     <Ja     ] 


PEESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANlZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


185b 


185  ^*  foreign  Military  Schools  and  have  served  in  the  line  for  more' 
.  ^        than  one  year. 

These  officers,  being  directly  subordinated  to  the  Directors  of 
the  General  Staff  Council,  are  obliged  to  assist  the  Commanders 
of  the  Forces  where  they  may  be  stationed  by  drawing  up 
schemes  of  defence  and  by  drilling  the  troops. 

Field  Officers  must,  yearly,  serve  two  months  in  the  line  ; 
they  may  choose  the  district  in  which  they  wish  to  serve.  For 
distinction  they  wear  particular  -stripes  similar  to  those  of  the 
New  Palace  Guards. 

COMMISSION    FOR    THE    REORGANIZATION    OF 

THE     NAVY. 

185.  WIMM'W-^B^  Ch'ou^  Pan*  Hai=*  Chiin^  Shih* 
Wu*  Ch'u^,  Commission  for  the  Eeorganizatipn  of  tlie  Navy. 
This  was  established  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  19tli  Februaryy 
1 909,  under  the  supervision  of  three  ^  ft*  ^  !^  J^  1^  :^^  £5 
Ch'ou''  Hua*  Hai^  Chiin^  Chi^  Ch'u^  Ta*  Ch'en-,  Commissioners  in 
charge  of  the  Reorganization  of  the  Navy  (Prince  Su.  President 
of  the  Board  of  Home  Affairs,  Prince  Tsai  Tse,  President  of  the 
Board  of  Finance,  and  T'ieh  Liang,  President  of  the  Board  of 
War),  and  the  presidency  cf  Prince  Ch'ing,  for  elaborating  plans 
for  the  formation  of  the  nucleus  of  a  Navy. 

Its    preliminary   work   accomplished,    the    Commission    was 
reorganized  by  Edict  of  the  loth  July,  1909,  with  : 

185a.  Two  W^M^J^^  <^h'ou=  Pan^  Hai^  Chlini  Ta* 
Ch'en^,  Presidents  of  the  Commission  for  the  Reorganization  of 
the  Navy  (the  brother  of  the  Prince  Regent,  ^^  jtl  "^s&i^  Hsiin^,. 
Prince  of  the  3rd  Degree,  and  Admiral  '^%  |yt  }}<.  Sa^  Chen* 
Ping^),  who  were  directed  to  formulate  plans  for  an  independent 
Ministi-y  of  the  Navy  (sec  No.  185b). 

185b.     i@  '^  A[5  Hai^  Chiin^  Pu\  Ministry  of  the  Navj 
not  yet  organized. 

[     (i4     ] 


rr.ESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CHINA. 

In  an  Iniporial  Edict,   dated   6th   November,    1906,   it  was      looc 
ruled  that  until  a   Ministry   of  the   Navy  should   be   established,         '^O 
matters  appertaining  to  such  an  otHce  were  to  be  attended  to  at      185o 
the  Board  of  War. 

l^oc.  ^  :^  ^  Hai'  (^hiin^  (;h'u%  Naval  Council  ;  attached 
to  the  Board  of  War  (see  Nos.  417  and  419).  The  staff  for  this 
office  was  arrann;ed  by  the  Board  of  War  in  1907  (sanctioned  by 
the  Km]ieror  on  the  7th  .Tunc,  1907). 

1S.3D.  By  Imperial  Edict  of  the  loth  July,  1909,  the 
Naval  ( "ouncil  was  made  independent  of  the  Board  of  War  and 
directly  subordinated  to  the  Presidents  of  the  Commission  for  the 
Keortranization  of  the  Navy  (see  No.  18.3 a). 

185e.  At  the  head  of  the  Naval  Council  there  arc  a  jE  f^ 
Chcng^  Sllih^  Superintendent,  and  a  gl]  (5(1  Fu*  Shih^  Assistant 
Superintendent,  who,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Presidents  of 
the  Commission  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Navy  (sec  No. 
I80A),  attend  to  the  affairs  of  the  Council,  i.r.  the  staff  of  the 
I^avy,  the  drawing  up  of  Rules  and  Regulations  for  the  Navy, 
supervising  of  shipbuilding.  Naval  Schools,  etc.  They  arc 
assisted  by  2  j^  )j^  1^*  Ch'eng^  Fa'  Kuan',-  Registrars,  and  4 
1^  ^  Eu'  Shih*,  Writers. 

I80F.  The  Naval  Council  is  to  consist  of  6  p]  Ssu', 
Departments  ;  three  of  these  have  already  been  organized  and 
three  will  latter  be  arranged  for. 

18jg.  ^  2^  '^  Chi>  Yao'  Ssu',  Department  of  Urgent 
Affairs  ;  dealing  with  the  drawing  up  of  naval  codes  and 
regulations,  armament  of  ships,  navigation  and  marine 
en|   neering.      It  is  divided  into  four  Sections  : 

1-  UUi  ¥\  Chih*  Tu^  K'o',  Section  for  Naval  Codes  and 
Regulations, 

-•  C.^  U  f'f  Ch'ou'  Ilsieh'  KN)',  Section  for  Naval 
Armament, 

•^-     ^  ^^^  T4  Chiu^  Shih^  K-o',  Navigation  Sertion,  and 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


185h  4.     ^  ^  fif  Lim^  Chi^  K'o^,  Section  for  Marine  Engineer- 

tO        ing. 
185 J  ^^^    each    Department    there    is    a    w]    j^    Ssu^    Chang', 

Department  Director,  assisted  by  a  ;^  ^  'g*  Cheng^  Fa^  Kuan', 
Registrar. 

For  each  Section  there  is  a  ^ij-  ^  K'o^  Chang^,  Section 
Chief,  assisted  by  12  ^ij-  ^  K'o^  Yiian-,  Secretaries  {of  the  First, 
Second  and  Third  Classes),  and  6  §|^  ^  Lu*  Shih*,  Writers. 

185h.  j|S  iSC  rI  Ch'uan^  Cheng*  Ssu\  Construction 
Department ;  supervises  construction  and  repair  of  men-of-war 
This  is  not  divided  into  Sections.  Its  staff  comprises  a  '^  ;^ 
Ssu^  Chang^,  Department  Director,  a  ;^  ^  'g*  Ch'eng^  Fa'- 
Kuan\  Registr?!-,  5  ^  X  ^  K'ao'  Kung^  Ivuan\  Inspectoi's  of 
Works  (of  the  First,  Second  and  Third  Classes),  a  §  ^jjj 
I*  Shih\  Chief  Engineer,  2  g  j;  I^  Shihf,  Engineers,  and  6 
tl  y  Lu*  ShihS  Writers. 

185i.  5l^  pj  Yiin*  Ch'ou2  Ssu',  Department  of  Naval 
Tactics ;  supervises  matters  of  strategy,  instruction  and 
hydrographical  affairs.     It  is  divided  into  three  Sections : 

1  •     ^  ^  f4  Mou^  Liieh*  K'o\  Section  of  Strategy, 

2-     ^  ^  f^  Chiao^  Wu*  K'o^  Instruction  Section,  and 

3.     JIJ  M  ^^  Ts'e*  Hai^  K'oS  Hydrographical  Section. 

The  staff  of  the  Department  of  Naval  Tactics  includes  a 
p1  ;g  Ssu'  Chang%  Department  Director,  &  ^K  ^  *M  Ch'eng^ 
Fa^  Kuan\  Registrar,  and  for  each  Section,  a  fij-  j^  K'o' 
Chang^,  Section  CJhief,  6  f4  ^  ^^'o^  Yiian^  Secretaries  (of  the 
First,  Second  and  Third  Classes),  2  m  ^jfj  P  Shih^  Chief 
Engineers,  3  ^  ±  I'  Shih^  Engineers,  and  6  §|  ^  Lu*  Shih*^ 
Writers. 

185.1.  M  i§  ^  Ch'u'  Pei*  Ssu',  Department  of  Com- 
mtmications  and  Accounts  ;  not  yet  in  operation.  This  is  to  be 
com]iosed  of  three  Sections  : 

1-     ■^  tf  f  4"  Hui*  ( K'uai)  Chi^  K'o\  Accounts  Section, 

[     fi6     ]• 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OI-     CHINA. 

2-      SI?  ^  >^  Fu»  Yung*  K'o',  Ammunition  Section,  and  185k 

3.     t£  |g  f^f  T'un''  Chi'  K'oS  Supplies  Section.  *0 

Its  staft"  will    include  a   ^    ^    Ssu'    Chang',    Department      ^^^^^ 
Director,  a  ;^  J^  ^  Ch'ong'^  Fa'  Kuan\  Registrar,  and,  for  each 
Section,  a  T^f  M  I^"o^  Chung^  Section  Chief,  9  flj-  ^  K'o'  Yiian', 
Secretaries  (of  the  First,  Second  and  Third  Classes),  and  6^^ 
Ln^  Shih%  Writers. 

18oK.  H  1^  p1  I'  Wii*  SsuS  Medical  Department;  not 
yet  functioning  :  to  supervise  medical  affairs  of  the  Navy.  This 
Department  will  not  be  divided  into  Sections.  Its  staff  will 
include  a  o]  ^  ^su^  Chang^,  Department  Director,  a  :i^  ^  'j^ 
Cheng'  Fa^  Kuan\  Registrar,  "^  ^  1^  I^  Kuan\  Medical  Officers 
(of  the  First,  Second  and  Third  Classes),  and  G  ||^  ^  Iju*  Shih*, 
Writers. 

185L.  t^  ^  u\  Fa*  Wu*  Ssu',  Department  of  Naval 
Law  ;  for  drawing  up  naviil  laws.  This  Department  will  not  be 
sub-<livided  into  Section^.  Its  staff  will  consist  of  a  ^  ^  Ssu^ 
Chang\  a  ;g<  ^  'i^  Ch'crig'  Fa'  Kuan',  Registrar,  4  ^  ^'^  'g' 
Ssu'  Fa*  Kuan',  Legal  Advisers  (of  the  First,  iSecond  and  Third 
Classes),  and  0  ||^  :^  Lu'  Shih^T Writers. 

1^-J>'-  M  ^  ^  J*ieni  I*  Chii',  Translation  Office  (Inter- 
preting Office).  This  is  directed  by  a  H^l  jM  Tsung^  Pan*,  Chief, 
assisted  by  a  jE  ^.  ^  Ch<'ng*  Chien'  Tu',  Director,  and  two 
t'^  H  '^''i'  Tiao»,  J»n)<;tor.s. 

ISox.  ^  '^  ^  Ping'  Flsiieh"  Kuan',  Military  Instruction 
(JHice  ;  at  its  head  is  a  {^  i|^  T'i'  Tiao%  Proctor. 

185().  ^^lilji'  Ilsiieh-  Kuau^  Medical  Institute;  at 
its  head  is  a  ^  '^   Cl'icn'  Tu',  Director. 

1H.'>!'.  Vi)]-  details  concerning  the  Four  Scpiadrons,  Staff  of 
the  Conuiiander-in-Chief  of  the  Naval  Forces  at  Shanghai,  Naval 
Schools,  Shij»building  Dockyards,  Arsenals  and  Docks  srr  Nos. 
".>(),  750a  to  7oGc,  7.")7  and  757a  to  7o7c. 

[     <-      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CniNA. 


186 

to 

187 


COMMISSION  FOR  THE  REVISION  OF  THE 
BANNER  ORGANIZATION. 


186.  ^ii;^3ii);^  Pien*  T'ungi-Ch'i^  Chih*  Ch'u*,  Commis- 
sion for  the  Kevisiou  of  the  Baimer  Organization.  This  was 
established  bj  an  Imperial  Edict  dated  the  17th  December^- 
1908,  under  the  direction  of  six  officials,  chosen  from  the  ranks 
of  Princes  of  the  Blood  and  Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of 
the  Ministries  (Manchu),  who  were  directed  to  consider  the 
revision  of  the  Banner  regulations  in  consultation  with  the 
Council  of  State. 

This  Commission  (the  establishment  of  which  was  foreseen 
by  the  programme  of  Constitutional  Peforms)  has,  as  is  stated  in 
an  Edict  of  the  26th  December,  1908,  to  revise  the  regulations 
of  "  the  Banner  organization  so  as  to  fit  present  conditions  of  the 
Empire  and  to  devise  means  for  teaching  every  Bannerman  to 
earn  a  living  and  become  independent."  Further,  the  same 
Decree  adds  that  "there  is  no  intention  at  present  of  stopping 
the  pensions  and  allowances  issued  to  every  Bannerman,  and  all 
are  to  continue,  as  usual,  to  draw  the  same,  that  there  shall  be 
no  misapprehension  on  the  part  of  Bannermen." 

To  the  Commission  has  been  given  the  task  of  reorganizing 
the  Banner  Corps,  the  main  idea  in  view  being  to  annul  the 
differences  between  Manchus  and  the  Chinese  population  by  1915. 

1H6A.  UnmMM  M  it  ic  E  Tsung^  Ssui  ^-^^^^  T'ungi 
Ch'i'  Chih*  Ch'u*  Ta''  Ch'en^  Presidents  of  tlfe  Commission  for 
the  Revision  of  the  Banner  Organization  ;  at  present,  as  stated 
above  (see  No.  186),  there  are  six.  The  staff  of  the  Commission 
has  not  as  yet  been  arranged  for. 

THE  ANTI-OPIUM   COMMISSION. 

187.  The  Anti-Opium  Commission  (The  Opium  Prohibition, 
Commission)   was  established  by  an  Imperial  Edict,-  dated  the- 

[     C8     ] 


PKKSEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CHINA. 

7th  April,    1908,  which  appointed  four  ^^X^  ('l^in*  Yen^       ^^® 
Ta?   Ch'cn',   Opium   Prohibition    Commissioners,   with    ^  ^  I         ^^ 
^  ^  P'u'  Wei*,  Prince  Kxmg',  Prince  of  the   First  Degree,  nt      188b 
its  head.     The  Commission  was  given  great  power  with  reference 
to  the   examination   of  officials  and  populace  and  it  was  directed 
that  the  expenses  of  the   Commission  be    defrayed    from    local 
Opiimi     Taxes.      For    its    administration    the    Commission    was 
instructed  to  di-aw  up  suitable  Regulations. 

Originally  composed  of  four  officials  only  as  stated  above, 
there  were  later  appointed  Jg  |^  T'i'  Tiao^  Proctors  (3  to  4  in 
niunber)  to  assist  the  Commission  and,  by  Regulations  drawn  up 
by  the  Commission  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  7th  June, 
1908),  there  have  been  established  at  all  the  Provincial  capitals  : 

188.  ^:)^:&P/f  Chin*  Yen*  Kung*  So^  Anti-Opium 
Bureaux,  at  the  head  of  which  are  officials  of  high  local  rank 
{Provincial  Treasurers,  (^ommissionei's  of  Education,  Police 
Taofais)  as  ^  ^Jj}  Tu*  Pan*;  also  fjg  JM  Tsung'  Li^  Superin- 
tendents. 

As  regards  the  actual  management  of  these  Bureaux,  the 
Governor-General  or  Governor  ap{)oints  an  official,  as  i^  |^ 
Tsung'  Pan*,  Bureau  Chief. 

At  places  other  than  provincial  capitals  thei*e  are  established, 
eitlicr  by  the  Government  or  on  private  account,  offices  called  : 

18HA.  ?lj^  ^  ^  Chleh*  Yen'  Chir,  Anti-Opium  Offices. 
The  internal  organization  and  the  functions  of  the  Anti-Opium 
Offices  aie  similar  to  those  of  the  Anti-Opium  Bureaux  {see 
No.   \HH). 

Finally,  the  Authorities  everywhere  exhort  the  Gentry  to 
•establish  : 

IHHM.  Jl^i^^^iH.  <"hieh*  Yen'  Hui*  She*,  Anti-Opium 
Societies,  the  aim  of  which  is  to  struggle  by  every  means 
•(including  the  issue  of  newspapers)  against  opium-snii iking  (scr 
detail.s  in  article  by  V.  V.  Ilagelstrom,  "  Summary  of    Measures 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZIATION    OF    CHINA. 

189  taken  b)^  the  Chinese  Government  for  abolishing  Opium-smoking 
in  China,"  in  the  "Chinese  Good  News"  of  the  28th  June,  1909,. 
issue  9-10,  pagfes  1-13). 

COMMITTEE  IN  CHARQE  OF  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE 
IMPERIAL  MAUSOLEUM,   "CH'UNQ   LINQ." 

I 

i«9.  ^^X^^  Ch'ung2  Ling2  Kungi'Ch'eng^^  Ch'u% 
Committee  in  Charge  of  ( 'onstruction  of  the  Imperial  Mausoleum, 
"  Ch'urig  Ling";  appointed  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  5th 
January,  1909. 

This  Committee  of  four  ^K  f^  ^  f'^  X  ^^  i^  ^  Ch'eng^ 
Hsiu^  Ch'ung^  Ling^  Kung'  (Jh'eng^  Ta"*  Ch'en^,  Commissioners 
in  Charge  of  Construction  of  the  Imperial  Mausoleum,  "  Ch'ung 
Ling"  (Princes  g^  ^  Tsai*  HsiinS  if  fj^  P'u'  Lun-,  and  $^  ^ 
Tsai^  'Ise^,  and  the  late  Grand  Secretary,  ^  '^  M>  Lu*  Ch'uan^- 
lin^),  under  the  presidency  of  Prince  ( "h'ing,  was  detailed  to  take 
charge  of  the  Construction  of  a  mausoleimi,  to  be  styled  ^  |^ 
Ch'ung^  Ling",  for  the  reception  of  the  remains  of  the  laie 
Emperor  ^f.  ^  7?:  ^  ^  Tg^  Tsung^  Ching^  Huang^  Ti^  from  his 
reign  known  as  ^  |f  Kuang^  Hsii^  (1875-1908),  near  the 
Western  Mausolea  {see  No.  56 9c),  in  the  valley  ^  fl  ll||f  Chin* 
Tjung^  Yii''  (of  the  Golden  Dragon). 

The  work  of  constructing  the  Mausoleum  is  going  on  under 
the  supervision  of  officials,  holding  office  at  the  Capital,  selected 
by  the  Commission,  styled  ^  ^  .Chien^  Txi\  Inspectors  (eight, 
see  Memorial  of  the  Commission,  dated  16th  January,  1909), 
and  ^  f^  Chien^  Hsiu^,  Overseers  (about  35  of  these  ;  see 
Memoiial  of  the  Commission,  dated  12th  February,  1909). 

The  Edict  of  the  16th  January,  1909,  directed  that  the 
Emperor  Kuang  Hsii's  Mausoleum  should  be  constructed  on  the 
same  lines  as  that  of  the  Emperor  T'ung  Chih  (1862-1875),  the 
M  ^  Hui*  Ling2,  and  that  it  should  be  completed  within  five 
years  ;  the  Commission  then  to  be  dissolved. 

[      70      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

HISTORIOGRAPHICAL     C0MMI5510N.  190 

190.  ^  f,^  ^  Shih'  Lu^  Kuan';  Commission  of  Historio- 
graphy ;  appointed  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  21st  February,  1909, 
at  the  Grand  Secretariat  (see  No.  130),  for  the  compilation — 
^  ^  Ch'un^  Ch'iu',  i.e.  in  chronolou^ieal  order — of  the  annals  of 
the  reign  oC  the  Emperor  ^\  7^  ^  ^^  '^^'  Tsung^  Ching^ 
Huang-  Ti%  from  his  reign  called  ^  f.g-  Ivuang'  Hs'.i*  (1875 — 
1908). 

Detailed  Kules  for  the  Commission,  defining  its  duties  and 
determiiung  its  staff",  drawn  up  by  the  < 'ommis^ion  itself,  were 
submitted  to  the  Throne  and  received  Imperial  Sanction  on  the 
23rd  September,  1909. 

At  the  head  of  the  Commission  of  Historiography  is  a 
^fflt^t^  Chien'  Hsiu^  Tsung^*  Ts'ai^  Director-General  (one 
of  the  Grand  Secretaries).      His  staff  consists  of: 

1-  .^  ^  a^  Tsung^  Ts'ai^  Directors  (chosen  from  the  Grand 
Secretaries.  3!iiii>ters  of  State  and  President  of  the  <'ensorate  ; 
of  these,  2  are  jjj^  fj^  ^  Man^  T>ung'  Ts'ai^,  Manchu  Directors, 
2  are  j^  ^|^  ^^  Han'  Tsung^  Ts'ai",  i'liinese  Directors,  and  1  is 
^I^W.'^  ^l'"".i?'  l^u'  Tsuiig3  Ts-ai-,  Mongol  Director)  ; 

-•  ''  wlj  W>  lie  '^'"^  Tsung-^  Ts'ai^  Vice-Directors  (chosen 
from  the  \'icc-l*resident.s  of  Ministries  ;  3  are  Manchua  and  3  are 
Chinese', 

3.      3  Jl  ^  T'i-  Tiao\  Proctors  (1  Mam-hu,  1  Clilnese  and 

1  Mongol), 

-*•      G   ^  .^-   Tsung'    TsuaIl^    < 'hief    Revisers    (2    Manchus, 

2  (hinese  and  2  Mongols), 

•'>•  12  ^  fij'f  Tsuan'  Hsiu',  Pevisers  (14  Manchus,  20 
Chinese  and  s  Mongols), 

6-  '0  tfJJi  liff  Hsieh^  Il-iii',  Assistant  Pevisers(12  Mniiciius, 
20  Chiuesc  and  H  Mongols), 

7.      ^  ^  Shou'  Chang',  Archivisls  (no  fixel  number), 

[      ■'      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


191  8      i^^j  Chiao*  Tui"*,  Correctors  (number  not  fixed), 

to  9-     |S^  ^  Fan^  I*,  Translators  (number  not  fixed),  and 

197  10.     j^  ^J  Kungi  Shih'',  Clerks  (number  not  fixed). 

THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY. 

191.  ^  #  15c  Han^  Lin^  Yiian^  The  National  Academy  ; 
the  highest  establishment  of  learning  in  the  Empire.  The 
drawing  up  of  government  documents,  histories  and  other  works 
devolves  upon  this  institution.  Its  chief  officers  direct  the  various 
classes,  encouraging  them  to  the  acquisition  of  the  highest  literary 
degrees,  which  aiFord  access  to  the  most  eminent  go\ernment  posts 
(for  instance,  that  of  Grand  Secretary). 

The  chief  officers  of  the  National  Academy  are  : 

192.  ^  gc  ^  ±  Chang^  Yiian^  Hsiieh^  Shih^  Chancellors 
of  the  National  Academy  ;  2b,  (one  Manchu  and  one'  Chinese). 
These  officials  are  usually  Grand  Secretaries,  Presidents  or 
Vice-Presidents  of  Ministries. 

193.  ^  ±  Hsiieh^  Shih^  Members  of  the  Academy 
(Academician)  ;  3a,  (two ;  one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese).  This 
post  AvaB  established  on  the  3rd  April,  1908,  in  consequence  of  a 
Memorial  from  the  Committee  of  Ministers. 

194.  f#il  ^  ±  Shih*  Tu-  Hsiieh'  Shih%  Headers  of  the 
Academy  (two  ;  one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese)  ;  4a.  The  rank 
of  this  post  was,  in  1903,  raised  from  4b  to  4>.\.. 

195.  ^M^±  Shih^  Chiang^  Hsiieh'^  Shih^  Expositors 
of  the  Academy  (two  Manchus  and  three  Chinese) ;  4a.  In  1909 
the  rank  of  this  post  was  raised  from  4b  to  4a. 

196.  (^  ^'  Shih''  Tii^  Sub-reader  of  the  Academy  (two  are 
Manchus  and  three  ai-e  Chinese)  ;  4b.  The  rank  of  this  post 
was  raised  from  5b  to  5a  in  1903,  and  to  4b  in  1909. 

197.  "^  1^  Shih^  Chiang',  Sub-expositor  (two  Manchus 
and  three  Chinese)  ;  4b.  In  1909  the  rank  of  this  post  was  raised 
from  5b  to  4i . 

[     '-2     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    TOLITICAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

198.  f5|  ^   ("Iiuan^   WOir,   Composers  (four    in    number)  ;       198 
5a.      This  post  was  established  in  1903  and  its  rank  raised  from         tO 
€a  to  5a  in  1909.  201 

199.  fj^,  ^J  E|>  Pi^  Shu^  Lan<j',  Secretaries  (four  in  n\miber); 
■5  \.  This  piist  was  established  on  the  3rd  April,  190S,  in 
response  to  a  Memorial  from  the  Council  of  State.  In  1909  its 
rank  was  raised  from  6  b  to  5a. 

200.  Besides  the  forej^^oing  there  are,  relating  to  the 
Academy,  the  following  degrees,  foiTnerly  open  to  successfid 
candidates  at  the  triennial  examinations,  ^  ^  Chin"*  Shih''  (see 
No.  629c),  in  future  to  be  bestowed  on  graduates  of  Chinese 
Universities,  at  present,  a  transitory  stage,  bestowed  on  persons 
educated  abroad  (see  No.  630). 

200a.  ji^JII  Hsiu'  Chuan^  Compiler  of  the  First  (Mass; 
5a.  The  rank  of  this  title  was  raised  from  6 P.  to  5a,  in  1909. 
For  particidars  as  to  attaining  it  scr  Nos.  593c  and  629c. 

200R.  ^,  ff  Pien'  ITsiu^  Compiler  of  the  Second  Class 
(literary  designation,  ^  ^  T'ai'  Shih')  ;  5b  (in  1909  rank 
raised  from  7a  to  5b).  For  particulars  as  to  its  attainment  see 
Nos.  593c  and  629c. 

200c.  fi«  ^TJ*  Chien'  T'ao',  Corriector  ;  5b  (rank  raised  from 
7b  to  5ii  in  1909).  For  particulars  as  to  its  attainment  sec  Nos. 
593c  and  629c. 

201-  B  Irl  ill  '^li'i'  Ch'ang'  KuanS  Department  of  Study 
of  the  National  Academy  ;  made  u|)  of  ^,  ^  ^  Shu*  Chi"  Sliih*. 
Baciielors  :  or  graduates  of  the  lowest  degree.  These  graduates 
pursue  an  advanced  course  of  study  at  the  Shu  Cli'ang  Kuan  and, 
by  Puliscr^uent  examination,  held  by  a  s])e(Mal  conunission  within 
the  I'alacc,  mav  attain  tiie  degrees  of  Compiler  of  the  Second 
T'lass  and  Corrector  (srr  Nos.  200b-().  Those  successful  arc 
>tyled  §J  ^  Liir  Kuan\  i.e.  n  tained  at  the  .\cadcmy  ;  those 
unsucccsbfiil    ;t(     described    as    m5^  ^U  •'*^an*   Knnn',   relented   from 

[      '-^      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAJ.    ORGANIZATION    OF    CIIIXA. 

^^^^     study,  and  receive  appointments    as  District  Magistrates  or  as 
to        Secretaries  of  Boards. 
205  At  the  head  of  the  Department  of  Study  are  : 

20lA.  Two  15:  ^  :/c  E  Chiao"  Hsi"  Ta*  Ch'en^  Senior 
Professors  (one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese).  They  are  assisted  by 
two  J§  ^  T'i'  Tiao\  Proctors,  and  ^  ^  Chiao^  PIsi^  Professors 
(number  indefinite). 

For  dealing  with  correspondence  there  is  a  staff  of  ^  [flj^  J^ 
Pi'  T'ieh'  ShihS  Clerks. 

202.  m.  f§  ^;  Tien^  Pu^  T'ingS  Eecora  Office  ;  stationed 
here  are  two  M.  f^  Tien'  Pu^  Senior  xirchivists  (one  Manchu  and 
one  ('hinesej  ;  8b,  and  two  JL  @  K'ung'  Mu*,  Jimior  Archivists 
(one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese)  ;  of  unclasscd  rank. 

For  correspondence  work  there  is  a  staff  of  ^  |j]^  x^  Pi* 
T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks. 

203.  fl^  fg  H  Tai^  Chao^  T'ing\- Office  for  Compilation  of 
Edicts  (Manifests).  To  this  office  there  are  attached  two  f^  f^ 
Tai*  ChaoS  Compilers ;  9b,  and  a  staff  of  ^-  iflj^  it^  Pi^  T'ieh^ 
ShihS  Clerks. 

204.  IE  Jg  t£  It  Ch'i'  Chiii  Ohu^  Kuan',  Office  for 
Keeping  a  Diary  of  the  Emperor's  Movements.  To  this  office 
there  are  attached  20  0  ^  |E  ^  J^  -g'  Jih'  Chiang''  Ch'i'  Chii* 
Chu*  Kuan',  Diarists  (8  Manchus  and  12  Chm  ;se),  .3  5^  Ijf  Chu' 
►Shih*,  Assistant  Diarists  (two  Manchus  and  o^ne  Chinese),  and 
a  staff  of  ^  (Ji,F,-  ^  Pi3  T'ieh'  8hih^  Clerks. 

The  officials  attached  to  this  office  are  on  duty  at  the 
Palace  daily. 

205.  ^  ^  III  Kuo^  Shih'  Kuan',  State  Historiographer's 
Office  ;  where  a  chronicle  of  the  x-eign  is  written  u]).  This 
chronicle,  written  in  triplicate  in  what  are  called  ^||^  iSJiih^  Lu% 
is  kept  secret  until  the  death  of  the  reigning  Emperor,  when  one 
copy   is  deposited   at   the   National   Academy,   one  sent  to  the 

[     "4     ] 


TKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Grand  Secretariat,  and  one  copy  is  preserved  at  the  old  capital  of      20oa 
the  Manchu  Dynasty,  Moukden.  to 

On  the  State   Historiographer's   Office  devolves  the  task  of       206 
compiling  official  biographies  of  eminent  statesmen,  for  embodi- 
ment in  the  historv  of  the  reign  affected,  wiien  directed  by  S])i'cial 
Edict  to  do  so. 

In  charge  of  the  State  Historiographer's  Office  is  a  : 
205a.  ^^  ^  Tsung'  Ts'ai'^  Director-General  (usually  one 
of  the  Ministers  of  State),  and  a  flij  |j^l  ^  Fu"*  Tsung^  Ts^ai^, 
Assistant  Director-General.  These  are  assisted  by  4  |^  Ipj  T'i^ 
Tiao^  Proctors  (two  Mauchus  and  two  v'hinese),  10  l^j  ^ 
Tsung'  Tsuan^,  Revisers  (four  Mancluis  and  six  Chinese), 
34  ^  ftff  Tsiiau'Hsiu',  Compilers  (12  Manchus  and  22  Chinese), 
and  If)  ^  ^)]  Cjiiao'  Tui'*,  Correctors  (eight  Manchus  and  eight 
Chinese;. 

THE    CENSORATE. 

206.  ^\  ^  ^  Tu'  Ch'a-  Yiian\,  The  C^ensorate  (literary 
designation,  (^  ^  ^  Yii'  Shili^  T'ai^);  by  the  code  of  laws 
entrusted  with  the  duty  oi  censiu'ing  officials,  when  necessary, 
for  their  neglect  or  incompetency  in  official  affairs,  their  behavior 
and  private  life,  and  charged  with  the  care  of  the  public  morals. 

In  addition  to  their  official  title,  members  of  the  Censoratc 
are  often  called  If  @  '^  I'^i'h^  Mu'  Kuan^  The  blyes  and  Eai's 
(through  which  the  Kmperor  is  made  ••ware  of  the  state  of  the 
Empirej,  and  ^  ^  Yen^  Kuan',  Speech  Officials,  i.e.  Officials 
having  freedom  of  speech. 

The  Cen.sorate  institution  in  China  is  extremely  old  ;  it  is 
spoken  of  in  the  ^  Ch'in^  dynasty,  i.e.  two  centuries  liA'. 

Some  reforms  in  the  Censorate  were  made  in  1906  in 
accordance  with  a  Memorial,  emanating  from  that  bodv  itself, 
8an<tiotied  by  the  Km|)eroi-  on  the  25th  December,  1906. 

At  the  head  of  the  Censorate  tliere  is  a  : 

[    ::,    J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA 


207  207,     ^  fP  ^  Tu^   Yii^   Sliih',  President  of  the  Censorate 

to         (literary  designation,  Ifg^  Tsung^  Hsien*);    iB. 

SIOa  207a.     Before  its  reform  at  the  head  of  the  Censorate  were 

two   &W>M  ^  ^^^^^  '^"^  ^^^  ^^^^''   Senior  Presidents  of  the 
Censorate  (one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese). 

207b.  :&  :M^)  HH  B&  Yu*  Tu^  Yii*  Shih',  Junior  President  of 
the  Censorate.     Tliis  title  is  borne  by  Governor-Generals. 

208.  ^  glj  ^  iJ  ^  Tso3  Fn^  Tu^  Yii*  ShiliS  Senior 
Vice-President  of  the  Consorate  (literary  designation,  glj  ^ 
Fu^  Hsien*)  ;  3a. 

208a,  Before  the  reform  of  the  Censorate  there  were  two 
&  llJ  i>^  ^  Tso'  Fu*  Tu^  Yii*  Shih^  Senior  Vice-P}-esidents  of 
the  Censorate  (one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese). 

209.  ;ff  glj  Sl^  to  ^  Yu^  Fu*  Tu'  Yii^  Shih^,- Junior  Vice- 
Presidenr  of  the  ( 'ensorate  (literary  designation,  glj  ^  Fu* 
Hsien*)  ;   3a.     This  title  is  borne  by  Governors. 

209a.  Before  its  reform  there  were  four  :^  |\lj  ^  ^  ^ 
Yu*  Fu*  Tu^  Y'i*  Shih^  Junior  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Censorate 
(two  Manchus  and  two  Chinese). 

210.  J|^^r1<  ^P5  Chi^  Shih*  Chungi  Ya^  Mrn^,  Office  for 
Scrutiny  of  Metropolitan  Officials.  Its  staff  consists  of  two 
^1^13  I^^Fjl  Chang*  Yin^  Chi*  Shih^  Chung',  Senior  Metropolitan 
Censors  (literally,  "Keepers  of  the  Seal");  4a,  18  ^  ^  fft 
Chi*  Shih'*  Chung\  Junior  Metropolitan  Censors  ;  5a,  and,  for 
correspondence,  30  ^  ifi,^  ^  Pi*  T'ieh^  Shih*,  derks, 

210a.  At  the  i^  ^  4i  ^j  pg  Chi*  Shih*  Chungi  Ya=  Men^ 
(see  No,  210)  it  is  intended  to  establish  a  ifpf  ^  ^  Yen^  Chiu^ 
So*,  Reference  Library,  containing  A'^arious  woiks,  and  where 
Foreign  and  Chinese  newspapers  will  be  kept  on  file,  so  tliat  the 
Censors  may  be  enabled  to  follow  political  events  at  home  and 
abroad  and  thus  carry  out  their  duties  more  thoroughly. 

[    7r,    ] 


ntESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


212b 


For  managing;  the   Reference    Library   there  are  to  be  two      210b 
f§  I^    T'i*  Tiao\  Proctors,  and   two  |g  ^  Pien'  I*,  ^Transhitors         4.q 
(Interpreters): 

21  On.  Previous  to  the  reform  of  the  (^ensorate  the  OHice 
for  Scrutiny  of  Mrtropolitan  Officials  was  organized  somewhat 
ditferently  than  at  present :  it  consisted  of  ;;i^  p[  Liu*  K'o',  Six 
Sections  (there  being  six  Ministries),  for  scrutinizing  the  doings 
of  the  various  Ministries.  In  e.ch  Section  there  were  two 
^^n^^ljfrfl  Change  Yin*  Chi^  Shih*  (;iuing\  Senior  MetropoHtan 
Censors,  as  Section  Chiefs,  assisted  by  two  |^  ^  pf»  Chi^  Shih* 
Chung',  Junior  Metropolitan  Censors  (literaiy  designation, 
^<f^m  'i^a*  Chi^  (^lien*). 

211-  W>M^  T"'  ^''il''  T'ing',  Chancery  of  the  Censorate ; 
here  are  stationed  two  ^  i^  Tu^  Shih*,  Offi-.ials  of  the  Censorate 
Chancery  ;   6a. 

-!-•  MM'M  Ching'  Li*  T'ing',  Registry  of  the  Censorate. 
At  the  Kegistrj  there  are  two  *g  ^  Ching'  1A\  Registrars  ;   6a. 

212a.  At  the  Chancery  (see  No.  211)  and  the  Registry 
(see  Xo.  212a)  there  is  a  staff  of  ^4^^  Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih*  (30  in 
all).  Also,  at  the  Chancei;y  there  are  an  indefinite  nimiber  of 
^.  3^1'  ^)  'K  1'^*  ^^^ai*  '^^^  Shih*,  Supernumerary  Chancery  Officials, 
and  at  the  Registry  there  are  an  indefinite  ninnber  of-^  ^[»  ^^  j^ 
E*  Wai'  (Jhing'  Li*,  Supernumerary  Registrars. 

212b.  Tf:  1j^  -^  rU'C-uir^  Fa'  K'o',  Trans^mission  Office. 
This  office  existed  before  the  reorganization  of  tlic  (^ensorate, 
and  it  is  now  the  intention  to  bring  it  again  into  being  as  an 
office  similar  to  the  p]  ^  j^  Ssu'  Wu*  T'ing',  Chanceries  (see 
No.  2U())  which  are  found  at  all  the  Ministries.  It  is  to  be 
8tyle<l  tlic]j^  {^  ^  }^f  ^  Shou'  Fa'  Wen^  Shu'  ("hhi*.  Trans- 
mission Office,  and  have  ji  staff  of  ^)  ijt  Tu'  Shih',  Chancery 
Officials,  i}i5».  ^  Ching'  Li\  Kegi.strars  (atc  No.  212),  and  l|E  Ipilj, 
j^  Pi^  Pieh^  Shih*,  Clerk.s  (see  No.  212a).      Should  the  idea  be 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAE    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


2144 


213       acted  upon,  the  Chancery   (see   No.    211)   ana   the   Kegistiy  (see 
tQ         No.  212)  will,  in  all  probability,  be  abolished. 

213.  ^  ^  Yii*  Shih^,  Provincial  (Jensors  (literary 
designation,  f^  ^  Shih^  Yii^' colloquial  designation,  |p  ^  H 
Tu^  Lao^  Yeli^);  ob.  There  are  44  Provincial  Censors,  distributed 
over  20  J^  Tao*,  or  Circuits,  which,  excepting  two,  only  bear  the 
names  of  various  provinces  (for  instance,  Vl  ^  aE  C'hiang^  Su^ 
Tao'',  Kiangsu  Censor  Circuit).  The  two  exceptions  are  the 
Chihli  Censor  Circuit,  which  is  styled  ^  ^  ^  Clhing^  Chi^  TaoS 
Metropolitan  Circuit,  and  the  Manchurian  (Jensor  (Jircuit,  one 
for  the  three  provinces,  which  is  called  5^  ^  ^  Liao^  Shen^ 
Tao"*,  Liaovang  Moukden  Censor  Circuit  (.^  Liao^,  abbreviation 
of  jg  11  Liao^  Yang2,  and  @  Shen^  for  ff  f^  ShOn^  Yang^— the 
ancient  name  of  Moukden). 

The  Metropolitan  and  the  Manchurian  Censor  (Jircnits  have 
each  four  C'ensors,  for  the  othei's  there  are  two  for  each. 

The  full  title  of  a  Provincial  Censor,  taking  Anhui 
Province  for  an  example,  is  ^  '4Ut  it  ^  ^  1^  ^  Chang'  An^ 
Hui^  Tao*  Chien^  (Ti'a"  Yii*  Shih*,  Censor  overseeing  the  Anhui 
Circuit. 

For  th^  Metropolitan  and  ^Manchurian  Circuits  the  two 
Junior  Censors  are  styled,  for  the  former,  }^  |^  i^  ^  ^^  ^ 
Chingi  Chi^  Tao*  Chien^  Ch'a^  Yii*  Shih',  and  for  the  latter, 
5t  "i^  al  ii  ^  il  ^  I-iao'  Shen^  Tao*  Chien^  Ch'a^  Yii'  Shih^ 

214.  Formerly,  in  Peking,  a  number  of  the  Censors  were 
employed  as  Superintendents  of  Police  {see  details  in  No.  796a) 
for  the  five  divisions  of  the  city  and  suburbs  and  were  styled  5E 
ML'U^  Wu^  Ch'eng2  Yii*  Shih^  Censors  of  the  Five  Cities 
(these  are  the  Centre,  Noi-th,  South,  East  and  West  Divisions 
into  which  Peking  is  divided). 

214a.  ^  Jt  Up  ib  <^'l^'a'  Ts'angi  Yii^  Shih\  Censors 
Supervising  tlie  Government  Granaries  (at  Peking  and  T'ung- 
chow);    also    in   charge    of    portage   of   Tribute    Rice   which   is 

[     78     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORG AXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

brought  from  the  South  bj  the  Grand  Canal.     At  present    these       215 
■othcials  no  longer  exist.  tO 


5UPREME  COURT  OF  JUSTICE. 

215.  ;fv;  Jl  ^  Ta*  Li'  Ssu',  Court  of  Judicature  and 
Revision  ;  the  duty  of  this  Coiut  was  the  general  supervision  of 
the  administration  of  criminal  law,  and  the  examination,  hy  this 
Court,  of  criminal  cases  where  judgment  had  been  delivered  was 
necessary  before  the  decree  became  operative.  Tiiis  Court,  with 
the  l^oard  of  Punishment  (see  No.  438)  and  the  Censorate  (see 
No.  206 1,  was' styled  Ih'  the  general  title  H  ?"!£  q]  "^nii'  ta* 
»Ssu',  Three  High  "Courts  of  Judicature,  and  formed  something 
similar  to  the  Supi'eme  Criminal  Court. 

By  Imperial  Edict,  dated  the  7th  December,  1906,  the 
•C^ourt  of  t^udicature  and  Revision  was  reorganized  as  : 

215a.  ^  Jl  [15^  Ta^  Li'  Yiian^  Supreme  ('ourt  of  Justice; 
specially  entrusted  with  the  administration  of  justice  in  the 
Empiie.  At  the  present  time  this  Court  is  the  supreme  tribunal 
of  justice  in  connection  with  all  cases  which  are  Ijrought,  in  the 
first  instance,  before  the  District  Court  (see  Xo.  760),  and, 
secondly,  before  the  Court  of  Assizes  (see  No.  759).  Also,  it 
functions  \,as  ('ourt  of  first  and  last  appeal)  with  reference  to 
crimes  committed  l)y  Imperial  C'lnnsmen  (^^'T^mig'  Shili'')  and 
officials,  crimes  against  State  Offices  and  State  ( )ffi(i;ils,  and, 
finally,  in  cases  of  extreme  importance  that  are  outside  the  scope 
of  inferior  Courts  (of  Justices  of  Peace,  of  Di.strict  Courts  or  of 
Courts  of  Assizes).  For  the  last-mentioned,  the  Sujn-eme  Court  of 
tlustice  must,  after  having  examined  the  substance  of  the  case 
and  delivered  judgnii'iit,  forward  its  decision  to  the  Ministry  of 
Justice  for  appro\al. 

Although,  as  we  have  seen  above,  to  the  Minisfrv  of  .lustice 
{see  No.  440;  belongs  the  supreme  control  of   the  actions  of  the 

[     7:i     J 


215a 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAI.    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


210       Supreme     Court     of    Justice,    nevertheless    the    latter    is     an 
to        independent  establishment,  having  the  privilege  of  direct  reports 
217       to  the  Throne. 

A  new  arrangement  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  devised 
by  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Coimcil  of 
State,  was  proposed  to  the  Throne  in  a  Memorial  and  was 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  10th  June,  1907. 

216.  The  personnel  of  the  Court  of  Judicature  and 
Revision  was  : 

1.  1  ic  5M  #  iP  '^^^'  f^i'  Ssu-*  Ch'ing',  Director  of  the 
Court  of  Judicature  and  lievislon  (literary  designation,  ^  ^l| 
T'ing"  Tse')  ;  3a, 

2.  1  ;/c  M  #  'J^  M  '^^'  Li'  Ssu^  Shao*  Ch'ingS  Sub- 
Director  of  the  Court  of  Judicature  and  Revision  (liferary 
designation,  f^  ^  Tso'  Chi') ;  4a, 

3.  1^  T^  2iS  Tso'  Ssu*  Ch'eng',  Senior  Secretary  of  the 
Court  of  Judicature  and  Revision  (literary  designation,  |^  "pj 
r  Ssu^);  6a, 

4.  1  ^  ^  ^  Yu*  Ssu*  Ch'eng^,  Junior  Secretary  of  the 
Court  of  Judicature  and  Revision  (literary  designation,  |^  pj 
P  Ssu^);  6a, 

5-  1  ^fl^^  Tso'  P'ing*  Shih"*,  Senior  Assistant  Secretary 
of  the  Court  of  Judicatiu-e.and  Revision  ;   7a,  and 

^-  1  ^  nP  ^*  Yu*  P'ing^  Shih'*,  Junior  Assistant  Secretary 
of  the  Court  of  Judicature  and  Revision  ;  7  a. 

2 16 A.  At  the  head  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice  there 
is  a  ;/^  Jl  !^  IE  f§  Ta^  Li'  Yuan*  Cheng*  Ch'ing^,  President  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice ;  2a,  assisted  in  the  administration 
of  the  affairs  of  the  Court  and  in  the  general  supervision  of 
matters  of  justice  in  the  Empire  by  a  : 

217.  i^c  Jl  p^  ^  p  Ta*  Ei'  Yuan*  Shao*  Ch'ing^,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice ;  3a. 

[     80     ] 


rHESEXT    DAY    TOLITJCAL    ORG AXIZATIOX    OF    CIIIXA. 


to 
220 


218.  JflJ  i^  m  is  Hslng'   K-o^    T-uii   Ch'C'ng\    Director  of       ^IS 
the    Department    of     Criminal     Ca>;es  ;     4a.      Tins     otiicial     lias 
subordinated   to   him    19    ^ilf}  |f|  ^   Hsing'    K'o'    T'ui^    Shill^ 
Secretaries  of  the  Department  of  C'l-iminal  Cases  ;  5a.      He  is   in 
charge  of  the  : 

218a.  Jf\]  ^'^\  Using'  K'o\  Department  of  Criminal  Cases  ; 
this  Department  consists  of  4  j^  T'ing',  ISections,  namely  : 

1.  ^  —  5^  Ti^  I'  T'ing*,  First  Section  ;  supervising  cases 
inspired  by  the  Emperor  and  also  cases  concerning  crimes  against 
the  State, 

2.  ^  H  J^  'i  i*  Erh^  Ting^  Second  Section  ;  supervising 
cases  concerning  crimes  committed  by  Imperial  Clansmen,  ^  |^ 
Tsung^  Shih''.  and  officials, 

3.  ^  ^  J^  ^  i*  San'  T'ing^,  Third  Section  ;  supervising 
appeals  against  judgments  of  the  Metropolitan  Coin-t  of  Assizes, 
and 

4.  ^  p^  ^  'i'i*  Ssu*  T'ing^  Fourth  Section  ;  supervising 
appeals  against  judgments  of  Provincial  Courts  of  Assizes. 

219.  J\S  ^  |{li  ^  Min^  K'o'  VnV  Ch'eng',  Director  of  tlie 
Department  of  (Mvil  Cases;  4a.  This  ofhcial  has  subordinated 
to  him  9  Jv^  f^  4j|  ijf  Min^  K'o'  T'ui'  Shih*,  Secretaries  of  the 
Department  of  Civil  Cases;  .5a.      He  is  in  charge  of  the  : 

219a.  XV:  >f-l"  ^li"'  K'o',  Department  of  Civil  Cases, 
consisting  of  2  ^  T'ing',  as  shown  below  : 

1.  ^  _  jy^-  'Ji<  P  T'ing',  First  Section  ;  dealing  with  civil 
oases  concerning  '>^  ^  Tsung'  Shih',  Imjierial  Clansmen,  and 
with  appeals,  in  civil  cases,  against  judgments  of  the  ^letropolitan 
Court  of  Assizes,  and 

2.  3S  "^  JG^  Ti*  I  rli*  I'ing',  Second  Section  ;  dealing  with 
appeals,  in  civil  cases,  against  judgments  of  Dmvincial  Courts  of 

Assizes. 

220.  Ml    f?|   as   Tloir'    1*11*  T'ing',    <  1  ancery    and    Record 

Office.      'J  ir-s  offi«-e   is  supervised    by  a  ^  \\\l  ^V-  '^'"^  '^"'e»^  I'"S 

[     HI      ] 


PRESENT    D  \.T    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


323 


221        Chief  Archivist;    5b,  as  Chancery   Chief,   who   is  assisted  by   4 
to        m  ^  Tien^  Fn\  Archivists  ;  6b,  6;?^  fg  Chu*  Pu^,  Eegfstrars  ; 
7a,  and  30  ^  ^  Lu*   Shih*,   Writers    (of  the  eighth   and  ninth 
r£tnks). 

22 h  #  ^  ^  K'an^  Shou^  So^  House  of  Detention.  This 
is  in  charge  of  a  ^  ^^^  J^  ;g  K'an^  Shou'  So^  Chang\  Chief 
Supervisor  of  the  House  of  Detention  ;  5  b,  who  is  assisted  by  4 
^  ^  Bf  W  K'an^  Shou^  So^  Kuan',  Supervisors  of  the  House  of 
Detention  ;  8a,  and  2  ||  ^  Lu'*  Shih^  Writers  ;  9a  (see  No.  767). 

Because  of  the  pressure  of  aftairs,  there  was  established  in 
1908,  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Justice,  the  unclassed  post  of  §'  ^  B'?  Wi  =^1  K'an^  Shou^  So^ 
Hsieh^  Li\  Assistant  Chief  Supervisor  of  the  House  of  Detention, 
for  performing  the  duties  of  which  there  are  deputed  officials 
from  the  Supreme  Court. 

222.  M  W.  ^  B  Tsung^  Chien^  Ch'a^  T'ingS  Attorney- 
General's  Office  ;  established  at  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice  on 
lines  similar  to  those  of  Prosecutors  of  judicial  organizations  of 
lower  rank  {see  Nos.  762  to  765). 

Besides  functioning  as  public  prosecutor,  the  Attorney- 
General's  Office  holds  inquests,  where  necessary,  in  cases  in  which 
the  Supreme  Coiu-t  is  the  court  of  first  and  last  appeal  (see  No. 
215a)  and  has  control  over  Prosecutors  of  lower  courts. 

At  the  head  of  the  Attorney-General's  Office  is  a 
W,  Wi^  B  B  ^  Tsungs  Chien^  Ch'a^  T'ing^  T'ingi  Ch'cng^, 
Attorney-General ;  3b.  He  has  subordinated  to  him  6  ;^  ^  'g' 
Chien'  Ch'a^  Kuan',  Attorneys  ;  5a,  1  j^  If  Chu'  Pu*,  Eegistrar  ; 
7a,  and  4  II  ^  Lu^  Shih^  Writers  ;  9a. 

IMPERIAL  BOARD  OF  ASTRONOMY. 

223.  fC  ^  g^  Ch'ini  T'ieni  ChienS  Imperial  Board  of 
Astronomy  ;    compiles    the    calendar,     makes    astronomical    aiici 

[      8-^      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORG AXIZ ATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


meteorological  observations,  ami  selects  so-called  ^  Q   Chi-  Jih*,      224 

"lucky  days,"  for  important  State  undertakings.  tO 

At  the  head  of  the  Board  is  a  :  ggg 

224.      <^  ftn  iK^^^B  Kuan'  Li'  Ch'in^  T'ien^  Chien* 

Shih*  Wu*,   Chancellor    of    the    Imperial   Board   of   Astronomy  ; 

appointed   by  the  Emperor,   usually  one  of   the    Princes  of    the 

Blood. 

22.5.     i)t  ^  ^  ii  lE   '  "hMn^  T-ien^  Chien^  Chien*  Cheng*, 

Directors  of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy  ;  5\  (one  Manchu 

and  one  Chinese). 

226.  ^  ^  fii  :i  ^  Sll  <^^li'in'  T'ien^  Chien*  Tso^  Chien* 
Fu*,  Senior  Vice- Directors  of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy; 
6a  (one  Mc  iichu  and  one  Chinese). 

227.  itJi^^^i  Si\\  <^'l''in'  'i''ieu^  Chien*  Yu*  Chien* 
tu*,  Junior  Vice-Director  of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy  ; 
Gb  (one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese), 

227a.  Formerly  there  were  2  ^  ^Ij  Chien*  Fu*,  Vice- 
Directors  ;  6^,  1  ^  ^  m'i  'I'^o*  Chien  Fu%  Senior  Assistant 
Vice-Director;  Gr.,  and  1  ;&  ^  glj  Yu*  Chien*  Fu*,  Junior 
Assistant  Vice-Director  ;  Gb,  on  the  Board  of  Astronomy. 

227b.  The  :/c  Xra  Q"  1^  'J'ai'  Ch'ing^  Hui*  Tien^  or  the 
"  Institutes  of  the  Empire  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Dynasty,"  contains 
the  proviso  that  the  posts  of  Director,  and  Senior  and  Junior 
Assistant  Vice-Director,  of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy 
are  to  be  held  by  Fluropeans. 

22H.  ^  ^  Chu'  Pu*,  Registrar  ;  8a  (one  Mancini  and  one 
Chinese;. 

22J^.  H$  )J^  ^  Shih-  Hsien*  K'o',  Calendar  Section  ;  here 
thf  calejjdar  is  compiled,  the  seasons  are  defined  and  the  24 
periods  of  the  year  arranged.  The  staff"  of  tiiis  Section  is 
composed  of  : 

1.  5  3l 'y' IE  ^^  "^  ICiiaii'  Cheng',  Asirononifrs  ;  charged 
with  general  astronomical  calculations, 

[     88      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


232 


QOQ  2.      1  #  If  jE  Ch'iinV  Kiian^  Cheng*,   Astronomer  for  the 

Spring,  1  S  ^  IE  Hsia*  Kvian^  Cheng^  Astronomer  for  the 
Summer,  1  rjl  'g*  IE  Chung^  Kuan^  Cheng*,  Astronomer  for  the 
Mid-year,  1  ^jl^  1*  iE  Ch'iu^  Kuan^  Cheng*,  Astronomer  for  the 
Autumn,  1  ^  'g*  IE  Tung^  Kuan^  Cheng*,  Astronomer  for  the 
Wintei", 

3.  1  p]  ^  Ssu^  Shu\  Compiler  ;  charged  with  issuing  the 
calendar ,_ 

4.  20  [t|  H^  ^o^  Shih%  Mathematicians  ;  9b,  and 

5.  ^  ijii^  J^  Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks  (number  not  fixed). 

230.  ^  ^  14  T'ien^  Wen^  K'o',  Astronomical  Section  ; 
makes  astronomical  and  meteorological  observations.  The  staff 
of  this  Section  is  composed  of  : 

1.  8  ^^1$  Ling-  T'ai'  Lang",  Supervisors  of  the 
Observatory  ;  7  b, 

2.  6   "in  i  Po'^  Shih*,  Mathematicians;  9b, 

3.  1  la  fi^  Chien*  Hou*,  Observer  ;  9a,  and 

4.  ^  ilJi"  x^  Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks  (number  not  fixed). 

231.  M  M  #  Lou*  K'o*  K'o\  Section  of  the  (Clepsydra  ; 
observes  time  by  the  clepsydra  and  selects  "  lucky "  days  for 
im^portant  affairs.     This  Section  is  carried  on  by  : 

1.  4  ^^iE  Hsieh*  Hu^  Cheng*,  Keepers  of  Clepsydra;  8a, 

2.  1   p)  M  Ssu^  ('h'en-,  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Clepsydra, 
*^-     ^  in  i  P^'  Shih*,  Mathematicians  ;  9b,  and 
4.      ^  iji,^  j^  Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih*,  Clerks  (number  indefinite). 

232.  ^  ^  ^  ^  T'ien^  Wen"'  Suan*  Hsuelr,  Astronomical 
College ;  where  those  who  are  desirous  of  joining  the  service  at 
the  Observatory  are  examined  and  where  lectures  on  the 
sciences  necessary  to  the  proper  performance  of  astronomical 
duties  are  held.     The  College  is  administered  by  : 

1.  Wn§{^m.^^m^^f^  Kuan'  Li'  Ch'in^ 
T'ieni  chieu*  T'ien'  Wcn^  Suan*  Hsiielr  .  Shih*  Wu*, 
SuperiritendcAit  of  the   Astronomical    (^ollege  ;    this   post   is  an 

[     84     J 


I'nESK.Xr     DAY    FOLITICAL    ORGAXIZATJOX     OF    ClIIXA. 

adjunct  of  that  of 'Chancellor  of  'he  Imperial  Board  of  Astrononiv      232a 
(see  No.  224),  and  ^^ 

•2.     WjM  P:  ^   ¥d  ^    ^   n  ^  m  hi  Hsielr   Li^  ChMn^       ^3^ 
T'ien'   Chien*  TMen'    Wen-   Suan^  Hsiieh-   Sliili^    Wu'*,   Assistant 
Superintendent  of   tlie    Astronomical    CoHege  ,    this   post    is    an 
adjunct  of  that  of  Director  of  tiie   Imperial  Board  of  Astrononiy 
(.ser  Xo.  225). 

232a.  BI/ fi  I^  <  "li'i'  Chiao*  T'ing',  Preceptory  ;  under  a 
JU;|^  Clui^  t  hiao\  Precei)tor,  and  2  ^  f^  Chiao^  Hsi',  Teachers. 

THE    IMPERIAL  MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT. 

233.  i,^  ^  P5t;  T'ai*  I'  Y^ian^  The  Imperial  .Medical 
Department  :  for  the  Emperor  and  his  associates.  At  the  head 
of  this  Dej)artment  is  a  : 

Wu*,  Superintendent  of  the   Imperial  Medical  Department  ;  this 
post  is  usually  given  to  a  Minister  oF  the  Household. 

235.  iK^^'^K.  i^  'l^'ai'  ^'  "^'i':^"'  ^^i'""'  Shih^  Com- 
missioner of  the  Imperial  Medical  De])artment  ;  5a 

23r,.  X^^K.'&  P^  ^il  T'ai'  r  Yiian^  Tso^^  Yiian'  P'an\ 
Senior  Vice-Commissioner  of  the  Imperial  Medical  Department  ; 
6a. 

230a.  is^^f^^^Z^  ^'•:"'  I'  ^''■'•"''  V"'  Viian*  T-au', 
Junior  Vico-CoTuniissioncr  of  the  Iiii])erial  Mcdicnl  Dcj)artment ; 
6a. 

237.  '^v^M.  ShouM.ing^TMng',  Office  of  Administration; 
managed  In  2  ]^  \^  I  A'  Mxi\  Secretaries,  1  {ffl  ^  Yii'  I', 
Imperial  IMiysician,  ami  1  ^  ^  I'  Shili\  l'hysi<-ian,  all  entitled 
^^'MfiB^  Ckien'  Shou^  Ling^  T'ing'  ShiM,  ?>.  Administrators. 

23ft.      ^  ^  Yii^  r,  Imperial  IMiysiciMi.  ;  7a  (15). 

239.  A  ,^,  ]^  [3  P.'i'  I'-in'  Li'  Mn',  Secrctnrv  of  the 
Eighth  Rank  (12j. 

[       H.'       ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


239a  239a.     :^  ^  is  @  ^hiu^  P'in^  Li^  Mu+,  Secretaries  of  the 

tQ        Ninth  Eank  (15j. 

P4~  240.     g  ±  I'  Shih*,  Physician  (the  rules  call  for  24  but 

sometimes  they  number  as  many  as  30). 

BOARD  OF  CUSTOMS  CONTROL. 

241.  It  ^  ^  Sliui*  Wu"  (ni'u*,  Board  of  Customs 
Control.  This  came  into  existence  in  accordance  with  an  Edict 
dated  the  9th  May,  1 906,  and  controls  all  Chinese  and  Foreign 
employes  of  the  Customs  (see  Nos.  253  and  311). 

At  the  Board  of  Customs  Control  there  are  : 

242.  .  Two  ^  m  ^B±^  "^^^  Pan^  Shui^  Wu*  Ta*  Ch'en^ 
Superintendents  of  the  Board  of  Customs  Control  (this  post  is  an 
additional  office  held  by  a  President  or  a  Vice-President  of  a 
Ministry). 

243.  One  ^  p  f^  ^  ^^  g  Pang^  Pan^  Shui*  Wu^  Ta* 
Ch'en^,  Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  Board  of  Customs  Control 
(this  post  is  an  additional  office  held  by  a  President  or  a  Vice- 
President  of  a  Ministry). 

244.  Jg  1^  T'i^  Tiao%  Proctor. 

245.  ^  tg  i^  Pangi  T'i^  TiaoS  Assistant  Proctor. 

246.  The  Board  of  Customs  Control  consists  of  4  ^^  Ku', 
Sections.  For  each  Section  there  is  a  ||g  |/jf  Tsung"  Pan\  Section 
Chief,  assisted  by  3  or  4  |^  |/j|:  Pang^  Pan*,  Assistants,  and  1  or 
2  ^  ^  Wei^  Yiian^,  Deputies  (these  posts  are  usually  held  by 
junior  officials  of  the  Ministries  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  Finance 
or  by  Expectants  of  provincial  offices,  up  to  and  inclusive  of 
Taotais). 

247.  ^  —  95  Ti*  I'  Ivu^,  First  Section  ;  considers  duties 
on  mechanical  and  manufactured  goods  and  minerals,  gives 
decisions  on  Customs  Regulations,  audits  Customs  revenue  returns 
and  studies  trade  conditions  at  the  ports. 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

248.     ^  H  ^  Ti"'  Erh^  Ku^   Second    Section  ;   deals  M-ith      248 
duties    collected    by    "  Nartive "     (old     Chinese)     Customs    and        tO 
exemption  of  goods  from  duty,  looks  into  foreign  loans  and  their       252 
acquittance — including    the     1900     Indemnity — and    supervises 
certain   taxes,   i.e.  the  salt  gabelle  and   Likin,  collected  by  the 
Mantime  Customs,  settles  the  tariff  of  import  and  export  duties 
and  takes  measures  to  pre\  ent  the  smuggling  of  goods  into  the 
country. 

2-i9.  ^  H  5x  Ti*  San^  Kti^,  Third  Section  ;  supervises 
the  tax  collected  on  foreign  and  native  opium  and  the  issue  of 
Transit  Certificates  for  foreign  goods  sent  to  the  interior,  controls 
inland  waters  shipping,  construction  of  harbours,  lighthouses  and 
pontoons,  and  tonnage  dues  and  studies  the  Customs  of  foreign 
countries. 

250.  ^  0  ^  Ti-*  Ssu-*  KuS  Fourth  Section  ;  deals  with 
Postal  affairs  of  the  Empire,  the  transfer  and  appointment  of 
Customs  Officials,  as  well  as  their  rcAvard,  the  staff  of  the  Board 
of  ('ustoms  Contrpl,  and  keeps  the  accounts  of  the  last-mentioned. 

251.  lf$J  H  ^  Shou^  Fa^  Ch'u^  Registry  or  Chancery  ; 
keeps  the  seal,  looks  over  incoming  and  out-going  despatches  and 
telegrams,  archives,  etc.  At  this  office  there  are  3  ^  p  Wei' 
Yiian',  Deputies,  and  1  %^  f§  fg  ^  Tsa'  Wu'  Wei'  YuanS 
Unclassed  Deputy. 

252.  f^  S  ^  ^  Shui^  Wu*  Hsiieh"  T'ang^,  C'ustoms 
College;  attached  to  the;  Board  of  Customs  Control.  'Ihis 
•College  was  established  in  1908  for  preparing  young  men  for 
service  in  the  Customs. 

The  ('ustoms  College  is  divided  into  two  sections,  i.e.  i^  ^  ^ 
Bu'  Hsi'  K'o',  Preparatory  Section,  and  -/^p(  Pen^  K'o\  Spe-jial 
Section.  For  the  first  there  are  accepted  pupils  between  the  ages 
•ol  14  ..nd  20  years  who  have  jtassed  the  Middle  ^^chool 
examinations  (see  Nos.  580  to  582),  after  a  competitive 
examinatnn  ;  for  the   Sj)eciiil  Section  there  aie  cliosen  scholars 

[     «7     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POI.ITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


253  betAveen  the  ages  of  16  and  22  }  ears — who  have  passed  the 
Middle  iSchool  examinations  and  speak  Enghsh — after  a 
competitive  examination. 

The  enrollment  of  the  Preparatory  Section  is  oO  and  that  o£ 
the  Special  Section  is  36. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  iSpecial  Section  covers  four 
years.  Besides  (Jhinese,  there  is  instruction  in  foreign  languages 
(Kussian,  French,  German  and  Japanese,  all  optional,  and 
English,  compulsory),  history,  geography,  mathematics,  physics, 
political  economy,  international  law,  commercial  law,  history  of 
the  development  of  trade,  differentiation  of  merchandise,  statistics, 
political  and  commercial  treaties,  (Justoms  regulations,  book- 
keeping, etc. 

Graduates  of  the  College  are  entitled  to  the  same  privileges 
as  graduates  of  High  Schools  {see  No.  583). 

At  the  head  of  the  Customs  C^ollege  is  a  |f|  $^  Tsung^*  Pan^^ 
Director,  and  subordinated  to  him  are  1  Inspector  (sec  No.  649), 
1  li  1^  ^  Tsung'  Chiao-^  Hsi-,  Senior  Teacher,  8  f jc  ^  Chiao* 
Hsi-,  Teachers,  1  ^  f^  ^  ^  Chai^  Wu^  Wei' Yiian^,  Supervisor 
of  Dormitories  (sec  No.  645),  1  ^;  ff  ^  ^  Shu^  Wu"*  Wei^ 
YiJan^,  Steward  (compare  No.  641),  1  ^  'g*  I^  Kuan',  Physician, 
1  Writer  {see  No.  642),  1  Book-keeper  {see  No.  643),  2 
Secretaries  (sec  No.  650)  and  2  "r^  ^  Ssu'  Shu',  Clerks. 

Kegulations  for  the  Customs  College,  drawn  up  by  the 
Superintendents  of  the  Board  of  Customs  Control,  were  sanctioned 
by  the  Emperor  on  the  21st  May,  1909. 

THE  IMPERIAL  MARITIME  CUSTOMS. 

253.  f^  g§  Hai^  Kuan',  Chinese  Imperial  jNIarltlme 
Customs  :  functions  at  all  ports  open  to  foreign  trade  (j^  f^  p  ^ 
T'ung'  Shang'  KW  An^. 

The  Impei-ial  Maritime  Customs  was  started  in  1854,  at  the 
initiative    of    the    British,   French    and    American    Consuls,    at 

[     <^«     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Shanghai,    when,    the  native  city  having  Leen  captured  l)y  the       254 
rebels,  the  authorities  were  unable  to  collect  the  duties  on  foreign         tO 
goods.     Proving  very  successful,  it  was  extended  to  oiher  ports.        257 

At  the  head  of  the  Service,  by  order  of  the  Governor- 
General,  was  placed  an  Englishman,  I^ay,  as  Inspector  General 

of  Customs. 

lu  1863  Mr.  Lay  was  replaced  by  Sir  (then  i\Ir.)  Kobert 
Hart,  who  has  retained  his  post  to  the  present  and  to  whose 
ability  in  organization  and  indefatigable  zeal  the  Chinese  owe 
that  the  Maritime  Customs  is  now  one  of  the  great  sources  of 
revenue  to  the  Treasury. 

The  staff  of  the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs,  mostly  recruited 
from  Foreigners  (at  least,  they  ftold  most  of  the  high  positions), 
was  formerly  undei*  the  supervision  of  the  Yamen  of  Foreign 
Affairs, — up  to  1901, — and,  later,  under  the  Board  of  Foreign 
Affairs  {sec  No.  311).  However,  in  1906,  the  Imperial  Alaritime 
Customs  was  subordinated,  by  Imperial  ICdict,  to  the  Board  of 
Customs  Control  {scr  Xos.  241  and  311),  a  purely  Chinese 
organization,  with  a  view  to  closer  supervision  of  th'^  fceign 
administr.jtion  of  Chinese  interests. 

The  administration  of  the  Chinese  Imperial  ^Maritime 
Customs  is  arranged  as  follows  : 

2-^-1  ■  li^.  $t  B  ^  W  Tsung-^  Shui*  Wu^  Ssui  Shu', 
Inspectorate  General  of  Customs. 

^■^•^-  ^^  ^  f^  m)  Tsung=^  Shui*  Wu^  Ssu\  Inspector 
General  of  Customs,  to  whom  appertains  the  supreme  direction  (»f 
the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs  throughout  the  Empire  and  the 
general  supers  i>i()n  of  Postal  affairs  (srr  No.  273). 

2^6.  JglJ  ^  ^  1^  nl  Fu^  Tsung'  Sluii'  Wu'  Ssii',  Deputy 
Inspector  (Jencral  of  (Justom-. 

2.07.  Sa  Jl  >SC  ^  ;f^{;  ^  S  Ts.uig^  Li'  W  en»  An'  8hui' 
Wu'  Smi',  Chief  Se«-retary. 

r     81)      1 


I'RESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

258  258.     ^mm^^M^   B  ^   i^^an^  Li^  Han^  Wen^ 

IQ        Wen=^  An*  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu\  Chinese  Secretary. 
gg^  259.     mM  ^   n  ^m  ^  UB  "^     Wei^  Hsnn^  Ko" 

K'ou^  K'uan'  Hsiang*  Shih*  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu^,  Audit  Secretary. 

260.  ^^mB  »l  Chii^  Ying^  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu^,  Non- 
resident Secretary. 

261.  it  fift  jl  ^  S  p]  Tsao*  Ts'e"  Ch'u*  Shui*  Wu^  Ssu', 
Statistical  Secretary. 

262.  g  il  ^MfSWuB  Rl  Hsiang'  Pan*  Wen^  An*  Fu* 
Shni*  Wu*  Ssu\  Assistant  Secretary. 

263.  g  if  ^  ^  ^  ^  gij  ^  a  ^J  Hsiang^  Pan*  Han* 
Wen^  Wen^  An*  Fu*  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu^,  Assistant  Chinese  Secretary. 

264.  m^^nmmmmUB^  Hsiang^  Ch'a=^  Ko* 
K'ou^  Kuan^  Hsiang*  Shih*  Fu*  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu\  Assistant  Audit 
Secretary. 

265.  3a  iIJi-  ^  aij  it  3^  o]  Tsao*  Ts'6*  Ch'u*  Fu*  Shui* 
Wu*  Ssii\  Assistant  Statistical  Secretary. 

266.  li  Wl  ^  ^  ^  Tsung^  Ssu^  Lu*  Shih*  Ssu\  Private 
Secretary. 

267.  ii  ^  ^  ii  T'ungi  Shang^  Ko*  KuanS  The  Maritime 
Customs  at  the  Open  Ports. 

The  administration  of  the  ]Maritime  Qustoms  at  the  open 
ports  is  arranged  as  follows  : 

1-  ^  ^    RJ  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu^,  Commissioner  of  Customs. 

2-  W  f^  ^  U  Shu*  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu\  Acting  Commissioner 
of  Customs. 

3'  S'J  ^  ^  "^  ^^^^  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu\  Deputy. Commissioner 
of  Customs. 

4.  ^  U^l  U  B  wl  Shu*  Fu*  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu^  Acting 
Deputy  Commissioner  of  Customs. 

5.  ft  5M  1;  ^  nl  Tai*  Li^  Shui*  Wu*  Ssu\  Assistant  in 
Charge. 

6-     M^WM  <^'li'ao'  Teng'  Pang^  Pan*,  Chief  Assistant. 

[     'JO     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


"•      M^^  M  T'on^  Teng^  Panir'  PanS  First  Assi^ant.  268 

«•      H  ^  ^  jr/jl  KrH^  Tcno;^  Pang^  Pan%  Second  Assistant.  ^^ 

*J.      ii  Jn  ^  ^^  ^  ^  ^^  ^'il  <^'ii"^  ^'l^ing^'  "^"^h'  Hsi'  Han^       ^69 
Wen'  Pang'  Pan^,  Assistant  Studying  Chinese. 
10.      fit  ||T  Kung^  Shili*,  Clerk. 
There  are  also  lliird  and  Fourth  Assistants. 

26 S.  For  the  examination  of  cargo  there  are  tlie  folloAving 
officers  of  the  Customs  : 

I-  M'^i^l^  Cli'ii^>'  Teng^  Tsung^  Hsiin',  Chief  Tide- 
survevor. 

-•      fiti  ^  T&  'j»a  '^'^^^'  Tcng'  Tsung^  Hsiin^,  Tidesurveyor. 

3.  ^-  m  k  W  fS  5i^  ^1"''  I^i'  '^'oxr  Tcng'  Tsung'  HsiinS 
Acting  Tidesurveyor. 

-•  H  ^  t&  Wi  ^'''•^''  Teng^  Tsung'  HsiinS  Assistant  Tide- 
surveyor. 

•5-      H  n^  t^,  y&.  S^"'  T('ng'  Tsung^  Hsiin^,  Boat  Officer. 

r,.  -^-  Jf  H  ^i  ^IS  5^  ^li"'  I-i'  San'  Teng^  Tsung'  Hsiin^, 
Acting  Boat  Officer, 

"•      51  ^  S^  15  T'o"'  Teng'  Yen^  }\x\o\  Chief  Examiner. 

^-      1-  %•  g/^,  ^  K'^i^  Teng'  Yen*  \lnu\  Examiner. 

•^-      H  ^  Sx^  "^  ''^^"^  Teng' Yen*  IIuo\  Assistant  Examiner. 

10.  l/n  "^  i^  ^  ^  T'ou^  Tcng'  Ch'ieni  Tzu*  Shou',  First 
Class  Tidewaiter. 

II-  K  HI  It  ^-  ^F  ^^''''''  Vung'  di-ien'  Tzu'  Sliou', 
Probationary  Tidewaiter. 

12.      5«  ^  H-iin'  P,  Watcher. 

209.  For  patrolling  the  coast  there  is  a  Customs  cruising 
flotilla. 

Ill  charge  of  each  cr-uiser  is  a  %{  jjf^f  'xi  mL  V*  l^^siin'  Ch'uan' 
Kuan'  Chia*  Kuan',  (.'onimander,  with  the  following  subcrdinate 
officers  : 

1-      5iii  l^[\  'T'r  .?S  S'J    ^'•'^'■"'"   Cli'uan"    iCiiau'    Chia'    KuV    First 

Officer. 

[      ''l      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

270  2.     %^  ^M^&\]  Hsiin*  Ch'uan^  Kuan'  Chia^  Erh*  Fii^ 

to         Second  Officer. 

272  ^-     ^  i^«  ^  iE  H  glJ    Hsiin^    Ch'uan^    Kuan'    Chia^    San^ 

Fu",  Third  Officer. 

4.  ^  ^  W  Ira  IE  Hsiin^  Cli'uan^  Kuan^^  Lun'  Cheng\ 
First  Engineer. 

5.  ^  iHS  ^  Ira  ^Ij  Hsim''  Ch'uan'  Kuan'  Lun-  FuS  Second 
Engineer. 

6.  @C  ^  "i*  fl  1^'ao^  Shou'  Shou'  Ling',  aunner. 

'^'      7k  ^  ^  M  Shui'  l^hou'  Shou'  Ling%  Quarter-master. 

^-      5i^  ii-#  i^sii^^'  T'ing''  Pien*,  Launch  Officer. 

270.  Within  the  Customs  there  is  a  ^B  yi,  M  Ying*  Tsao* 
Ch'u*,  Engineers'  Office,  supervised  by  a  ||l  ^*  oa  ^  Tsung^ 
Ying'  Tsao^  Ssu\  Engineer-in-Chie£.  To  him,  there  are 
Subordinated  : 

!•      w']  ^  5a    h1  F^^*  Ying^  Tsao*  Ssu\  Assistant  Engineers. 

2.  X  ^fH  Kung^  Shihi,  Clerks  of  Works,  and 
3-      IS  li  Chiang*  Tung',  Mechanics. 

27 L  Supervision  of  tlie  liarbour  is  the  duty  of  the  JM  ^  j^ 
Li'  Ch'uan^  Ch'u*,  Harbour  Office.  General  supervision  of  all 
the  harbours  is  entrusted  to  a  j^  X  ^  Hsiin'  Kuang^  Ssu\  Coast 
Inspector. 

In  charge  of  the  Harbour  Office  is  a  ^  fi^  ^   Li'  C'h'uan^ 
.  T'ing\     Har.bour    Master,    Avho    is    assisted    by    f^  'J^  ,9f  Chih* 
Po''  So',  Berthing  Officers. 

In  addition,  there  are  : 

1-  iMMM  Hsin*  Ch'i=^  Li^  Signalmen, 

2-  M  VX  |£  Hsiin^  Chiangi  Li^  River  Police,  and 

3.  A  yk  E  «Tii^  Shui-'  Chiangs  Pilots. 

272.  The  Customs  also  administers  a  |f  i|:  j^  Teng'  T'a* 
Ch'u*,  Lights  Department,  in  charge  of  a  JK  |§  r]  Hsiui^  Teng^ 
Ssu\  Inspector  of  Lights.     To  him  are  subordinated  : 

1-     11  JlS  ±  Tengi  Ch'uan*  (^hu',  Lightship  Captains, 

[     92     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


2.      M  /!«  'X  VA  Teng'  Ch'iian'  Ta*  Fu^  Lightship  Mate,      273 


a 


nd 


3.  II  if  11  ^  A  Teng^  T'a'  Chih'^  Shih^  JOir,  Light- 
keepers. 

273.  There  is  a;s  yet  no  uniformity  in  the  Postal 
organization  of  China.  In  addition  to  the  old  Government  Post 
{see  No.  754),  which  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board  of 
War  and  the  local  provincial  authorities,  at  the  most  important 
centres  (for  detailed  list  see  the  edition  of  the  Imperial  Maritime 
Customs  "Alphabetical  Index  of  Imperial  Post  Ofhces,")  there 
have  been  established  (the  first  in  1874)  by  Sir  Robert  Hart, 
the  Inspector  General  of  Customs  (see  No.  255),  Post  Offices 
working  on  the  lines  of  those  of  European  countries.  Ihese  are 
controlled  by  a  Postal  Department,  at  the  head  of  which  is  a 
li  fIJ  i^  ^  Tsuug^  Yu'  Cheng^  Ssu\  Inspector  General  of 
Posts  (this  post  has  always  been  an  adjunct  of  that  of  Inspector 
General  of  Customs). 

For  Postal  work  there  arc  subordinated  to  tnc  Inspector 
(ieneral  of  Customs  a  ffj  ifJS[  |i^J  |/j^  Yu^  C  heng»  Tsung^  Pan', 
Postal  Secretai-y,  and  a  §j;  i^  filj  ijijg  ||j|  Yu^  Cheng'  Fu^  Tsung* 
Pan',  Assistant  Postal  Secretary. 

Post  Offices  are  of  two  de8crij)tions,  i.e.  $|^  iJF^  |,i^i  ^  Yu^ 
Cheng*  Tsung^  Chu^  Head  Offices,  and  $^  H^  ^  ^  ^''»'  Cheng' 
Fen'  ChiiS  Branch  Offices. 


[     ^■■'     1 


r 


\ 


PART    II. 


MINISTRIES 


i 


MINISTRIES  (BOARDS). 


MINISTRIES    (BOARDS)    IN    GENERAL. 


274.  Ill  addition  to  establislinients  already  mentioned,  274 
liaving  very  special  or  temporary  functions,  there  are  in  China 
eleven  ^linistries  (Boards)  whose  authority  extends  to  all  parts 
of  the  Empire.  Although  a  development  of  the  old  ^  "^j^  Tviu* 
l*u'.  Six  Ministries  (Boards)  and  other  offices,  the  new  ]\1  inisti'ies 
are  gradually  changing  the  former  practice  of  administration  of 
metropolitan  aflairs  only  and  the  leaving  of  the  greatest  initiative 
in  provincial  atfaiis  to  Governor-Generals  and  Governors. 

Beinj;  convinced  of  the  detrimental  influence  of  a  svstem  of 
decentralization,  the  Government  is  bending  itself  to  a  policy  of 
.<;uljordinating  to  the  Ministries  everything  that  is  of  general 
im])ortance  (education,  finance,  military  affairs,  police  and  justice). 

The  eleven  Ministries  (Boards^  are  : 

1-  ^h  l>j  nfJ  ^^^^i*  ^^"^i^  I*"^  Ministry  (Board;  of  Foreign 
Atlliirs  {sf'c  No?.  30o  to  .S32a), 

2.  ^  ^|5  T^i^  Pu^  Ministry  (]>oard)  of  Civil  A])])oliiinients 
(see  Xos.  333  to  338), 

•"'•  J\J  0.  oB  ^I'"'^  Cheiig^  i'u^  MlniM.;  viH'anl)  .1  thr 
Interior  (scr  Nos.  ;>3*J  to  348). 

4.  jff  ^  %  Tu'  Chlh'  Pii',  Mlm>li.N  05u;u.l)  of  FliiMnce 
{sfc  Nos.  34'J  to  37.0), 

•''•  ipft  rtR  I'i"  Pi'''  Ministry  ^lioardj  of  l{it<s  (..yt  No^.  37t) 
to  394), 

G.      f^\     %    Ilsiich-    I'll',    Ministry    (Board;    of    J-Ldurjition 

<No.H.  3l>.>  to  414j, 

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PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

275  7.     1^  ^  ^(5    Lu*  Chiini  PuS   Ministry  (Board)   of  War- 

to         (see  Nos.  415  to  437), 

g77  ^-      ^  hB  Fa*  Pu*,  Ministry  (Board)   of  Justice  (s^e  Nos. 

438  to  459), 

9.  ^  X  I§  §1^  Nung"^  Kungi  Shang^  Pu*,  Ministry  o£ 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce' (Xos.  460  to  471), 

10-  M  i^^  oH  Yui  Ch'uan-  Pu\  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Communications  (see  Nos.  472  to  490),  and 

11.  m  ^  SK  Lr^  Fani  Pu^  Ministry  (Board)  of  Depen- 
dencies (see  Nos.  491  to  409). 

275.  Each  ^fj  Pu*,  Ministry,  is  composed  of  a  number 
(from  4  to  10)  of  "^  Ssu^,  Departments,  which,  again,  are  divided 
into  fi{-  K'o^,  Sections,  and  ]^  Ku^,  Sub-sections.  Also,  at  the 
majority  of  the  Ministries  there  is  a  ;^  I^  ,^<  Ch'eng^  Cheno-* 
T'ingS  Council,  and  a  ^  f^  ^  Ts'an^  P  T'ingS  Secretarial. 
Office,  as  well  as  ^  Chu-,  Offices,  and  ^  Ch'u"*,  Committees 
(for  various  affiiirs). 

276.  The  head  of  all  but  one  of  the  Ministries  is  the  ^j  "^ 
Shang*  Shu\  President  ;  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affiiirs, 
the  exception,  this  official  is  subordinated  to  a  |j||  ?g  ^\^  f^  *|^  ^  f^, 
Tsungs  Li^  Wai*.  Wu*  Pu*  Shih*  Wu*,  Controller,  to  whom 
appertains  the  supreme  control  of  affiiirs  of  the  Ministry  see 
No.  305b). 

At  one  period — from  1907  to  1909 — there  Avere  Controllers 
at  other  Ministries,  for  instance,  at  the  Ministrj-  of  War  (^  Jg: 
mW-U^  B  K"a»'  Li'  Lu*  Chnn^  Pu*  Shih^  Wu*)  and  at 
the  Ministry  of  Education  (^51^*0^^  Kuan^  U^  Hsueh^ 
Pu*  Shih*  Wu*),  holding  v/hich  position,  were,  respectively,. 
Prince  (Jh'ing  and  ^^  ^  g  S  Chang^  W-jn^  Plsiang^  KungJ- 
(the  late  Grand  Secretary  ^^  ;t  M  Chang^  Chih^  Tung^). 

277.  In  addition  to  the  afore-mentioned,  at  the  Ministry 
of  Foreign  Affiiirs  tliere  is  the  post  of  ^  |/|  ;)^  g  Hui^  I'an*' 
Ta*    Ch'Cnr,    Assistant    Controller,    which    title    is     sometimes- 

[     'JH     ] 


to 
284a 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

conferred    on    the    President    of    that    Ministry,    his    title    then       078 
becoming  y\*  f^  *n  f^J    f^  ^  IJf^  ±  ^  ^Vai'  Wu^  Pu'  Shang* 
Slm^  llui^  Pan^  Ta'  Lh'On-  {see  Nos.  305c  and  :H)3l)). 

278.  As  has  been  stated  above  (see  No.  276),  at  the  head 
of  each  Ministry  (with  the  exception  mentioned)  tliere  is  a  fi}  ^ 
Shang^  Shu^  (official  'esignation,  ^[5  ^*  Pu*  T'aug''^)  President  ; 
1b,  to  whom  are  subordinated  : 

2 "9.  ^  f^  Ei;  Tso^^  Shih*  Lang2  (official  designation,  AfJ  |^ 
Pu*  Yiiau"),  Senior  Vice-President  ;  2a;  one  at  each  ^Ministry. 

280.  :^  f^  gi;  Yu*  Shih^  Lang2  (official  designation,  *|5  ^ 
Pu*  Yiian"),  Junior  Vice-President;  2a  ;  one  at  each  Ministry. 

'■^^^'  ^  ^  Tso-^  Ch-eng-,  Senior  Coiuicillor  ;  3a  ;  one  at 
each  Ministry,  >vith  the  exception  of  the  Ministry  of  Depen- 
dencies {see  No.  492). 

282.  :;^  y^  Yu*  Ch'eng-,  .funior  Councillor  ;  3a  ;  one  at 
each  Ministry,  %vith  the  exception  of  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies 
{see  No.  492). 

283.  ^  #  li  Tso^  Ts'an^  P,  Senior  Secretary,;  4a  ; 
one  at  each  ^Ministry,  with  the  excejition  of  the  Ministry  of 
Dependencies  (see  No.  492). 

284.  ^  ^  p^  Yu*  Ts'an^  I',  Junior  Secretary  ;  4a  ;  one 
at  each  Ministry,  with  the  exception  of  the  Ministry  of  Depen- 
dencies {see  No.  492). 

284a.  Under  the  old  4'ogimo,  previous  to  1901,  at  the 
head  of  each  Ministry  there  were  two  Presidents  (Manchn  and 
Chinese  respectively),  to  whom  were  subordinated  two  Scnioi- 
Vice-Presidents  (Manclui  and  (  liincse  respectively)  and  two 
tluiiior  Vice-Presidents  uManchu  and  Chinese  respectively). 
The  posts  of  Councillor  and  Secretary  did  not  exist  ;  these  were 
first  established  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affaii-s,  in  1901, 
and,    hiter,    in    1905,    at    the    Ministries    of    Education,   of    the 

L     9«     ] 


285c 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

285  Interior  and  o£  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce,  and,  finally, 
4.^  in  the  Autumn  of  1906,  at  the  remaining  Ministries,  uith  the 
exception  of  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies. 

285.  ^  ^  M  Ch'eng2  Cheng"  T'ing^,  Council  of  a 
Ministry  (Board)  ;  with  Councillors  (see  Nos.  281  and  282)  in 
charge.  This  office  is  found  at  the  Ministries  of  the  Interior 
(see  No.  340),  of  Finance  (see  No.  350),  of  War  {see  No.  422), 
of  Justice  (see  No.  441)  and  of  Posts  and  Coipmunications 
(see  No.  473). 

285a.  :p  1^  ,®  Ts'ani  I^  T'ing^  Secretarial  Office  ;  with 
Secretaries  (see  Nos.  283  and  284)  in  charge.  This  office  is 
found  at  the  Ministries  of  the  Iitr  rior  (see  No.  341),  of  Finance 
(see  No.  351),  of  War  (see  No.  423),  of  Justice  (see  No.  442) 
and  of  Posts  and  Communications  (see  No.  474). 

285b.  Besides  Councillors  (see  'Nos.  281  and  282), 
attached  to  the  Councils  of  the  Ministries  (see  No.  285)  are  : 

Section  Chiefs  (see  No.  290);  three  at  the  Ministry  of 
Finance, 

Assistant  Section  Chiefs  (see  No.  291)  ;  four  at  the 
Ministries  of  the  Interior  and  of  Finance, 

Second  Class  Secretaries  (see  No.  292)  ;  four  at  the  Minis- 
try of  the  Interior,  three  at  the  Ministi-y  of  Finance,  and 

Assistant  Secretaries  (see  No.  286)  ;  two  at  the  Ministries 
of  Justice  and  of  Posts  and  Communications. 

The  Council  of  the  Ministry  of  War  has  a  peculiar  organi- 
zation (for  details  see  No.  422b).    ^ 

285c.  In  addition  to  Secretaries  (see  Nos.  283  and  284), 
the  members  of  the  Secretarial  Offices  of  the  Ministries  (see  No. 
285a)  are  : 

Section  Chiefs  (see  No.  290)  ;  three  at  the  ^Ministry  of 
Finance, 

Assistant  Section  Chiefs  (see  No.  291)';  four  at  the  Mhiis- 
try  of  Finance. 

[     100     ] 


riiESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CIIIXA. 


Second  Class-  Secretaries  (sec  No.  292)  ;  three  at  the  Mniis-       286 
try  of  Finance,  and  tO 

Assistant  Secretaries  {see  No.  286)  ;   two  ut  the   ^linistries       ooi 
of  the  Interior,  of  Justice  and  of  Posts  and  Communications. 

rho  Secretarial  Office  of  the  Ministry  of  War  has  a  ])ei'uliar 
organization  (for  details  see  No.  423a). 

2st).  ^  ^%  Ts'an^  Shih*  or,  at  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Commiinication-r,  -^  3fP  Ciiien'  Shih*,  Assistant  iSecri'tary  of  a 
Ministry;  oa.  These  officials,  as  seen  above,  are  attached  to 
the  Councils  (see  No.  285 h)  and  to  the  Secretarial  Offices  (see 
No.  28oc).  Also,  four  Assistant  Secretaries  are  stationed  at  the 
Ministry  of  Education  (see  No.  396). 

287.  7K3  ±il  lH  Ch'Ong-  Ts'ani  Shang'  H.<lno-'  Tsou', 
Expectant  Councillors  or  Expectant  Secretaries.  These  arc 
attached  to  the  various  ^Ministries  in  an  indefinite  jium])er. 

288.  ^  :fe  ^  T-ano'  Chu^*  Shih^•  Secretaries  (of  the 
President  of  a  Ministry)  ;  6a.  They  are  found  at  the  Minis- 
tries of  Civil  Appointments  (see  No.  334  ;  five),  of  Rites  (sec 
No.  377  :   four)  and  of  Dei)endencies  (5^^  No.  492a  ;  six). 

289.  The  Departments  composing  the  various  jMinistries 
are  organized  on  uniform  lines  with  the  exception  of  those  of  the 
Ministry  of  Wai-.  The  last  mentioned  have  a  peculiar  organi- 
zation (for  details  see  No.  434). 

290.  Il|>  »|*  Eang'^  Chimg\  Department  Directors  ;  5a, 
(literary  designation,  ]£,  B|5  Cheng*  Lang-)  ;  1  to  9  in  each 
Department  ;  stationed  at  the  Councils  (see  No.  285 n)  and  at 
the  Secretarial  Offices  (see  No.  285<  ). 

201.  l{  ^{^  in>  Viiiui'  Wai'  liung',  Assistant  Dr{)artment 
Directors  (literary  designation,  l\\\  ]i\l  Vu*  Lang'  ;  also  oJ"  ^ 
Chi'  Lang')  ;  5h  ;  2  to  h  in  each  Department;  stationed  at  the 
Councils  (see  No.  2H5ij)  and  at   the  Secretarial   Offices   (see   No. 

285c). 

[      >'"      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL  .ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


292  292.     ^   ^     Chu^     Shih^     Second    ('lass    Secretaries    of 

to         Ministries    (literary    designation,    J^  j^    Ohxi^   Cheng'*);   6a  ;     1 
298       to  6   in  each  Department ;    stationed  at  the   Councils  (see  No. 
285b)  and  at  the  Secretarial  Offices  {see  No.  285c). 

293.  ^  to"  j^  Pi^  T'ieh*  Shih*,  Clerks,  of  the  seventh  to 
the  ninth  ranks,   (literary  designation,  ^  iSJC  Pi^  Cheng*). 

294.  p]  ^  Ssu^  Chang^  Department  Controllers.  ;f^  ^ 
f/  Ch'eng'  Fa^  Kuan\  Registrars.  fl{-  ^  K'o^  (^hang^  Section 
Chiefs.  fj|-  ^  K'o^  Jiiau^,  Section  Secretaries  (of  the  first, 
second  and  third  ranks).  §1  ^  Lu*  Shih*,  Writers  (of  the 
eighth  and  ninth  ranks). 

The  above-mentioned  officials  are  found  at  all  the  JNIinistries, 
in  the  various  Departments  and  Councils,  including  the  Ministry 
of  War. 

295.  ^  ifi  'b*  Shu^  Chi*  KuanS  Clerks  (of  the  first,  second 
and  third  ranks)  ;  7a,  8a  and  9a.  Tlius  are  styled  the  Clerks  at 
the  Ministry  of  Education  (see  Nos.  403  and  413a)  ;  they 
correspond  to  the  ^  \\l^  x^  Pi^  T'ieh^  Shih*  of  other  Ministries.. 

296.  p1  i^  ^.  Ssu^  Wu*  t'ingS  Chancery;  with  two  ^ 
^  Ssu^  Wu*,  Chancery  Chiefs  ;  8a,  in  charge.  This  office  is 
found  at  the  Ministries  of  Foi-eign  Affairs  (see  No.  307),  of  Civil 
Appointments  (see  No.  334a),  of  Rites  (see  No.  378),  of  Finance 
(see  No.  365),  of  Education  (see  No.  397)  and  of  Dependencies 
(see  No.  494,  and,  for  details,  No.  495a). 

297.  tl  ^h  nl  M.  E'  Wai*  Ssu^  Yiian^  Supernumerary 
Department  Officials  ;  having  the  titles  of  Department  Director 
(see  No.  290),  Assistant  Department  Director  (see  No.  291), 
Second  Class  Secretary  (see  No.  292)  and  Clerk  (see  No.  293). 
They  are  attached  to  the  varioiis  Departments  in  an  indefinite 
number,  sometimes  very  great. 

298.  WJ  1$  Ssu^  K'u*,  Treasurer;  7a,  and  j^,  f^  K'u* 
Shih^,  Treasury  Overseer.  These  Officials  are  stationed  at  the 
Treasuries  of  the  Ministries  (for  example,  see  No.  384a). 

[      102     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKG ANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

299.  4:  n^  /h  ^  'g*  Ch'ii  r-m^  Hsiao'  Ohlncri  7^„^„i^ 
Oflicial  of  the  seventh  rank,  and  /\  ^^„  /J>  ^  '(j*  Pa'  Pmu^ 
Ilsiao"^  (I'hiiig^  Kuan',  Official  of  tlie  eit;"hth  rank.  Those  are 
attached  to  the  Councils  and  Secretarial  Offices  in  an  indefinite 
number  (compare  No.  475). 

300.  t^  ri  I'  Yiian-,  Advisers  ;  consisting-  of  i^  f^  ^  ^ 
Kung'  Wu^  I*  \;iau*,  Mining  Advisers,  and  \^]  f^  ^^  ^  Shang' 
Wn*  P  Yiian-,  Commercial  Advisers,  at  the  ^[inistry  of  Agrii'ul- 
tui-e.  Industry  and  Comnierce  (sec  No.  -IGSJj  and  JJ^  f^  f||  ^ 
Lu'  \\  u'  i'  Yiian'-,  Railway  Ad\  isers,  at  the  ^linistry  of  Posts 
and  Connunnications  {srr  Xo.  484). 

301.  '£^  gifj  P  Shih',  Chief  Engineers  of  the  first  and 
second  r;;id<  ;  (lA  anil  Tv,  and  ^  "i  I^  Shih*,  ICngineers  of  the 
first  and  second  rank  :  8a  and  9a.  These  are  found  at  the 
Ministiies  of  the  Interior  (sre  No.  345n),  of  War  {ser  Nos.  427 h 
and  428 h),  of  Agiiculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  (see  No. 
469)  and  of  Posts  and  Connnunications  {srr  No.  487). 

30P\.  ^  'g-  P  Kuan',  Physicians  (of  the  sixth  and 
seventh  rank)  ;  stationed  at  the  ^finistry  of  the  Interior  (sec  No. 
34Gh). 

302.  f,-^  1^  'g*  Tzu'  I*  Kuan',  Consulting  Exj^erts  (of  the 
first,  second,  third  and  f(juitli  rank)  ;  foutid  at  the  Ministries  of 
Education  (see  No.  40o),  and  of  War  (see  No.  42.3a  ;  tliey  are 
hero  mciu hers  of  the  Secretarial  ()fH<-e).  Tlie  nuinix'r  of  these 
officials  i>)  indefinite. 

302a.  ffi  IJ!]  Ij-  Ku'  \Ven'  K.ian',  Advisers  (of  the  first, 
second,  thinl  and  foui-th  rank)  ;  stationed  at  the  Ministries  of 
Agricultui-c,  Indn.sti'y  and  < 'onmiei'i'C  (srr  No.  SOS)  and  nf  Posts 
and  Coniiii  inieations  (sre  No.  4H3)  in  an  indefinite  ninnher. 

302 r..  Advi.sers  and  Experts  of  the  fiist  rank  (see  Nos.  302 
and  302a )  have  the  raid<  c.f  Councillor  (srr  Nos.  281  and  2X2), 
of  the  second  rank,  that  of  Senior  (»r  .limioi'  Secretary  (see  Nos. 
283  ti'id  284),  of  the  third  rank,  that  <>f    I)<  paitrnent  Director  or 

[      1"^'      1 


299 

to 

3023 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


306 


303       Assistant  Department  Director  {see   Nos,    290   and  291),  and  of 
+Q        the  fourth  rank,  that  of  Second  Class  Secretary  (see  No.  292). 

The  title  of  Adviser  is  sometimes  bestowed  on  persons 
distinguished  for  some  particiilar  service  (for  instance,  with 
regard  to  home  industries,  commerce,  etc.)  The  title  of  Adviser 
of  the  fourth  rank  was  bestowed,  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial 
from  the  Ministry  of  Agricultur^,  Industry  and  Commerce,  on 
M  j^  r^  (Jhangi  I^-nan-  and  \,^  'jt  M  Ch'en-"  I^-hsrS  who 
initiated  the  building  of  two  private  railways  in  Kwangtung 
Province,  if  ?Ul  i^  1?^  Ch'ao^  Shan=^  T'ieh^  Lu*,  the  Ch'ao-chou- 
Shan-t'ou  (Swatow)  Raihvay,  and  ff  ^  ilj  IfS  Hsin^  Ning=^ 
T'ieh^  Lu%  Hsin  Ning  Kailway. 

303.  ;^  ^  'g*  Chien'  Ch'a^  Kuan\  Inspectors  of  Military 
affairs  (of  the  first,  second  ar.d  third  rank);  attached  in  an 
indefinite  nimiber  to  the  Secretarial  Office  of  the  Ministry  of 
War  (see  Xo.  423 a). 

304.  ^  '^  T'ang'  Kuan\  a  designation  common  to  all 
the  High  Ofiicials  of  the  Ministries,  Secretaries  included. 
"p]  -^  Ssu'^  Kuan',  common  designation  of  all  officials  of  the 
Ministries  below  the  rank  of  Secretary  ('•'dignitaries"  and 
"  officers.") 

MINISTRY    (BOARD)  OF  FOREIGN  AFFAIRS. 

305.  li  m^M^BWi?^  Tsungs  L?  Ko'^  Kuo^  Shih* 
Wu^  Ya"-'  Men^,  Office  of  Foreign  Affairs  (shorter  ;  ||  J^  fgj  P^ 
Tsung'  Jj?  Ya2  Men^;  also  Hg  ^-  Tsnng^  Shu*);  established  by 
Imperial  Edict  of  the  31st  January,  1861,  for  dealing  with  all 
matters  concerning  China  and  the  Foreign  Powers,  the 
representatives  of  the  latter  having  been  granted  by  Treaties- 
(Tientsin  ;  1858,  and  Peking  ;  1860)  the  privilege  of  residing  at 
the  Capital  (previously  all  dealings  between  China  and  Pussia 
were  carried  on  through  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies  and  those 
with  other  Powers  through  the  Ministry  at  liites  ;  see  Nos.  376 

[      104     ] 


riiESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    OKGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

and  491).  :^  'Ji^  ^  ^-  ^f  Kuno^  Clriu^  Wano-  P  llsin\  Kung,  305 
Prince  of  the  First  Degree,  personal  name  ^  ||f  1  lisin  (the 
sixth  brother'of  the  Emperor  j;^  »'^  Hsien'-  Feng',  1851-1861), 
was  its  first  President  and  1j^  ^  Kiiei*  Liang'-,  a  Grand 
Secretaiv,  and  ^  jjj'p  Wen-  llsiaiig-,  Vice-President  of  the 
Ministry  of  War,  were  detaiUd  to  thi:  office. 

The  mmilier  of  memhers  of  tlie  Tsiing  lA  Ya  Mriu  known 
hy  the  general  title  of  IH  :^  E  Wang^  Ta^  Ch'en",  ''  Prince  and 
Ministers''  was  not  defined  and  sometimes  i-eached  eleven.  High 
Officials  holding  snbstantive  posts,  which  thev  retained^  were 
detailed  to  tliis  office,  hut  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that,  for  tliirty 
years  after  the  institution  of  tlie  Tsmig  Li  Ya  Men,  its  existence 
was  ignored  hy  the  ;|g  |l|j  |^,  Chin^  Shcn'  Ln',  '-Red  Book," 
which  was  otherwise  a  complete  directory  of  Metro))olitan  and 
Pi-o\incial  State  Lstalili^hmcnts  and  indicated  their  persoimel. 
The  omission  was,  rectified  in  1890. 

The  clerical  work  of  the  Tsung  Li  Ya  Men  Avas  performed 
by  ^  ^*  Chang'  Ching',  Secretaries  (official  designation,  p\  ^ 
Ssn'  Yiian-  or  ■p]  'g*  Ssu^  Kuan'),  who  were  originally  drafted 
from  the  staff' of  the  Council  of  State  (sec  No.  129n).  The  six 
senior  Secretaries,  all  of  Avhom  held  either  substanti\c  or 
expectant  rank,  were  usually  styled  |l^J  |/jjf  Tsung^  Pan*. 

The  members  of  the  Tsung  Li  Ya  Men,  being  only 
tem])orarily  deputed  to  that  office,  naturally  jtaiil  attemu. 
mainly  to  the  duties  of  their  substantive  ])osts,  leaving  no  time 
for  seriously  attending  to  those  of  theii-  additional  office,  ulntli 
were,  in  addition,  (|uite  unknown  to  them.  Also,  there  being  :• 
numerous  stall"  of  ujembers  of  etpial  standing,  sometimes  having 
entirely  difTercnt  views  on  international  (piestions,  the  practice  o£ 
referring  (picstions  from  one  mcndjcr  to  another  during  negotia- 
tions, the  absence  of  initiative  and  fear  of  the  consetiuences  of  any 
initiative,  and.  finally,  (he  littlr  knowledge,  or  even  complete 
ipnorance,  of  the  mend'.ers  of  the  Tsung  Li  Ya  M'"n  of  (|uc8tl<)ns 


ntESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


305a  under  discussion,  made  negotiations  veiy  difficult  for  the  Foreign 
Representatives,  yvho  continually  pointed  out  to  .  China  the 
necessity  for  the  reform  of  this  establishment.'  These  recom-- 
mendations  remained  fruitless  and,  at  last,  the  Powers  insisted 
on  an  Article  beins^  inserted  in  the  "  Peace  Pi'otocol  between 
China  and  the  Foreign  Powers,"  signed  on  the  7th  December, 
1901  ; — Article  12 — reading  as  follows  : 

"  An  Imperial  Edict  of  24th  July,  1901,  has  reformed  the 
^'  Office  of  Foreign  Affiiirs  in  the  direction  indicated  by  the 
"  Powers,  that  is  to  say,  has  transformed  it  into  a  ^Ministry  of 
*'  Foreign  Affiiirs,  which  takes  precedence  of  the  other  Si*- 
*'  Ministries. 

"  The  same  Edict  has  named  the  principal  members  of  this 
-«  Ministry." 

305 A.  ^\.  f^  Aj?  Wai*  Wu*  Pu*,  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs  ;  established,  as  stated  above,  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the 
;24th  Jidy,  1901,  the  tenor  of  which  was  as  follows  : 

On  the  ninth  dav  of  the  sixth  moon  the  Grand  Seci'etariat 
received  an  Edict,  as  follows  : 

"  The  appointment  of  officials  and  the  determination  of  their 
""  duties  have,  imtil  now,  been  regulated  by  the  needs  of  the 
"  moment.  Henceforth,  however,  when  a  Treaty  of  Peace  is 
"  concluded,  international  relations  are  to  be  placed  in  the  first 
"  rank  of  important  affairs  and  it  is  more  than  ever  necessary  to 
"  call  for  the  assistance  of  clever  men  and  give  them  opportunity 
"  to  study  everything  having  reference  to  the  establishment  of 
"  friendly  x'elations  and  confidence  in  intercourse. 

"  It  is  tme  that  the   Office  of  Foreign  Affairs,  previously         I 
"  established  for  dealing  Avith  international  aflairs,  has  existed  for        % 
"  many  years,   but  the   '  Prince   and    ^Ministers '    composing    its 
"  staff,  holding  office  there  as  a  complement  to  other  substantive 
*'  posts,  have   been   unable  to   devote  themselves  entirely  to  its 

[     lOG     ] 


PKKSKXT     DAY    POKITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF     CHIXA. 


"affairs  and   it   is   necessary    to  create  <.listiiu'ti\e  positions  that      305b 
*'  each  may  recogriiize  his  duties.  ^q 

'•  lu    view   of  this   we   direct    that    tlie    Otiice    of    Foreifrn      305o 
*' Affairs    he    transformed    into   a    Ministry   of    Foreign    Affairs, 
*'  whicli    sliall    take    precedence   of    the   other  K>ix  Ministries   of 
"  State. 

"  We  appoint  I  IvMiang^,  Prince  Ch'insi-,  Prince  of  the  First 
*'  Des^ree,  President  of  tile  ilinistry  of  Foreign  Athairs  ;  Wang 
"  \\  cn-shao,  (^i-and  Secretary  of  tlie  T'i  Jen  Ko,  to  be  Vice- 
*' President,  and  Lh'ii  Hung-chi,  President  of  the  Ministry  of 
*'  Works,  to  retain  liis  title  but  act  as  Vice-President.  Hsii 
"  Shou-p'cng,  •  Director  of  the  Palace  Stud,  and  I^icn  Fang, 
''Expectant  Mctro])olitan  Vice-Director  of  the  third  cr  louith 
*'  rank,  to  be  First  anil  Second  Directors  f  Assistant  Secretaries). 

"  As  regai'ds  the  appointment  of  a  staff,  regulations  and 
*' salaries  to  be  ])aid,  we  direct  that  these  be  airanged  b\'  the 
*' Council  of  Stale  and  the  ^linistry  of  Civil  Appointnients  as 
*' soon  as  })Ossible  and  a  ^leniorial  f>n  the  sr.ljject  bo  })i'esented  to 
*'  Us.     Kespect  This."' 

The  internal  organization  of  the  ]\Jinisti'y  of  Foreign  Alfiiirs 
IS  based  on  Memorials  of  the  Purciui  of  Clo\ernment  Affairs, 
in  c<jllaboratif  n  with  the  ^Ministry  of  Civil  Apj)ointnients,  dated 
the  lltli  August,  1901,  and  of  the  ^Ministry  of  Foreign  Athiirs 
it.self,  dated  the  29th  Decem})er  of  the  same  year. 

The  reform  of  the  ])olitical  organization  of  tlie  State,  mider- 
taken  in  the  autunm  of  19(if).  did  not  aH'cct  the  Ministry  of 
Foreign  AHiiirs  (.tee  Edict  dated  ()th  November). 

30.3!',.  .flSJ'RM^fi;ffIJ^jfl'^  Tsnng-^  Li='  Wai*  Wii'  Pn'  Shih^ 
^^  u^,  < 'ontrollci- of  ilic  Ministry  of  l*\)icign  Alhiirs  {sec  No.  27()). 

30.0c.  M^,%^M:)d^  ^Vni'  Wn*  Vn'  TTui*  Pan'  Ta^ 
Ch'f'n',  Assistant  Controller  o|"  the  .Mini-'iry  of  I'oieigu  A  Mini  s 
{se,:  No.  277). 

[      1<»7     ] 


TEESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


308 


305d  305i>.     ^I>  m  %i^m^  IM  ±  E   Wai'  Wu^  Pu^  Shang^ 

+0         Shu^  Hui^  Paii^  Ta'*  Ch'cir,  President   and   Assistant   Controller 
of  the  Ministry  o£  Foreign  Affairs  (see  No.  277). 

306.  The  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  is  composed  of  the 
following  four  Departments  : 

1  •  fn  ^  "^  Ho^  Hui*  Ssu\  Department  of  Intercourse  ; 
arranges  receptions  for  Foreign  Kepresen'tatives,  requests  audiences 
for  them  and  recommends  decorations  to  be  bestowed  on  them, 
superv^ises  the  appointment  and  transfer  of  Chinese  licpresentatives 
abroad  and  Chinese  Consuls,  the  personal  staff  of  the  Ministry, 
and  the  recommendation  of  rewards  for  these  officials,  etc. 

2.  ^  Ju  p\  K'ao^  Kung'  Ssu\  Department  of  Technical 
Affairs  ;  controls  the  engagement  of  foreigners  for  service  in  the 
Railways,  Mines,  Telegraph  Service,  Arsenals,  etc.,  and  the 
sending  of  Students  abroad. 

3-  ^  S  p]  Ch'tieh*  Suan'^  Ssu^  Accounts  Department ; 
supervises  Customs  Duties,  Foreign  Trade,  Steam  Navigation, 
Foreign  Loans,  Postal  Affairs,  Expenditure  of  the  Ministry, 
paying  the  salaries  of  Chinese  liepresentatives  abroad,  etc. 

^-  B,  f#  "pI  Shu^  \Yu*  Ssu\  Department  of  (TCneral 
Affairs  ;  in  charge  of  Frontier  and  Missionary  Affairs,  the  issue 
of  Passpoi'ts  for  travel  in  the  interior,  etc. 

307.  f!j  1^  ^  Ssu^  Wu^  T'ingS  Chancery  (see  No.  296)  ; 
in  charge  of  2  g]  f§  Ssu^  Wu-",  Chancery  Chiefs  ;  8a. 

308.  In  each  Department  there  are  two  Department 
Directors  {.see  No.  290),  tvvo  Assistant  Department  Directors 
(see  No.  291)  and  two  Second  Class  Secretaries  (see  No.  292). 
These  all  have  distinctive  titles,  distinguishing  them  from  similar 
officials  of  the  other  Ministries,  namely  : 

1.  ^  fIJ  Chang^  YinS  Keeper  of  the  Seal, 

2.  ±  ^  Chu'  Kao^  Keeper  of  Drafts, 

3.  f^^^H  Pang*  Chang'  Yin"*,  ^  Assistant  Keeper  of  the 
Seal. 

[     108     ] 


I 


PIH:SEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CHINA. 


'^'     ^  i  ^  Pans:'  Cliu*  Kno',  Assistant  Keeper  of  Drafts.      309 

5.  fi1  m  nn  ±^U±  I'ang'    Chr.n<r3    yin*   Shang*  Hsing'        ^O 
Tsou^,  Expectant  Assistant  Keeper  of  the  Seal,  and  ^. 

6.  ^±l%±'ll1k  Pang^  Chu'  Kao»  Shang*  Hsing= 
Tsou',  Expectant  Assistant  Keeper  of  Drafts. 

309.  Interpreters  (Translators)  attached  to  the  Ministry 
of  Foreign  Aifairs  are  divided,  in  the  first  instance,  into  various 
ranks  : 

1  •  -t  m  ^^  '^  Ch'i^  P'in'  Fan^  I^  Kuan',  Interpreters 
of  the  seventh  rank. 

2.  A  uai^^  'l^*  1"^^  P'i"'  ^ani  I*  Kuan',  Interpreters  of 
the  eighth  rank,  and 

3.  il;?a  i^  a^  "^  C'hiu'  P'in'  Fan'  I*  Kuan\  Interpreters 
of  the  ninth  rank. 

Thev  are  further  divided,  from  their  specialities,  into  sections 
(now  ^  Ku^  formerly  J^  Ch'u^)  i.e.  f^  E*,  Russian,  ^  T^\ 
German,  ^  Fa%  French,  ^t  Ying\  English,  and  0  7^  Jih*  Pen^, 
Japanese,  each  section  having  one  Interpreter  of  each  rank. 

310.  iitl^T^'^  Ch'u'  Ts'ai*  Kuan',  Preceptory  of  the 
Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  ;  established  in  accordance  with  a 
Memorial  from  the  Ministry  itself,  dated  the  13th  .lune,  1906. 

The  internal  organization  of  this  establishment  was  treated 
in  Memorials  dated  14tli  December,  1900,  26th  April,  7th  ]May 
and  3rd  .Iniie,  1907.  The  object  of  its  establishment  is  the 
training  of  officials  for  service  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
both  at  lleadfjuarters  and  at  Establishments  aln-oad. 

The  administration  of  the  Preceptory  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
following  ((jfficiils  of  the  Mlnistrv)  : 

1  •      1    i>!i  i^  T'i2  Tiao^  Proctor, 

2.  1    V/  V,ii  iiW  l'»"S^  'i'"'  '-l''^"''  Assistant  I'roctor, 

3.  1    iJC  'M  U  ^V(m'  An'  Yuan',  Secretary, 
-*•       '    ^  lit  ii  ^ '•"'''  ^  >"«'  Vuan»,  Treasurer, 
^-      1    /.ff.  D!?  U  Slur  \Vu^  YiJan',  Steward, 

[      lO'J     3 


315 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

311  6.     ^  12  ^  ShuVChi^  Sheng\  Clerks  (number  not  fixed). 

+  7.      1   ^  i^  Chiang^  Yiian^,  Senior  Teacher,  and 

8.  m  ^  K'o'*  Yiian^,  Teachers  (o£  specialities;  up  to  the 
number  of  26). 

311.  Formerly,  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  MInistrj 
of  Foreign  Affairs  were  : 

1-  lnj  ^  ia  T'ung'  Wen^  Kuan',  College  of  Languages; 
established  in  1862.  At  first  onlj^  courses  in  English,  French 
and  Russian  were  given  ;  later,  in  1867,  there  were  added  courses 
in  certain  sciences  ;  namely,  mathematics,  astronomy,  chemistry 
and  physics  and  a  course  in  international  law.  This  college  is 
now  non-existent ;  on  its  abolition  ( 1 900)  the  teaching  of  foreign 
languages  was  transferred,  at  Peking,  to  the  College  of 
Interpreters  (see  No.  625),  and,  in  the  provinces,  to  the  Colleges 
of  Languages  (see  No.  626). 

2.  The  Imperial  Maritime  Customs  (see  No.  253),  which, 
on  the  establishment  of  the  Board  of  Customs  Control  in  1906 
(sec  No.  241),  was  placed  under  the  control  of  the  latter. 

312.  {gi  ^  is:  g  Chu*  Yang"  Ta^  (;h'gn^  Diplomatic 
Eepresentatives  and  |i  ^\\  f^  }^  Chu*  Wai*  Shih=*  Fu^  Legations. 

In  accordance  with  the  reply  of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affaii-s  to  a  Memorial  from  glj  j^  |jj|  Liu^  lShih''-hsiin%  Minister 
at  Paris,  at  (Chinese  Government  Establishments  abroad  there  are 
the  following  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  25th  January, 
1907): 

313.  yH  ^  ,15  fg  ±  g  T'ou^  Teng^  Cji'u'  Shih^  Ta* 
Ch'On^,  Ambassador — first  rank  (salary  1,400  taels  per  month). 

314.  r  ^  35  fsS!  ;/v  S  E'-h'*  Teng'  Ch'n\  Shih^  Ta^  Ch'en', 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary — second  rank 
(salary  1,000  taels  per  month). 

315.  H  ^  ili  f^'  :^  E  Sani  TOng='  ChSi^  Shih^  Ta^  Ch'en* 
Minister  Resident— third  rank  (salary  800  taels  per  month). 

[    no    ] 


330 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CIIIXA. 

316.     ^^^^T'oirTeng'Ts'an'TsanS  First  Councillor,       316 
third  rank  (salary  500  taels  jier  month).  ^ 

3 1  "•  IJS  vU  ^  Tsung^*  Ling3  Shih\  Consnl-General— fourth 
rank  (salary  500  tacls  per  month). 

318.  r  ^?  #  %  ^''^''  ^"^'^S'  ^'s'fi"'  Tsan%  Second 
Councillor — fourth  rank  (salary  400  taels  per  month). 

319.  Ei^']^  iil^'i*  '^'ou'  Tong3  T'ung^  V  Kuan',  First 
Interpreter — tifth  rank  (salary  400  taels  per  month). 

320.  H  ^  Ling-  Shih%  Consul— fifth  rank  (salary  400 
taels  per  month). 

321.  p^j  f^  §^'  j^.  Shang^  Wu^  AVei"  Yiian',  Commercial 
Agent — sixtli  rank- (salary  240  taels  per  month). 

322.  :£  ^  #  ^  San'  Teng-  Ts'ani  Tsan',  Third 
Councillor — fifth  rank  (salary  300  taels  per  month). 

323.  H  ^  iiO  p  'I*  Krir'  Teng^^  T^ung'  I'  Kuan',  Second 
Interpreter — fifth  rank  (salary  300  taels  per  month). 

324.  glj  ^f  ^  Fu"  Ling-^  Shlh',  Vice-Consul— Hfth  rank 
(salary  300  taels  pej-  month). 

325.  —  ^  ft'  iC  '^  I'  Teng^  Shu»  Chi^  Kuan',  First 
Secretary — fifth  rank  (salary  300  taels  per  month). 

326.  H  ^  ii  ft?  'a*  San^  Teng»  T'ung'  I'  Kuan',  Third 
Interjjrctei- — .-ixth  rank  (salary  240  taels  per  month).  . 

327.  -  ^  t*-r  t\L  'g*  I-'J-'i'  'i'«^»g'  ►'^•"i^  Chi^  Kuan',  Second 
Secretary — sixth  rank  (salary  240  taels  jxt  month). 

32H.  Zl  ^  ^  le  'B*  San'  Teng^*  Shu'  Chi^  Kuan',  Third 
Secretary — seventh  rank  fsalary  200  taels  per  month). 

329.  %^  152  l\  \Vu^  Sui-  Viiaii',  Military  Attache- ; 
suhordinated  directly  to  the  (Jeneral  Staff  Cnuncil  {src  No.  184b). 
There  ts  one  fo'r  Great  IJiitain  and  France,  one  for  Russia  and 
German V,  oin'  in  AmcricM  and  one  in  .lapan  (srr  report  of  the 
MiniKtry  of  War,  dated   loth  .laniiary,  1907). 

330.  fi[i  fnV  Shih^  Kuan\  Legation  (also  fsjj  ^  Shih'  Shu»; 
colloquially,  ^  J/^  }ff   Cl.'in'  Ch'ai'   Fu'  and  ^  Xi  ?uj  T'J  <^'l'''"^ 

[      111      J 


331 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

330a      Ch'ai^  Ya^  Men^)  ;  witli  ^  m  f^  S^  ili -^  m  ±  ^  Ch'in^  Ming^ 
tQ         Ch'ui   Shih^  Mou^  Kuo^  Ta-^  Ch'en',  Minister  (also  ^  f^  Kung-i 
Shih'  or  f^  g.  Shih^   Ch'en^;  literary;,  designation,  ^  f^  Hsing^ 
Shih';  colloquially,  ^  ^  Ch'in^  Ch'ai^  in  charge  ;    China  has  no 
Embassies. 

There  are  Chinese  Legations  at  Tokyo,  London,  Washington, 
Vienna,  Rome,  Berlin,  Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  Brussels  and  The 
Hague. 

330a.      Staff  of  various  Legations  : 

1.  Tokyo,  London,  Washington,  Berlin,  Paris  and  St. 
Petersburg  : 

Second  and  Third  Councillors  (one  at  each).  Second  and 
Third  Interpreters  (one  at  each).  Commercial  Agents  and  First 
and  Second  Secretaries  (one  at  each). 

2.  Vienna,  Rome,  Brussels  and  The  Hague  : 
Second     Councillors,     Second    Interpreters    and    First    and 

Second  Secretaries  (one  at  each). 

331.  ^  |g  Fen^  Kuan^,  Subsidi^ary  Legations;  with 
it  B  iM  ^  Tai*  Pan^  .^hih^  Shih*,  Charg6  d'Affaires  (also 
ft  il  ii  ES  Tai^  Pan*  Shih=^  Ch'en^  f^  J^  ^  f^T  Tai^  Li^  Kung^ 
Shih^  or  gtj  a^  f^  jro  ^  ^^  Lin^  Shih"  Tai'  Li=^  Kungi  Shih^ 
Charge  d'Affaires  ad  interim),  in  clinrge  ;  usually  a  Second 
Councillor  {see  No.  318). 

There  are  subsidiary  Legations  : 

A.  Subordinated  to  the  Minister  at  Washins'ton  : 

1-  M  ^  M  ^Jo*  Fen^  Kuair'',  Subsidiary  Legation  in 
Mexico, 

2.  Ill^  ^  1^  Pi*  Fen^  Kuan^',  Subsidiary  Legation  in  Peru 
(at  Lima),  and 

3-  i^  ^  tt  Ku^  Fen'  Kuan-=,  Siil)sidiary  Legation  in  Cuba 
(at  Havana). 

B.  Subordinated  to  the  Minister  at  Paris  : 

[     112     J     . 


332 


■PKESr:XT     DAV    TOT-ITFCAr.    OIIO  AX  I Z  AT  lOX    UV     CHINA. 

1-       11   ^  ^  Jili^'Ft-n^  Kuaiv\  Subsidiary  Legation  in  Spain      33IA 
I, at  Madrid),  and  ^^ 

-•      ^  ^^^^  ^    V^u-    F('n^     Ivnan'',    Sid)sidiary     Loiiation    in 
Portuofal  (at  Lisbon). 

331a.  The  staff  of  tlie  Subsidiary  Lec^ations  in  Mexico, 
Peru,  Cuba,  Spain  and  Portugal  is  conijiosed  of  a  Second 
Councillor  as  Charge  d'Aflaires  (scr  No.  331; — in  Mexico  and 
Cuba  also  acting  as  .Consul-General, — a  Second  Interpreter  and 
a  Second  Secretary — acting  in  Peru  as  Consul. 

332,  jil^l  ^  1|T  1^  Tsung^  Ling^'  Shih'  Kuan'",  Consulate- 
Cieneral  (also  ^  |^  :^  ^-  Tsung"^  Ling-  Shih'  Shu'  :,nd 
B  ^  ^  /T^  Tsung^  Ling^  Slnli^  Fu^M- 

There  are  Consulate>-(ieneraI  at  |yi  'M  lleng-  J^ing", 
Yokohama,  Seoul,  |^  ^^-  ij^  Jh'm^  Chia'  P'o'.  Singai)ore,  [fj"  ^Ifi 
Nan'  Fei',  South' Africa,  '/^  j-Hl  Ac'  Chou'.  Australia,  i^  ^.  :/v 
Kv.u-'  Xa-  Ta^  Canada  CMontreal),  .<fe  {I|  Chin'  Shnn', 
California  (San  Francisco),  /J^  ^\  5^  Hsiao'  Lir*  SungS 
Philipi)ines  (>huiila),  and  y^  ^  /^jJc  Hai'-  Shcu'  Wei\ 
N'ladivostock. 

f©  ^  It  f>'"^''  ^^''^''  1^"='"''  •"■  JE  ^S  ^  HtT  Ci-eng'  Ling" 
Shih^  Kjnur'  (also  ^  Ajf.  ;■§■  Ling'  Shih^  Shu^  aid  ^_  ^  Iff  Ling^' 
Sliih^  Fu''),  Consulate. 

There  are  Consulates  at  iiii|l  )^  ^Iimi"  IIu',  Kobe,  J^r  |Ii,:-^ 
Ch'ang-  ChM'-i.  Nagasaki,  C  ill  •^''"'  n''":'"'-  ^hennjbx.,  "l^  ll| 
F<r'  Shan',  Fusan,  ^JJ.  i^  ^.^a^  Niu^'  Ssu^  Lun'.  New  /.-aland.  |!|I  )t 
Vang=  Kuang'.  Rangoon  (Pritish  Ibuina).  ifl'i  -l.'f-  t'll  ^Vcu'  Ko' 
Fu',  Vancouver,  f-//.  ^./  Nin"  Yiieh',  Ncvn  York,  and  ifl  f^  \\\ 
T'an-  Ilsiang'  Shan',  Honolulu. 

m^^M  ^'"'    '>i"r  ^''''''  '^•"'"'  ^='^-"  fi^'li^'^' ■'^  '■""'   '''"^' 
♦Shih'  Slur' and    VAUi^^Irt   I''"*  Pi"g^  Shih^  Fu' ,,  Vice-C.mHulatc. 

Ihen-    are     Vice-Consulates   at    |ijt  j$J   nli   ^  ''•"'    >*'='"■    '*''•'» 
<hinnaMpo,  ^  ll|    Yiian-  Shan',  (MMHan,aM.l  |^  fjli;  («Ji{  Pi"'   Lang' 

^  \i\  I'tuan};. 

[      ll:'.     ] 


TRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


332a  332a.     The  staff  of  a  Consulate-General  is  composed  of  a 

"to        Second  Interpreter,  a  First  Secretary  (at  Seoul  alone),  a   Second 
ooK       Secretary  and  a  Third  Secx'etary. 

The  staff  of  a  Consulate  consists  of  a  Second  Interpreter  (at 
Chemulpo  a  Third  Secretary),  Interpreter  (at  Chemulpo  there  is 
a  Third  Interpreter  instead  ;  at  Fitsan  there  is  no  Second  Inter- 
preter) and  a  Second  Secretary. 

At  Vice-Consulates  there  is  stationed  a  Second  Secretary. 

MINISTRY  ^BOARD)  OF  CIVIL  APPOINTMENTS. 

333.  |[£  *-j5  Li^  ^u^  j\Iinistr^-  (Board)  of  Civil  Appoint- 
ments (literary  designation,  §^  ^  Ch'iian"  Ts'ao"^,  Board  of 
Elections,  also  ^  ^  T'ien^  Ts'ao^,  (.'elestial  Board)  ;  this  is  one 
of  the  oldest  establishments  in  China,  for  wliich  reapon,  in  the 
hierarchy,  it  is  placed  immediately  after  the  ^Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs.  This  Ministry  controls  and  directs  the  personnel  of  the 
Civil  Service  in  the  Empire  ;  its  duties  are  defined  as  including 
"  whatever    appertains    to    selection,   rank   and   gradation,   rules 

•  defining   degradation    or   })romotion,   and    ordinances    as    to    the 
granting  of  investitures  oi  revs^ards." 

The  Imperial  Edict,  dated  the  6th  November,  1 906, 
reorganizing  the  Ministries,  did  not  affect  the  Ministry  of  Civil 
A})pointments. 

333a,  The  literary  designation  of  the  President  of  the 
Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments  is  ;j{^  ^  T'ai*  Tsai^,  and,  of 
Vice-President,  ^  ^  Shao'*  Tsni\ 

334.  ^  ±  ^  '-^''ang'  CIiu'  Shih%  Secretary  (of  the 
Piesideiit  ;  five  in  all)  ;  6a  {see  No.  288>. 

334.V.      fjj  f^  ^  Tsui  Wu^  T'iiig\  Chancery  (see  No.  296). 

335.  X  ii  -p]  Wen-  Hsuan^  Ssu\  Department  of  Selec- 
tion ;     controls    selection,    appointment    and    transfer    of    civil 

officials. 

[     114     ] 


TRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


339 


336.     -^  yjj  111  K'ao^  Kuny;'  ysu^  Depiirtment  of  Scrutiny;       336 
supervises  rewju-ds   to  be  granted   and  penalties  to  be   inflicted,         ^O 
also  prescribes  furlouu^hs. 

^'^'^-  ^  W]  p1  ^''i'  Hsun'  ISsu',  Kecord  Department  ; 
keeps  a  record  of  oHicial  titles,  re<iulate6  retirement  on  account  of 
mourninfr,  amount  of  ])ensions  to  civil  officials  and  tlie  bestowal 
of  hercditarv  titles  on  Bannermen. 

338.  |,t  ^it  p]  Yen"*  Feng>  Ssu\  Department  of  Grants;, 
regulates  the  bestowal  of  titles,  patents  and  presents,  and  here- 
ditary titles  on  heads  of  tribes. 

MINISTRY  (BOARD)  OF  THE   INTERIOR. 

339.  5^  m  %  Hsun^  Ching'  Vu\  Ministry  (Hoard)  of 
Police.  This  was  established  l)y  lmj)erial  Decree  dated  the 
8th  Octol)er,  1905  (till  that  time  there  was  no  special  Ministry- 
overseeing  the  policing  of  the  l^mpire),  which  reads  as  follows  : 

"  Police  affairs  arc  of  the  utmost  importance  and  we 
"have  repeatedly  issued  mstructions  for  their  improvement, 
"both  in  the  Capital  and  in  the  provinces.  It  is  necessary 
"that  a  special  establishment  l)e  in  charge  of  these  affairs  and 
"we  now  direct  the  organization  of  a  Ministry  of  Police  and 
*' appoint  Ilsii  Shih-ch'ang,  Senior  Vice-President  of  the 
"Ministiy  of  War,  as  its  President,  Yii  Lang,  Sub-Chancellor 
"of  the  (irand  Secretariat,  as  Senior  Vice-President,  and 
"  Chao  Ping-cliiin,  Expectant.  Taotai  (if  Chihii,  now  raised  to 
"the  rank  of  Metroj)olitan  Official  of  the  ;5r(l  rank,  as  Actings 
".Junior  Vice-President.  This  Ministry  will  be  in  charge  of 
"everything  pertaining  to  policing  and  the  maintenance  of 
"good  order  in  the  Manchii  and  Chinese  sections  of  the 
"  Caj)ital  as  well  as  the  policing  of  the  provin<M'8.  The  above- 
"  mentioned  President  and  other  oflicials  are  to  earnestly 
"devise  measures,  exert  themselves  to  the  utniost  in  the 
"  pcrfonnance  of   their   duties,   tak(;  no    heed  of  reproaches  and 

[      115      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIO  F    CHINA, 


339a     "draw  up  strict  reg-ulatlons.      Thev  must    ej.^rcise  a  complete 
to         "control  that    everything  remain  calm    and    the   people   undis- 
'842a      "  turbed.      As   regards    questions    not    arranged     for    by     this 
"  Edict,  the  Ministry  is  to  deliberate  and  <i'eport.     Hespect  this." 

By  an  Imperial  Decree  of  the  Gth  November,  1906,  the 
Ministry  of  Police  was  transformed  into  : 

339a.  ^  ]gC  %  ^iin-  Cheng''  Pu*,  :\iinistry  (Board)  of  the 
Interior  (or  ]Ministry  of  the  Administration  of  the  People). 

The  Ministry  of  the  Interior  controls  police  affairs  generally, 
local  self-government,  census  taking,  sanitary  matters,  land 
boundary  questions,  buildings,  etc. 

The  proposed  internal  organization  of  the  Ministry  was 
preseiited  to  the  Throne  In  a  ]Memorial  from  the  ^Ministry  itself 
and  received  Imperial  sanction  on  the  1st  Januar},  1907. 

340.  ^  }BL  ]M  Ch'eng^  ChOng^  T'ing',  Council  (for 
organization  see  No.  285);  considers  the  most  important 
questions ;  attends  to  corres])ondence,  accounting  and  general 
administration  of  the  Ministry. 

341.  ^  li  M  Ts'ani  P  T'ing\  Secretarial  Office  (for 
organization  see  No.  2.85a).  This  office  is  charged  with  the 
drafting  of  rules  and  regulations. 

341a.  Two  ^  ^  Ts'an^  Shih^  Assistant  Secretaries  {see 
No.  286)  ;  5a,  and  one  g  |^  ^  Pien^  P  Yiian^  Translator 
(Interpreter),  are  stationed  in  the  Secretarial  Office. 

342.  J5  ?§  Bl  Min-  Chih*  Ssu',  Department  of  Adminis- 
tration of  the  People  ;  supervises  local  self-government,  census 
taking,  the  improvement  of  the  customs  and  manners  of  the 
people,  questions  of  emigration,  colonization,  etc. 

To  this  Department  was  transferred  : 

342a.  The  }^^^  Hu*  Chi-  K'o\  Census  Section  ;  from 
the  foi-mer  ^  lEjf  ^  Ching^  Chcng^  Ssu',  Department  of  Police 
Affairs. 

[    ik;    ] 


rUESKNT    DAY     I'OI.ITICAL    OltO  AN  I  Z  A  T  I  OX    OF    CHIXA. 

343.  ^-  igC  ej  Chincv'  Cheng*  Ssu\  Dei)aitnH'nt  of  rolice  343 
Affairs  ;  controls  administrative  and  judicial  police,  police  tO 
instruction,  etc.  345a 

343a.  To  the  Department  of  Police  Affairs  were  trans- 
f err  a  the  ^^i|i[f.'f  Ilj^ino- Chcng^  K'o\  Section  of  Administration 
— from  the  previous  ^  i^  p]  Ching*  Cheng'*  Ssu\  Department 
of  Police  Alfhirs—  MJ  iXi  f4  Ssu^  Fa'  K'oS  Judicial  Section,  and 
S  1^  ?4  K"o'  Chi'  K'o\  Section  of  International  Affaus — from 
the  former  ^  iJ^  p\  Ching^  Fa"*  Ssu\  Police  Judicial  Depart- 
ment— I'Jti  ^  V\  Pao^  An^  K'o^,  Section  of  Public  Safety — from 
the  former  ^  f^  p1  Ching^  Pao^  Ssu\  Department  of  Police 
Defence—^  %  f.'i  Ying"  Yeh^  K'oS  Section  of  Industry  and 
Handicraft — frt)m  the  same  De))artment — and  ^  ^  f-'f  K'o* 
Ch'cng'  K'o',  Section  of  Instruction — from  the  former  ^  ^  p| 
Ching^  Hsiieh-  Ssu\  Department  of  Police  Instruction. 

343b.  ^  '^-  ffi  Hsi-  F  So^  \Vorkhouse.  This  was 
formerly  under  the  supervision  of  the  Police  J  ndicial  Department 
(see  No.  343a)  ;  it  is  now  controlled  l>y  the  Department  of  Police 
Affairs  (see  No.  343j.  Its  staff  consists  of  one  Assistant 
Department  Director  (src  No.  2!)1)  and  two  Second  Class 
Secretaries  (sec  No.  292  j  ;  compare  No.  .314. 

344.  §g  JH  p1  Chiang'  Li'  Ssu',  Dei.artment  -.f  Land 
Boundaries  ;  supervises  the  deterniinatidn  "f  ♦-he  hound:>,ries  of 
plot>  of  land,  the  measurement  of  all  the  laud  in  the  i:ui[»ire, 
topogntphic  su)vevs,  the  making  of  maps  and  tli.'  -•leanng  ol 
public  and  private  land. 

•'•'•''•  '^  ^-  "I'l  Ying-  Shan'  Ssu',  P.uilding  Department. 
This  Department  supervises  all  the  l>uildings  of  the  Ministry,  as 
well  as  State  buildings  in  the  c  pital,  keeps  mo.iunients  «)f 
antiquity  in  repair,  and  >ii|>er\  ix'.s  th^'  niaint.-naii- <•  n|  :ilf:.!«. 
temples,  etc.,  in  good  eiindition. 

:,A.',\.      To  the  above-nientioneil    iJcpaitm.nt    tluMV  has  been 
ransferred    the    X  ^1:  f i    '^""'n'   <  I'"'  I"^'"''   l'"ilding   Section  ; 

[      117      1 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

S45b  from  the  former  ^  f;^  p]  Ching^  Pao^  Ssu',  Department  of  Police 
^Q        Defence. 

*^4ft  345b.     Two  ®^|jfj  I^   Shili^   Chief  Engineers,  of  the  sixth 

and  seventh  ranks  {see  No.  301),  are  attached  to  the  Building- 
Department  {see  No.  345). 

346.  1^  ^  p]  Wei^  Sheng'  Ssu\  Sanitary  Department  ; 
combats  epidemics,  considers  all  questions  of  sanitation,  has  the 
supervision  of  physicians,  medicine  compounding  and  the 
establishment  of  hospitals,  etc. 

346  a.  To  the  Sanitary  Department  there  has  been 
transferred  the  |^-  ^  ^\  Wei*  Sheng"  K'o\  Sanitary  Section,  of 
the  former  ^  \l^  pj  Ching^  Pao^  Ssu^,  Department  of  Police 
Defence. 

346b.  '  Two  ^  ^  I'  Kuan^,  Physicians,  of  the  sixth  and 
seventh  ranks  {see  No.  301a),  are  attached  to  the- Sanitary 
Department  {siee  No.  346). 

347.  lie  b|-  J^  T'ung^  Chi*  Ch'u",  Statistical  Bureau  (for  ita 
organization  see  No.  162). 

348.  Under  the  control  of  the  Ministryof  the  Interior  are. 

1.  The  Metropolitan  Police  {see  Nos.  500 — 518), 

2.  Police Taotais  {see  Nos.  840  and  840a),  and  through  them, 

3.  The  Provincial  Police  {see  Nos.  520  and  521), 

4.  Judicial  Police  {see  No.  519), 

5.  Police  Schools  {see  Nos.  522  and  523), 

6.  Local  Self  Government  Establishment  {sec  Nos.  524 — 
527a),  and 

7.  Establishments  supervising  the  taking  of  the  Census 
{see  Nos.  528 — 532 j. 

MINISTRY  (BOARD)  OF  FINANCE. 

349.  p  ^\i  Hu*  Pu'',  Ministry  (Board)  of  Revenue  (literary 
designation,  j^  %  Nung^  Pu*  and  ^  %  Min^  Pu*  ;  of  its 
President — in  the  ^   Ilsia*  and  ^    Yin^  Dynasties — ;/<;   pJ  ^ 

[     118     ] 


to 
353 


VRKSEN'T     DAY     POLITFCAL    OIU.  A  N I /.  ATI  0\    (>'/    CHIXA. 

Ta^  S.su'  T-n^  and  its  Vioo-rrosidont,  "})  n]  ^  Sliao^  Ssu'  T'n',      g^g^ 
and— in  the  f^  I'liou^  DvnasK— ill)  'y*  Ti^  Kuan',  Land  OlHcial). 

In  the  11 II  Til  there  vere  f(nn-tcon  Departments, 
correspond inp;  to  the  nninl)er  of  (iovernor-ficneral  and  (iovernors. 

349a.  IJI  if^'  |g  Ts-ai-'  ('lieii<r'  Ch'ii',  CVnnniittee  of  Finance; 
established  in  l*JOo  in  connection  with  a  proposed  j^cneral  reform 
of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  l^mjiire. 

l)y  Imperial  Ivlicl  of  the  Gtli  November,  1  90fi,  the  Ministry 
of  Kevcime  was  rcov<i:.inized,  Avith  it  beinii-  amaly-amated  the 
Committee  'A'  Finance,  as  the  : 

849h.  )%  ii  ]flJ  Tu'  Chih'  Vu\  :\Iinistrv  (Board)  of 
Finance.  This  Ministry  is  in  charue  of  all  financial  affairs  of  the 
F^mpire,  rc^'-nlates.the  levvino-  and  collection  of  dnties  and  taxes, 
suj)e!\  isc'^  transjxM-tatiou  and  storaijfe  of  ofrain.  arran^'es  State 
loans,  controls  mints,  banks,  financial  estabUshments,  sciiools,  etc. 

This  Ministiy  has  anthority  to  depnte  officials  to  i-eorg;ani/e 
th(    finances  of  an\'  of  the  jirovinces. 

The  internal  oiyanization  of  the  Ministi-y  is  in  accordance 
vrhh  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  itself,  sanctioned  by  tlw 
]^mpeidr  on  the  2r)tii  .Vpril,  1907. 

350.  ^  1^  IS  Ch'eag-^  Cheng^  T'ing','  (^oimcil  (for  its 
orp\nization  .scr  No.  285).  This  supervises  the  most  i-njuirtaut 
financial  fpiestions  and  the  translation  of  financial  regulations^  of 
Foi-eign  I'owei-s.  as  well  as  works  on  political  economy. 

•^51.  ^  (ilil/B  Ts'an'.I'  T'ing',  Secretarial  Offire  (for  its 
organization  srr  No.  215a);  compiles  repf)rts  to  the  Kmpcror, 
drafts  despatches  and  frames  rules  and  regulations. 

352.  lU  {jjiii  n]  'Fif'ii'  Fu-»  Ssu',  Dcpartm.-nt  of  L.ind 
Taxes  :  in  ciiarge  of  the  levy  :mi<1  collection  of  land  taxes, 
■exemption  from  or  postponement  (.f  payment  of  these  taxes,  the 
■colonization  of  lands,  etc. 

353.  i|"i  )fj  Uj  Ts'ao=  Ts'ang'  Ssu',  Department  of  Tithes; 
charged    with    the    control     of     tribute     grain,    its    storage      ni 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


2^*^       metropolitan   and   provincial  granaries    and   distribution    to    the 
to        people    in   time   of   calamity,    and   the  payment,   in    money,    of 
360       taxes  in  kind. 

354.  fg;  ^  nl  Shui*  K'o''  Ssu\  Department  of  Duties  j: 
has  supervision  of  the  income  and  expenditin-e  of  Native  and 
Maritime  Customs,  (Customs  duties,  excise  on  opium  and  wine,, 
likin,  duties  leviable  on  mechanical  and  manufactured  goods,, 
stamp  duties,  granting  of  Customs  certificates,  etc. 

355.  ^  /f^  p1  Kuan^  Ch'iieh*  Ssu',  Department  of  Excise ; 
in  charge  of  the  excise  on  salt,  tea  and  native  opium  and  the 
consideration  of  measures  for  the  monopoly  of  the  last-mentioned,, 
etc. 

356.  ^  -^  'B]  T'ung^  Fu*  Ssu',  Currency  Department ;; 
superintends  the  provision  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  tifl  for,  and 
their  conversion  into,  currency,  the  making  of  bank  notes,  the- 
framing  of  regulations  concerning  the  organization  of  banks  and 
mints,  and  the  maintenance  of  a  sufficient  supply  of  cinTency  in 
circulation. 

357.  0.  ^  ^  K'u''  Ts'ang2  Ssu',  Department  ot  the  State 
Treasuiy  ;  supervises  the  income  and  expenditure  of  the  State 
Treasury,  scrutinizes  financial  reports  from  the  provinces,  as  well 
as  reports  from  the  Imperial  silk  factories  in  Kiangsu  and 
Chekiang,  reorganizes  provincial  treasuries,  etc.l 

858.  ^  j$  fj]  Lien^  Feng^  Ssu\  DepaAment  of  Emolu- 
ments. This  Department  is  in  charge  of  the  payment  of  salaries 
and  allowances  to  officials  and  Princes  and  the  issue  of  allowances 
of  Bannermen. 

359.  ^  |pj  pj  Chlin'  Hsiang^  5?su\  Department  of  Military 
Supplies  ;  superintends  the  distribution  ©f  supplies  to  the 
Military  and  Naval  Forces  of  the  Empire. 

360.  Ifjlj  JW  ^  Chih*  Yung^  Ssui,  Department  of  Expendi- 
ture. This  Department  regulates  the  expenditure  of  funds 
provided  by' the  provinces  for  use  in  the  (.Capital,  as  well  as  the 

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IKESEXT    DAY     I'OLITICAL    OKGAXIZA  T10\    OF    GHIXA. 


expenditure  on  l)uildin<^:<,  railwav?.  mines,  telegiaplis  and   jxjstal       361 
administration.  ^q 

;")61.      ^  gf  p\  llui^  (K'tiai')  Ciii^  Ssn',  Audit  Departnunt;      SQgv 
audits    the    income    and     expenditure    of     the     State    Treasury, 
prepares     the     budget,     determiiies    extraordinary     i-xpenditure, 
revises  accounts,  etc. 

362.  i^B^^  M  fe§  i^l'O"'  ^'^'  ^^hi-  (h'a-  ChnA  Registry  ; 
in  charge  ot  the  reception  of  incoming,  and  issin'  of  outgoing, 
despatclies,  looks  after  matteis  of  economy  and  has 
control  of  the  several  I)e])artinents'  corres|)ondencc  Avith  othci- 
establishments. 

.363.  ^  1^  j!|i  (  hin^  Yin-  K'u*,  State  Treasury.  Here 
State  funds  are  stored,  in  currency,  bullion  and  ))ank  notes. 

^64.  $^  f  |-  Jg  T-ung^  (  hi^  (  hMi\  Statistical  Bureau  (for 
it.';  organization  .sec  No.  162m). 

365.  ^  f^  f^  Ssu'  Wu'  T'ing',  Chancery  (sec  No.  296). 

366.  'i^  ^  ^.j  Tao'  Ch'iian-  Chfi',  Coinage  Ottice  :  charged 
with  the  reception  of  cop[)er  and  tin  and  the  coinage  of  copper 
money. 

366a.  ^  Jij!  §^  ^,t  ^  ^i  f^  (  hien'  Li-^  (  h'ien"  Fa^  T'ang- 
Shih'  Wu'.  Thus  was  formerly  designated  one  of  the  tlunior 
•Vice-l'residents  of  the  Ministry,  undiT  whose  supcivision  the 
Coinage  Ottice  was  placed  (sre  No.  366). 

366  n.  The  ndiiiinistration  of  the  Coinage  Office  is  now 
carried  out  bv  three  -J^^  fy«  Ta'  Shih',  ()verseers,  each  being  in 
charge  of  one  (»f  the  jjjij'i  (  li'aiig\  Mints,  ;jt  j^'i  l*<'i^  Ch^mg'', 
Northern,  »|i  jj^l  Chimg'  Ch'ang',  Middle,  and  [5j  j^  Ilsi' 
Ch'ang-",  Western. 

367.  i'M\\\  Iszl  Jf""  Chiian  Ch'u^  Subscription  Bureau. 
This  is  a  t(iii|»or:ii\  estal)lishm«-nt,  oigani/ed  for  n'conun«'nding 
rewards  fur  subscrilters  to  national  needs. 

36.S.      |-|J  Iti'lj  ;„)  Vin*  Slum'  Chu-',  Printing  Ollicc. 

36HA.      3^{V  jfil  j^(^  T.sao'  Chih'  Ch'ang*,  Ollieial  Paper  Mill. 

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PRKSENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    C:iINA. 


374a 


369  369.     =t  m  ^  i^  ;/v  IS  Tu^  Pan^  Yen"-  CUir-ng^  Ta*  Ch'en^ 

•jjQ         Controller-General   of   the    Salt   Gal)ell'^  ;    this    post    (associated 
with    that    of    President     of     the     ]Ministry     of     Finance)     was 
established  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  31st  December,  1909,  in. 
order  that  the  control  of  the  salt  affairs  of  the  .Empire  might  be 
under  one  head. 

369a.  The  Controller-General  of  tlie  Salt  Gabelle  is  in 
charge  of  the  ff  IM  1^  j^  }M  '1'"'  ^^^n*  Yen^  ChOng*  Ch'u*, 
Office  of  the  ('ontroller-General  of  the  Salt  Gabelle,  which  was 
established  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Controller- 
General  (see  No.  369),  of  the  19th  January,  1910.  i^rrange- 
ments  for  the  staff'  of  this  office  have  not  yet  been  completely 
defined,  but  it  is  known  that  the  direct  management  of  affairs  is 
to  be  vested  in  |§  >})jI:  Tsnng'  Pan^  Office  (  hief s. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  salt  administration  in  the  provinces 
^ee  Nos.  835,  835a,  835b,  and  841. 

■  370.     n^-  ^^  W  ^"S  BTf  Ts'ai^  Cheng*  Yen^  Ohiu^  So^  Section 
for  the  Study  of  Financial  Affairs. 

371.  flt  E  II  ^  Jg  Ts'ai^  Cheng*  Tiao*  Ch'a^  Ch'u*, 
Office  for  the  Study  of  Financial  Affairs. 

372.  1^  ^  JJ/f  PienV  I*  So=\  Translating  (Interpreting) 
Office. 

373.  ^  'r{;i)  H  S  ,^  Pi^  (^hih^  Tiao*  Ch'a^  Chii^,  Commis- 
sion for  the  Study  of  the  Currency  System ;  established  for  the 
purpose  of  defining  the  Aveight  and  type  of  currcnc}-  to  be  coined 
according  to  the  new  regulations  concerning  currency  (see 
Memorial  of  the  ^Ministry  of  Finance,  dated  24th  ^May,  1909). 

374.  J*'  Jig  gj  ir^  ^1  Ch'ingi  Li^  Ts'ai'  Cheng*  Ch'u*, 
Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Financial  Affairs  of  the 
Empire  (for  details  sec  Nos.  533 — 535). 

374a.  J^  ^  ^1^  fg  IE  ^.  ^  p/f  Tu^  Chihi  Pu*  Pu*  Chi* 
Chiang^  Hsi^  So^,  Coui-ses  in  Book-keeping  at  the  Ministry  of 
Finance  ;  instituted  in  the  Summer  of   1911  (provisionally  at  the 

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rnESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORG AN'IZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

School  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank  ;  sec  No.  548)  for  375 
training  book-keepers  for  government  ottices  generally.  Eligible 
for  admission  to  these  courses  ai'e  officials  of  the  Ministry  of 
Finance,  ami  other  metropolitan  offices,  who  have  sufficient 
edncation  along  general  lines,  in  mathematics  and  jurisi)ruQence, 
and  are  between  20  and  35  years  of  age. 

The  courses  supply  instruction  in  ^un-al  accounting  (]^  i§, 
i^  =ti<  1"'*^  T'ung^  Pu^  Chi*),  official  accounting  Cg"  ^  ^i^  Ifi 
Kuan^  T'ing'  Pu*  I'hi*),  general  principles  of  financial  law  ( Hi  i^ 
-^  ^  Ts'ai'  Cheng*  Ta^  Kang'),  the  preparation  of  estimates 
(#  II'  UX  II"i'  ^'^1'''  ^''^')  ^"'^  mathematics  (^  ^  Suan^  Shu*) 
and  extend  over  half  a  year. 

Those  successfully  completing  the  studies  prescribed  receive 
diplomas  (^  ?^  Wcn^  P'ing'^)  from  the  Ministry  of  Finance 
which  entitle  them  to  employment  in  the  accounts  offices  of 
various  government  establishments.  In  future  persons  holding 
such  diplomas  are  to  be  employed  as  auditors,  ;Jt^  |5  'B*  Chien' 
Ch'a2    Kuan',    in   the    Audit    Department  (^  -=-|-  ^l  !>hi'n'   Chi* 

Yiian*). 

At  the  head  of  the  Hook-keeping  Courses  at  the  Ministry  of 
Finance  there  is  a  fff  J4-  ^o'  Chang^  who  has  subordinated  to 
him  two  |$r  1^  ^  Chiao*  Wu*  Yiian%  Preceptors,  and  two  fi}^  ^  i\ 
Shu*  \Vu*  VLian^  Stewards.  The  teaching  staff  includes  one  ^r  gg 
r|r  vi|l  1^  ^  I'll'  Cjii*  Chu=*  K'o*  Chiao*  Hsi',  Teacher  of  the 
Science  of  Book-keeping,  and  two  Jlji  ^A  Chu*  Chiao*,  Assistant 
Teachei-s,  and,  for  subjects  of  secondary  importance,  f»f|  ^J  Fn* 
K-o*,  there  are  five  ^  ^^  <  hiao'   llsi'.  Teachers. 

37.0.  Under  the  control  of  the  Ministry  of  Fiuanco  are  the 
iullowing : 

1.  Provincial  Branch  Offices  for  the  Beorgani/.ation  of  the 
Financial  .-XfKiirs  of  the  Fmpire  (srr  Nos.  .036 — 541). 

2.  Ta  Ch'ing  (iovenmient  liaiik,  with  its  bnmchcs  as  well 
as  other  banks  {sec  N08.  542 — 55(Uj). 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

376  3.     The   Central   Mint  at   Tientsin,    vi-'ith  branches   in   the- 

provinces  {see  Nos.  551 — 55 In). 

4.  Office  for  the  collection  of  excise  on  native  opium,  at 
Wuch'ang,  with  its  branches  in  the  provinces  (se^  Nos.  552 — 555).. 

5.  Customs  Office  at  the  Ch'ung  Wen  M(''n  Gate  of  Peking 
{see  Nos.  556 — 560). 

6.  Native  Cnstom#(5ce  Nos.  561 — 56  1h). 

7.  Office  of  the  Government  Granaries  at  Peking  {see 
Nos.  562 — 567a),  and 

8.  Financial  (Political  Economy)  Colleges  {see  No.  568). 

MINISTRY    (BOARD)    OF    RITES. 

376.  Ig  §15  Li^  Pu",  Ministry  (Boai-d)  of  Rites  (literary 
designation,  p|  *|5  Tz'u^  Pu*,  of  its  President,  :J^  ^  fi:^  Ta* 
Tsung^  Po-',  and,  of  its  Vice-Presidents,  'J^  '^  f{^  Shao'  Tsung^ 
Po").  This  Ministry  is  one  of  the  oldest,  as  well  as  one  of  the 
most  important,  of  the  Empire.  It  su]iervises  the  code  of 
ceremonies,  rites  and  forms  binding  every  man,  irrespective  of 
rank  and  position  in  society,  from  the  Emperor  to  the  most 
humble  subject,  both  as  regards  himself  alone  and  his  intercourse 
with  others,  after  death  as  well  as  during  life,  and  those  apper- 
taining to  the  various  unknown  powers  influencing  the  life  of 
everyone. 

Before  the  establishment  of  the  ^linistry  of  Education  in 
1905  {see  No.  395)  the  Ministry  of  Rites  supervised  national 
education  and  customs  and  controlled  the  litprary  examinations 
which  serve  as  a  stepping-stone  to  the  government  service. 

Also,  before  the  establishment  of  the  Office  of  Foreign 
AfFairs  in  1861  {see  No.  305),  the  Ministry  of  Rites  was  in 
charge  of  all  dealings  with  the  West,  and  the  reception  of 
Ambassadors  thence,  and  supervised  relations  with  the  former 
tributary  states  of  Annam,  Siam,  Burma,  Nepal,  C\jrea  and  the 
Loochoo  Islands^  (now  belonging  to  Japan). 

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PRESENT    DAY    r(\iLITICAL    OKG ANIZ ATIOX    OF    CIIl.VA. 


376a.     Before  its  reform    {sec  No.  376ij)  the    Ministry  of      376a 
Kites  was  coiii])0?erl  of  the  following  four  Departments  :  ^ 

1-     M  ili'J  P"!  ^"  ^"hil>*  "^s^S  Department  of  ('eremonies,  _ 

—  _  ooCJa 

2.     ijiSJ  ^j^  y]  T'/u^,  Chi^  Sf?u',  Department  of  Saci-ifices, 

•^-     zfe  ^  n]  ^  liu^  N'o"*  Ssu',  Reception  Department,  and 

■^-     ^*j  Hw   n]  ^  "hing'  Shan"*  Ssu\  Baiiqiieting  Department. 

376 H.  By  Imperial  Edict  of  the  6th  November,  1906,  the 
Ministry  of  Rites  was  reformed  aTid  witli  it  were  amalgamated 
the  Courts  ^  "^j ^  T'ai^  Ch'anii;-  8su\  of  Sacrificial  Worship 
(sec  No.  933),  j^  jfj,^-  ^  Kuaiig'  Lu^  Ssu*,  of  Banqueting  {srr 
No.  934),  and  |^  li)l  #  Hung-  Lii^  Ssu",  of  State  Ceremonial 
{ser  No.  93.')),  Avhich  had  been  pre\  iously  ([uite  independent 
institutions. 

Tlie  internal  organization  of  the  Ministry  of  Rites  is  as 
recommended  by  the  Ministry  itself  in  a  ^lemorial  to  the  Throne, 
sanctioned  by  the  Kmj)eror  on  the  5th  January,  1907. 

'ihe  Minir^try  of  Rites  superintends  ceremonies  of  the  Court, 
sacrifices,  sacrificial  altays.  Imperial  mausolea,  ancestral  temples, 
the  Office  of  Music  and  the  Budd!;ist,  Taoist  and  Coiduciaii 
religions. 

•^^"-  ffi  -Ai  ^  T'ang2  Chu'  Shih',  Secretaries  (of  the  I're- 
sident) ;   6a.     There  are  four  of  these  oHicials  (srr  No.  2HH). 

37H.       ?j  ffj  ;^  S  u'  \\n'  TMng',  Chancery  (srr  No.  296). 

379.  ]]](^  1^  )ji-     Man^   Tang'    Fang",  ivecoi'd    and    Registry 
Office;  besides  vaiious  other  duties   this   ()lfic<'  was  in  charge  of  > 
making  translations  into  Manchu.      This  Oflicc  no  longer  exists. 

380.  Jjll  i|jl]  n'l  'J'<'n^  (  hih'  Shi'.  Department  of  Cere- 
nionies  :  regulates  the  eti<iuette  to  be  observed  at  the  Couit  on 
all  occasi(in.s,  organizes  ceremonials,  determines  postlumious 
lionours  of  the  Imperial  Family,  etc. 

380  V.  The  Department  of  Ceremonies  (see  No.  380)  is  a 
developniftnt  of  the  former  Department  of  CcrcnionieH  {see  No* 
-376ASwith  whicli   was  anihigan)ated   the    Recei»ti(»n    Depaitment 

L     1-'.-.    J 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITJCAL    OKGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

381       C^^^  No-  376a)  and  the  Court  of  State  Ceremonial  {see  Nos.  376b 
+Q         and   935),    in   accordance  with   a   Memorial  from  the   Ministry, 
oQo       sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  6th  February,  1909. 

381.  1^  ^  ^  Tz'a*  Chi*  Ssu\  Department  of  Sacrifices 
(or  Department  of  Sacrificial  Affairs )  ;  this  an-anges  the  rites  to 
be  observed  at  sacrifices  on  solemn  occasions-.— in  "  saving  the  sun 
and  moon  "  when  eclipsed — etc. 

This  Department  is  identical  with  the  former  Department  of 
Sacrifices  (see  No.  376a)  ;  likewise  its  staff. 

382.  -X'B  ^  T^'ai"  Ch'ang-^  Ssu\  Department  of  Sacrificial 
Worship  ;  directs  sacrifices,  determines  the  musical  instruments 
to  be  used  and  decides  the  magnitude  of  sacrifices  to  be 
performed. 

382 A.  The  Department  of  Sacrifical  Worship  {see  No. 
382)  was  organized  from  the  former  Court  of  Sacrificial  Worship, 
which  was  a  separate  institution  (^ee  Nos.  376b  and  933). 

382b.  In  addition  to  Department  Directors  (see  No.  290), 
Assistant  Department  Directors  (see  No.  291)  and  Second  ("lass 
Secretaries  (see  No.  292),  common  to  all  Departments,  the 
Department  of  Sacrificial  Worship  employs  the  following  : 

1-  7^  nu  ^  iiii  'B  Tyiw*  P'in^  Tsan*  Li^  Kuan\  Ceremonial 
Usher  of  the  sixth  rank  (one), 

2.  :^^aMWt^  Li"'  P'in^  Tu^  Ch'u*  Kuan\  Reciter  of 
Prayers  of  the  sixth  rank  (one;, 

3.  WK^^  Tsan'  W  Lang^,  Ceremonial  Ushers ;  7a' 
(28  in  all), 

4.  M  Wt  '&  Tu'  Chu*  Kuan',  Reciters  of  Prayers  ;  7a  (10 
in  all), 

5.  P.I  W  Ming2  TsanS  Heralds  ;  7a  (63  in  all)  and 

6.  i^  IS  Hsii"  Paul,  Ushers  ;  9b  (four). 

Officials  cf  the  Department  of  Sacrificial  Worship  are  often 
deputed  Id  the  Offices  of  the  Imperial-  Mausolea,  Eastern  and 
Western  (see  No.  570). 

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PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CllcNA. 


383.  ^  1^  n]  Kiiang^  Lu^  SsU',  Banqueting  Department ;       8S3 
supervises  food  supplies  for  banquets  and  sacrifices.  -^q 

383a.     Tlie    Banqueting    Department    {see    No.    383^    was       335 
evolved    from    the    former    Banqueting    Court,     which     was    an 
independent   institution   (see   Nos.    376 B   and   934),   and  the  old 
Banqueting  Department  {see  No.  376a). 

384.  jjf  ^  ^  Li'  Ch'i;*  K'u<,  Store  of  Sacrificial  and 
Ceremonial  Instruments.  Here  are  stored  all  sacrificial  and 
ceremonial  instruments  fomierly  kept  at  the  Coiu-ts  of  Sacrificial 
Worship  {sec  Nos.  376  b  and  933)  and  of  l^anqueting  (see  Nos. 
376b  and  934).     At  the  head  of  this  Store  is  a  : 

384a.  Department  Director  (see  No.  290),  as  SupiM-inten- 
dent  of  the  Store,  assisted  by  one  Assistant  Department  Director 
(see  No.  291)  and  : 

1-      ^  W-iE  1'"'  ('heng%  Overseers  ;  6b, 

2.  A  &L  f^  Tien'  Vu\  Assistant  Overseers, 

3.  2^0  Ssu'  K'u^,  Inspectors  ;  7a,  and 

4.  8  J^  fjjj  K'u^  Shili',  Assistant  Inspectors  ;  7  b. 

384B.  The  post  of  ^^  JE  P"'  Chcn^?*  (see  No.  384a> 
replaces  that  of  ^  IE  Slur'  Chcng^  (see  Nos.  389  and  391)  of 
the  lAmicr  Banqueting  Court  ;  Jk  ^^  Tien'  Pu^  (see  No.  384a) 
replaces  those  of  -fig  ±  $1  i^vlV  Shih'  Tien'  Vu*  of  the  former 
Court  of  Sacrificial  Worship  and  lllL  ^^f  Tien'  Pu^  of  the  fonner 
Bamiucting  Court.  Concerning  the  posts  jjj  Ifg  Ssu'  KMi^  and 
^  f^  K'u^  Shih'  (.see  No.  29H). 

385.  J^  gf  ^  T'ung'  Chi'  Ch'u%  Statistical  Bureau  (for 
its  organization  see  No.   1 62 a). 

386.  fij-  nn  ^  ^'•'"'  ^''"'  ^''•"^  ^^^*'^  "^  Seiil-ca.sting ; 
supervising  the  casting  of  seals  for  all  goveriuncnt  establishmentH 
of  the   Knipire.     This   Office   is   administered    by   one    Assistant 

Deftartment  Director  (see  No.  291  ),    one  Second  ClaBS  Secretary 

(««  No.  292),  and  one  X  i^  '^'^*  Shih\  Inspector. 


TRESEXT    DAY    rOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

387  387.     ^  %  Ytieli*  Pu',  Board  o£  State  Music  ;  determines 

to       the    music,    singing;    and    posturing    for     sacrifices     and     solemn 
391        occasions  generally.     It  is  directed  by  :-- 

387a.  Two  ^  JBl  'M  %  ^  fM  K^ian=^  I.i^  Yiieh^  Pu*  Shih* 
Wu*,  Director-Generals  of  the  Board  of  Music  ;  usually  Princes 
of  the  Blood  or  ^Ministers  of  the  Household. 

388.  ^[\  ^  ^  Ho-  Shengi  Shu^  Music  Office  (at  the  Board 
of  Music  ,:  see  No.  387)  ;  superintends  the  training  of  musicians, 
provision  of  musical  instruments,  etc.      It  is  in  charge  of  : 

389.  One  |D  S  #  W  IE  Ho^  Sheng^  Shu^  Shu^  ChengS 
Director  of  the  Office  of  Music,  who  is  assisted  by  two 
^  ^  ^  W  M  Ho^  Shengi  Shu'  Shu=^  Ch'eng",  Assistant 
Directors  of  the  Office  of  Music  (;^  Tso^,  Senior,  and  ;^  Yu^, 

.  Jimior)  ;  7b. 

At  the  Office  of  Music  there  are  also  : 

1-     5  \fjjj  f^  H5  Hsieh^  Lii*  Lang^  Chief  :\Iusicians  ;  8a, 

2.      25   fi\  ^  g[;  Ssui  Yiieh-*  Lang^  Bandmasters ;  9b, 
'  3.      180  %'^  ^.  Yiieh"  Sheng',  Musicians,  and 

4.     300  $$  ^  Wu'  Sheng^  Posturers. 

390..  |l|l  |i(|  ^.  Shen^  Ylieli*  Shu^  Office  of  Sacred  .Music  ; 
supervises  an  orchestra  which  attends  sacrifices  and  other  solemn 
ceremonies  where  music  is  required. 

The '  office  of  Sacred  Music  is  attached  to  the  Board  of 
State  Music  (see  No.  387)  and  is  directed  by  : 

391.      One  ^\  %i^  ^.  ^.  j£  Shcn^  Yiieh*  Shu^  Shu^  Cheng* 


Director  of  the  Office  of  Sacred  Music  ;  6a,  To  this  official 
there  are  subordinated  two  p  |^|  ^-  ^  ^  Shen-  Yiieh^  Shu'  Shu^ 
Ch'cng2,  Assistant  Directors  of  the  Office  of  Sacred  Music 
(^  Tso',  Senior,  and  ;g-  Yu'*,  Junior)  ;  8b,.  and  : 

1-      1  ^  ^[g  15  Tsan*    Li^   Lang^,   Ceremonial  Usher;   7a, 

2.     W,  ^  SIS  Hsieh*  Lii*  Lang^,    Chief    Musicians    (in    an 
.indefinite  number)  •  8a,  and 

[      128     ] 


PRESKNT    DAY    roLlTICAJL    OKG AXIZ ATU)N-    OF    CHINA. 


393 


3.      nl   3^  SB    Ssu'     Yiieh*     Ivaiig-,     Bandmasters    (hi     an       392 
indefinite  number)  ;  9n.  ^ 

392.  ^  Tb]  M  ^  It  Hui^  T'mio-  Ssu'  I^  Kuan\  Kesiden.-e 
for  Envoys  of  the  Four  Tributary  States  ;  here  were  domiciled 
Envoys  from  Korea,  ISiam,  Tonkin  and  Burma  ;  no  longer 
existing. 

In  charge  o£  the  Kesidence  there  was  a  ^^  ^  ^ 
T*i'  Tu^  Knan^  "Wu^,  Superintendent,  who  had  under  his  control 
one  ;^f^  Ta*  Shih',  Residence  Keeper  ;  [)a,  two  /^  ^J  Ilsii*  Pan', 
Ceremonial  Ushers;  9b,  and  a  staff  (S)  jg  'g'  T'ung'  Knan\ 
Ijiterpreters  (of  the  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  ranks). 

393.  @  ^  li"  Li'  Hsiich^  Kiian%  School  of  Ceremonials. 
This  school  was  established  by  Im])crial  Kdict  of  the  1  Itli  'Inly, 
1907,. which  read  as  follows: 

"  The  most  jjotent  forces  in  the  maintenance  of  jjcace  and 
*'  in  the  government  of  the  people  ave  the  natural  laws  governing 
*' the  pheiKxmcna  of  nature.  Being  aware  of  this,  former 
*' Emperors  of  Our  Dynasty  gave  theii"  greate.«>t  attention  to  the 
*'  improvement  of  rites  and  education. 

"In  the  reigns  of  Cli'ien  Lung  (173()-1796)  and  Tao 
*' Kuang  (1821-1850)  the  code  of  rites  was  repeatedly  i-evised 
"and,  in  its  improved  form,  promulgated  for  genernl  ol)servance 
*'  throughout  the  Empire. 

"  V^'itli  the  new  order  of  things  that  have  come  into  the 
"  lives  of  the  j)eople,  such  as  cliangcs  that  iiave  taken  pla<'e  in 
"education,  in  the  Army  and  in  social  intercourse,  it  has  become 
"  evident  that  steps  must  be  taken  lo  adapt,  or  r<  organize,  the 
"  cu.stoms  hitherto  observed  by  the  ))opulace  with  icgard  to  tlu; 
"details  of  funerals,  sacrificcB,  iicad  dresses,  marriage  ceremonies 
"  and  articles  of  us(!  and  for  adornment. 

"On  a  previous  occasion  the  Ministry  (if  Kites  memorialised 
"  Ua  with  retrard  to  the  establishment  oT  a  School  of  Ceremrinials. 
"The  said    Ministry    has   now   presented    a   detailed  report  as  to 


PEESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHI.VA. 

394  "  the  execution  of  this  project  nnd  we  hereby  give  it  Our 
"  sanction  that  it  may  be  immediately  put  into  force. 

'-  We  hereby  further  command  that  the  Ministers  of  the 
"  said  Ministry  of  Eitc?,  with  their  subordinates,  take  the  lead  in 
"  the  said  School  of  (Ceremonials,  carefully  consider  the  ancient 
"  and  modern  customs  and  the  everyday  habits  of  the  people, 
"  select  the  best  and  bring  them  to  Our  notice  that  We  may 
"  promnlgate  them  to  the  people  of  the  Empire. 

"  This  is  in  proof  of  Om-  earnest  desire  for  the  j^reparation 
"  of  the  Avay  towards  the  granting  of  a  constitution  and 
'•  jjarliaineutary  representation  to  tlie  country.      Respect  This." 

In  charge  of  the  School  of  Ceremonials  are  the  officials 
of  the  two  highest  ranks  of  the  Ministry  of  Rites  (President 
and  \'ice-Presideiits)  as  |f,  g|  Tsung'  Ts'ai^.  The  direct 
management  of  affairs  is,  however,  vested  in  tlie  |||i  J[H  |^  ^ 
It  ^  f§  Tsuug^'  Li^  Li^  Hsiieh-  Kuan'  Shili*'  Wu*,  Director  of 
the  School  of  Ceremonials,  and  the  following  : 

1 .  2  to  3  H  H  T'i-  Tiao\  I'roctors, 

2.  1  ^  f>S  1^  i'^Higi  T'i^  Tiao^  Assistant  Proctor, 

3.  1  11  -^  Tsung'  Tsuau^  Chief  Reviser, 

4.  1 1  ^1  f^  Tsuan=^  lhm\  Revisers, 

5.  ^jjj  fff  Ilsiclr  llsiu^  Assistant  Ke\  isers  (in  an  Indefinite 
number  j, 

^-     ^  ^l  (^  biao^  Tui^,  CoiTCctors  (in  an  indefinite  uuinljer), 
7.     ^  ^  U'en^  An\  Secretaries,  and 

«•     #  if  IS  P»1   'B*      K..r     Sheng*     Ku'      Wen'      Kuan^ 
Provincial  Advisers  (the  schedxile  calls  for  4u  of  thc^se). 
;594.     Ihe  Ministry  of  Rit(?s  supervises  : 

1.  Imperial  Mausolea  {ser  Xos.  569 — .371a). 

2.  Metropolitan  Temples  and  Sacrifices  performed  therein 
(sec  No.  572)  and 

3.  Religions  (Biuldhist,.  Tuoi<t  and  Shamanist  Priests; 
sec  Nos.  573,  573a  to  573c). 

[      130     ] 


TKESKXr     DAY     roLlTICAL    OlIC.  AX  I  /  ATI  OX    OF    CllIXA. 


Ministry  i board)  of  education. 

395.  ^  *(5  Ilsiieh-  Pu'.  Mini.tn-  (r.onnliuf  Kancation  ; 
established  in  lyO.j  for  the  siipei\  isiou  of  the  eJiicational  affairs 
of  the  Empire  (before  that  time  tliis  duty  de\(»l\»-tl  ijpon  tlie 
Ministry  of  Kites  ;  sre  Xo.  37C.) 

Tlif  internal  organization  of  the  ?^Iin'>try  of  ICdiication,  as 
proj)Osed  by  the  ?*Iinistry  itself,  was  sanctioneJ  by  tiie  Kinperor 
on  the  11th  June.  19O0. 

39oA.  ^JM^-SH^f^  Kuan'  Li^  Hsueh'  Vn'  Shih* 
Wn^.  (.'ontroller  of  the  Ministry  of  Education  (.syy>  No,  27ti). 

.396.  ^  ^  Ts'an'  Shih\  Assistant  Secretaries  ;  oA, 
{sec  No.  *?86  ;  thei-e  are  four  of  these  officials). 

397.      %  f^  M  Ssn'  Wu'  T-iuir'.  Chancery  {scr  Xo.  29(5). 

39^-  ^i\  ifj  P]  Tsuno-  \Vu*  Ssu'.  Departineijl  of  (ieneral 
Affairs  ;  su])erintcnds  the  most  im))ortant  matters,  correspondence, 
archives,  comj^ilation  of  Memorials,'  framing-  of  rules  aiul 
regulations  and  is  in  chai'g'e  of  education  thi'oughout  the  Em|>ire. 

This  Department  is  composed  of  three  jfJf  K'o',  [Sections, /.<». 

^-  ^1  ^  f "I  '1'''  ^^^x''  K-o',  Section  of  Confidential 
Affairs, 

'^-     ^  \i{  f^f  -'^'^'^  Tu'  K'o',  Correspon<l(Mice  Section,  and 

•''■      ^  /i£  >fl  Shrii'  Ting*   K*o',  Inspection  Section, 

399.  li^  pf]  -p']  Clnian'  Men*  Ssu',  Department  cF  Iligi.ci- 
and  Special  Schools;  chaigc'd  with  tlic  supervision  of  Cniver- 
sities.  Higher  an<l  Special  S<'hools. 

This  Department  consists  of  two  Scctiuns  : 
'•       V*;-:  i"J  ^  B  fi  ('l"i:in"    M(Mi-  Chiau'  \V(i'  K-o',  lilgli.r 
and  Special  School    Instrndion  Section,  and 

^-  -/A  l"l  H:  f^  ^'1  <•""'"'  M«'"'  ^'"»'  ^^'"'  ''^'"''  Higher 
and  S))erial  Schnoj  .Mainienance  Section. 

400.  'ilUr  i(|5  I'j  I'-n'  T'lmg'  S.-u'.  l)c|m.tnM-iii  of  (  oimuou 
Schooln  ;    Huperviscrt  Xormal.  .Middlr  and  JOicnu-ntiiiA   Sciu»ol>. 


395 
to 

400 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


401  This  Department  has  three  Sections  : 

to  1-     ^fai^Wf^  Shih^  Fan^   Chiao*  Yil''    KV,   Normal 

404       School  Section, 

2.  4'"^  ^  ^  f4  Chungi  Teng3  Chiao"  Yii*  K'o\  Middle 
School  Section,  and 

3.  ^h'^W^  ^4  Hsiao^  Hsiieh^  Chiao^  Yu*  K'o^  Ele- 
mentary School  Section. 

401..  ^  ^  Wj  Shih^  Yell*  Ssu^,  Department  of  Industrial 
Schools  ;  controls  Manual  Training,  C'ommercial  and  Agricul- 
tural Schools,  etc. 

There  are  two  Sections  to  this  Department,  i.e. 

1-  ^  ^  it  S  ^3f  Shih^  Yeh*  Chiao*  Wu''  K'o',  Industrial 
School  Instruction  Section,  and 

2.  MM  B.B^^  ^^"li'  ^^eh^  Shu*  Wu*  K'o\  Industrial 
School  Maintenance  Section. 

402.  #  it  ^  Hui*  (K'uai*)  Chi*  Ssu\  Audit  Department ; 
examines  income  and  expenditure,  prepares  estimates,  furnishes,, 
builds  and  repairs  schools,  etc-. 

This  Department  is  divided  into  tAvo  Sections  : 
•      1-     JS  ^  f4  Tu*  Chihi  K'o\  J'inance  Section,  and 
2.     ^  H  f-^  Chien*  Chu*  K'o\  (Construction  Section. 

403.  Besides,  a  Department  Director  {see  No.  290),  an 
Assistant  Department  Director  (see  No.  291)  and  one  Or  two 
Second  Class  Secretaries  {see  No.  292)  there  are  attached  to 
each  Department  and  the  Chancer}'  {see  Nos.  396  and  397)  a 
number  of  ^  |2  'g*  Shu^  C^hi*  Kuan\  ('lerks,  of  the  first,  second 
and  third  ranks  {see  No.  295). 

404.  p^  ^  ^  Shih*  Hsiieh^  KuanS  Inspectors  of  Educa- 
tion ;  there  are  two  of  these  officials  for  each  educational  circuit, 
of  which  there  are  12  {i^ide  regulations  drawn  up  by  the 
Ministry  of  Education  and  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 
11th  December,  1909),  as  tabulated  beloAv : 

1.     The  provinces  of  Fengtien,  Kirin  aiid  Heilungchiang, 

[      132     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY    POMIICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CUINa. 


2.  The  provinces  of  Cliilili  and  Shansi, 

3.  The  provinces  of  Shantnno;  and  Honan, 

4.  The  provinces  of  Shensi  and  S/echwan, 

5.  The  provinces  of  Hupeh  and  Hunan, 

6.  The  provinces  of  Kianosu,  Anhui  and  Kiangsi, 

7.  The  provinces  of  Fukien  and  Chokiaii"-, 

8.  The  provinces  of -Kuangtuno:  and  Kuangsi, 

9.  The  provinces  of  Kweichow  and  Yiinnan, 

10.  The  provinces  of  Kansu  and  Hsinkiang. 

1 1 .  Inner  and  Outer  Mongolia,  and 

12.  K'uk'unor  and  .Tibet. 

Certain  of  the  Inspectors  of  Education  are  deputed,  yearly, 
for  the  inspection  of  from  three  to  four  educational  circuits,  so 
that  all  the  circuits  may  be  inspected  within  a  tin-ee  years'  ])eridd. 

The  Inspectors  of  Education  are  selected  from  otHcials  of 
the  Ministry  of  Education  and  to  each  there  is  attached  one  § 
le  ^  Shu'  Chi^  Sheng\  Clerk. 

Originally  the  })0st  of  Inspector  of  Education  was  a  sub- 
stantive position  (namely,  oa)  and  the  number  of  Inspectors  was 
12  ;  from  the  1st  November,  1909,  in  accordance  witli  a  rej)ort 
^rom  the  Ministry  of  Education,  the  pcjsition  was  made  sii()er- 
numerary  in  character  and  a  corres])onding  numljer  of  substantive 
posts  were  established  at  the  Ministrv — of  Dej)artmeMt  Director 
(see  No.  290  ;  five),  of  Assistant  Department  Director  {see  No. 
291  ;  four)  and  of  Second  Class  Secretary  (see  No.  292  ;  three). 
/  404a.      UirViVf^l^    I'i^'"'    '^i"?.''     .Ming''T/.'n'--    Kuan', 

Committee  for  the  Conipilation  (tf  Tcchniciil  Terms  estabhslicd  in 
accordance  with  a  report  of  the  .Ministiy  of  JMlucatinn,  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Emperor  ^m  the  29tli  October,  1909,  with  a  sfafl' 
consisting  of  on<-  ^j^  ^  T{<ung'  Tsiian',  Chief  Keviser,  and  an 
indefinite  munber  of  ^  |^  F<'ii'  Tsuan',  Keviscrs,  for  rompibng 
a  dictionary  of  phyhical,  mathematical,  political,  jiidirial. 
historical,  [)edagogical,  etc.,  expresHJons. 


404a 


I'KESENT    DAY    I'OLITJCAL    OltO  ANIZ  ATI  O.V    OF    CIIIXA. 


to 

407 


4^Qg  Wlien  coinplctod,  llic   use  of  llie   expressions   ap])eai-iiig  ii 

the  (lictionarv  sj)okeii  of   ii))Ovo  Avill  l)e  oblio-atory  for  l)otli  ])til)li' 
and  ])i-ivate  purposes. 

■l'*'^-  ji'^  f^; 'H* '^'^^"^  ^^  Kuan',  (V)nsiilfin{2,'  I'iX])erts  ;  num- 
ber indefinite  ;   of  ff)iir  t^   Teui;'^  Rank's. 

Consultinf]^  l*iX])erts  of  the  first  rsnik  have  tht;  rank  of 
Coirneillor  ;  df  tlie  second  rank,  that  of  Seeretarv  ;  of  llie  third 
rank,  tliat  of  De]);(rtiiient  Director  or  Assistant  Depai'tnient 
Director,  and  of  the  fonrtli  rank,  that  of  S(>cond  ("h»ss  f^ocretary 
iser  ¥o.  302.) 

406.  11^  ,7:p  H  ^\-  ^  Fien^  I-"  T'n^  Shu^  CliCr,  T.ook  Com- 
riiation  and  'I'ranslation  Office  (<h'\elnjied  from  the  ^^i  '^^-  f,^ 
i.^icn^  Shu'  Chii'.  r.ook  (\)Ui])ilation.  ()ffic<s  of  the  ^^\  ^^  ^ 
Hsiich'  Wii''  C1i'ii\  Conunittee  of  lOducatioiial  AfJairs). 

At  the  head  cf  tliis  Office  is  a  ^^  J^-  Chii-  ('han-^  Chief  of 
Ofiicc,  and  snhordinated  lo  liim  are  a  untnher  (;!'  /,',}  ^  Cliii' 
Yiian',  Office  Attaches. 

In  the  l)ook   ( 'diiipilalion  and  "^ri-ajislation  ()ffice  there  is  a,: 

40Ga.  1^  %  Sfi  Ven-  Chill'  8o-\  School  IJooks  ('oni).i!ation 
Bureau. 

-l^JT.  }7i  iJilJ  ff  ^  U  ^^"''"ft'  ^l'"'!''  'i'"'  ^\^^^^^<'  Cliir,  Com- 
mittee foi'  SM])erinten(h'nce  of  jNIetropoiitan  S;-iiools  ;  di\  iik^d 
into  three  7fi[   K'o',  Sections  : 

1-  niTnll^^fi  ^liil''  Fan"  Cliiao'  Vu'  K'<.\  >:ormal 
School  Section, 

^-  'I'  ";?  1^  h"  f'-[  <;-1"ingi  Teno--  (Miiao^  Yu'  Iv'o\  T\Iiddlc 
School  Section,  and 

3.  ^h  Jp  1$:  ff  t'f  TJ^'ii"''  Hsiich^  Chiao^  Vii'  K'oi, 
ElenieiitaiN    Schiiol  Seciion. 

As  chief  of  the  Comniittee  there  is  a  '  lur  ('haii^^% 
Presideiit,  and  at  ttie  li -ad  of  the  Sections  there  arc  ^.'|-  J^  K'o^ 
Chanji"',  Sei'tioii  ( 'iiic  IV  (from  the  I'anks  of  oiHcials  of  the 
^Jinistry  of  Ivdncationj. 

[     1:54    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


408.  ^    {jilj    M    ^    ^  Hsiieh'  Chih^  Tiao^   Ch'a»    Chu»,      408 
Commission    for    the    Study     of     Educational    Regulations  ;     in         ^q 
charge  of  the  making  of  a  comparative  study  of  the  educational       ^- _. 
situation  in  foreign  coxmtries. 

At  the  head  of  the  Commission  there  is  a  ^  ^  Chii' 
Chang',  President,  Avho  is  assisted  by  a  number  of  ^  ^  Cl/ii' 
Yiian',  Attaches,  and  a  staff  of  ^  'g'  I*  Kuan^,  Translators 
(Interpreters). 

408 A.  The  Chief  of  the  Book  Compilation  and  Translation 
Office  {sec  No.  406),  the  President  of  the  Committee  for  Super- 
intendanco  of  Metropolitan  Schools  (see  No.  407)  and  the 
President  of  the  Commission  for  the  Study  of  Educational 
Regulations  (see  No.  408)  rank  as  Councillors  (see  Nos.  281 — 
282)  or  Secretaries  (sec.  Nos.  283 — 284)  of  tho  Ministry  of 
Education. 

409.  M^WL"^  WM^JX  ^^'^^'  "^''-''ig'  ^'l^i^'^o'  ^'^»*  II"i'  I' 
So'^,  Deliberative  Convention  of   Higher  Education  ;  called   once 

a  year  (or  more  often  if   occasion   demands)  ;  under   the   general 

control  of  the  President  and  Vice-Presidents  of   the  Ministry  of 

Education. 

Delegates  to  this  Convention  comprise  officials  of  the 
Ministry  of  Education,  Directors  of  Metropolitan  and  Provincial 
Schools  (Middle  and  Higher)  and  ])ersons  with  great  experience 
in  educational  matters. 

The  Delegates,  who  must  be  approved  by  the  l^mperor, 
elect  the  |||  ^  P  Chang^  President  of  the  Convention. 

From  the  officials  of  the  Ministry  of  Education  there  are 
selected  two  ^,  f^  l\  Slui^  Wu^  Yiian*,  Stewards,  for  the 
management  of  the  geucnil  afliiirs  of  the  C^onvention. 

^1^^-  ^  ft  ^'  %  W\  ("i'i'io'  Vu*  Yen"  Chiu'  So',  Section 
of  Instruction  ;  here  are  given  lectures  on  educational  (juestions 
for  the  l)enefit  of  officials  of  Jie  Ministry  of  JMJucation. 

T(j  this  Section  there  are  attached  : 

[   yy-   ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


411  1   If;  i^  M    S^^^^*    ^^^    Yuan^,    Steward    (for    its    general 
■jjQ        management)  and 

412  1   !^  li  M  I'ien^  Chi*  Yijan^,  Compiler. 

Both  are  chosen  from  amongst  the. officials  of  the  Ministry. 

411.  AM^B  B  ^^'  Cii'i^  Hsiieh^  Wu^  Ch'<  Com- 
mittee of  Banner  Schools  ;  established  in  accordance  with  a 
Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Education,  sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  22nd  September,  1909,  for  the  control  of 
Primary  and  Middle  Schools  for  Bannermen  (5^*?  Nos.  717  and 
717a.). 

At  the  head  of  the  Conmiittee  there  is  a  |^,  J^^  Tsnng^  Li^ 
Director-General,  and  two  \/j^  J^l  Hsieh^  Tji'\  Assistant  Directors. 
The  Committee  consists  of  tAvo  Sections,  i.e. 

I,     ^  f^  "^^  Chiao''  Wn*  K'o',  Instrnction  Section,  and 

2-     IB,  B  %^  SI™''  ^^"*  ^"^'oS  ^laintenance  Section. 

Each  Section  is  directed  by  a  ^j[  ^  K'o^  Chang^,  Section 
Chief,  to  whom  there  arc  subordinated  an  indefinite  number  of 
fjf  j^  K'o^  Yiian^,  Secretaries. 

For  the  inspection  of  schools  the  Committee  periodically 
deputes  ^  ^  ^  Ch'a^  lisiieh"  Yiian^,  Inspectors  of  Education, 

Attached  to  the  Committee  of  Banner   Schools,  in  addition 
to  the  officials  mentioned  above,   are   f^  f||  ^   P'ing-   I^  Yiian 
Advisers,  the  chief  of  whom  is  styled  =Z|^  |||  -^  P'ing-  V  Chang^ 
Senior  Adviser. 

Later  (in  1915),  when  the  Manchus  and  C'hinese  are  placed 
on  an  equal  footing,  this  Committee  will  be  aboli.^hed. 

412.  ^  ^  ife  Kuo^  Tzu-^  Chien\  National  College  or 
Imperial  Academy  of  Learning  (literarj^  designation,  '^  ^ 
T'ai"  Ilsiieh^,  ;^  ii]  Ch'cng2  (  him',  ^j  J^  if>  Ssu^  Ch'eng» 
Kuan'). 

This  institution  was  divided  into  5^  ^  JAn^  T'ang-,  six 
classes  or  sections,  and  its  students  (knoAvn  as  ^-  ^  Chieu'* 
Sheng')  received  a  stipend  from  the  Government. 

[     136     ] 


rilESEXT     DAY     POLITICAL    OllGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

Worthy  of  ivmark   is   the  hull  ^-  ^  Pi'  Yung',  where  the      412a. 
Emperor  (iisciis:;es  the  classics  in  the  [)resence  of  learned  men.  +^ 

At  the  lm])erial  Academy  there  were  :  41<l> 

412a.  ^  Jf  i-^  g^  Bi  J<  E  Ki''i'i'  Li'  K.ur  T/u'  Chien^ 
Tu^  Clreii',  ('hancer..)r  of  the  Imperial  Academy  (usually  one  of 
the  senior  (iraiid  Secretaries),  and  the  following  : 

1-  -  ^  ^  *^  I'i^  Chiu^,  Libationers  (literary  designation, 
^    b]  /j5c   ^:»'  Ssn^  Cli'eng'')  ;   4i5,  one    Manchn  and  one  Chinese, 

-•  "^  ^  ^  Ssu^  Yell'*,  'J'lilors  (literary  designation,  ^  ^ 
Ijjj  Shao^  Ssu'  ("h'eng^)  ;  6a.  one  Manchu,  one  Mongol  and  one 
(.'hiiiese,  ' 

•"'•      ^n'  ?K   (iucuMlh'Cng^,  Proctor  ;    7a, 

-^-      1^.5  ±  ^""'  ^I'i^i''  l)o<'tor  ;   Tn. 

5.      JJlL  ^   Ticn^  Pu^  Arclu\  :st  ;    Kn, 

0.  Jlli  §pj  Tien"  Chi-,  8nb-ArchivIst  ;   9i-., 
"•      Hi/ IJC  *  ''"'  ^'I'ii'oS  i'l'eceptor  ;    7u, 

«•      1^4  K  ^  ^i^  ^^^''^  -"^''i'''  Hs'iolr  Lii',  KegLstrar  ;  8a, 
*J.      :^S  (^;j<  11-iiclr  Lu^  Sul)-Kogistrar  ;   Ha,  and 
10.      ^  iE   Hsiiclr  Cheng^  Director  of  Studies  :   Sa. 

4i:}.  ^  dF- 7J^  ff^  n  Kuo-  T/.u^  Chvng^  Ya'  MCu\  The 
(^iovernnient  [nstitute  ;  this  estahlishrncnt  !s  the  result  of  the 
refoniiation  of  the  Tuiiiciial  Academy  of  Ijearning  (sec  No.  412) 
in  a(  (ordance  with  a  .Memorial  i'roni  the  .Mi)iistr\  t)f  Edncatior 
(sanctioned  In  tite  i'.in|>eroi- on  the  1  lih.Iiinc.  1900).  It  rcgidatc 
tlie  rites  and  ccieinom'cr-  peifornied  al  th.j  ^  |^]  Wi'ii*''  .Miao* 
Temple  of  (  onfn.iu.--,  :,nd  at  the  il^-  ^(il  ^!!i  I'i'  Yung'  'li.ri',  1' 
\'iing  Hall  'srr  No.    112;. 

in  chaig*-'  of  the  (iovcrnnient  lii-titiitc  i-  a  : 

41.TA.  ISl  T'  as  '■^'"^''*  '''^■"'  Ch-eng-,  Director  (.f  the 
Institute  ;  4a.      He  ha-  subordinated  to  him  : 

1.  \  .fll  f^  Tien"  Pu',  ArchiNi-ls:  7  \, 

2.  4  Jjll  fjJi  'i'ien^  Chi',  Sul.-A  rchivi^^lj^  :  Ha, 

[      l-'-     ] 


415a 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

414  3.     2  rt    pO     ^    niG    I"     Ch'i^    PHn^     F6ng*   Ssu^  Kuan^ 

■jjQ        Overseers  of  Sacrifices  of  the  7th  Class, 

4-  .2  Ab"  ^/HGW  P^'  P'i^^  ^eng^  Ssu*  Kuan\  Overseers  of 
Sacrifices  ot  the  8th  Class, 

5.  2  :^  (O,  ^  jnti  ^  Chiu^  P'iu^  Feng^  Ssu*  KuanS 
Overseers  of  Sacrifices  of  the>  9th  Class, 

6.  2  IE  ii  ^ 'i*  Cheng*  T'lmgi  Tsan^  Kuani.  Senior 
Heralds  ;  7a, 

7-  2  glj  ii  ^  'g'  Fu*  T'ungi  Tsaii*  Knan^  Junior 
Heralds  ;  8  b, 

8.  3  —  ^  ^  IE  'g*  Krh^  Teng=^  Shui  Chi*  Kuan^ 
Clerks  of  the  2nd  Class  ;  8a,  and 

9.  3  H  ¥  ^  12  'B*  San^  Teng^  Shui  Chi*  KuanS  Clerk, 
of  the  3rd  Class  ;  9a. 

414.  The  Board  of  Education  has  the  supreme  control  of 
various  educational  institutions,  as  shown  below  : 

Common  Schools  (Primary,  Middle  and  Higher), 
Universities,    Professional   Schools,   Institutes,  etc.   (details 
see  Nos.  574 — 654). 

MINISTRY  (BOARD)  OF  WAR. 

415.  ^  ^HPing'  PuS  Ministry  (Board)  of  War  (literary 
designation  of  Ministry,  ^  ^\l  Hsi  Pu,  of  its  President,  ;/^  "^  H 
Ta*  Ssu'  Ma',  and  of  its  Vice-Presidents,  'J^  ^  ^  Shao'  Ssu^ 
Ma').  This  Ministry,  in  addition  to  the  administration  of  the 
land,  sea  and  river  forces  of  the  Empire,  supervised  the 
examinations  for  military  skill,  which  consisted  of  drawing  the 
bow,  military  gymnastics  and  lif tmg  the  stone  (these  examinations 
were  abolished  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  29th  August,  1901). 

415a,  Before  its  reorganization  the  Ministry  of  War  was 
■composed  of  four  Departments  : 

1-  S^il  n]  Wu=^  Hsuan'  gsu\  "Department  of  Selection, 

2-  IJi  ^  r]  Chih^  Fang^  Ssu\  Department  of  Discipline, 

[     138     ]       ^4 


TKESENT    DAY    POLITICA.L    ORGAXTZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


3-     ^  ffc|    RI  ('h''^*'  Chia-»  Ssu',  Kemonnt-Departiueiit,  and  416 


'^-      J^  ^'  "rI  ^^^^^  K'u^  '^su',  Commissariat  Department. 

^16.  M^^  Lien*  Ping^  Ch'u*,  Commission  for  Army 
"Reorganization  ;  established  in  1903  at  the  initiative  of  ^  -fy;  gf[ 
Yuan-  Shih*  K'ai'  (who  was  made  its  President)  for  the 
reorganization  of  the  Chinese  army  on  western  lines. 

417.  The  reorganization  of  the  Ministry  of  War  was 
commanded  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  6th  NoAcmber,  lOOfi,  which 
read  as  follows  : 

"  |£  A|^  Piiig^  Pu^,  the  Ministry  of  War,  is  now  to  become 
"the  ^  ^.  iJirT^i'  ChiJn'  Fn\  Board  of  War,  the  Commission 
"for  Army  Eeorganization  {see  No.  416)  and  the  ;J{C  (%  ^  T'ai' 
"P'u'  St^u',  Court  of  the  Imperial  !Stud  (see  No.  936]i),  to  be 
"assimilated  by  the  latter.  The  pro])osed  ^  [^  i^  Hai^  Chihi^ 
"Pu*,  Ministry  of  the  Navy  {see  No.  18oii},  and  the  !^  ii"^  Jf^ 
"Chim^  Tzu'  Fu^  General  Statt"  Office  (see  No.  184),  not  being 
"  regularly  organized,  affairs  appertaining  to  these  are  to  be 
"attended  to  in  the  Ministry  of  War,  by  a  ^  ^  ^"  llai^  Chiin^ 
"Ch'u*,  Naval  Council  (s<y'  No.  IHae),  and  a  i|i  ii"^  J^  Chiin' 
"Tzu'  Cii'u"',  AiTny  Staff  Council  {see  No.  184a),  respectively." 

The  internal  organization  of  the  Ministry  of  War,  as 
proposed  by  the  Ministry  itself,  i-eceived  Imperial  sanction  on 
the  7th  fTune,  1907. 

.418.  ^i;-^^  Chiin'  Tzu'  Ch'u*,  (iencral  Staff  (\)uncll 
(see  No.  417)  ;  for  its  organization  see  enclosure  to  a  report  of 
the  Ministry  of  War,  dated  Ttli  .lune,  1!)()7. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  removal  of  the  (Iencral  Staff 
Council  from  the  supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  War,  and  its 
€Stablishin(;nt  as  an  independent  iristitution,  srr  Nos.  184  a  to  iHli.. 

419.  rS  ill  Iijf  Hai^  Cliiin'  ('h'u\  Naval  Council  (see  No. 
417).  For  particulars  as  to  the  transfer  of  lliis  Council  from  the 
supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  War  to  that  (.f  the  Commission  for 
the  Kcortranization  of  the  Navv,  srr  Nos.  18.m'  t(»  IH.'x). 

[     J8'-'     ] 


to 
419 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


422a 


420  ^20.     P^  ;^  §[>  Lu*  (^hiin^  PuS  :MinistiT  (Board)  of  War 

to  or  Ministry  (IJoard)  of  Laud  Forces.  'J'his  Ministry  is  now  the 
administrative,  head  of  all  the  land  forces  of  the  Empire,  direct& 
Military  Schools,  has  charge  of  ordnance  stores  and  arsenals,  etc. 
The  postal  svstem,  for  Government  use  exclusively,  in  Chin,' 
propej"  and  in  the  outlying  dependen{des,  is  maintained  by  thi& 
Ministry. 

421.  ^  JM  |J^  Ip  ^\i  ^i  f%  Kuan^  Li=^  Lu'  Chiuii  Pu^  Shih^ 
Wu-^,  Controller  of  the  ^Ministry  of  War  {sec  No.  276). 

^  422.  ^kWCM  Ch'cng-  Chcng^  T'ing\  Coimcil.  (see  No. 
285)  ;  attends  to  the  most  important  questions  ;  supervises 
finances,  correspondence,  staff",  etc. 

The  Council  is  divided  into  four  ^i[  K'o\  Sections,  i.e. 
W'  %^  P(  P^^  Shu^  K'oS  Secret  Affairs  Section,  and  |&:  ft  ^ 
Tien^  Chano-^  K'o\  Section  of  Armv  Regulations — under  the 
control  of  the  Senior  Councillor  {see  No.  281) — and  |ft;  f^  ^\  Shu^ 
Wu^  K'o\  Section  of  General  Affairs,  and  U^  ^  f>|-  Shou  Chih^ 
K'o\  Finance  Section — in  charge  of  the  Jvmior  Councillor  {see 
No.  282). 

422a.     The  Council  {see  .No.  422)  Avas  organized  from  : 

1.  The  following  offices  of  the  former  ]\Iinistry  of  War 
{see  No.  415)  : 

y^  fra  W)  ^Jan'^  Tang*  Fang'',  Record  and  Registry  Office 
(compare  No.  379),  v\  t^  M  Ssu^  Wu-*  T'ing',  Chancery 
(compare  No.  296),  ^ji^  |/j|  J^  P'ai*  Pau*  Chni\  Office  for 
Deputation  of  Officials  for  Special  Duty,  ^-^W^  Shou^  Chih^ 
So',  Finance  Office,  and  jf  i^  ^  Feng-*  Hsiang^  Ku^  Office  for 
issue  of  Salaries  and  Supplies  {see  No.  415a),  from  the  Commis- 
sariat Department. 

2.  The  following  offices  of  the  Commission  for  Army 
Reorganization  {see  No.  416)  : 

^  ^  ^  Wen^  Ani  Ch'u^  Chancery,  and  J[^  ^  ^  Shou^ 
Chih'  Oh'uS  Treasury. 

[     1^"     ] 


rUESKXT    OAY    rt)LiriCAL    OUGAXIZATIOX    OF    C'lIXA. 


42215.  Tlie  staff  of  the  Council  (^sre  No.  422)  is  in:i<lc  up  of 
two  CouiH-illoi-s  (5<r  No!i.  '281  and  2S2),  two  yf^  ^^  1^'  C'h'rnj>-*  F:i» 
Kuan\  ]le,i:istrurs  {see  No.  294),  four  ^jf  ^  K'o'  Chauij^',  Section 
Chiefs  (corresponding-  to  the  nunjbcr  ol'  Sections  ;  .vrr  No.  422j, 
20^^  K\>'  Yiiau-,  Secretaries  (oF  the  1st,  2nd  and  ."'.r.l  laidvg), 
Jive^  ^  ^*  Yiiau",  Tiairt^lators ( Interpreters  ;  of  the  1  si,  2nd  and 
3rd  ranks),  14  §5  ^  Lu'  Shih',  Writers  (.vrr  No.  2«J-l),  one  IE  it 
^'g-Clieng-^  'IVung-  Shih^  Kuan',  -Adjutant,  and  one  S'J  t/H  '1^ 'S* 
Fu*  Ts'ung-  Shih^  Kuan'.  Second  Adjutant. 

423.  ^MM  'A'^'^i"'  ^^  T'ing\  Secretarial  OHice  {svc  No. 
285a)  ;  draws  up  rules  and  regulations  for  the  ^Ministry  of  War, 
Military  Scholars,  etc. 

423,\.  Attached  to  the  Secretarial  (HHcc  arc  : 
Two  Secretaries  {sec  Nos.  2S.'>  and  28 4\  one  lvc!.'i-trar  {see 
No.  294),  li-^m  t-r  T/u^  1*  Kuan',  Advisers  (of  the  1st,  2nd  and  i'rd 
ranks  ;  sec  No.  302),  and  ;^  ^  '^  Chien'Ch'a^  Kuan',  Insp.rlors 
of  Military  Affairs  (of  the  1st,  2n(l  and  :ird  ranks:  srr  N...  ;;o:'.\ 
in  an  indefinite  nund)er,  and  12  Wiiters  {src  No.  2!>4). 

424.  Ij^igj  n]  rhiin^  Heng'  Ssu^  Department  of  Selection  ; 
supervises  appoint inenl  and  tiansfer  of  Tuilitary  (»ihcial<,  granting 
of  hereditary  titles,  etc. 

This  Department  has  four  Sections  : 

1-      Jit  fl  #  ^^'"'  '1'^^'='''  ''^''<'''  ►'^^'^■*'^"'  "*'  A].i.ointnients. 


2. 
Posts, 
3. 
4. 


g§  )(;^  :f-^  Hbi' Yin'  K'o',  Section  ot  llei-editary  Titles, and 

M  in  'T-'l-  <"'''''  ^^"'  ^^'^''  ^«^''''""  "'  ''•'"""■'■  -^ ""■»''•■'• 

424a.  The  Department  of  Selection  (sw  No.  424)  is  a 
development  of  the  j\i  iS  ol  W-r  llsiian^  Ssu',  Department  of 
Selection  {sec  No.  415aj,  of  the  ohl  Ministry  of  War. 

42.0.  T].!^  ?J1  Chim*  Ch*eng»  Ssu',  Dci)arlment  of  .Mditary 
Postc;  in  chatge  of  the  Military  Posts  an.l  the  horses  for  .-onricrs 
employed  therein. 

[      141      1 


422n 

to 

426 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


425a  This  Department  consists  of  three  Sections  : 

to  1-     II  H  ^\  I*  Oh'uan^  K'o\  Military  Posts  Section, 

426a  2.      1^  ^  fif  Hsiao^  Sxian*  K'o^,  Expenditure  Section,  and 

3.  @[J  )^  T^Jf  P'ei*  Shu*  K'o\  Convoy  Section  (superyising 
the  couvoying  of  exiles  to  their  places  of  banishment). 

425a.  To  the  Department  of  Military  Posts  (see  No.  425) 
were  transferred  certain  of  the  functions  of  the  "^  ^  p]  Ch'e^ 
(Jhia*  Ssu^,  Remount- Department  (see  No,  415a),  and  the  ^^  J^ 
^J  Wu'^  K'u*  Ssu^,  Commissariat  Department  (see  No.  415a),  of 
the  old  Ministry  of  War  {see  No.  415). 

425b.  In  addition  to  the  customary  officials  (see  No.  434), 
attached  to  the  Department  of  ]Military  Posts  (see  No.  425)  are 
the  following  : 

1-  ^  f  11  ^  Chielr  Pao^  C'h'u*,  Couriers  Office,  directed  by 
a  III  §1  Tsurig-  Pan*,  Chief,  assisted  by  six  |/j|  ^  'g*  Pan'*  Shih* 
Kuan',  Secretaries,  and  tAvo  ^^  ^  Lu*  Sliih*,  Writers,  and 

2-  ^1  1^  ^^^^  Kuan^,  Depot  of  Military  Horses,  in  charge 
of  a  i£,  §  Chien'  Tn\  Sa])erintendent,  and  two  |,^  ^  Lu^ 
Shih*,  Writers. 

426.  igft  "r]  Chiin^  Chi'  Ssu',  Discipline  De])artment  ; 
directs  the  issue  of  re^yards  or  the  leyy  of  penalties. 

This  Department  is  divided  into  four  Sections  :    ~ 

1.  #  ^  jfij  K'ao=^  Ohi^  K'o\  Section  for  Investigation  of 
Merit, 

2.  Ijg  fjj  5fjf  Ts'e*  Hsiin^  K'oS  Section  for  Definition  o£ 
Grade  of  Merit, 

3.  15  f^  fJ[  Hsii*  Shang-  K'o',  Rewards  Section,  and 

4.  1^  ^  ^}[  I*  Fa''  K'o^,  Section  of  Punishments. 

426 A.  To  the  'Discipline  Depai-tment  (see  No.  426)  were 
transfcired  the  functions  of  the  ^fi  ^  p1  Chih^  Fang^  Ssu^, 
Department  of  Disci])bne  (see  No.  415a),  of  the  oil  Ministry 
of  War  (see  No.   415),  and  of  the  ^  Jjj  jfif  K'ao'  Kung^  K'o'- 

■     [     142     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION"    OF    CHINA. 

Sect-ion  for   Investigation  of  Merit,  of  tlie  Commission  for  Army       427 
Keorganization  {see  No,  416).  ^q 

427.  "t^  ^    r1    Chiin^    Shilr    Ssu',    Department    of    Arms      428b 
Supply  ;  conj^isting  of  two  Sections,  i.e. 

1-     M  Jt-;  ^-"f  <-''>i'i*  Tsao*  K'o',  Section  of  Manufacture,  and 

2.     fJjc  fit  f^  I'lio^  C;li'u*  K'o\  Storage  Section. 

427a.  The  ail'airs  of  the  j^  I^  p]  Wu^  K'u*  Ssu',  Commis- 
sariat De])artm(.'nt  {src  No.  41oa),  of  the  old  Ministry  of  War, 
and  of  the  !^^  ^  $4  Ch'i^  Hsieh*  K'oS  Arms  Section,  of  the 
Commission  for  Army  Kcorganization  (sec  No.  41G),  were  handed 
over  to  the  Department  of  Arms  Supply  (see  No.  427). 

427 15.     In   addition   to  the  usual  officials  (see  No.  4,')4),  at 
the  Department  of  Arms  Supply  (see  No.  427),  are  found  : 
1   It  m  fl.  ^J"i*  T'u^  Yiian2,  Draughtsman, 
1   ^  Hlfj  I'  ShihS  Chief  Engineer  (sec  No.  301),  and 
1   1^  ±  i'  ^1>il»\  Engineer  (5^^  No.  .301). 

428.  iji  fjjij  pj  ChiJn^  Chih*  Ssu',  Army  Inspection  Depart- 
ment ;  of  seven  Sections  : 

1-  ^  ^i  f-'i  ^•^••i'  Chien3  K'o',  Training  Section, 

2.  ^  R.  ^}\  Pii'  Ping'  K'o',  Infantry  Section, 

3.  Bi  ^  I'i  ^l:i'  l'"'^'  I^'"^  <-'avalry  Section, 

4.  ^<  f£  ^-1  i"a()'  ring'  K'oS  Artillery  Section, 

•'>•     X  f<  f-'l  K'"»g^  Ping'  K'o',  Engineers  Section, 

Cu  |«j  ^;  5i  5f;[  T/.ii'-  Chung^  Ping'  K'o',  .Military  Trains 
Scetion,  and 

7.     ^  ^  $•[  T'ai-   Lei'  K'o',  Sa]>pers  Section. 

428 A.  The  Army  Ins]>e(ti()n  Department  was  developed 
from  the  ^  ^.j  ^}\  Son'  T'ao^*  K'o',  Battle  Training  Section,  of 
the  Commission  for  Army  Reorganization  (see  No.  416). 

428b.  In  addition  to  the  custoniary  oHicials  (see  Nt).  434), 
the  staff  of  tin'  Annv  Inspection  Department  (.fee  No.  428) 
includcH  one   $&  [E]  it  Hni'  T'u*   Yiiun',    DraughtHuian  (compare 

[113     J 


PltESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


429        No.   427b),  one  ^  fffj  I"  Shih\  Chief  Engineer  {see   Xo.    301), 

^Q        and  one  m  ±  P  Sluli%  Engineer  (see  No.  301 ). 
430b  429.      ^  ^  Wl  Chiin^  Hsii^  Ssu',  Commissariat  Department; 

of  three  Sections  : 

1.  Mn^  ^^  T'ung-3  Chi*  K'o\  Statistical  Section, 

2.  H  HE  f^i-  Liang2  Fir  K'o^  Supplies  Section,  and 
3-     Mjs.f\  Chien*  Tsao*  K'o',  Construction  Section. 
429a.      The    Commissariat    Department    was    formed   from 

the  II  i[u]  ff  Liang^   Hsiang^  K'o\  Section   of   Supplies,  of  the 
Commission  for  Army  Eeorganization  {see  No.  416). 

430.     ^  '^  "^  Chiiii^  Hsueh-  Ssu',  Department  of  Militar}- 
Education  consisting  of  seven  Sections  : 

1.  ^  ^  ^^  Chiao*  Yii*  K\)\  Section  of  Instruction, 

2.  ^  1^  f^l'  f'"'  Tiii*  K'o\  Infantry  Section, 

3.  .1  If^  JfJ^  IMa=^  Tui^  K'o\  Cavalry  Section, 

4.  ®C  i^  f  f  l^'-^o*  Tui*  K'oS  .Ai-tillei-y  Section, 

5.  X  ^  I^  f^l"  Kung^  Ch'eng"  Tui'  K'o',  Engineers 
Section, 

6.  f^  M  Ff  ^4  '-^^^"^  Chung*  Tui*  K'o\  Military  Trains 
Section,  and 

7.  ^  ^  ®  HI?  Yao*  Sai*  P'ao^  Tui^  K'o\  Fortress 
Artillery  (or  Heavy  Artillery)  Section. 

.430a.  The  Department  of  Military  Educpation  (sec  No.  430) 
was  formed  from  the  $j\\  ,f^  ^  Hsiin'  Lien*  K'o^  Training 
Section,  and  the  |$;  ^  f jf  Chiao*  Yii*  K'o',  Instruction  Section, 
■of  the  Ipf  ^  p]  Cluin'  Hsiieh^  Ssu\  Department  of  Mihtary 
Education  of  the  Conuuission  for  Ai-iny  Reorganization 
(see  No.  416). 

430k.  Ii  I^  ^  l>ieni  I"  ChiiiS  Translation  Office; 
attached  to  the  Department  of  Military  lulucation  (see  No.  430).; 
directed  by  a  |i  i|  Tsung^  Pan*,  Chief,  assisted  l)y  a  |g  |^ 
T'i^  Tiao\  Proctor,  a  J[^  ^   Shou'    Chang^   Librarian  (Keeper) 

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PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORG AXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

iti    ^     Pieu^    Tsuan^     Revisers,    ^    '^     V    Shu',    Translators  431 

(Interpreters),  and  otlier  officials  (of  an  indefinite  number).  iq 

431.  ^  ^  ^  Cliiin^  I^  S&u',  Army  Medical  Department  ;  a^a 
consisting  of  two  .Sections  : 

1-     ^6;  P\  I'  ^^  »^  K-o',  Medical  Section,  and 

^-      .^  ^  fi-  ^la^  r  K'o',  Veterinary  Section. 

431  A.  The  Army  Medical  Department  (sec  No.  431)  Avas 
formed  b}'  the  reorganization  of  the  ^  f^  ^  I'  Wu^  K'o\ 
Medical  Section  of  the  Connnission  for  Army  Keorganization 
(see  Xo.  416). 

432.  '^  f^  -g  Chlini  Fa'  Ssu',  Department  of  .Military 
Law  ;  supervises  military  law  proceedings  and  military  prisons. 
It  has  no. Sections. 

432a.  The  Department  of  Military  Law  {sec  No.  432} 
was  formed  by  the  reorganization  of  the  ;S  fp  f ^  Fa'  Lii'  K'o', 
Section  of  Laws,  of  the  Commission  for  Army  Keorganization 
(see  No.  416). 

432ii.  In  addition  to  the  usual  oflicials  (see  No.  434),  the 
Department  of  Military  Law  (see  No.  432)  furnishes  employment 
for  six  p]  ^^  'g*  Ssu'  Fa''  Kuan',  Officers  of  Justice  (of  the  first, 
second  and  third  ranks). 

433.  i|?  ^  ^  Cliiin'  ?^Iu'  Ssu',  Department  of  the 
Military  Stud  ;  comj)osed  of. two  Sections  • 

L      i^^]^  Chun^  T'iao''  K'o',  Distributing  Section,  and 

ii-      ^  ^'i  14  Fan!  Chih2  K'o",  Breeding  Section. 

433a.  The  Department  of  the  Military  Stud  was  fonuetl 
from  the  (.'ourt  of  the  Imperial  Stud  {sec  Nos.  417  and  J>3()i{j, 
and  assimilated,  in  part,  tlu;  functions  of  the  j|I  ^l^  \i]  C'h'e' 
Chia^  Ssu',  Remount  Dt^partmcnt  {sec  No.  4  1.>a)  of  tlir  old 
Ministry  of  War  (sec  No.  415}. 

434.  Kach  Department  of  tlic  Ministry  of  War  cmph.ya  : 
^  ^  one  Ssu'  Chang',  Controller  {see  No.  2U4),  one  ^  ^  f 

Ch'rng^  Fa'  Kuan',  Registrar  (a^c  No.  2U4},  fj  H  K'o'  ("hang', 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGAXIZATION    OF    C.IINA. 


435       Section  Chiefs  (of  the  same  number  as  there  are  Sections),  ^J[  j^ 
^O        K'o^  Yiian^,   Secretaries   (of  the    first,   second  and  third  ranks  ; 
4S7a      from  six   to  thirty-four),  and  ||^    ^   Lu"*   Shih^,  Writers  (from 
,    six  to  twelve). 

Special  officials  are  treated  under  their  respective 
Departments. 

435.  ^  it  T'i'^  T'angS  Superintendents  of  Military 
Posts  ;  further  distinguished  as  : 

435a.  ^^:^^  Chu^  Ching^  T'i"  T'ang^,  Superintendents 
of  Military  Posts  residing  at  Peking,  of  whom  there  are 
sixteen. 

435b.  jg  ^  J^  j^f  Chu^  ShengS  T'i^  T'ang^,  Superintendents; 
of  Military  Posts  residing  in  the  Provinces  (compare  No.  754). 

435c.  ^  ^  Pao"*  Fang",  Printing  Office  ;•  formerly 
the  '^  ^  Ching^  Pao*,  Peking  Gazette,  was  printed  at  this- 
Office,  which  was  under  the  direction  of  the  Superintendents  of 
Military  Posts  residing  at  Peking  (see  No.  435a). 

43S.  f^  ^  SB  M  'i'  Lu*  Chiini  Pu^  Ch'ia^  KuanS  Officials 
for  Special  Duty;  attached  to  the  Ministry  of  War  in  an. 
indefinite  number  (up  to  thirty -four). 

437.      Under  the  supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  War  are  :. 

1.  The  ]Military  Forces  of  China  : 

A.  Lu  CliUn,  Regular  Troops,  and 

B.  Hsiin  Fang  Tui,  Reserves  (see  Nos.  655  to  707),, 

2.  Military  Schools  (see  Nos.  708  to  717b), 

3.  Banner  Troops  (see  Nos.  718  to  748), 

4.  Old  Chinese  Troops  (see  Nos.  749  to  753), 

5.  Military  Posts  (see  No.  745),  and 

6.  Office  of  the  Government  Stud  (see  No.  755). 

437a.  j^  +  i^i  ^  Hung-  Shih^Tzu"  HuiS  The  Red  Cross 
Society.  Provisional  regulations  (f\*  M  K '^'  '-^  ^  M  if  ^  ^ 
Chungi  Kuo^  Hung2  Shih^  Tzu*  Hui*  Shih^  Pan*  Chang^  Ch'eng^) 
were   drawn   up  by    ^  ^  ^  Lii    Hai-h\ian,   and  sanctioned  by 

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PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

an   Imperial   Decree   of   liic    27tli   February,    1910.     The  same       438 
Decree   appointed  j^  ^  f^  Sheng  Hsiian-huai  as  ^  -j"  ^  Q"  ^ 
Hun^"-  Sliili-  Tzu^  Hui^  Chang',  President  of  the  Red  Cross  Society. 

A  special  Memorial  from  the  General  Staff  Office, 
suggesting  certain  changes  and  amendments  in  the  provisional 
regulations  mentioned  above,  was  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on 
the  20th  May,  1910.  Accordingly,  the  4«  [^  SI  -f"  ^  l!S  ^ 
Chimg'  Kuo"-  Hung-  Shilr  Tzu*  Tsung'  Hui^,  Central  Office 
of  the  Red  Cross  Society,  is  to  be  established  at  Peking,  ^  ^ 
Fen^  Hui%  Branch  Offices,  will  be  founded  in  provincial  capitals, 
ports  open  to  foreign  trade  and  sea  ports.  Also,  there  is  a 
proposal  to  form  a  corps  of  ^  ^  I'  Yiian^,  Physicians,  and 
§  n^  A  K'an^  Hu*  Jen-,  "Brothers  and  Sisters  of  Mercy." 
Furthemiore,  a  §^  |^  Jj^  Chih*  Yao^  Ch'ang',  Labonitory,  is  to 
be  founded  for  the  manufacture  of  medical  instruments  and  the 
preparation  of  medicines. 

The  insignia  of  the  Chinese  Red  Cross  Society  is  : 

1.  a  mU  -I  ^-  m  rai=  Ti^  H«ng^-  Shilr  Tzu^  ih'\\ 
Red  Cross  on  a  White  Ground,  or 

2.  m  ill  {i3c  -^  ^  IE  ^  Shuangi  Lung"^  Ch'ien'  Shih'^ 
Tzu'  Lhi*  ChangS  Red  Cross  and  Two  Dragons,  of  (lold.  Silver, 
or  Bronze  (the  ensign  of  members  of  the  Red  Cross  Society). 

A\INI5TRY    (BOARD)   OF    JUSTICE. 

4.38.  Jflj  %  Using'  Vu*,  Ministry  (Board)  of  Punishments, 
or  Criminal  Affiiirs  (literary  designation,  Jt  %  W  Pu*  and 
^  fl  Ilsi^  Ts'ao':  of  its  President,  :k  V\  i^  Ta<  Ssu>  K'ou';  of 
its  Vice-Presi<lents,  li?  nj  ^  Shao»  Ssu'  K'ou^  or  ^  '(\'  ^'»''»'' 
Kuan',  Autumn  <  )tHciah. 

The  duties  of  this  .Ministry,  according  t(.  "  The  Institutes  of 
th  •  T'ai  Ch'ing  Dynasty,  consistrd  in  :  firstly,  the  enforcement 
and  direction  of  {.unishments   inflined   on   ollemiers  ;  secondly,  at 

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PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


430  the  Autumn  Assizes,  preceding  the  time  of  executions  (which 
to       take    place    in   China   on   the   eve  of  the    Winter  solstice),   the 

AAQ  Ministry,  together  with  the  Censorate  (see  No.  206)  and  the 
Court  of  Jtidicature'  and  Revision  (see  No.  215),  carefully 
examined  decisions  of  provincial  judges,  in  cases  of  capital 
punishment,  submitted  to  them  before  presentation  to  the  Emperor 
(before  decisions  of  capital  punishment  of  provincial  judges 
became  effective  it  was  necessary  that  the  assent  of  all  the 
members  of  the  Three  High  Courts  of  Judicature  be  obtained)  ; 
finally,  the  Ministry  of  Punishments  partook  of  the  nature  of 
both  a  criminal  and  civil  court  of  the  Metropolitan  Circuit,  for 
instance,  every  important  criminal  case  occurring  therein — after 
being  carefully  considered  by  a  certain  Department  of  the 
Ministiy,  in  the  first  instance,  by  all  the  Department  Conti'ollers 
assembled,  in  the  second  instance,  and  by  the  Presidents  of  the 
Ministry,  finally — was  brought  for  final  decision  before  the 
above-mentioned  Three  High  Courts  of  Judicature. 

439.  In  accordance  with  the  former  division  of  China  into 
18  provinces,  the  Ministry  of  Punishments  (see  No.  438)  was 
comjjosed  of  18  Departments — rone  for  each  province. 

In  addition,  to  the  Ministry  there  was  attached  a  ^  ■j^IJ  |f 
Lii*  Li^  Kuan^,  Commission  of  Laws,  whose  duty  consisted  in 
the  promulgation,  every  five  years,  of  the  code  of  criminal  laws, 
with  all  amendments  and  supplements  that  had  taken  place  since 
its  previous  issue. 

At  the  head  of  the  Commission,  as  Superintendent,  was 
one  of  the  Princes  of  the  Blood  or  one  of  the  highest  officials 
of  the  Empire,  appointed  by  the  Emperor,  and,  to  his  service, 
there  were  deputed,  from  the  higher  Metropolitan  Establishments, 
officials  skilled  in  jurisprudence. 

440.  f^  A[5  Fa^  Pu%  Ministry  (Board)  of  Justice  ;  formed 
by  the  reorganization  of  the  Ministry  of  Punishments  (see  No. 
438),  as  directed  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  6th  November,  1906. 

[     U8     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CIIXA. 


446 


This  Ministry  controls  and  dlret-ts  all  the  .Indicia!  Establishments        441 
of  the    Empire,   the   Supreme   Court   of  Justice   {sec  No.  lMja)         ^q 
inclndcd,    attends    to    all    prison    affairs    and    renders    the    iinal 
decision  with  regard  to  the  intliction  of  capital  punishment. 

The  internal  organization  of  the  Ministry  is  as  proposed  in 
a  Memorial  to  the  Throne  by  vhe  Ministry  itself,  sanctioned  by 
the  Emperor  on  the  31st  .January,  1907. 

441.  ;^  ifJSt  ^  Ch'eng*  Cheng*  T'ing',  Council  {scr  No. 
28o)  ;  considers  the  most  iiuportant  questions  of  the  Ministry, 
controls  the  granting  of  pardons  and  the  ])ersonnel  of  judicial 
establishments,  defines  the  scope  of  judicial  establishments  and 
judicial  police,  etc. 

■l-^^-  ^MlB  T-^'nui  I'  T'ing',  Secretarial  Office  (srr  No. 
285 a)  ;  frames  rules  and  regulations,  compiles  reports  u  id  attends 
to  correspondence  generally. 

443.  Four  ^  ^  Ts'an'  Shih',  Assistant  Secretaries  (see 
No.  286)  ;  oA.  There  ai-e  two  at  the  Council  (sec  No.  441)  and 
two  at  the  Secretarial  (Office  (see  No.  442). 

444.  ^  1^^  ^  Shen^  Lu*  Ssu\  Department  of  .Judicial 
Affairs.     Under  the  supervision  of  this  Department  are  : 

Ciiminal  cases  submitted  for  the  .Emperor's  decision,  the 
revision  of  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  .lusticc  (see 
No  2I0A)  and  of  other  judicial  establishments  and  the  criminal 
and  (•i\il  cases  of  the  provinces  of  Chihli,  Kwangtung,  Kwangsi, 
Yiinnan  and  Kweichow  and  the  Left  Wing  of  the  Ch'ahars. 

-i-^-'-  ili'I  Wi  5l  '<^''''''^  K'an'  Ssu',  Department  of  lievision. 
Tlli^  I)tj)artment  supervises  : 

Revision  of  sentences  of  death  pa'^-cd  b\  Ilii;Ii<r  Com-t.s, 
the  piormdgation  of  death  sentences  ami  the  criminal  and  civil 
cases  of  tlie  piovinces  of  Szechwan,  Ibinan.  Sheiisj  and 
Ilsinkiang  and,  also,  of  Uliasut'ai  and   Ivobdc 

^  '^»  M  12  0]  l*i«'"'  Chih'  Smi',  Department  cf  Hani^h- 
nicnl    Atlair-.  ;     sup(r\ising    ca*«e.s    where    the    .xtrcmc    penally 

[      11!>      ] 


PRESEISTT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


447  defined  by  law  is  not  inflicted,  the  determination  of  places  of 
to  banishment  and  the  civil  and  criminal  cases  of  the  provinces  of 
4^Ko       Fengtien,  Kirin,  Heilungchiang,   Shantung  and  Shansi  and,  also 

of  the   Left  Wing   of    Ch'ahars,    Suivuanch'eng   and  Kueihua 

ch'eng. 

447.  i^  fk.  dJ  Yu*  Hsii'  Ssu%  Department  of  Pardons. 
This  Department  is  charged  with  the  publication  of  Benevolent 
Edicts  and  ]Manifests,  questions  concerning  pardons,  and  the 
civil  and  criminal  cases  of  the  provinces  of  Kiangsu,  Kiangsi, 
Anhui,  Fulcien,  Chekiang,  Hunan  and  Hupeh. 

448.  H  |)(  ol  Chii^  Hsu-'  Ssu\  Department  of  Personnel ; 
controls  the  pei-sonnel  of  the  jVIinistry  and  of  judicial  establish- 
ments in  general  and  recommends  rewards  to  be  granted  to,  or 
punishments  to  be  inflicted  on,  judicial  officials. 

449.  iHl  3^  '^  Tien^  Yu*  Ssu^,  Department  of  Prisons ; 
supervising  prisons  and  workhouses  attached  to  them  (see  No. 
767a).  Under  the  direct  control  of  this  Department  is  the 
prison  at  the  Ministry  of  Justice  (see  No.  766). 

450.  ^  f  j-  fl  Hui*  (K'uai^)  Chi*  Ssu\  Audit  Department 
registers  receipts  and  expenditure  of  the  Ministry,  prepares 
estimates,  collects  fines  and  takes  control  of  property  confiscated. 

451.  .^[^^^Tu^  Shih*  Ssu\  Department  of  General 
Affairs ;  prepares  translations  from  Manchu  into  Chinese  and 
vice  versd^  copies  reports,  has  the  custody  of  the  seal,  etc. 

452.  The  staff  of  each  Department  of  the  Ministry  of 
Justice  consists  of  three  Department  Directors  (see  No.  290),  four 
Assistant  Department  Directors  (see  No.  291),  and  four  Second 
Class  Secretaries  {see  N- .  292). 

453.  \^  %  ^  Siiou^  Fa^  So^  Registry ;  deals  with 
correspondence  concerning  prisoners,  prepares  and  stores 
instruments  of  torture,  etc.  Its  staff  consists  of  two  Assistant 
Department  Directors  {see  No.  291)  and  two  Second  Class 
Secretaries  (see  No.  '^92). 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

454.      J^  It  ^    T'ung^   Clii^   Ch'u<,  Statistical  Bureau  {see       454 
No.  162).  ^ 

'^^5-     ^^  M    pI    Tang^   Yiieh*   Ssu',    Record   and   Registry       459 
Office  ;   managed   by   one   Department  Director   (see   No.   290), 
one  Assistant    Department    Director   {see    No.    291)    and   three 
Second  Class  Secretaries  (sec  No.  292).      Now  abolished. 

456.  ^'  g^  i^  Tsangi  Fa'  K'u^,  Treasury  ;  where  fines 
■were  deposited.  Its  staff  consisted  of  one  p\  \^  Ssu^  K'u*, 
Treasurer ;  7a,  and  from  one  to  two  J^  f|i  K'u*  Shih', 
Overseers  (see  No.  298).  This  is  now  non-existent  (compare 
No.  450). 

457.  Jl  ^  ^  T'i*  Lao2  T'ing\  Prison  Office  ;  formerly 
in  charge  of  two  prisons  of  the  Ministry,  i.e.  f{(j  ^  Nan-  Chien', 
the  Southern,  and  ^t  ^  Pci^  Chien\  the  Northern,  and  with 
a  staff  consisting  of  two  g  ^  T'i'^  Lao',  Inspectors  of  Prisons 
(one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese).  With  the  establishment  of  the 
Department  of  Prisons  (see  No.  419)  this  Office  was  abolished 
{for  details  see  No.  766). 

457a.  p1  Dt  p1  ''5su'  Yu^  SsuS  Section  of  Warders  (of 
the  Prison  Office;  see  No.  457).  This  Section  furnished 
employment  for  eight  ^  ^  Ssu'  Yii',  Warders;  9i'..  It  is  now- 
non-existent  (for  details  see  No.  766). 

458.  imfi^  I'^ie'i'  <'1''=''  <-'•''"%  Compiling  Office; 
collects  information,  rrames  ndesand  regulations,  compiles  drafts 
of  laws,  etc. 

459.  The  Ministry  of  Justice  supervises  supreme  control 
over  : 

1.  SIk'ii  T*'an  T'iiig,  Local  (Courts  {.ur  Nos.  758  to  76  1a), 

2.  Chien  Ch'a  T'ing,  Prosecuting  Attonieys,  and 
;i.      Prisons  (see  Nos.  766  to  767a). 

[      I'l      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    C:ilNA. 


460 


MINISTRY  (BOARD)   OF  AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY   AND 

COMMERCE. 

460.  X  a\i  Kuiigi  Pu^  Ministry  (Board)  of  Works 
(literary  designation,  ;'Jlc  ^\i  Shui^  Pu* ;  of  its  President  J^  ^ 
^  Ta*  Ssu^  K'ung\  literally,  "  Superintendent  of  Oaves  "  ;  of  its 
Vice-Presidents,  ^  p]  ^  Shao^  Ssu^  K'nng^).  This  Ministry 
controlled  and  directed  all  government  buildings  and  works,  i.e. 
government  ship-building,  construction  and  repair  of  bridges, 
sluices,  canals,  embankments,  mausolea,  temples  and  city  walls. 
Also,  the  Ministiy  defined  weights  and  measures  and  furnished 
the  army  with  contrivances  and  utensils  necessary  to  its  use. 

460a.  The  Ministry  of  Works  was  composed  of  the 
following  Departments,  Sections",  Offices,  etc. 

1-  -^  3i  n]  Ying2  Shani  SsuS  Building  Department 
(compare  No.  345), 

2-  /^  ^  wl  ^  ii^  Heng*  Ssu\  Department  of  Weights  and 
Measures, 

^-  tB  ^K  "wl  Tu^  Shui^  Ssui,  Department  of  Waterways 
and  Dikes, 

'^-     ^4  1^  M  Liao'  Ku^  So^  Department  of  Estimates, 

•^-  ^  M  ^  P^o^  Yiian'  Chii',  Coinage  Office,  directed  by 
two  ^  ^  Chieni  Tu^  Superintendents,  and  two  -J^  f^  Ta*  Shih», 
Overseers  (compare  No.  366);  also  ^  f^  ^  Ch'ien^  Fa^  T'ang^, 
Coinage  Office  which  was  under  the  control  of  the-'-Junior  Vice- 
President  of  the  Ministry  of  Revenue  to  whose  title  was  added 
^  Ji  ^  ^i  ^  y  S  Chien^  Li^  Ch'ien'  Fa*  T'ang^  Shih*  Wu^, 
(see  No.  366a). 

6.  ^  ^  Chiao"  Ch'ang^,  Icehouse  (for  supplying  the 
Court),  supervised  by  two  ^  =§  Chieni  Tn\  Overseers, 

'^-  ^  M  ^^"^  Ts'ang',  Fire- wood  Store,  supervised  by  two 
^  i^  Chieni  Tu^,  Overseers,  and 

[     1^2     ] 


TRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

y.      pI  fE  ^su^  Chiang*,  Overseers  of  Works  ;  9b,  etc.  461 

461.  J^  §15  Shangi  X>u4^  Ministry  (Board)  of  Trade  ;  esta-         ^q 
Wished  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  7th  December,  190.3.  ^q2 

461a.  In  accord;\nce  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry 
of  Trade  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  26th  September, 
1903)  its  organization  was  as  follows  : 

1  •     i^  M  nl  Pao'  Hui*  Ssu\  Department  of  Trade, 

2.  2p-  tjj  ^  P'ing'^  ('hlin^  Ssu',  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  Forestry, 

^-     jM  ^   ol  T'ungi  I-*  Ssu^  Department  of  Industry, 

4.  ^  If  p1  Hui*  (K'uai'')  Chi*  SsuS  Audit  Department, 

5.  p]  ^  ai  Ssu^  Wii*  T'ingi,  Chancery, 

6.  ^  ^  If  I^ii*  Hsiieh-  Kuan^  Commission  for  the  Study 
of  Commercial  Legislation,  directed  by  two  ^  ^  "g"  Tsung^ 
Tsuan'  Kuau\  Chief  Revisers,  and  two  ^  |!^  'g*  Tsnan'  Ilsiu' 
KuanS  Revisers,  and 

"•  ^  ^  ft  Shangi  Pao-'  KuanS  Commercial  Newspaper 
Office,  directed  by  one  f^  H  'B*  '^'i'  Tiao^  Kuan',  Proctor. 

In  addition  to  two  Councillors  and  two  Secretaries  for  the 
Ministry  (see  Nos.  281  to  284),  there  were  also  established  the 
posts  of  Department  Director,  Assistant  Dei)artment  Director 
and  Second  Class  Secretary  {see  Nos.  290  to  292)  ;  two  officials 
of  each  of  tiic  latter  three  ranks  were  attached  to  every 
Department. 

For   information    as    to    the   staff  of   the  Chancery  (see  No. 

296  ). 

462.  ^^  X  ifH  i'lH  -^'x'lg'  Kiing'  Shang'  Vu\  Ministry 
(Hi)ard)  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce;  established 
l,v      imperial       Edict      of      the      6th     November,     1906; 


uu 


amalgamation  of   the    Ministry    of    Works  (*<><?  No.  160)  and  the 
Ministry  of  Trade  (see  No.  461). 

The  internal  organization   of   the    Ministry   of   Agricidture, 
Industry  and  Commerce  is  as  proposed   in   a    Memorial   from  the 

[      l^;i     ] 


464 


PRESENT    DAY    TOEITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

•463  Ministry  itself,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  22nd  January, 
to         1907. 

The  Ministry  of  Agricnltvire,  Industry  and  Commerce 
siipervises  agricuhure,  industry,  trade,  forestry,  mining,  fisheries, 
the  issue  of  trade  marks,  and  schools  having  connection  with  the 
afore-mentioned. 

463.  M  5#  p]  Nung»  Wu^  Ssu^  Department  of 
Agriculture ;  directs  agriculture,  colonization,  forestry, 
sericulture,  tea  planting,  horticulture,  fisheries,  the  building  of 
wharves,  bunds  and  dikes,  the  conservancy  of  rivers  and 
harbours,  etc. 

This  Department  Is  in  direct  control  of  : 

1.  Agrieultiu'al  Schools  at  the  Capital  and  in  the  provinces 
{see  Nos;  600  to  603  and  770), 

2.  Agricultural  Guilds,  their  branches  and  sections  {see 
No.  770),  and 

3.  The  Botanical  Garden  at  Peking,  and  the  Agricultural 
Office  and  School  attached  to  it  as  well  as  Botanical  Gardens  ii) 
the  provinces  (5^c  Nos.  770,  770a  and  603a). 

^^'^'  X  ^  ol  K"ng^  Wu*  Ssu\  Department  of  Industry  ; 
supervises  industry  in  all  its  branches,  i.e.  mechanical  and  with 
the  hands,  mining,  the  issuing  of  -patents  for  prospecting  and 
working  of  mines,  the  engagement  of  mining  experts,  etc. 

Under  the  direct  control  of  this  Department  are  : 

1.  Schools  of  Craft  and  jNIining  at  the  f Capital  and  in  the 
provinces  {see  Nos.  604  to  608), 

2.  Metropolitan  Professional  Schools  {see  No.  5 98 a), 

3.  School  of  Grafts  {see  No.  605a  ;  now  reorganized),     , 

4.  Industrial  Institute  at  Peking  (and  other  places  ;  see 
No.  771), 

5.  Exhibitions  for  the  Encouragement  of  Industry,  at 
Peking  {see  No.  771a)  and,  in   the  provinces  {see  No.  7''1),  and 

6.  Embroidery  Workship  {see  No.  771). 

[     ir.4     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKG AXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

464a.     fb    5)-    ^    M    M    Hua*    Fen^    Kung^    Chlh^    So',     464a 
Chemical   Laboratory  for  analysis  of  Mining  Prodticts  (opened        ^q 
in  1910).  40Q^ 

464b.  ^mMMf^  Ch'iian-  Heng'  Tu^  Liang*  Chu-, 
Office  of  Weights  and  Measures. 

465.  "j^  li§  ^  Shang^  \V\\*  Ssu',  Department  of  Commerce  ; 
controls  Chambers  of  Commerce  in  China  (as  well  as  Chinese 
Chambers  of  Commerce  abroad),  trade  marts,  exhibitions,  the 
insurance  business,  fosters  commerce,  etc. 

Directly  supervised  ])y  this  Department  are  : 

1.  Commercial  Schools  at  Peking  and  in  the  provinces 
{see  Nos.  609  to  612),  and 

2.  Chambers  of  Commerce  {sec  No.  774). 

46oA.  i>^  ^  i\\  Shang^  Lii'  Kuan'\  Commercial  Laws 
Conrmiittee. 

46i>lJ.  f>^j  HJ  ^  Shangi  Pao*  Kuan-,  Cumniercial  News- 
paper Office  (compare  No.  461a). 

465c.  S  p]  ii  ii-  ^  K""g'  ^su^  Chu*  Ts'e*  ChuS 
Company  Registration  Bureau  (see  No.  776a). 

4651).  i]^j  ^1?  ,^j  8hang'  Piao'  Chii-,  Trade  Marks 
Registration  Bureau  (see  No.  776a). 

•i^'^>-  B.  f^  p]  '^''"'  ^^  "*  ^^"''  Department  of  (ieneral 
Aftiiirs  ;  checks  the  income  and  expenditure  of  the  Ministry, 
keeps  its  accounts  and'  si-jicrviscs  the  s^afl* — apjKtinlnients, 
transfers,  jjromotions, — etc. 

Under  the  direct  supervision  of  this  I)c|»:irln»«'nt  is  the  : 
466a.  ^  fli  ^  Ch'eng2  (1iih*  S(.\  Registry  and  Record 
Office  ;  the  duties  of  tiie  Chancery,  now  aliolished  (see  No.  4(;i  a), 
in  connection  with  the  supervisif»n  of  incoming  and  outgoing 
correspondence,  ciphering  of  telegrams,  <-ustody  of  the  seal,  etc., 
were  transferred  to  this  office. 

[      1.^'^     ] 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

467  467.     The  staff  of  the  four  Departments  of  the  Ministry    of 

to        Agriculture,   Industry    and    Commerce    {see    Nos.    463    to   466) 

^w^        inchides    12    Department    Directors,    16    Assistant    Department 

Directors    and    18    Second    Class     Secretaries     (sec    Nos.    290' 

to  292). 

468.  The  following  appointments  at  the  ^Ministry  of  Trade 
were  left  unchanged  on  the  formation  of  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  : 

1-  M  P»1  "B*   ^^"*  ^*^"^  Kuani,  Advisers  (see  No.  302a), 

2-  ilM  B  H  ^  K^^"g'  ^^^^i'  I'  rUan-,  :\lining  Advisers 
(see  No.  775), 

'^-  ^  1^  tS'  M,  Shang^  Wu*  I^  Yiian^,  Commercial 
Advisers,  and     , 

4-  i^*  f^  !§i  M  Shang^  Wu^  Sui^  Yiian",  Commercial 
Agents  (Attaches).  / 

469.  To  the-  iSIinistry  of  Agriculture,  Indust'-y  and 
Commerce  there  are  attached  an  indefinite  nxmiber  of  : 

1.  —  ^  ^i  g[jj  II  Tcng=^  I^  Phih\  Chief  Engineers  of  the 
first  rank  ;  6a, 

2.  j:^  ^  g  g,]j  Erh"  Teng^  I^  Shih^  Chief  Engineers  of 
the  second  rank  ;  7  a, 

2-  "-^  ^±  I^  Teng^  I'  ShihS  Engineers  of  the  first 
rank  ;  8a,  and 

4.  n  #  ^  ±  Erh*  Teng=5  I"^  Shili'S  Engineers  of  the 
second  rank  ;  9a. 

470.  |£  Ij-  jg  T'ung'  Chi^  Ch'u^  Statistical  "Bureau  (sec 
No.  162). 

471.  Under  the  control  of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture, 
Industry  and  Commerce  are  : 

1.  The  Industrial  Taotais  (sec  Nos.  839  to  839b),  and 

2.  Various  establishments  and  officials  discussed  in  Nos. 
768  to  782. 

[     15G     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

472 

MINISTRY  ABOARD)   OF  POSTS  AND  COMMUNICATIONS  ^q 


472.  §U  ^  ^^[5  Yu^  Ch'uan'  Pu%  Ministry  (Board)  of 
Posts  and  Communications  ;  established  by  Imperial  Edict  of  6th 
November,  1906,  which  directed  as  follows  : 

"  Shipping  commimication,  Railways,  Telegraphs  and 
*'  Postal  communications  are  to  be  jointly  supervised  by  a 
"  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications." 

The  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications  is  in  supreme 
control  of  navigation,  railways,  telegraphs,  and  schools  of  these 
specialities.  The  Posts  are  still  under  the  control  of  the 
Inspector  General  of  Customs. 

The  organization  of  the  Ministry  is  as  proposed  by  the 
^liiiistrv  itself  and  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  1st  August, 
liJOT. 

473.  ^^M  Ch'eng2  Cheng'  T'ing\  Council  {sre  No. 
285)  ;  the  most  important  and  most  confidential  affairs  of  the 
Ministry  are  managed  by  this  office,  which  controls  the  staff  and 
regulates  expenditure,  etc. 

474.  ^  li  j^  Ts'ani  I'  T'ingi,  Secretarial  Office  (scr  No. 
28oa)  ;  frames  rules,  initiates  projects,  examines  plans,  supervises 
correspondence,  etc. 

475.  Four  ;^  ^  Ch'ien^  Shih^  Assistant  Secretaries  (sfe 
No.  286;  ;  5a,  and  four  ^  ,«  />  ^  ^  CIri'  P'in'  H^ao^  Ching' 
Kuan',  Officials  of  the  seventh  rank  (sec  No.  299),  are  employed 
at  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Commiuiications, — two  at  the 
Council  {scr  No.  473)  and  two  :it  the  i-Vcretarial  Office  (src  No. 
474). 

'*"'^>-  ^{i  ^  ^  Cli'iiair  Cheng'  Ssn',  I  )rpartni(  lit  o. 
Navigation;  sup(r\  ise-  marinr  and  riverine  sliij.ping,  tlic 
construction  of  docks,  th.-  improv.'meMt  of  harbours,  erection  of 
lighthouses,  etc. 

[    !••:    ] 


476 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

477  The  actual  administration  of  the  majority  of  the  functions 

to        just  mentioned  is  carried  out  by  the  ^t  'J^  J^'c  E  P^i^  Yang^  Ta* 

481       Ch'en^,  Superintendent  of  Trade  for  the  Northern  Ports,  and  the 

^  ?¥•  j/c  S  Nan^.Yang'  Ta"*  Ch'en^,  Superintendent  of  Trade  for 

the  Southern  Ports  {see  No.  820b). 

477.  1^  i^  pj  Lu*  Cheng*  Ssu^,  Department  of  Land 
Communications  ;  controls  land  communications  within  the  Emiire 
and  legislation  having  reference  thereto,  collects '  funds  tod 
arranges  loans  for  railway  construction,  etc.  (compare  No!  482  . 

478.  HgC  p\  Tien^  Cheng*  Ssu\  Department  of  Tele- 
graphs ;  controls  the  telegraph  affairs  of  the  Empire,  the  erectioL 
of  land  lines  and  the  laying  of  cables,  construction  of  telephone 
and  electric  lighting  systems,  etc. 

479.  §}5  gSt  p1  Yu^  Cheng*  S^u^  Department  of  Posts ; 
superintending,  in  theory,  the  entire  postal  affairs  of  tjie  Empire, 
the  improvement  of  postal  communications,  the  sale  of  money 
orders  and  stamps  and  the  transmission  of  postal  parcels. 
Actually,  the  postal  administration  is  under  the  supervision  of 
the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs '(^^^  ^o.  273). 

480.  ^  ^  ^  Shu*  Wu*  Ssu^  Department  of  General 
Affairs  ;  recommends  the  transfer  or  promotion  of  officials,  has 
the  custody  of  the  seal,  supervises  reception  and  despatch  o£ 
correspondence  and  telegrams,  keeps  the  accounts,  oversees 
buildings,  etc. 

In  the  Autumn  of  1909  the  Department  of  General  Affairs 
was  abolished  and  its  duties  were  iransfeiTcd  to  the  Council  of 
the  Ministry  (see  No.  473). 

481.  At  each  Department  of  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Communications  there  are  stationed  two  Department  Directors 
(see  No.  290),  two  to  three  Assistant  Department  Directors  (see 
No.  291)  four  to  six  Second  Class  Secretaries  (see  No.  292),  two 
Officials  of  the  seventh  rank  (see   No.    299),   and  an   indefinite 

[     15B     ] 


487 


IMIESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA, 

number    uf     /"V  „"  i'^  4*   l':»^   1'"'"^    I^»'  ^i»il''.    Wi-itoi>  of  the       482 
eighth  rank,  and    :/l  luj  §-^ -^    ^'1''^^^   i^'i"^   I-"^    ^l''li',    Writers        tO 
of  the  ninth  rank. 

4S2.  ig  ff^^  |g  ^j  T-ieh^  Lu*  Tsung-*  Chii-,  Chief  Kai'lway 
Bmeau,  administrated  by  a  ^  J^  ("hii'  Chang^,  Ins^pector,  and 
^  ^  Chii"  1  uair.  Attaches.  This  Bureau  was  formed  in 
accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Commiuiications,  dated  the  22nd  December,  1907,  for  the 
superAision  of  Government  and  private  railways. 

The  i*ureau  is  the  executive  organ  of  tlie  Department  of 
Land  Conmiunicrttions  {see  No.  477)  and  was  d(>\eloped  from  the 
$S  13  J^  T*i-  Tiao*  Ch'u*,  TJailway  Section  (now  abolished)  which 
was  under  the  supervision  of  a  ^  5?^  Jl  |^  Ko*  Lu*  T'i^  Tiao'', 
Inspector  of  Railwayo. 

483.  gg  P,^  1*  Ku'  AVen'  Kuan^,  Advisers  (of  the  first, 
second  and  third  ranks  ;  see  No.  302a).  The  number  is 
indefinite. 

•t^-i-  ^M  T'  Yuan-,  Advisers  {see  Nos.  3U0  and  468); 
similar  to  the  ^'^  f^  |^  ^  Lu^  \Vu^  I*  Yiiair,  Railway  Advisers 
of  the  Board  of  J'rade  (now  abolished  ;  ser  Nos.  4G1  and  40  1a)  ; 
distinguished  by  their  s[)efMalities  (^l!i  ^^  'iH  $]'>  Ch'uiwr  T.u*, 
Tiei/'  and    Vn',  Navigation,  Railways,  Telegraphs  and  Posts). 

48.3.  B^  ^|:  1^  T'u-  Shu'  Kuan\  Library  ;  containing  many 
special  works  in  Chinese  and  foreign  languages. 

4«G.  ='^  I]  ^f[  <  hiang'  Hsi-  SoS  Lectm-e  Hall  ;  h.re  arc 
given  lecturo  for  the  Ijenefit  of  oflieials  of  the  Ministry. 
Attached  to  this  Hall  i<  the  : 

4Mr)A.      gg    ^\l  ffi  Viich'  Pao=  So',  Kea(uiig  Room. 

487.      -J^  X  kc   l^^'ao'  Kung'  (liij-,  Lnginecring  Otlic.-. 

At  this  Office  arc  stationcl  :  jlllj -^^  i{  TsV-  liiii'  Vnan^ 
Draughtsmen,  j^  Hill  I'Sliih',  (hief  lOngineers  Cof  the  first  and 
second  ranks;  see  No.  301),  and  i^H  -{:  I*  Shih\  Kngineers  (of  the 
first  and  second  ranks  ;  sec  So.  .'*01J. 


niESEXT    DAY    rOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

488  488.      5i  ^  ^j  T'nng^  I*  Ohu',  Translation  Office  (Inter- 

4.Q         preting  Office) ;   with  |^  ^  Fan^  I*,  Interpreters    (Translators), 
^Q-        and  1^  1^  Pien^  Chi*,  Compilers. 

This  Office  is  to  be  established  later  ;  its  duties  are  now 
being  performed  by  the  Secretarial  Office  (see  No.  474). 

489.  ^%  If  J^  T'ung=^  Chi*  Ch'u*,  Statistical  Bureau  (see 
No.  162). 

490.  The  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications  has 
supreme  control  of  the  following  : 

1.  Eailways  {see  Nos.  783  and  784). 

2.  Railway  Schools  and  other  Schools  (see  Nos.  785  to 
788A), 

3.  The  China  -Merchants'  Steam  Navigation  Company,  (^see 
No.  789), 

4.  Telegraphs  and  Telephones  {see  Nos.  790  and  791),  and 

5.  The  Bank  of  Comnfjunications  (see  No.  792). 

MINISTRY  (BOARD)  OF  DEPENDENCIES. 

491.  Mm.J^  Li^  Fan^  Yiian*,  Court  of  Colonial  Affiiirs  ; 
established  in  the  17th  centurv  for  the  management  of  relations 
with  Mongolia,  K'uk'unor  and  the  Mohammedan  Princedoms  in 
Western  China. 

Until  1861,  all  relations  with  Russia  were  supervised  by 
this  Court.  In  Russia  these  matters  ^^ere  attended  to  by  the 
Ruling  Senate. 

In  carrying  out  its  duties  the  Court  of  Colonial  Affairs  was 
guided  by  the  Ji  ^^-  ^^  ^ij  ^  Li^  Fan^  Yiian^  Tse-  Li*,  Institutes 
of  the  Colonial  Court  (this  book  was  translated  into  Russian, 
"Institutes  of  the  (Jhinese  Colonial  Office,*'  by  S.  Lipovzev,  in 
two  volumes  ;  St.  Petersburg,  1828). 

The  reorganization  of  the  Court  of  Colonial  Affairs,  in  the 
sense  of  increasing  its  scope,  was  sunultaneous  Avith  the  genejal 

[      IGO     ] 


493 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

refoiin  ol  the  political  organization  of  the  Empire,  in  the  Autumn      491a 
of    1906,   ^hen,   by   Imperial  Edict  of   the  6th   Novemher,  the        ^q 
Court  of  Colonial  Affairs  became  the  : 

49  1a.  Ji  ^  ^J  Li'  Fan^  Pu',  Ministry  (Board)  of 
Dependencies ;  charged  v?ith  the  control  of  the  Mongolian, 
Tibetan  and  Mohammedan  tribes  inhabiting  Mongolia,  Tibet 
and  districts  bordering  on  Tibet  and  Hsining. 

The  organization  of  the  Ministry  is  based  on  three 
Memorials  (of  the  3rd  January  and  30th  Jidy,  1907,  and  the 
2nd  January,  1908)  presented  by  the  Ministry  itself,  which  left 
almost  imchanged,  as  will  be  seen  below,  the  old  arrangements 
of  the  Court  of  Colonial  Affairs  (see  Ko.  491). 

492.  As  regards  the  various  Ministries,  tlie  following  are 
peculiarities  of  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies  : 

1-  W.  ^Y  f#  El^  ^'  Wai*  IShih*  Lang",'  Supernumerary 
Vice-President  ;  an  appointment  usually  conferred  on  some 
Mongol  Prince. 

2.  There  are  no  Councillors  (see  Nos.  281  and  282), 
Secretaries  {see  :^os.  283  to  284),  Council  (sec  No.  285)  nor 
Secretarial  Office  {see  No.  285a). 

These,  however,  will  come  into  existence  when  the  Depart- 
ments of  Colonization  and  P'rontiei-  Defence  arc  organized 
(sec  No.  496). 

492.\.  ^  i  1^  T'ang-  Chu=  Shih\  Secretaries  (of  the 
President  of  the  Ministry)  :  6a.  There  arc  si.\  in  sill  {see 
No.  288;. 

493.  pH  l!l?  M;  I^'"^'  ^''*°*  ^"'''"''  <>'"<l^'''l.^'  nthic.  'I'his 
was  formed  from  the  following  establishments  of  the  Court  of 
Coloninl  Affairs  (srr  N(..  4i)l)  : 

1-  iT^li  f^  W  ^^^"'  ''''^"f-''  l'':"i^'S  l<««-'>»-«l  and  Registry 
Office. 

'^'  i^^^tU)  'I'""'  '•''>"-'  ^'ii"i?"''  I'nmslution  OtH«c  (for 
MaiH  liu  :i!)(l  Chinese), 

[      If'l      J 
11 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

494  3.      i$  i'-^B  Feng*  Tang*  Fang^,  Treasury,  .and 

jjQ  4,     ^  f^  J^  Tii^  Ts'ui^  So',  Office  of  Incitement  (to  ensure 

■d.Qt^  the  prompt  despatch  of  business)  ;  the  officials  of  this  Office  were 
charged  with  "  the  Unfailing  duty  of  keeping  a  strict  watch  for 
the  prompt  despatch  of  documents  in  general  and  the  certification 
of  all  returns  of  questions  settled  and  unsettled"  (see  Lipovzev, 
Preface,  page  xv). 

The  staff  of  the  Orderly  Office  is  composed  of  two  f^  |J| 
Ling'  Pan*,  Chiefs,  two  ^  ^  Fang^  Pan*,  Assistants,  four 
^^^^  Chi-  Ho^  Wen=^  I^  Secretaries,  four  t!i!  #  ^  ^ 
Tsung'  K'an*  Tsou*  Che^,  Inspectors  of  Memorials,  four  ^  :ff 
^  ^  Wei'  Shu*  Chu'  Shih*,  Assistant  Secretaries,  four  JE  iB  ^ 
Cheng*  Shan*  Hsieh',  Senior  Writers,  and  eight  g|J  jff  ^  Fu* 
Shan*  Hsieh',  Junior  Writers. 

494.  p1  S  ^  Ssu^  Wu*  T'ing\  Chancery  (see  No.  296)  ; 
with  two  p\  f^  Ssu^  Wu*,  Chancery  Directors  ;  8a,  For  details 
as  to  other  officials  see  No.  495a. 

495.  The  six  Departments  (LipovzcA'  styles  them 
"Kegistries")  of  the  Court  of  Colonial  Affiiirs  (see  No.  191), 
were  left  iinchanged  in  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies  : 

1-  M  ^  ^  Ch'i^  Chi^  Ssu'S  Department  of  the  Inner 
Mongols  (managing  the  affiiirs  of  the  Inner  Mongols), 

2.  :l^  ^  pj  Tien'  Shu'  Ssu\  Department  of  the  Outer 
Mongols  (managing  the  affairs  of  the  Outer  Mongols,  Dzungaria 
(Sungaria),  K'uk'unor  and  Tibet), 

3-  3:  ^  "^  Wang-  Hui*  Ssu\  Department  for  Receiving 
Princes  of  Inner  Mongolia  (in  charge  of  the  collection  of  tributes 
paid  yearly  by  the  Princes  of  th6  tribes  and  the  issue  of  presents 
and  allowances  to  Princes  of  limer  Mongolia,  etc.), 

^-  ^  J^  SJ  Jou^  Yiian'  Ssu',  Department  for  Receiving 
Princes  of  Outer  Mongolia  (in  charge  of  the  collection  of  tributes 
paid  yearly  by  Princes  of  Outer  Mongolia  and  the  Lamas  and 
the  issue  of  presents  from  the  Court  to  these  persons), 

[      1^-^     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


5-     1^  *S    ^    ^^^^^    Yiian^    Ssu\    Department    of    Eastern      495i, 
.Turkestan    (manages  the   affairs  of  the   Mohammedan   tribes   in         fQ 
Hami,  Tin-fan  and  other  districts  of  Eastern  Tnrkestan),  and  ^q,, 

6.  JS  fflj  '^  I-i'  Hsing'^  8su\  Judit-ial  Department  (in 
charge  of  civil  and  criminal  cases  occiu-ring  in  Inner  and 
Outer  Mongolia). 

495a.  At  each  D«partment,  as  well  as  at  the  Chancery 
(sre  No.  494).  there  are  stationed  : 

1.  \  ^  f.\\  Chang'  Yin^  Keeper  .  of  the  Seal  (as 
De})artment  Controller)  ;  from  the  ranks  of  Department  Directors 
(ser  Xo.  290)  or  Assistant  Department  Directors  (sec  No.  291). 

2.  1  to  2  g^I]  \'\]  Fu*  Yin%  Assistant  Keepers  of  the  Seal  ; 
from  the  ranks  of  Depai'tment  Directors  (see  No.  290),  Assistant 
Department  DirectoriS  (sec  No.  291)  or  Second  Class  Secretaries 
(see  No.  292), 

.3.  1  to  2  ^  1%  Chu^  Kao3,  Keepers  of  Drafts  (in  all 
DejKirtinents  ;  not  in  the  Chancery  ;  see  No.  494)  ;  officials 
similar  to  the  Assistant  Keepers  of  the  Seal, 

4.  2  to  4  ^'^-j£-^  Wei^  Shu^  Chu'  Shih\  Assistant 
Secretaries^ 

5.  3  to  4  iE  M-  M  Chcng^  Shau^  llsieh',  Senior  Writers, 
and 

^-  •''  to  4  ^^VJ:^■M  F"'  •'^'''"''  Hsieh',  .Funior  Writers; 
from  the  ranks  of  ( ierks  (see  No.  293). 

496.  In  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry, 
sanctioned  by  the  Kmperoi-  on  the  .In!  January,  1907,  there 
are  lat^-r  to  be  established  two  additional  l)ei)artmcnts,  i.e. 

••  fUM  i^J  Cliiii^  Ch'an^Ssu',  Department  of  ("oloiii/.ation, 
>vhi(li  will  be  in  <'hargc  of  the  (•(tloni/ation  of  Mongolia,  the 
ronsenation  of  forests,  the  improvement  of  cattle  breeding, 
wild  animal  )»rescrvation,  fnr  curing,  railway  cfjiistruction,  the 
develo})meiit  of  niin<s  ami  linhories  and  the  reorguni/ation 
of  the  salt  adminif;M*ation,  and 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 


496a  2.      311^   Bj    Pien^    Wei^    Ssu\    Department    of    Frontier 

to         Defence,  which   will   control    the  drilling  of   troops  of  Mongols 
497       ^^^  Tibetans,  the  spread  of  education,  expansion  of  trade,  etc. 

496a.  As  proposed  in  a  report  of  the  Ministry  of 
Dependencies,  dated  the  30th  July,  1907,  to  perform  the  duties 
of  the  tAvo  above-mentioned  Departments  {see  No.  496)  for  the 
time  being  there  have  been  established  t«o  temporary  offices, 
from'Avhich  will  be  developed  the  Departments  of  Colonization 
and  Frontier  Defence,  nan  ^ly  : 

!•     ii  ^  ^  Tiao^  Ch'a'  C^hii^,  Investigation  Office,  and 

2-     M  M  ^  ^ien'  Tsuan=^  Chu^  Revising  Office. 

Each  of  these  Offices  is  composed  of  a  number  of  ^  Ku% 
Sections,  at  which  are  stiitioned  Department  Directors,  Assistant 
Department  Directors,  Second  Class  Secretaries  and  Writers 
(see  Nos.  290  to  293),  from  other  Departments  of  the  Ministry, 
to  perform  duties  as  jE  ^.  ^  Cheng*  Kuan^  Ku',  Section  Chiefs, 
SH  ^  ^  ^^^i*  Kuan'  Ku^,  Assistant  Section  Chiefs,,  and 
^  ^  ^  Fan^  I''  Kuan\  Interpreters  (Translators), 

/  497.      The  following  Offices,    Sections,  etc.,  of  the  Court  of 

Colonial  Atfaus  {.■ice  No.  491)   have    been   left  unchanged  in  the 
Ministry  of  Dependencies : 

1-  ^  >^  ^  Tang'  Yiieh^  Ch'u^  Kecord  Office;  here  the 
Seal  is  kept, 

2.  ^S  j^  Yin-  K'Li%  Treasury  ;  i^sues  maintenance 
allowances  to  Mongols  arriving  in  Peking  on  })usiness,  discounts, 
by  payments  in  money,  allotments  of  hay  aiid  oat  for  tho'r 
hoi'ses  and  firewood  for  their  lodgiis.us. 

•^-     l!)C  IM  J^  P^"^      ^^^^'    th-u^,    Mess    Allowance    Offict  ; 
audits  accounts  of  sums   issu».'d.    in   accoidance   with    i<>gu!atioii 
as  table  mone} , 

[    ie4    ] 


niESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 


4.       M  ^  i^fJ    f^    H     I-a'    ^^^'    Yin^    Wu^    Cli'u\    Lama       498 
Office,  and  ^q 

5-      ^  i"  ^   "Mcng^    Kti*   Faiifr'.    Montroliaii    Translation      ^^99 
Office  ;  translates  despatches  of  all   kinds   written  in  Mongolian, 
especially    those    which    mnst    be   presented    in  Manchn    to    the 
Emperor, 

498.  1^  If  Nei^  Kuan^,  Inner  Inn,  and  ^^  |f  AVai*  Kuan', 
Outer  Inn.  These  were  maintained  for  Mongolian  Princes 
visiting  the  Court  with  tribute  or  for  duty. 

In  charge  of  the  Inn  there  was  a  §£  ^  Chien^  Tu', 
Inspector, 

As  proposed  in  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry,  dated  the 
2nd  January,  1908,  the  Inns  were  abolished. 

499.  ^  ^  -^  ^  Chilr  Pien^  Hsiieh'  T'ang-,  School 
of  Mongolian  and  Tibetan  (at  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies). 

This  was  established  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from 
the  Ministry,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  30th,. January, 
1909,  with  the  object  of  preparing  men  for  service  at  the 
Ministry  of  Dependencies  and  along  the  frontiers.  It  consists 
of  two  Sections,  pamely,  ^'^  ^  ^'j  Mcng'  Pu^  K'o',  Mongolian 
Section,  and  jU  f^  jfj|  Tsaiig'  Wei'  K'o',  Tibetan  Section, 
and  the  coui'se  of  study  in  each  is  of  3  years'  duration. 

AdmiKsioii  to  the  School  of  •  Mongolian  and  Til>etan  is 
open  to  all  males  between  the  ages  of  18  and  32  years,  who 
arc  ))iiysically  fit  and  have  a  certificate  showing  that  they  have 
completed  a  .Middle  School  course  ( srr  Noh.  .OHO  to  .')82), 
provided  thev  can  j)aBH  a  test  examination. 

The  enrollment  of  each  section  of  ihe  scliot)!  is  lOo. 

On  <-onipletiori  of  their  courses  of  study,  students  of  the 
Srhf)ol    are    examined    l»v    the    Ministrv  ;    those    satisfactorv    arc 

•  •  • 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

retained  for  service  at  the   ^linistrr   or   given  appointments*  on 
the  frontier. 

In  addition  to  the  study  of  Mongolian  and  Tibetan 
languages,  literature,  history  and  geography,  students  of  the 
School  attend  lectures  on  political  economy  and  finance. 


[     16G     ] 


JM{KS1-.XT     DAY     POLITICAL    O  J:(;  AXIZAT  U)N     OF     IHINA. 


POLICE. 

.500.  ^  ^  Hsiin*  Ching;',  Police  (another  designutioii  is 
g  ^  Ching^^  I'l.'a'j. 

The  metropolitan  and  provincial  j)olicc  are  to  a  great  extent 
organized  on  similar  lines,  the  great  difference  being  in  the 
terminology  used. 

A.      MetropoJitan  Police: 

501.  Wl^'^M  Hsiiu-  Ching^  Tsung^  T-ing',  Central 
Police  Bureau.  There  are  two  of  these,  one  in  the  ^  ^  Nei* 
Ch'Cng'*,  Tartar  City,  and  one  in  the  ^[*  j^  Wai'  Cli'L-ng^.  Chinese 
Citv. 

At  the  head  of  each  is  a  : 

502.  ^(K  ^  Ig.  MMyA  Hsiin^  ( 'hing'  Tsung^  T'ing'  TMng' 
Ch'eng',  Police  Superintendent. 

Directly  subordinated  to  the  Police  Superintendent  are  : 

503.  -^  ^  lia  i^  ^  ^  Hsiui'  Ching'  Tsung'  T'ing* 
Ch'ien^  Shih\  Director  of  the  Chancerv  of  the  Central  Police 
Bureau  ;  4b,  and  three  Office  Chiefs  ;  5a. 

504.  The  Central  I*olice  Bureau  is  c()ni})o'sed  of  a  Chancery 
of  General  A  flairs  and  three  Offices. 

•5^-^  \-      $£'  S  ^  Tsung^  ^^'u'  ('ll'u^  Chancery  of  (Jcneral 

Affairs  ;  c<jmj)Osed  of  five  Sections  : 

1-      ^  4^  ^  Ching'  S1.ih^  Ku*,  Section  of    Police  .Matters, 

^-  ^  'bl  ^-  ^5  ^''i'  "»'""'  '^'"^  Section  of  Secret  AflUirs, 

•"'•      X  Vd  Kl      ^^'<'"'      '•""'      I'^"*'      Section     (.f      Current 

Corre8|)()ndenc(', 

4.      "^  Jjff[  ))5  (  liili'   Ving'   Ku\  Section  of  Finances,  mid 
5       H^k  ,l\  ^2:    I'img'  Chi*    Ku',   Section    of    Statistics  uud 

Accounts. 

[     ir.7    ] 


600 

to 

504a 


fl 


506 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


604b  504b.     ii    ^    ^    Wei^    Sheng^    Ch'u^    Sanitary    Office  ; 

to         div  ided  into  four  Sections  : 

1  •      ?^  jI  35  Ch'ing^  Tao*  KuS  Street  Cleaning  Section, 
2.      W  ^  Wi  Fang2  I*  Ku^  Disinfecting  Section, 
3;     ^  ^  ^  I^Hsheh^Ku^  Medical  Section,  and 
4'     ^  ^  f&.  ^^  Wu*  Ku^,  Medical  Examinations  Section. 
5 04c.      a\  tM  ^  Ssu^  Fa*  Ch'u",  Judicial   Office  ;  has  one 
Jf\]  ^  1^  Hsing'"'  Shili*  Ku^,  Section  of  Judicial  Affairs. 

504d.  f^  j^  J^  Hsing'  Cheng*  Ch'u*,  Administrative 
Office ;  consisting  of  eight  Sections  : 

1.     H  1^  'ix  Hu*  Wei*  Ku^,  Section  of  Public  Protection, 

2-  '/r^  ^  5x  <^lii^i*  ^n^  I^"^  Section  of  Public  Peace, 

3-  ^  *^  fix  *  hiao^  She*  Ku',  Section  of  Aifairs  concerning 
Foreigners, 

4.  j3  ^  ^  Hu*  Chi2  Ku3,  Census  Section, 

5.  iE  (^  3x  ^hong*  Su^  Ku',  Section  for  the  improvement 
of  the  Habits  of  the  People,' 

6-     ^  jM  ^  Chiao^  T'ung^  Ku*,  Section  of  Communications, 
7.     ^  H  ^    Ying2    Yeh*   Ku^   Section   of   Industry  and 
Handicrafts,  and 

3-     M^^  Chien*  Chu^  Ku^  Construction  Section. 

505.  Each  Section  is  directed  by  a  IE  ^  fix  Cheng* 
Kuan^  Ku^  Section  Chief,  and  gl]  ^  /^  Fu*  Kuan*  Ku', 
Assistant  Section  Chief. 

In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  there  are  ^  '^  Ching^ 
Kuan',  Police  Officers  of  the  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  ranks  (one 
of  each  in  every  Section)  and  Police  Officers  of  the  eighth  and 
ninth  ranks  (two  of  each  in  every  Section). 

506.  Ig  ^  ^  M  Hsiin^  Ching^  Fcn^  T'ingS  Police 
Bureau  ;  directed  by  a  ^Q  ^  Chih'  Shih*,  Deputy  Police 
Superintendent ;  5a. 

There  were  originally  five  of  these  Bureaux  in  Peking  but, 
towards  the  end  of  1908  and  with  a  view  to  economy,  they  were 

[    ins  ,  ] 


riiESEXT    DAY    I'OLITJCAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CIIIXA. 

all  abolished  and  their  functions  transferred  to  the  corresponding 
Police  Stations.  •    tO 

507.  3^^  ^  Ig  Hsiin'^  Ching'  C'h'ii',  PoHce  Stntion  :  directly       514 
under  the  control  of  the  Central  Police  Bureaux. 

At  the  head  of  each  Police  Station  there  is  a  [^  j^  C'h'ii' 
Chang',  Police  Captain  of  the  sixth  or  seventh  rank.  He  is 
assisted  by  ^  ^  Cyh'n'  Yiian"-,  Police  Officers. of  the  eighth  and 
ninth  ranks  (one  of  each  at  every  Police  Station). 

At  the  ('apital  there  are  23  Police  Stations. 
In   addition   to    those    already     mentioned,    there    are    the 
following  Police  EstablishiYients  in  Peking  : 

508.  ^  IJ5  )S  T'an*  Fang*  Chii',  Detective  Office. 

509.  X.^^liA^  Kungi  Hsnn^  Chiian'  Chir,  Municipal 
Tax  Collection  Office. 

51^.  5&  X  ^  r.u*  [vungi  ChiiS  Office  for  Supervision  of 
Streets. 

510a.  f^  ^  ^^  Wei*  Shcng>  Chii«,  Sanitary  Office  {see 
No.  859). 

511.  i^  M  6^  ^'^'^^  Liang^  So*,  House  of  Correction  (for 
prostitutes  and  femaJe  offenders  who  have  just  compK'tcd  a  term 
of  imprisonment). 

512.  15  fi^  ^,Q  Chi'  Pu'  CliiV,  Office  for  the  Apprehension 
of  Law-breakcis. 

512a.  f $  ^  ry?  Tai*  ('liili'  S()^  House  of  Detention; 
consisting  of  three  Sections  :     • 

1-      #  i^^i  Shcn'  Shang',  for  the  cdncated  cliisses, 

^-      %$  ix.  ^  "*  ^''''  ^^''  females,  and 

•"'•      ^  i\j  l"in<z-'  Min',  for  the  masses. 

•'>1-^-      fi'f  W]  W  Hsia<.'   Fiuig^  TMi\  Fin-  lirigade. 

•^1  *•  J;C  filfl  V\  §i  ffi  ^"J'>"f?'  '">•'''''  J'^'^  •'  ''^*'''  M<'f«>l'"'>t:"> 
Workhouse   (or   House   <»f    Correction).      This  was  established  in 


TRKSENT    DAY    POMTTCAL    CRGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


August,  190o,  and  provisional  rules  for  its  administration,  drawn 
up  by  the  Ministry  of  Police,  were  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor 
on  the  30th  July,  1906. 

In  this  institution  there  are  confined,  and  kept  at  work, 
those  who  have  been  condemned  for  petty  misdemeanours  to 
imprisonment  for  a  period  of  three  months  or  more  ;  the 
Workhouse  it.  also  open  to  the  poorest  bi  the  masses  (compare 
No.  343b). 

The  management  of  the  Workhouse  is  carried  on  by  five 
J^'  Ch'a*,  Sections,  and  two  ^i[  K'o^,  Sub-sections,  i.e. 

1-      ^  ^  J^  Wen'  An*  ChHi*,  Correspondence  Section, 

2.  ^  ft  j^  Hui''  Ghi*  Ch'uS  Accoimts  Section, 

3.  ^  X  j^  K'ao^  Kimg^  Ch'u*,  Handicraft  Section, 

4-  B  B  M  Sli"'  Wu*  Ch'u*,  Section  of  General  Affiiirs, 

5.  ^  }^  ^  Chi^  Hsiin^  Ch'u*,  Inspection  Section, 
6-      ^  7^  f4  Chen=^  Chih*  K'o',  Sick  Ward,  and 

'■-      f:^  ^  f!  ^'iiiao*  Shou-*  K'o^  School. 

At  the  head  of  the  ]Metropolitan  Workhouse  is  a  f ^  ^ 
Chien'  Tu^  Director  (of  the  rank  of  Ts'an^  P;  see  Xos.  283  and 
284),  who  has  attached  to  his  staff: 

1-  ^^tMM^Wi'^  T'i^  Tiao"  Chien^  Tien'  Yii^  Kuani,. 
Proctor  and  Inspector, 

•2.  2  ^  ^j]  j-ff  'g  Fen^  P'an*  So^  KuanS  Senior  Overseers 
(acting-  as  assistants  to  the  Inspector  ;  having  general  supervision. 
of  the  five  Sections  and  two  Sub-sections), 

3.  7  J^  "^    So^    Ivuan\    Overseers    (carry    on   the   actua 
management  of  their  respective  Sections  and  Sub-sections), 

4.  1  §  'g-  I^  KuanS  Physician, 

5-  Mi-  1^  ^  'W  Tsung'  Chiao^  Hsi^  Kuan',  Senior 
Teacher, 

6.  6  ^'Tp  ^  K'an^  Shou^  Chang^,  Senior  Warders, 

7.  7  ^  *^  K'ani  Shou^  ^f  arders, 

8-      1  ^  ^  ^  1*  Fen'  Chiao'  Ilsi^  Kuan',  Teacher, 

[     170     ] 


ri:KSKxr    dav    roi.ixiCAi,  okgaxization   ov   chixa. 


9-      1  ^  It  ^iW  Chiao^  Uui'  Shih',  Teacher  of  Muralitv,  614a 


10.      2  ^  IE  .Sl.u'  rhi^  Clerks,  and 

n.  8  ^  0flj  C'lii'  Shih',  Craftsmen. 
514a.  In  the  provinces  ^  M  ^/[  llsi'  V  .So',  or  ^£  ^[1  ^'^ 
|K  ^f  Tsui*  Fan^  Hsi^  P  So^  Workhouses  (Houses  of 
Correction),  are  established  in  the  ])rovincial  capitals  and  their 
orj-^anization  is  on  the  same  lines  as  that  at  the  Capital  {sCe  No. 
514  :  compare,  also,  No.  767a). 

^15.      flgi^Xig    IV    Chi^    Kuug^     ("h'ang-3,    Home    for 
Unemployed  Males. 

51fi-     WL  3^"  A.)  <^'l"ao^  Yang'  Chii-,  Free  Meal  Station. 

0l7.  'g-  ^  |;^  Kuan'  1'  Yiian',  Public  Dispensary 
(compare  No.  S5\)). 

5l'«-  U^^^Y.M  T/.u^  Chih"  Yen-  Chiu'  So-',  Self- 
government  Instruction  Office  (compare  No.  527a). 

.  519.  Wj  ;^i;  f«  ^  Ssu'  Fa^  Chiug'  Ch'a-,  Judicial  Police  ; 
established  (in  accordance  Avith  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry 
<»f  Justice,  dated  the  27th  January,  1908),  to  serve  the  needs  of 
the  Prosecuting  Attorneys'  Oflices  (see  No.  702),  at  various 
Police  Stations.  They  are  under  the  suj)ervision  of  the  local 
police  ofiicials  as  well  as  the  Prosecuting  Attorncy.s, 

The  duties  of  the  .Fudicial  Police  consist  in  :ipj)rehending 
raw-lireakers  and  In-inging  them  to  the  Courts  of  .lustice,  the 
making  of  searches  (under  order  o*  a  Court  of  .lustices  the 
gathering  (jf  evidence,  the  giving  of  infoiinatioji,  the  escorting 
of  accused  persons,  the  collection  of  bail  and  the  examination, 
in  company  with  oHirials  from  the  rrosecuting  Attorney's  ( )llice, 
of  corpses  or  woundrd  people,  etc. 

.Iufli«-ial  I*oli^e  have  conie  into  exist(>nc«'  \\herever  the  new 
Judicial  Kstaljlishrnents  ha\e   l»een  instituted. 

The  r->nks  of  tlie  Judicial   PoHce  .in-  : 

f       171      J 


to 
519 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CIIIXA. 


2 


519a  .51  9a.     JK  'g'  Hsiiii''  Kuan^  Ohief  of  Judicial  Police,  JK 

^Q         Hsihi^    Cliang-^    Captain   of   Judicial    Police,    and   ^  W    Hsiin^ 
f,n-\        Ching"",  Judicial  Police  Officer. 

B.     Provincial  Police  : 

520.  Througliout  the  provinces  there  has  not  as  yet  oeen 
introduced  a  uniform  police  organization  ;  in  some  districts  the 
police  are  similar  in  type  to  the  ^letropolitan  police  {see  Nos. 
501  to  518),  in  others  there  is  difference. 

Below  is  described  the  police  organization  of  the  Capital 
of  Hon  an  province  : 

At  the  head  of  the  )^  m  ||  ^  Hsiin-^  Ching''  Tsung^  Chii^, 
Central  Police  Pnreau,  there  is  a  |§  ^^  Tsung^  Pan*,  Police 
Superintendent.      Pie  has  directly  subordinated  to  him  : 

1   gij  fjj  Fu'*  Pan*,  Deputy  Police  Superintendent, 

1  ^  1^  T'i^  Tiao*,  Proctor, 

1  IE  ^  ^  Cheng*  Wen''  An*,  Senior  Secretary, 

1  ill  2>C  ^  Fu*  Wen''  An*.  Junior  Secretary, 
•1  ^'  ^  K'ao^  Kung^,  Registrar,  and 

\  ^  ^  Fa^  Shen^,  Judicial  Officer. 

In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  there  are  eight  (corres- 
ponding to  the  /\  K^  ^  Jg  Pa^  Yii^  Fen^  Chii-,  eight  PoUce  Stations 
of  the  city)  |§  ^  'g*  Tsung^  Hsiin''  Kuan^  Chief  Police  Inspectors, 
eight^'g*  Hsiin-  Kuan\  Police  Inspectors,  eight  ^^  |Q  Hsun^  Chi*, 
Police  Secretaries,  five  (corresponding  to  the  3['55  '^  Wu^  Ch'cng^ 
Men-,  nve  City  Gates)  f>|  ^  'g'  Chi^  Ch'a-  Kuan\  Inspectors  of 
Gates,  sis  -^jl  J%  ^  i%\  Tsung'  Chii-  Shu^  Shih*,  Clerks  of  the 
Central  Police  Bureau,  six  j|§  ^  ^  f^  Tsung^  Chii-  Ch'ai^  I*, 
Runners  of  the  Central  Police  Bureau,  16  ^  ^  /«  ^  Fen'  Chii^ 
Chii"  I',  Kunners  of  the  Police  Stations  (two  at  each),  and  14 
'^MMM  1'simg3  Chii^  Hu*  Yung3,  Guards  at  the  Central 
Police  Bureau. 

521.      In   charge   of  the  police  employed  in  patrolhng  the 
streets   is  a    ^  ^    Tai*   Kuan^  ('hief  of   tlie   Street   Patrolling 

[      17-^      ] 


I'KKSEXT     DAY     POLITICAL    (>J.(;  AM  Z  A  1  lOX     Of     CHINA. 


Police,  who  is  at  the  liead  of  a  iovco  cdniposed  of  one  -^  i<^  Tu' 
Ts'ao',  Senior  Police  Instructor,  four  ^^  ^  Msiiii-  Pien\  Police 
Captains,  four  ^|J  J^  ^  .Fu*  Hsiiu-  Pien\  Police  Lieutenants,  16 
^j^  ^    Hsun-    ('hang\   Police  Seroeants,  four  ^  Si  I  lac/  Pin«r 


n  > 


Special  l*olicenien.  40  i{^  g  IIs•m-*Mu^  Police  Corporals,  400 
5^  &  Hsiin^  Pintri,  Policemen,  40  ^ -^  Hno='  Fn'.  Cooks,  80 
jQ  |£  Kun^i;;'  Ping',  Labourers,  one  J^  ^  Ch'iiig'  Shu',  Clerk 
and  four  ^  =|^  *^hu'  Shih^  Writers. 


522. 

to 

52a 


POLICE  SCHOOLS. 

•^22.  ii5  ^  ^^  ^  ^  t'li:  Kao'  Teng'  Hsun"  Ching= 
lisiich-  T-ang-,  fonnerly  called  %^.  f^  ^  l?;;^  Ching^  Wn*  llsueir-^ 
T'ang-  orl?  ^  ^  '^  Ching'  Ch*a-  Hsiich-  'Pang-,  Higher 
Police  Scliools.  These  have  i)een  established,  as  proposed  in  a 
Memorial  of  the  Ministry  of  the  Literior  (sanctioned  liv  tjic 
F)nperor  on  ihc  3rd  ( )ctober,  1908),  at  the  provincial  capitals, 
witli  the  object  of  j)rcparing  men  for  the  police  scr\  i(;e. 
The  coiu'se  of  studv  extends  o\er  .">  years  and  tin'  nnnih.T  of 
students  is  never  less  than  fifty. 

Jn  charge  of  a  Higher  Police  School  tlii-rc  is  a  S^ '^ 
Chien'  Tu'.  I)ii"ei't(»r.  He  is  in  cliai'ge  of  a  >tafr  <'oinpos.'d  of 
'  ^  f^  t>2  ill"  Chiao'  Wii'  T-i'  Tiao*,  Inspcrtor  of  {".ducitiou, 
1  0;^|,'^  ^/,^  -"^lin'  \V"'  'l'*i-'  Tiao'.  Steward,  and  an  iiidelinite- 
nuniljer  of  ^  ^  ("hiao'   Hsi",  Tea(di('i>. 

The  Higln-r  Polii-e  Scdiools  have,  also,  a  ; 

yriK.      laj  ^j^  Chien-'  I'  Kn.'.  .\l)ridg(Ml  Coins.-  of    Stud\ 
(for  the  (.'du<ation  of  |iolicenien)  of  (tn(!y«'ais  duration, 

y^W.  l^ff^^^Afi  ">«'"-  Ching'  Chiao'  Lirn'  So', 
P<»lice  Liritruction  liuiean\  ;  cstal)IislH'd  in  th.-  princi|.a!  towns 
of  prcfcctin-es,  .-uli-prcfeCturcs,  dej)artnH;iit>  and  <lIstricU. 
The  course  of  study  ((nos  <»ne  yvAr  and  tin-  number  of  .students 
is  not  lest,  than   I  DO, 

[      >7'.      j 


niESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


to 
.525 


523a  In  charge  of  every  Insti-uctlon  Bureau  is  a  gif  ;^  So^  Chang^, 

Director.  He  is  assisted  by  a  1^  f^  ^  ^  Cliiao*  Wu*  Wei^ 
Yuan^,  Inspector  of  Education,  a  ^;  f^  ^  ^  IShu^  Wu*  Wei^' 
Yiian-,  Steward,  and  an  indefinite  number  of  ^  ^  Cliiao'  Hsi'^, 
Teachers. 

523a.  It  has  been  arranged  to  establisli  a  Sa  M  ^  ^ 
Chien^  Yu*  Hsueh'^  T'ang^,  School  of  Prison  Management,  to 
be  attached  to  the  Higher  PoHce  School  of  the  province  of  Kuangsi. 
The  date  fixed  for-  its  opening  is  the  year  1910  {sec  details  in 
No.  766b). 

LOCAL  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 

.524.  Among  the  projects  to  be  accomplished  duHng  the 
preparatory  period  .  preceding  the  institution  of  constitutional 
government  (1908 — 1916)  is  the  establishment  of  self-government 
or  public  administration  institutions,  whose  duties  "vvill  consist 
in  the  ]^rovision  and  maintenance  of  good  local  organization, 
the  control,  of  local  agriculture,  industry,  commerce,  schools, 
sanitary  affairs,  charity,  public  buildings,  etc. 

By  the  ])rogramme  of  reform  schemes  drawn  up  by  the 
C(>mmission '  for  Drawing  up  Kegulations  for  Constitutional 
Government,  with  the  National  A  ssembly,  sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  27th  August,  1908,  the  introduction  of  local 
self-government  was  to  be  begun  in  1909,  so  that  the 
establishment  of  local  self-government  institutions  for  cities, 
towns  and  villages  {see  Nos.  525,  525a  and  525b)  might  be 
completed  in  1913,  and,  for  prefectures,  sub-prefectures, 
departments  and  districts  (similar  to  the  Russian  provincial 
establishments — Zemstvo;  see^o.  526),  in  1914. 

^25.  M  '^  ^  fn  'Ji'  Fangi  Tzu^  Chih\  Local  Self- 
Govemment ;  pro'jected  for  universal  introduction  within  the 
periods  1909 — 1013/4  (compare  No.  524). 

-        [     174     ] 


TKESENT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


As    regards    local    self-government    for    cities,    towns    and       525a 
villages  there  is  a  division  into  : 

1-  ^>m  i^~j7  ^  fit  ^ '>!"'?'  f^hili'  Ti*  Fang'  Tzu*  Chih*, 
Teking  Municipal  Administration  (see  No.  525a),  and 

2.  i^  mM^  m  -:^  a  '^i^  Ch'cng'  Chcn^  Hsiang'  Ti* 
Fang'  Tzu'  Ciiili',  Municipal  Administration  of  Cities,  Towns 
and  Villages  (see  No.  525b). 

525a.  JT:  t^^l  m  :^  ^  f^  Ching'  Shili'  Ti^  Fang'  Tzu* 
Cllill^  Peking  Municipal  Administration  (see  No.  525); 
introduced  in  accordance  with  regulations  drawn  u])  bv  the 
Commission  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional 
Government  (following  a  j)roposal  of  the  Ministry  of  the 
Interior,  dated  the  10th  September,  1909),  and  promulgated, 
with  regulations  as  to  tile  necessary  elections,  in  an  Imperial 
Edict  of  the  3rd  February,  1910  (the  regulations  concerning 
the  Peking  Municipal  Administration  consist  of  8  headings 
and  13G  articles:  the  regulations  as  to  elections  consist  of  7 
headings  and  87  articles). 

Within  the  scope  of  the  Peking  Municipal  Adiniuisti-ation 
are  ail  aflairs  of  local  utility  or  necessity,  i.e.  educational 
matters  ( Elementary  and  Middle  Schools,  Associations  for  the 
Fostering  of  Pul)iic  Education,  l*ul)lic  Education  Societies, 
Libraries,  etc.),  the  maintenance  of  good  order  in  the,  city 
(the  keeping  in  order  of  the  streets,  markets,  pavements,-  etc.), 
l)uilding  affairs,  public  charity  and  pid)lic  utilities  (tramways, 
electric  lighting,  waterworks,  etc.) 

All  people  living  in  Peking  are  considered  ^»|  [^  Lhu'  Min*, 
Kesidctits  ;  those  who  are  Chinese  Hubjects,  arc  not  less  tlmn 
25  years  of  age,  have  resided  at  the  Capit.il  foi-  three  cou.secutive 
years,  and  ])av  a  direct  tax  or  contril)ute  not  less  than  t«o 
dollars  for  local  piibli.-  needs,  are  considered  as  jjij;  jv^-  llstian^ 
Nin^   Electors,  have  ihe  right  of  voting  f..r  f  iVg  ^  ['\  ffi  U  U  i^l  1i 

[     >7r>    J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 


Hsiian'    Chii'    Tzu*    Chih^     Chili^    Yuair    Chili^    Ch'iian'^);  and 


may  be  elected  SiS  (^m  ^  ^  ^  '^  M.  M.  :t  ^^  Pei^  Hsi 


uan 


3 


Chu'  Wei^  Tz-u*   Chih^   Chilr.  Yiian^  Chih^   Ch'iiaii^),   :\Iembers 
of  the  Municipal  Administration. 

The  Peking   Municipal  Adminigtration    (Q  ?«  ^  M  ^^'^^ 
Chih*  Chih^  Yiian^)  is  arranged  as  follows  : 

A.  1.  |g  ^  ^  #•  Ch'ii^  1^  Shih-*  Hui\  Ward  Councils, 
and 

2.  H;  fi  ^  ^  Ch'iV  Tung='  Shih^  Hui^  \Yprd  Executive 
Boards. 

l'>-  1-  i^.  li  ^  ^  Tsung^  I^  Sliih*  Hui\  Municipal 
Council,  and 

2.  If ,  It  i^  #  Tsung'  Tung'  Shih*  Hui%  Municipal 
Executive  Board. 

A.  1.  Ward  Councils  are  established,  one  at  each,  at 
Police  Stations  ({^  Ch'U  ;  see  No.  507). 

The  regulations  contain  a  provision  for  the  establishment  of 
one  Ward'  Council  only,  for  two  Wards,  should  the  paucity  of 
the  population  make  this  desirable. 

Ward  Councils  are  made  up  of  from  15  to  .30  |^  ^  I* 
Yiian-,  Ward  Councilmen,  who  are  elected  for  a  term  of  two 
years  (by  delegates  chosen  by  the  electors  directly ;  sec  above). 

The  Wai-d  Councilmen  themselves  elect  one  of  their  number 
as  their  |^  ^  1*  Chang^,  President,  and  another  as  their 
glj  1^  ^  Fu^  P  Chang',  Vice-President,  both  for  a  term  of 
two  years. 

Under  the  control  of  the  Ward  Councils  are  the  affairs  of 
their  respective  Wards, 

A.  2.  Ward  Executive  Boards  are  established  at  the 
Wai-d  Councils  and"  tlieir  duty  consists  in  the  execution  of 
decisions  of  the  Councils.  They  are  made  up  of  a  ^f  H  Tsinig^ 
Tung',  President,  one  to  three  if  ^  Tung'  8hih^,  Members  (the 
number    being  one-tentli  of   the  number  of   Councilmen   of    the 

[      170      ] 


PRESENT    DAV    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CIINA. 


Ward  Council  concerned),  and  from  three  to  six  :^  ^  "i^"  ^ 
Mingp  Yii*  Tung^  Sllih^  Honorary  Members  (in  nunil)er  ctiual  to 
one-fifth  of  the  numb?i-  of  Comicihiien  of  tlio  Ward  Council  in 
question),  who  are  elected,  for  a  term  oE  two  years,  by  tlie  Ward 
Councilmen,  from  the  electors  (sec  above)  of  the  Ward  concernetl. 

The  names  of  the  Presidents-elect  of  the  Ward  Executive 
Boards  are  presented  to  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Municij)al 
Administration  for  approval  ;  those  of  ^[embers  of  the  Ward 
Executive  Boards  are  presented  to  the  respective  Inspector  of 
Municipal  Administration  for  approval  (see  below). 

B.  1.  The  Municipal  Council  attends  to  affairs  relating 
to  the  city  as  a  whole  and  its  suburbs.  The  various  Ward 
Councils  at  a  general  meeting  elect,  from  their  own  members, 
one  f^  ^  I^  Chang^,  President  (of  the  Municipal  Council), 
OH'-  gl]  1^  ^  Fu^  I*  Chang',  Vice-President,  and  ^^  V  Yuan', 
Members  of  the  Municipal  Council  (in  number  equal  to  one-tenth 
the  total  number  of  members  of  the  Ward  Council  concerned) 
•  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

B.  2.  The  Municipal  Executive  lioard  {arc  above), 
the  executive  organ  of  the  Municipal  Council,  is  comjjosed  of 
one  Ijg  ^  Tsung'  Tung\  President,  five  H  ^  Tung'  i>h\h\ 
Members,  and  12  ^  ^  H  ^  Ming^  Yii^  Tung'  ShihS  Honorary 
Members  of  the  Municipal  ICxecutive  Board,  who  are  elected  for 
a  term  of  two  years  by  the  members  of  the  Municipal  Council — 
from   the   electors  of  the   city.      Their  names  are   j)resented    for 

jip))roval    to  the   Ministry    of    the    Interior,    through    the    Chief 

Inspector  of  Municipal  A'lministratioii. 

As  regards  >$^  ]\\i  l\  \V(  ii^  Tu'  Yiian",  Secretaries  ;rft  {jfj  H 
Shu'  \Vu'  Yn3Lu\  Stewards,  and  other  ofTicials  who  may  be 
attached  to  the  Councils  and  lOxeculive  Boards,  their  number 
and  engagement  is  left  entirely  in  the  hands  of  tiic  I'rcsidentu 
and  Vice- Presidents. 

[      '77      ] 
I? 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

525b  Supervision  over  the  actions  of  the  Peking  ]MunicipaI  Adminis- 

tration, as  regards  justice  and  legality,  is  exercised,  within  the 
precincts  of  the  city,  by  the  Central  Police  Bureaux  {see  No.  501) 
and,  in  the  suburbs,  by  the  Office  of  the  General  Commandant 
of  the  Gendarmerie  {sec  No.  798).  In  this  connection  the  Police 
Superintendents  of  the  ('entral  Police'  Bureaux  are  styled 
Q  \a  IS  ^  #  Tzu"  Chih*  Tsung^  Chicn'  Tu^  Chief  Inspectors 
of  Municipal  Administration,  and  Police  Captains  {see  No.  507) 
are  called  g|  \^^^  Tzu*  (hili^  Chien^  Tu',  Inspectors  of 
Municipal  Administration  (in  the  suburbs  of  the  city  the  latter 
title  is  applied  to  officials  deputed  from  the  Office  of  the  General 
Commandant  of  the  Gendarmerie).  These  officials  are  sub- 
ordinated, as  regards  the  duties  mentioned,  to  the  control  of  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior  (compare  Nos.  339a  and  342). 

525b.  i^  Ija  1115  ilH  :^  i  ro  Ch'eng'  ChOn*  Hsiang^  Ti* 
Fang'  Tzu''  Chih^,  Municipal  Administration  of  Cities,  Towns  and 
Villages  {see  No.  525)  ;  to  be  introduced  throughout  the  Empire 
within  the  period  1909-1913,  as  defined  in  regulations  drawn  up 
by  the  Commission  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional 
Government  (as  called  for  by  a  proposal  of  the  I\Iinistry  of  the 
Interior,  dated  the  24th  August,  1908),  which  were  promulgated, 
together  Avith  regulations  regarding  the  necessary  elections,  in  an 
Imperial  Decree  of  the  18th  Januai-y,  1909  (the  regulations 
regarding  Municipal  Administration  consist  of  eight  headings  and 
112  articles;  those  regarding  the  elections  are  divided  into  six 
headings  and  81  articles). 

As  j^  Ch'eng",  Cities,  are  considered  administrative  centres 
of  prefectures,  sub-prefectures,  departments  and  districts,  with 
their  suburbs  ;  as  |j^  Cheu%  Towns,  are  considered  places,  not 
administrative  centres,  having  a  population  of  more  than  50,000  ; 
as  ^  Hsiang\  Villages,  are  considered  places  having  a  population 
.  of  less  than  50,000.  I 

[     l'«     ] 


PRKSEXT     DAY    POLITICAL    OIIG  AXIZ  ATIOX    OK    CHINA. 


I 


The  scope  of  tla'   ^lunicipal   Admiiiislrations  of   the  ])hices 
anentloned    above   is  similar   to    that   of    the    Peking   Muiiieipal 
■  Administration  {see  No.  525a). 

The  oroaiis  of  municipal  administration  (^  ?o  ilsl^  ^  T/.w* 
Chih^  Chill-  Yiian"^)  in  cities  and  towns  are  Jtjf/jj  ^  '^^  i^  O 
Ch'eng-  Chen*  I'  Shih'  lIui^  City  and  ToAvn  Councils,  as 
■deliberative  bodies,  and  fclcll;^^^  ('h'cng-  Chen*  Tung'  8hih* 
Hui*,  City  and  Town  Executive  Boards,  as  executive  bodies  ;  in 
villages  there  are  the  ^i  li  ^  ^  Hsiangi  I*  Shih*  IIui\  Village. 
Councils,  and  ^5J|'  llsiang'  Timg',  Village  Keeves. 

The  Municipal  Councils  are  made  up  of  |^  fj  I*  Yiian-, 
jMembers  (in  cities  and  towns  they  numljer  from  20  to  50  and  in 
Aillagcs  fi-om  6  to  IH,  depending  on  the  population)  ;  electetl,  bv 
delegates  chosen  by  the  electors  directly  (conij)are  No.  525a), 
{in-  a  term  of  two  vears. 

The  members  of  the  ]\Iunici2)al  Councils  elect  one  of  their 
number  as  ^  J^  I*  Chang',  President,  and  another  as  g^lj  f||  ^ 
J^'u*  I'  < 'hang\  ^'^ice-President,  both  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

Munici])al  I'jxecutive  Boards  (for  cities  and  towns)  are 
made  up  of  a  i^.  i^  Tsung'  Tung^,  President,  one  to  three  3£  ^ 
Tung'  Shih*,  Members  (in  num])er  equal  to  one-twentieth  of  the 
total  mmibn-  of  members  of  the  corresijonding  Municipal 
Council),  and  from  four  to  12  :f^  -^^  ill  l}?  Ming=  Yn'  Tnng» 
Shih*,  Honorary  Membeis  (in  number  eipial  ti)  one-fifth  of  the 
total  number  of  mendjci's  of  the  (.'orivs])onding  Municipal 
Council,,  who  are  elected,  from  the  ranks  of  the  electors,  by  the 
Municipal  Councils.  The  name  of  the  President-elect  is 
presented  for  appro\al  to  the  ( Jo\  crnor-(  ienoial  or  (io\ernor; 
ihc  nami'B  of  the  others  ajc  presented  for  the  appn  »al  of  the 
b>cal  authorities  (.v/?  lj(;low). 

Ill  villages  the  me  iibcrs  of  tin-  Municipal  Council  elect 
/frbm  the  ranks  of  the  electois)  a   ^'|{  f(i'   li-iauLr'  Tmig',  \'illago 

[    i^y    j 


TRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

526       Keeve,   and    a    ^  ^   Hsiaug^  Tso^,  Assistant  Village    Keeve  ? 
there  is  no  Executive  Board. 

To  the  above-mjntioned  mmiicipal  establishments  (Coiuicils 
and  Boards)  there  may  be  attached  ^  )i^  ^  Wen^  Tii^  Yiian^, 
Secretaries,  ]&  ^  ^  Shu*  Wxi*  Yiian"-,  Stewards,  and  j^j|  ^  ^ 
Ban'  Shih'*  Yiian-,  Attendants. 

Supervision  over  the  actions  of  the  Municipal  Administra- 
tions in  Cities,  Towns  and  Villages  (^  ^  ^  ^  Tzu'^  Chih* 
Chien^  Tu^  ;  compare  Nos.  .525a  and  526)  as  regards  their 
regularity  and  legality,  is  exercised  by  the  ife  ^  'g'  Ti*  Fang^ 
Kua)i\  Ijocal  Authorities,  who,  in  this  connection,  forward  detailed 
reports  of  the  proceedings  of  the  local  self-government  institutions 
to  the  Governor-General  or  Governor  of  the  province.  The 
supreme  control  (in  the  direction  indicated)  ap])ertains  to  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior  (sre  Nos.  339a  and  342  ;  compare 
No.  525a). 

526.  ]{f  m  fH  MM'^  ^^}a  i'"'  '-r'i"8'  Chou^  Hsieu* 
Ti*  Fang^  Tzu*  Chih*,  Public  Administration  (Zenistvo;  compare 
No.  524)  in  Prefectures,  Sub-prefectures,  Departments  and 
Districts ;  to  be  introduced  throughout  the  Empire  within  the 
period  1910-1914,  as  defined  in  regulations  drawn  up  by  the 
Commission  for  DraAving  up  liegulations  for  Constitutional 
Government  (complementary  to  a  recomtneudation  of  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior,  dated  the  19th  December,  1909),  which 
were  promulgated,  with  regulations  for  the  necessary  elections, 
in  an  Imperial  Decree  of  the  6th  February,  1910  (the  regulations 
as  to  the  Public  Administration  consist  of  eight  headings  and  105' 
articles  ;  those  referring  to  the  elections  are  in  47  articles). 

The  regulations. mentioned  above  cover: 

1.  Prefectures.  2.  Inde})endent  Sub-pre£ectuies.  3.  De- 
pendent Prefectures.  4,  Independent  Depaitments.  5.  Depart- 
ments and  6.  Districts  [see  No.  846). 

[      180      J 


rUESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Within  tlie  scope  of  the  Puhlic  Administration  of  Prefectures, 
Sub-prefectures,  Departments  and  Districts  (Public  Adn.inistra- 
tion  of  Counties)  are  placed  all  afFaii-s  concerning  public  utility 
or  necessity,  either  of  the  counti'v  as  a  -nhole  or  of  its  component 
parts — should  the  local  self-government  institutions  of  the  city, 
town  or  village  concerned  be  unable  to  cope  with  them. 

The  Public  Administration  of  Prefectures,  Suh-prefoctu)es, 
Departments  and  Districts  (if  ?]§  H^  ^  T/.n*  Chih^  Chih*  Yiian') 
is  carried  on  by  : 

1  •  f{^  M  #1  iS  li  ^  ^  1^'"'  T'ingi  Chou'  Hsien*  I^  Shih* 
Hui\  County  Councils  (Councils  of  Prefectures,  Sub-prefectures, 
Departments  and  Districts),  and 

2.  J^M  #!  B,  S  ^  ^  Fu'  T'ing^  Choui  Hsien^  Ts^an^ 
Shih*  llui^  Boaid  of  County  Councillors  (a  deliberative  and,  to 
some  extent,  executive  body),  and 

3.  }^  M  Ji'\  U  ^  '^  1''"^  TMng'  Chou^  Hsien*  Chang' 
Kxian',  (lovernment  Representatives  in  Prefectures,  Sub- 
prefectures,  Departments  and  Districts  (the  executive  officials). 

County  Councils  are  made  up  of  ^  ^  P  Yiian',  Memhei-s 
(from  20  to  60  according  to  the  population),  elected  for  a 
tenn  of  three  jears. 

The  members  of  the  County  Councils  elect  their  respective 
1^  g  P  Chang',  President,  and  glj  ^  ^  Vxx'  T*  Chang^,  Vice- 
President,  for  a  tenn  of  three  years. 

As  to  the  fianchise  and  eligibility  for  election  to  the  l*ublic 
County  Administration  Establishments,  the  rules  are  similar 
to  those  referring  to  cities,  towns  and  villages  {see  No.  .025a). 
Persons  attached  to  local  officialf,  as  Avell  as  officials  at  local 
police  establishments,  lose  tlic  franchise  and  arc  ineligible  for 
election  ;  tea(;liers  in   elementary   8<-hools  are   eligiVjle  for  election 

but  may  not  vote. 

AfFairs  after  being  discussed  by  the  (*onnty  ('ouncil  arc 
brought  before  the  Board  of  County  Coimciilors. 

[    lei    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OPtGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Sessions  of  the   County   Councils   (^  g^  Hui^    I'')  are  held 
once   a   year-:— in   the   ninth  moon — and   are  of  30  to  40  days 
duration  ;  should  occasion  arise,  extraordinai-}-   sessions  (^  P$  ^ 
^  Lin^  Shih^  Hui*  I*),  of  10  days'  duration,  may  be  convened. 

Boards  of  Count}'  Coimcillors  are  made  up  of  ^  i^  j^ 
.  Ts'an^  Shih*  Yiian',  Councillors,  numbering  one-fifth  the  number 
of  members  of  the  respective  County  Council ;  also,  there  are 
elected  a  similar  number  of  l]^  |^  ^  ^  ^  Hou*  Pu^  Ts'an^ 
Shih'*  Yiian^,  Expectant  Councillors.  The  Government  Re- 
presentative acts  as  ^  ^  Hui*  Chang^,  President. 

The  Board  of  County  Councillors  revises  decisions  of  the 
County  Council,  considers  questions  submitted  by  the  local 
•  officials  and  determines  ways  and  means  for  putting  resolutions  of 
I       the  County  Council  into  practice. 

For  the  audit  of  the  income  and  expenditure  of  the/  County 
Council  there  may  be  appointed  a  number  of  officials  of  the 
Board  of  County  Councillors  (so-called  ^  ^  Wei'  Yiian^). 

Sessions  of  the  Boards  of  County  Councillors  are  held  once 
a  month.  Also,  should  occasion  arise,  extraordinaiy  sessions  may 
be  called  by  the  local  officials  or  by  the  initiative  of  a  majority  of 
the  (jounty  Councillors  of  the  Board  affected. 

To  the  County  Establishments  mentioned  above  (Councils. 
and  Boards)  there  may  be  attached  ^  |f^  ^  Wen-  Tu^  Yiian", 
Secretaries,  and  ^;  ^  ^  Shu''  Wu*  Yiian^,  Ste^xards. 

The  establishment  of  one  County  Council  and  one  Board  of 
County  Councillors  for  two  administrative  centres  is  permissible 
(compare  No.  525a)  should  the  •  number  of  members  be  between 
30  and  100.  In  the .  event  o£  this  the  senior  Government 
Representative  becomes-  President  of  the  Board  of  County 
Councillors  ;  the  next  in  rank  becomes  glj  ^  j^  Fu*  Hui*  Chang^, 
Vice-President.  Also,  the  Council  is  divided  into  two  |}5  Ku', 
Sections,  in  which,  questions  referring  to  the  t^^  o  administrative 

[     l«f>     J 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


units  are  separately  discussed  {see  detailed  rules,  consisting  of  11       627 
articles,  annexed  to  the  regulations). 

The  executive  officials  of  the  Public  County  Administration 
Estabhshments  {Uxh'U^  Tzu'  Chih*  Hsing^  Cheng*)  are,  as 
stated  before,  the  local  tiovei-nnieiit  representatives,  i.e.  Prefects 
{see  No.  848),  Sub-prefects  (see  Nos.  852  juid  854),  Department 
Magistrates  {see  Xos.  851  and  855)  and  District  Magistrates 
{see  No.  856),  and  attached  to  them,  as  assistants,  are  a  nunil)er 
of  ^  Xk'^  B.  T/.n^  Cliih^  Wei'  Yiia.n^  Deputies  of  Self- 
government  Ati'dirs.  Their  duties  consist  in:  1.  The  execution 
of  measures  of  the  County  Councils  and  Boards  of  Councillors, 
2.  The  transmission  of  proj)Osals  to  the  County  Councils  and 
Boards  of  Councillors  for  discussion,  3.  Tlie  management  of 
correspondence,  etc.  Also,  under  certain  conditions,  they  may 
suspend  sessions  for  1 0  days. 

Differences  between  tlif  local  officials  and  the  County 
Councils  :ind  lioards  of  County  <  "ouncillors  are  to  be  settled  by 
tl"'  ^^'M  H  \u\  n  Hsing-  Cheng*  Shcn»  P'an*  Ya^  Men-, 
Administrative-.Tudicial  (Offices,  or,  until  the  cstablisiiment  of 
this  office,  by  the  Councils  attached  to  the  Governors-General 
and  Governors  (see  Xo.  823). 

Supervision  over  the  regularity  and  legality  of  actions  of 
the  County  Councils  and  lioards  of  County  ('ouncillors  ( J^  ^ 
gi  -/5  T/.ii'  Chih*  Chien^  Tu';  compare  Nos.  525a  and  525n)  is 
exercised  by  the  piovincial  Governors-General  and  (Jovernors,  to 
wJKjni  the  local  officials  are  constrained  to  make  detailed  rej»orts 
as  to  the  {)roceedings  of  the  Public  County  Administration 
10stal)li)shment8  The  suj)remc  control,  in  tlic  iLrection  just 
spoken  of,  appertain>  to  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  {see  Xos. 
;»:}!>  V  and  .'^2  ;  compare  Nos.  525a  ami  525i0. 

527.  t\ruWhV&  '^'^-"'  *''''''  <'•''<»''  PjiiiMhSi^,  OHices  for 
the  Organization,  of  Local  Self-government;  established  at 
l)rovincial  capitals  (for  the  time  being  at  the  ()ffice>  for  Arrang- 

[     lH:i     1 


TKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


527a  mg  for  Provincial  Assemblies;  compare  No.  173),  imder  the 
direction  of  the  higher  provincial  officials,  Avith  the  object  of 
organizing  local  self-govemnient  institutions  throughout  the 
countrv. 

■^  527 A .  Q  f^^^j^^  Tzu*  Chill*  Yen'  Chiu^  So^  Self-govern- 
ment Instruction  Offices;  established,  in  1909,  as  arranged  for  by 
the  general  outline  of  constitutional  reforms  {see  No.  127),  at 
provincial  capitals.  Later  these  Offices  are  to  be  established  in 
the  administrative  centres  of  prefectures,  sub-prefectures, 
departments  and  districts. 

The  object  of  the  establishment  of  Self-government  Instruc- 
tion Offices  is  the  spreading  of  the  principles  of  local  self- 
government  among  the  people. 

According  to  regulations,  consisting  of  14  articles,  drawn 
up  by  the  Commission  for  Di-awing  up  Regulations  foj 
Constitutional  Government  (as  arranged  for  in  a  proposal  from 
the  Ministrv  of  the  Interior,  dated  the  3rd  April,  1909),  and 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  0th  of  May,  1909,  eligible  for 
enrollment  (^  j^  Hsueh^  Yiian'^)  at  the  Self-government 
Instruction  Offices  are  persons  having  the  franchise  (see 
No.  525a). 

('oneerhing  the  staft'  of  Self-government  Instruction  Offices 
the  Kegulations  fcfr  Local  Self-government  define  as  follows  : 

The  Lecturers  (^  ^  Chiang'  Yiian^)  are  appointed  on  the 
reconuucndation  of  the  Local  Office  for  the  Organization ^sf  Locaj 
Self-government  (5<'e  No.  527)  and  one  of  them  acts  as  ^  -^  So« 
Chang',  Director  of  Coiu'ses. 

In  administrative  centres  of  prefectures,  sub-prefectures, 
departments  and  districts,  as  Directors  and  Teachers,  there  may 
be  appointed  persons  wlio  have  completed  the  course  at  the 
Self-government  Instruction  Offices  of  the  provincial  capitals- 
Concerning  the  Peking  Self-government  Instruction  Office, 
compare  No.  518. 

[     I'^i     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAJ.    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


GENERAL  CENSUS. 

528.  The  programme  of  constitutional  reforms,  sanctioned 
by  the  Emperor,  calls  for  the  taking  of  a  census  of  the  Empire 
within  tlie  periotl  1909-1912.  During  the  first  two  years  (1009- 
1910)  a  census  of  the  families  in  China  will  be  taken  ;  during 
1911-1912  the  number  of  persons  of  both  sexes  will  be 
ascertained. 

By  the  Census  Regulations,  M  ^  }^  Q  m  ^  Tiao^  Ch'a- 
Hu^  K'ou^  Chang^  Ch'eng',  drawn  up  by  the  Ministry  of  the 
Interior  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  14th  January, 
1909),  the  taking  of  the  census  is  to  be  supervised  by  the 
following  officials  : 

529.  |g  ^  ^^  Tsung'  Chien>  Tu',  Chief  Census  Super- 
visor ;  in  the  provinces  this  position  is  an  adjunct  to  that  of 
Police  Taotai  or  Provincial  Treasurer  (for  provinces  as  yet 
having  no  Police  Taotai).  In  Chihli  province  this  post  is  held 
also,  in  addition  to  the  Provincial  Treasurer,  by  the  following  : 

In  the  prefecture  of  Shun  T'ien  Fu  ;  by  the  Proffct 
(sec  No.  793;. 

In  Peking;  by  the  Police  Su})criiitcndent8  of  the  Central 
Police  Bureaux  (see  No.  502). 

.J.30.  ^  ^  (hien*  Tu',  Census  Sujx'rvisor  ;  this  post  is  an 
adjunct  to  those  of  Prefect,  Department  Magistrate,  District 
Magistrate,  or  their  Assistants. 

531.  M  ^  ^  TMao^  (^h'aM"h:Mig\  ( "hicf  Census  Inspecfor; 
this  j)08t  is  an  adjunct  U)  those  of  ^-^  ilK  Tsung*  'lung',  President 
of  the  Municipal  Executive  Board,  and  ^  ii^  Ilsiarig'  ('hang^'. 
Village  KIdcr. 

.y.'.'A.  f^  ff  l\  Tiao^  Ch'a'  Yuan',  Census  Inspector:  this 
post  is  an  adjimct  U)  tliose  of  ^  3jJ  Tung'  Sjiih\  .Member  of  the 
Miuiicipal  ICxpcntivo  Hoard,  and  ^  ^Y?  Hsi;iiig'  'I'uug',  \'ilhige 
Keeve. 


628 

to 

532 


niESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORG AXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

533 
to  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE  REORGANIZATION  OF  THE 

534  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 

533,  In  the  measures  preparatory  to  tlie  introduction  of 
constitutional  government  in  China  the  government  has  aimed  at 
refoims  with  regard  to  finances,  firstly  :  looking  towards  the 
subordination  of  all  financial  affairs  to  the  control  of  the  Ministry 
of  Finance,  further  :  tlie  determination  of  the  State  Budget  and 
the  estimation  from  this  of  the  income  and  expenditure  of  the 
State,  with  a  vicAV  to  the  strict  control  of  the  latter. 

With  the  object  of  accomplishing  the  refoims  above- 
mentioned  there  Avas  established,  by  Im])erial  Edict  of  the  10th 
January,  1909,  the  Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the 
Financial  Affairs  of  the  l^mpire,  {srr  Xos.  534  and  535),  in  the 
Ministry  of  Finance  at  Peking,  and  in  the  pro\  inces,  thcie  were 
established  Branch  Offices  of  the  CJommittee  for  the  Reorgani- 
zation of  the  Financial  Afiairs  of  the  l^mpire  (srr  Xos.  536  to 
to  54 1\  at  the  Governor-Genei-al's  and  Ciovernor's  Yamen. 
Regulations  defining  the"  duties  of  these  establishments — at  the 
Capital  and  in  the  pro\  inces — -were  drawn  \i\)  by  the  Ministry  of 
Finance  and  submitted  in  a  ^Memorial  which  was  sanctioned  by 
the  Emperor  on  the  21st  March,  1909. 

534.  Jf  Jl  n^  i^*  M  Ch'ingi  Li'  Ts'at'  Chcng^  Cli'ii*, 
Committee  for  th(>  Reorganization  of  the  Financial  Affairs  of 
the  Empire  {scr  ]Sos.  374  and  533)  ;  establisherl  at  tlic  Ministry 
of  Finance  and  made  up  of  officials  of  the  Ministry,  specially 
deputed  for  the  general  guidance  of  J*rovincial  l)i-anch  Offices 
of  the  ('ommittee  for  the  Reoro-anization  of  the  Financial  Afiairs 
of  the  Empire  (.srr  Nos.  375,  533  and  536  to  541),  for  verifying 
information  supplied  by  these  and  for  drawing  u[)  an  estimate  of 
the  State  income  and  expenditure  from  niatei'ials  su])plied  fron' 
the  provinces. 


I'KKSKXl      DAV     roLITlCAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 

535.     At  the  head  of  tlie  Committee  there  are  :  o!ie  Jg  M       535 
T'i»    TiapS    President,    one    f^  tS  1^    Pang^    T'i=^    Tiao*,    Vice- 
President,  one  ^  1^  Tsnng^  P.an"*,  Director,  and  one  ^  ^  Pang^ 
Pan*,  Assistant.      All  these  positions  are  held  by  higher  officials 
of  the  Ministry  of  Finance. 

The  Committee  is  divided  into  the  following  12  v^ections  : 

1-  Ml  B  f-l-  Tsungs  Wu^  K'o\  Section  of  (ieneral  Affairs; 
in  charge  of  the  compilation  of  information  supplied  by  the 
provincial  branch  offices  and  the  drawing  up  of  repttrts  based  on 
such  information. 

2.  :^  1^  ^'i-  Ching'  Chi'  KV,  Metropolitan  Section  (for 
Peking,  the  Metropolitan  Prefecture,  the  province  of  Chihli  and 
Ch'ahar), 

3-      ]^    1^    ^^     TAao'^     Shell'     K'o',     Manchurian     Section 
province?  of  Fengtien,  Kirin  and  Hoilungchiang), 

■^-  yl  ^  ^-l*  Chiang'  Kan^  K'o',  Section  for  Kiangsu. 
Auhui  and  Kiangsi, 

5.  W  JIlJ  f "l"  Ch'ing'  Yii*  K'o',  Section  for  Shantung  and 
Honan. 

6.  \i^  ^^  ^'\-  Ilsiang'  Ao^  K'o',  Section  for  Hunan  and 
Ilupeh, 

"•  f^  J^lr  1-4  ^^'"'  Che*  K'o',  Section  for  Fukien  and 
Chekiang. 

y-  -^  -ill-:  ?'}  ^  iieh'  Kuci'  K'o',  Section  for  Kuangtung  and 
Kuangsi, 

y.  ^  ^  ?4  Ch'iu-  (  hill'  K'o',  Section  for  Shensi  and 
Shansi  falso  for  })laccs  like  Urga,  Suiyiiancheng,  KiuMhiiachcng, 
Uliasut'ai,  Kobdo,  Alt'ai,  etc.), 

10.  11  0f  I'l  K:i"'  I!-iii'  K'o',  Section  for  Kansu  and 
Ilftinchiang  (also  (ov  Hi,    I'arbagatai,  Ilsiiiiug,  etc.), 

'  ••  i^  fi^.  ?l  i'iang-  V  K'o',  Section  for  S/.cchwan,  Yiinnaii 
and  Kweichow.  and  Tiltet, 

'-•      i\!l  '^^-  ff  *^''0»'  Chang^  K'o',  Section  of  Archives. 

[      1«7      J 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


638 


536  Tn  charge  of  each  Section  is  a  |,|  ^  Tsung^  Ho^  Section 

to  Chief,  assisted  by  §i  |^  Tso*  Pan^  Assistants.  Also  there  are 
an  indefinite  nnmbei-  of  §  ffi  ^  Shn^  Chi*  Yiian^  Clerks,  and 
W  ^  'S*  '^^^'*  ^^  Kuan',  Advisers  ;  ,the  necessary  qualification  of 
the  first  is  the  possession  of  a  good  handwriting ;  the  latter  are 
selected  from  persons  experienced  in  finance  and  well  acquainted 
with  the  financial  position  of  the  provinces. 

BRANCH  OFFICES  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE 

REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  FINANCIAL 

AFFAIRS  OF  THE  EMPIRE. 

536.  }f  JM  llj  B^  M  Ch'ingi  Li^  Ts'ai2  Cheng*  Chii^, 
Branch  Offices  of  the  ('ommittee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the 
Financial  Affairs  of  the  Empire  (see  Nos.  375  and  533).  These 
are  established  in  all  the  provinces  with  the  object  of  fm-nishing 
the  Committee  itself  {see  Nos.  533  to  535)  with  information 
necessary  to  the  drawing  up  of  a  State  Budget,  namely,  by 
submitting  reports  as  to  provincial  income  and  expenditure,  by 
furnishing  information  as  to  the  working  out  of  the  budget  of 
the  previous  year  and  by  supplying  materials  for  the  preparation 
of  the  yearly  budget. 

537.  in  1^.  Tsung^  Pan*,  Chief  of  a  Branch  Office  of  the 
Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Financial  Affairs  of  the 
Empire  ;  in  charge  of  a  branch  office  of  the  Committee.  This 
])Ost  is  an  adjunct  to  that  of  Provincial  Treasurer  (see  No.  825) 
or  C/ommissioner  of  Finance  (see  No.  808). 

538.  ^  p  Hui*  Pan*,  Associate  Chief  of  a  Branch  Office 
of  the  Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Financial  Aflfairs 
of  the  Em])ire  ;  this  post  is  an  adjunct  to  those  of  Salt 
Commissioner  (see  No.  835),  Superintendent  of  Customs  (see  No. 
84-2),  Salt  Intendant  (.sec  No.  841),  Grain  Intendant  (see  l^o. 
836)  and,  also,  of  Expectant  Taotais  in  charge  of  provincial 
financial  establishments. 

[     188     ] 


PRESENT     DAY     I'OLITICAI.    OUG^XIZ  ATIo.V    OF    CMIN'A. 


539.      IE  ii  fl  "^    (iR'ng^    riiien'    Li^    Kuan',     Finan.  ial       539 
Supenisor  ;   these  are  appointed  for  a  ti'iui  of  two  years,  one  to         tO 
each  branch  office  of  the  Committee,  on  the  reconunenJation  of      540 
the  Ministry  of  Finance — approved  by  the  Empei*or — to  observe 
what  success   attends   the   efforts  of  the   Branch   Offices   of   the 
Committee   for   the   Keorganization   of   the    Financial    Artairs  of 
the  Empire. 

5-iO.  glj  ^  JM  'b'  ^^"'i''  <^  hicn'  Li-'  Kuan',  Assistant 
Financial  Snpervisor  ;  deputed  in  a  similar  manner  to  Financial 
Supervisors  {see  No.  389)  and  with  the  same  object. 

541.  Branch  Offices  of  the  Committee  for  the  lle()ro;ani/a- 
tion  of  the  Financial  Allairs  of  the  Empire  are  made  up  of 
three  Sections  : 

1-  ^1^  ^*-f  Fifiii^  Clii^  K-o',  Compibng'  Section  ;  in  charge 
of  drawing  up  rules,  reports,  Memorials  and  returns  of  income 
and  expenditure, 

2-  ^  M  ^4  '^li*^^!'^  -tlo"  K^o',  Bevising  Section  ;  for  the 
examination  of  returns  of  income  and  expenditure  forwarded 
from  the  various  go\  erinnent  establishments,  and 

3.  l^  f^  f\  Sim'  Wn^  K'o',  Section  of  General  AfFaii-s  j 
among  other  duties,  uiauages  the  correspondence. 

Each  Section  is  administered  by  a  f4  i4'  I'^'"'  Cliang\ 
Section  Chief,  to  whom  tliere  are  sul)ordinatc('.  f,-[  J4  K*u'  Yiian', 
Secretaries  Cthe  number  depending  on  the  Inisinoss  of  the 
Section),  fH  %^  Shu'  (his  Clerks  and  ^  ^l}!  I'  Sh.'n',  A(ivi.ser8 
(chosen  f  om  the  local  gentry). 

BANKS  ((iOVERNMENI    AND  OTMLkS). 

542.  p  "^l^  |]i  ^]  llu'  I'm'  V'm'^  Hang,  B.ijik  ut  ihe 
Ministry  of  Kc\enuc;  tstaMished  in  accordance  uith  a  Memorial 
from  the  Committee  of   Finance  [sir   So£.  349a   and   932a)  and 

L     189     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 


.544 


§42a      the  Ministry  of  Revenue  {sec  Xo.   349),  dated  the  14th  ]March 
4.Q         1904,  and  opened  to  business,  at  Peking,  on  the  27th  September, 
1905. 

The  original  regulations  of  the  bank  were  dra\vu  up  by  the 
Ministry  of  Revenue  and  submitted  to  the  Throne  in  Memorials 
dated  April,  1904,  and  22nd  August,  1905  (supplementary). 
The  capital  was  tixed  at  four  million  taels,  divided  into  forty 
thousand  shares  of  one  hundred  taels ;  half  the  shares  Avere  taken 
up  by  the  Government  and  half  were  issued  to  the  public. 

As  recommended  in  a  report  from  the  ]\Iinistry  of  Finance, 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  1 7tli  February,  1908,  the 
Bank  of  the  Ministry  of  Revenue  became  the  : 

542a.  i^  vf  1^  ft  Ta^  Ch4ng^  Yin^  HangS  Ta  Ch'ing 
GovernmenL  Bank.  The  original  capital  was,  at  the  same  time, 
raised  (to  ten  million  taels)  by  the  issue  of  sixty  thousand 
additional  shares. 

By  the  new  regulations  (consisting  of  24  articles),  subiiiitted 
in  the  report  above-mentioned  (of  the  17th  Februar}-,  1908),  the^ 
Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank  is  a  ^  ^  P^'  [IJI  :^  ^  Kii^  Feni 
Yu^  Hsien^  Kimg'  Ssu\  Limited  Joint-stock  Coni])auy  (see 
Ko.  77G.) 

The  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Ta  Gh'ing  (iovernmeut  Bank 
is  made  up  of  one  Governor  (see  No.  543),  one  Deputy  Governor 
(sec  Xo.  544)  and  four  Directors  Ls*?^  Xo.  545)  a  control  over  the 
operations  of  the  bank  is  exercised  by  two  (^Hicial  Supervisors 
(sec  Xo.  546)  and  three  Inspectors  (see  Xo.  54Ga). 

543.  IE  M  M  ^beng''  Chieii^  Tu',  Governor  (formerly 
styled  |I|I  "Ul  Tsung^  Pan*);  3a.  Appointed  by  the  Emperor,  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  Ministry  of  Fiiian(;o,  foi'  a  term  of 
service  of  five  years. 

544.  f^\]  ^  /|^  Fu''  Chieu^  Tu\  Deputy  (lovenior  (formerly 
styled   §1]  1^  Fu'*  Pan"*);  4a.      A])pointcd   by   \he   J'^.mperor,  on 

[     1!)0     ] 


TKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

the  recommendation  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  for  a  term  of  645 

five  years.  *.q 

545.  5S  ^  Li'  Shih*,  Directors  (four  in  all).     They  are  ^^^ 
elected  at  a  general  meeting  of  the  shareholders,  from  the  ranks 

of  holders  of  100  or  more  shares,  and  their  names  are  ])reoented 
for  the  approval  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance.  Their  tei-m  of 
service  is  fonr  years. 

546.  ^  m  ^  Chien^  Li'  Kuan\  Official  Supervisoi-s 
(two)  ;  appointed  by  the  Emperor,  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Ministry  of  Finance,  for  general  control  of  the  bank's  operations. 

546a.  Ij  ^  Chien'  Shih'',  Inspectors  (three);  elected  at  a 
general  meeting  of  the  shareholders  from  those  who  hold  40  or 
more  shares.     Their  term  of  service  is  three  years. 

547.  In  addition  to  its  Head  Office  at  Peking,  the  Ta 
Ch'ing  Government  Bank  has  the  following  branches  in  the 
provinces  :  Tientsin  (Chihli  prpvince  ;  the  fii"st  branch  opened  ; 
established  in  October,  1905),  Moukden  '(Fengtien  province), 
Yingk'ou  (Fengtien  province),  ('h'ang  Ch'un  (also  Kwancheng- 
tzu  ;  Kirin  province),  Kalgan  (Ohihli  province),  Urga 
(Mongolia),  Nanking  (Kiangsu  province),  Shanghai  (Kiangsu 
province),  Anking  (Anhui  pi-ovince),  Taiyiianfu  (Shansi 
province),  C'hinanfii  (Shantung  province),  llsianfu  (Shcnsi 
province),  Hangrhow  (("hekiang  ))rovince;,  Foochow  (Fiikicn 
province),  Kiukiang  (Kiangsi  ])r()\ince),  Hankow  (Hiijx'h 
province),  Chungking  (Szechwan  province),  ("hangsha  (lliiiiau 
province)  and  Canton  (Kuangturig  province). 

At  eacli  branch  there  is  a  ^^  |f^  Tsimg'  Fan',  Supcnnlcii- 
dent,  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  and  approved  hv  the 
Kmperor,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Ministi'y  «•!  I-'iiiance, 
for  a  period  of  service  of  five  years.  Siihordiiiafed  1o  liini  there 
are  a  JS?  5^  Cliing'  Li',  Manager,  and  a  %{,  /•£  Ilhieh*  Li\  Sub- 
manager  (not  as  yet  appointed  Inr  all  the  hraiichcst,  appointed 
by  the  Hoard  of  DircctorH, 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

548  548.     At  Peking,   under   the  supervision  of   the  Ta  Ch'ing- 

^Q         Government  Bank,  there  are  : 

550a  1-     ^t^.mm  iF<  -t7  I'ei^  Chingi  Ch'u'^  Hsn^  Yin^  Hang^ 

Peking  Savings-bank,  Avhich  is  directed  by  a  |,|1  ^jj^  Tsung^  Pan"*, 

Superintendent;   opened   to   business    in   the    Summer    of    1908 

(compare  No.  550c),  and 

2.  :/c  ^  ill  f7  ^  ^  Ta*  Ch'ing^  Yin^  Hang^  Hsiieh^ 
T'ang2,  School  of  tlie  Ta  Ch'ing  (lovernment  Bank  ;  established 
in  1908  with  the  object  of  training,  gratis,  young  men  for  the 
bank's  service  ;  there  are  now  80  pupils  at  this  school. 

549.  'g*  IM  ^  Kuan^  Y^in^  HaoS  also  'g*  ^  ^  Kuan» 
Ch'ien'  Chii^,  Government  Banks;  these  are  in  existence  at 
places  where  branches  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank  have 
not  been  established  and  their  functions  consist  in  the  regulating 
of  the  local  money  market  and  the  issue  of  bank-notes..  From 
them  it  usually  happens  that  branches  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  GoA^ern- 
ment  Bank  are  evolved. 

550.  The  report  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance  spoken  of 
above  (dated  17th  February,  1908),  dealing  with  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Bank  of  the  ^Ministry  of  Revenue  as  the  Ta  Ch'ing 
Government  Bank  {see  Nos.  542  and  542 a),  foreshadowed  the 
formation  of  three  additional  types  of  banks  througliout  China, 
namely  : 

550a.  111^7  Yin-  Hang'^  Banks  (also  "gs  if  ^  fj  P'u» 
T'ungi  Yin-  Hang^,  General  or  Universal  Banks)  ;  these  are  to 
i-eplace  the  private  credit  establishments,  such  as  ^  ^  Yin* 
Hao^  g  ^  P'iao'  ChuangS  and  ^  ^^  Ch'ien^  Chuang^  Banks 
of  this  type  (they  may  be  call'ed  Banking  Houses)  will  discount 
bills  and  drafts,  accept  deposits,  make  advances,  buy  and  sell 
bullion,  exchange  money,  issue  time-drafts  (|t|]  ^  Ch'i^  P'iao*), 
lulls  of  exchange  (^  ^  Hui^  P'tao"*),  etc. 

The  regulations  for  this  t}'2)e  of  bank  consist  of  15  articles, 

[      192     1 


rnKSEXT    DAY     I'OLITICAL    OR(.; ANIZATIOX    OF    (  IllXA. 


ooOr.     ^  ^  in  t^T    ^~''''li'    Veh^    Yin-    llanjr-',    li:„,ks   t.l       550b 
Ao-viculture   and   Industry  ;    tlu'sc   bunks  will  assist   a'rriciiltural         tO 
and  commarcial  enterprises.      Of  tiiis  ty|)i>  are  :   one  ^  jg  fg  ^7       ^51^ 
Chiao^   T'ung^    Yin-   Hang",  tlic    l^ank    of   Conmnuiications    (ayy 
details   in    No.    792),  two   mM'M^  Hsing^  Yeli^  Yin-  Hang'. 
Industrial    Bank    (founded    to    satisfy     the     needs    of    railwa\ 
construction  in  Chekiang  ])rovinccj,  and  tlnee  ^  '^  ^  ^7  Nung"-' 
Y''eli^  Yin-  Hang',  Agricultural  Banks  (yet  to  l)e  established),  etc. 

For  the  supervision  (examination)  of  the  operations  of 
Banks  oi  Agriculture  and  Industry  the  Ministry  of  Finance  has 
authority  to  depute  some  of  the  local  officials  as  ^  ^.  Chien'  Li^ 
Official  Su]>ervisois.  The , regulations  concerning  this  tv))e  «if 
bank  consist  of  .34  aiticles. 

5^^^'-  1^  ^  IR  tl  <^1^'"'  ^I^ii'  Yin-  Hang',  Sayings-l)ank?; 
with  a  minimum  paid-up  capital  of  fifty  thousand  taels.  These 
banks  accept  small  sums  for  deposit  (other  tyj^es  of  l)anks  may 
carry  on  this  kind  of  banking  business  with  the  permission  ot  the 
Ministry  of  Finance).  The  regulations  ff)i'  theii-  control  consist 
of  13  articles. 

For  the  Peking  Savings-bank  sec  No.  o4H 

MINTS. 

0.31.  3^  ^  $11  i^  f,S  ,^  T'ien'  Tsin'  Yii.-  Ch'ien'  Tsung* 
C'h'ang^  Central  Mint  at  Tientsin  (official  designation,  p  ^J  3^ 
?fir  4&  Jift  'f'"'  1*'H  Tsao'  I'i'  Tsung^  ("h'ang*,  Central  Mint  of  the 
Ministry  of  Kever  te);  established  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial 
from  the  Committee  f>f  Finance  (see  No.  .'{49a)  and  the  Ministry 
of  Revenue  (see  No.  349),  sanctioned  on  the  22nd  August,  190.5, 
for  the  minting  of  silver  and  ropjjer  coins. 

This  mint  is  now  styled.: 

r>')]\.  ig  «g  1^1  j;^  Tsan*  Pi^  Tnimg^'  Ch'ang^  CVntral  .Mint, 
it  is  directed  by  -.1  )'>^  ^  lA  m 'S:  Bi  1^  ''"s""'  ''•'  Tsung»  Ch'nng' 

[  I..  ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


551b      Cheng''  Chien^  Tii\  Superintendent  of  the  C3ntral  Mint ;  3a,  and 
to        a   it  ^  m  mm^M   Tsau*  Pi^  Tsung^   Oh'ang^  Fu*   Chien^ 

Kc t       Tn\  Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  Central  Mint ;  4a. 

551b.  'M^  ^M  '^sao''  Pi^  Fen^  Ch'angS  Mints  (or 
Branches  of  the  Central  Mint).  These  are-  situated  in  the 
provinces  and  each  is  directed  byaj^^-^JJ^jH^^  Tsao* 
Pi*  Fen^  Ch'ang^  Cheng*  Chien^  TuS  Mint  Superintendent  (or 
Superintendent  of  a  Branch  of  the  Central  Mint)  ;  3a,  and  a 
it  ^  ^  M  SlJ  ^  #  Tsao*  Pi*  Feni  Ch'ang'  Fu*  Chien^  Tu^^ 
Assistant  Mint  Superintendent  (or  Assistant  Superintendent  of  a 
Branch  of  the  Central  Mint)  ;  4a. 

HEAD  OFFICE  FOR  THE  COLLECTION  OF  EXCISE 
ON  NATIVE  OPIUM. 

552.  ±mm^Mm  T'u^  Yao*  T'ungs  Shui*  Tsung^ 
Chii^,  Head  Office  for  the  Collection  of  Excise  on  Native  Opium ; 
established  (a  temporary  institution)  in  1906  at  ^^  ^  ^  Wu' 
Ch'ang^  Fu^  (Hupeh  province).     It  is  directed  by  a  : 

553.  mm±mmmmB^^  tu^  p^^^'  '^'«'  Yao* 

T'ung^    Shui*    Shih*    Wu*    Ta*    CK'en^,    Superintendent    of    the 
Native  Opium  Excise.     This  official  is  assisted  by  two  : 

554.  mm±mmmmf^:k^  Pa^g^  Pan*  T'u^  Yao* 
T'ung^  Shui*  Shih*  Wu*  Ta*  Ch'eu%  Assistant  Superintendents  of 
the  Native  Opium  Excise. 

555.  ±MMU^  ^  T'u'  Yao*  T'ung^  Slmi*  Fen^  ChuS 
Offices  for  the  Collection  of  Excise  on  Native  Opium.  In 
charge  of  each  of  these  offices  there  is  an  official,  ranking  as 
Taotai  (sectio.  838),  styled  jE  |^  Cheng*  Pan*,  Office  Chief. 

The  Offices  for  the  Collection  of  Excise  on  Native  Opiimi 
number  nine,  i.e.  one  for  the  provinces  of  Chihli  and  Shantung, 
one  for  the  provinces  of  Honan  and  Shansi,  one  for  the  provinces 
of  Szechwan,  Yiinpan  and  KweichoAv,   one   for  the   province   of 

[      1»4     ] 


660 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Ilupeli,   one  for  the  pro\  Ince^   ol"  Kiaiigsn   and   Ilunan,  one  for      55Q 
the   provinces   of    Kiangsu    and    Anhiii,   one    for  the    provinces        x^ 
of    Fukien    and  ,  Chekiang-,    one    for    the    provinces    of    iShensi 
and    Kansu    and    one    for    tlie     provinces     of     Kuangtnng-    and 
Kiiangsi. 

OFFICE  OF  THE  CUSTOMS  AND    OCTROI  OF  PEKING 
AT    THE    CH'UNQ    WEN    GATE. 

5o6.  m^?i u f^ ?fi n  <^J''"<'  ^^'^'"'  ^i^-'^'  s'^^^i* 

Wii*  Ya-  Men-,  ilead  Ottice  of  the  Customs  anfl  Octroi  at  the 
Ch'ung  WcMi  Ciate  (colloquially,  D^  ^S  PI  K'^'  '^"'a'  ^I''"'  or 
^  (5  PT  Ilai^  T'ai'*  Men*) ;  out-stations  of  this  office  are 
established  in  a  coidon  about  Peking,  at  distances  ranging  fiom 
10  to  30  miles. 

In  charge  of  the  Head  Office  of  the  Customs  and  Octroi  at 
the  Ch'ung  Wen  Gate  are  : 

•'>•>"•  #  .^  F5  jE  E£  =i^  I'h'ung^  Wcn^*  :\rcn'  Chrng* 
Cliicn'  Tu',  Superintendent  of  the  Customs  and  Octroi  at  the 
Ch'ung  Wen  Gate,  and  #  ^  ^^  filj  1^  ^  <'li'"Hg»  NVcn*  Mcn« 
Fu-»  Chicn'  Tu\  Assistant  Su])erinten(lent  of  the  Customs  and 
(Octroi  at  the  Ch'ung  Wen  Gate;  both  are  appointed  by  the 
Emjieror,  for  a  term  of  one  year,  from  tlio  liigh  official  of  the 
ICnijiirc.     They  are  assisted  by  : 

55«.  ^.  ^  ]^  #  Tso^  T^  Chion=  Tu',  8u])criutHident  of 
the  House  Ta\  and  Livestock  Tax  for  the  Fast  Division  of 
Peking. 

5;3iJ.  ;&  ^  ^  1^  "^  ••'  ''  <•''■"'  ''"'»  Su|)crintendcnt  of 
the  House  Tax  and  Lnestock  Tax  f-.r  the  W.-t  DiNisii.n  of 
Peking. 

.>fiO.  g^  ^  n  ^  EJIi  l^A  fjli  Ch'ung^  Weil'  Mu.»  Ilsiian' 
K'o'  I'll'  Shih',  (Justonis  Examiner. 

[      I!'-'     ] 


PIIESENT    DAY    rOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 


561 
^Q  NATIVE   (LAND)   CUSTOMS. 

660  561.     #  gg  it   n  ^  #  Ko"  Kuani  Sliui^  K'ou^  Chien' 

Tu^,  Superintendents  of  the  Native  (Land)  Customs  (Barriers). 
These  officials  are  in  charge  of  the  collection  of  taxes  on  goods 
imported  into  China  from  Mongolia. 

5611.  M  ^  U  ^  "U  Change  Chia'  K'ou^  Cliieni  Tu^ 
Inspector  of  Customs  at  Kalgan. 

56 IB.  ^  jf^  lU  ^  .^  SIW  Hu^  K'ou^  Chieui  Tu', 
Inspector  of  Customs  at  Shahuk'ou. 

GOVERNMENT  GRANARIES. 

'562.     -^  j^  Ts'ang^  Ch'ang^,  Government  Granaries  at  the 
CapitaL     These  are  managed  by  the  : 

563.  ^  ^  II  ^  ^  f^  Ts'angi  Ch'ang^  Tsung^  Tu^  Ya^ 
M^n^,  Head  Office  of  the  Government  Granaries  at  the  Capital. 
At  the  head  of  this  Office  are  two  : 

564.  m^m'^MmM-^u^  i^m  ch'in^  Ming* 

Tsung^  Tui  Ts'ang^  Ch'ang^  Tu^  Chih*  Pu^  Yu*  Shih*  Lang^, 
Superintendents  of  the  (jovernment  Granaries  at  the  Capital 
with  the  rank  of  Junior  Vice-President  of  the  Ministry  of  the 
Ministry  of  Finance  (shorter,  ||  -^  ^  ^  Tsung^  Tu^  Ts'ang' 
Ch'ang^  and  ^  i^  ff  15  Ts'ang^  Ch'ang^  Shih^  Lang==). 

565.  ^U  M  Tso*  Liang'^  T'ingS  also  ^U  M  ^^ 
Tso^  Liang^  T'ing^  Chien^  Tu\  Supervisors  of  the  Goverament 
Granaries  at  the  Capital.  'J'here  are  two  of  these  officials  (one 
Manchu  and  one  Chinese)  and  they  are  appointed  from  Depart- 
ment Directors  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance. 

566.  #  ^  ^  is  =^  Ko"  Ts'angi  Ch'ang^  Chien^  Tu', 
Inspectors- of  the  Government  Granaries  at  the  CapitaL  These 
officials  number  16  (half  are  Manchus  and  half  are  Chinese), 
two  for  each  Granary — there  being  eight  Granaries  in  Peking. 

[     196     ] 


riiESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


5()6a.     The     names    of    tlie    Granaries    at    Peking    are  :     566* 
1-     ::^  ii  |g  'IV  T'ung'  Ch'iao^    2.      jjif  ^  f-  Lu*  Mi«  Ts'ang',       tO 
3.      m    ^   M    ^^^^'    H.sin^    Ts'aiig\  4.      ||    ^   f   <^l>i"'  T'ai^      gg^ 
Ts'ang',   5.      ^fc  ff  l"   Pei'  Hsin^   Ts'ang',   6.     t;  ff  jt  Fu* 
Hsin^  T.s'angS  7.      ®  ^  #  Hsin>  l>'ing2  Ts'ang',  and  8.      ^  fii 
^  Fengi  I^  TsSing^ 

^67.  {^  ;]^  Nei*  Ts'ang\  Court  Granaries;  managed  by 
t"o  ^  ^  Chien^  Tu\  Inspectors. 

567a.  For  particulars  as  to  ^  ^  ^  ^  Tli'a'  Ts'ang^  Yu* 
Shih^,  (.^ensors  Supervising  the  Government  Granaries,  see 
No.  214a. 

FINANCIAL  COLLEQE. 

568.  HI  iSf  P  ^  Ts'ai^  Cheng'  Hsiieh^  T'ang^,  Financial 
(Political  I'A-onomy)  College.  ,  The  cstabhshment  of  this  institu- 
tion "vvas  outlined  in  a  report  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  dated 
the  2Gth  April,  1907,  and  detailed  i-egulations,  in  50  articles, 
were  drawn  up  and  submitted  to  the  Throne  in  a  report  dated 
the  5th  :Nrarch,  1909. 

'1  he  object  of  the  Financial  College  is  the  supplying  of  a 
higher  financial  education  for  those  who  arc  desirous  of  devoting 
themselves  to  service  in  the  vai-ious  establishments  ufider  the 
control  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  i.e.  Banks,  Customs,  etc. 

The  College  consists  of  two  Sections  : 

1.  '!•  Z  fi  ^'l""ig'  Teng'  K'o',  Middle  S'cctiou  ;  witli  a 
coju'sc  of  three  years  and  a  curriculum  similar  to  that  of  Miildle 
Professional  {Schools  (see  No.  598).  The  course  indudrs  foreign 
languages  and  literature  and  sul)jects  of  general  education  having 
reference  to  finances. 

^-  tfi  ^-  /f-'l  '^'io>  Teiig^"  K'o',  High.'r  Section;  uill.  :i 
special  courwc!  of  lluee  years  for  those  who  have  succc.Hsfidly 
completed    the    course    in    the    Middle    Section.      Thin    Section 

[      l'J7      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

B69       svipplies  instruction  in  special  financial  subjects,  financial  policy, 
■Jq        financial  legislation,  etc, 

KfiQA  "^^^^  Financial  College  also  maintains  a    ^[j  ^;j-   Pieli^  K'o^, 

Special  Course — for  persons  in  the  Government  service — similar 
to  the  course  of:  Colleges  of  Law  and  Administration  {see 
No.  623a),  a  li^B  1^.  $^  Shui^  Wu^  Clman^  K'o\  Course  of 
Customs  Administration,  and  a  iM  "fl^  ^  ^  ^^\  ^"in"  Hang^ 
Chiang'  Hsi^  K'o\  Banking  Course. 

At  the  head  of  the  Financial  College  there  is  a  ^  5^  Chien^ 
Tu^,  Director.  He  is  in  charge  of  a  staff  made  up  of  one  Preceptor 
(^sec  No.  636),  one  Steward  (5^^  No.  641),  one  Inspector  of 
Dormitories  {see  No.  645),  an  indefinite  number  of  Teachers 
{see  No.  637),  three  Proctors  (sec  No.  646),  one  Librarian  (see 
No.  639),  one  Secretary  (see  No.  642),  one  Accountant  (see 
No.  643),  one  Clerk  of  Works  (see  No.  644)  and  one  Assistant 
Inspector  of  Dormitories  (see  No.  647). 

IMPERIAL  MAUSOLEA. 

569.  1^  ^  Ling^  Ch'in^,  Imperial  ^lausolea  ;  imder  the 
supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  Kites. 

The  Emperors  of  the  reigning  (jNIanchu)  Dynasty  are 
buried  in  three  separate  grou2:)s  of  niausolea  ;  one  is  situated  in 
Manchuria  and  the  others  in  Chihli  jjrovince. 

While  the  Fmperor  is  li^ung  his  mausoleum  is  sometimes 
euphemistically  called  ^'  ^p  ^  i^Ji  Wan*  Nien'  C^Ui^-^  Ti^  "  Tlie 
Happy  Land  of  a  Myriad  Years." 

569a.  The  group  of  Imperial  Mausolea  in  Manchuria  is 
situated  near  Moukden  and  Hsinching  and  includes  H  [^  San^ 
Ling^,  Three  Mausolea  : 

1..  7Jic  ^  Yimg^  Ling^,  situated  near  Hsinching  (80  miles 
from  Moukden)  on  the  hill  ^  3I  jlj  Chi^  Yiin*  Shan^  Here 
are  buried  the  first  four  Manchu  Sovereigns,  styled  (smcc  1648) 

[     l'J8     J 


PRESENT    DAY    rOLlTICAL    ORGAXIZAiTOX    OF    CHl.VA. 

from    their    names    in     tlie    Temple    of    Ancestors     and    thtir      569b 
posthumous  titles  by  the  following  : 

A.  ^MJ^.^1^  Chao^  Tsu^  YiJan^  Huang'  Ti',  1^». 
^  ijia  H  ^  '"J^  iising^  Tsu^  Chih'  Huang^-  Ti\  C.  ^15^^^ 
Ching-^  Tsu3  i^  Huang'  Ti\  and  D.  ^  H  ^  :^  ^  Ilsien*  Tsu' 
Hsiian^  Huang"  Ti^. 

2.  fa  ^  ^' ^i'  Tjing-,  situated  seven  miles  from  Moukden  on 
the  hill  ^  -^M  \h  l^'ion^  Kuei*  Shan^  Here  is  buried  the 
Emperor  j{C  M  ii5  ^  'ti?  T'ai^  Tsu^  Kao^  Huang^  T\\  known 
from  his  reign  as  ^  ^  T'ien^  Ming^  (1616-1626). 

3.  ^1^  Chao^  Ling^,  situated  three  miles  from  Moukden 
on  the  hill  1^  |^  ill  Lnng'  Yeh^  Shan^  Here  are  buried  the 
Emperor  ;*:  '^^  ^  ^  ^  T'ai^  Tsung^  Wen"^  Huang'  Ti',  known 
from  his  reign  as  ^  I(,ig  T'len^  Ts'ung^  (1626-1636),  and  the 
Emperor  ^  ^^  Ch'ung-  Te-  (1636-1643). 

569  B.  !^  ^  Tung^  Ling',  The  Eastern  Imperial  Mausolea; 
situated  80  miles  to  the  North-east  of  Peking,  in  the  Department 
of  j^  ^\^  •j^•^  Tsun^  Hua^  They  include  the  following  mausolea 
of  Emperors  and  Empresses  : 

J  •  IS  ffl  1^  Cliao^  Hsi'  Ling' ;  situated  in  the  pass  .^  HI  |I|S 
Ma'  Lan'  Yu\  Here  is  buried  the  Empress  ^  ^f  Hsiao* 
Chuang'  (deceased  in  1725),  the  mother  of  the  Emj)eror  [Ij;  ^'ifl. 
Shih^  Tsu'. 

2-  ^'  I^  Hsiao*  Ling'.  Here  aie  buried  the  Em|)oii)r 
■fj  jjij]^  Sliih'  Tsu',  known  from  his  reign  as  )l(f|  ffj  Shun^  ("liih* 
(1644-1661),  and  tlie  Empresses  ^  §X  H^iao*  Hsien"  and  ^:  ij| 
Hsiao*  K'aiig'. 

3.  ^:  }|r  [y^  Hsiao*  Tung'  Ling'.  Here  was  buried  (in 
1718)  the  Empress  ^  ^  Hsiao*  II ui*  (deceased  in  1717),  the 
Consort  of  the  Lmperor  jfl;  )f\[  Sliih*  Tru'. 

4-  :K  Pj^  C'hing'  Ling'.  Here  are  liinied  the  I'.inperor 
^ifl  Sheng*  Tsu',  known  from  his  reign  as  l]i  JJE  K'ang'  Hsi' 
<1662-1722),   and    f<jur    Emf.resses,    i.e.    \^:  ^    Hsiao*   (li'eng', 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OliG ANIZ AT-ION    OF    CHINA. 


569c      ^  0g    Hsiao*     Chao^     ^  H     Hs«iao*     l\     and    ^  ^    Hsiao^ 
KungK 

5-  ?^  [^  Yii^  Liug^.  Here  are  buried  the  Emperor  ]^  ^ 
Kao^  TsTing^,  known  from  his  reign  as  i^  ^  Ch'ien'^  Lung^ 
(1736-1795),  who  died  and  was  buried  in  1799,  and  the  two 
Empresses  ^  ^  Hsiao*  Hsien-  and  ^  •^  Hsiao*  I^. 

6-  ^  I^  Ting*  Ling^.  Here  are  buried  tlie  Emperor 
^  ^  Wen^  Tsimgi,  knoAvn  from  his  reign  as  jj^  ^  Hsien'  Feng^ 
(1851-1861),  and  the  Empress  ^- ff ,  Hsiao*  Tel 

7-  ^  ^  ^  Ting*  Tung^  Ling^.  Here  are  buried  the 
Empresses  ^^  Hsiao*  Chen^  (deceased  in  1881)  and  ^^ 
Hsiao*  Ch'in^  (deceased  in  1908),  the  consorts  of  the  Emperor 
^  ^  Wen^  Tsung^.  The  former  (by  name  ,^  -^  Tz'u^  An^)  is 
buried  at  a  place  called  ^  ^  1^  P'u'  Hsiang^  Yii*  and  the  latter 
(by  name  ^,  f^  Tz'u^  Hsi^)  at  ^  [J^  Hl^  P'u^  T'o"  Yu*. 

8-  ^1^  Hni*  Ling-.  Here  are  buried  the  Emperor  ^ 
^  Mu*  Tsung\  known  from  his  reign  as  [BJ  fa  T'ung-  Chili*, 
(1862-1875),  and  the, Empress  ^  ^  Hsiao*  Che-^ 

569c.  '^  1^  Hsi^  Ling-,  Western  Imperial  Mausolea  ; 
situated  93  miles  to  the  South-west  of  Peking  in  the  Department 
of  ^  #1  I*  Chou^  in  a  valley  formerly  called  j^  ^  ilf^  T'ai* 
P'ing-  Yii*,  its  name  was  changed,  in  1736,  to  ;4c  ^  ll|  Yung*^ 
Ning^  Slian^  "  Mountains  of  Eternal  Peace." 

This  group  of  Imperial  ^'ausolea  includes  those  of  Emperors 
and  Empresses  as  follows  : 

1.  M  ^M  T'ai*  Ling'-'.  Here  are.  buried  the  Emperor -fg^ 
^  Shih*  Tsung',  known  from  his  reign  as  |g  jE  Yung^  Cheng*, 
(1723-1735),  and  the  Empress  ^  ^j^;  Hsiao*  Ching^ 

^-  MM  \^  'Pai*  Tungi  Ling*.  Here  is  buried  the 
Empress  ^^  Hsiao*  Sheng*  (deceased  and  binned  in  1777 j, 
the  consort  of  the  Emporor  ^  ^  8hih*  Tsung^ 

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I'KKSKM  ,  DAV     POLITICAL    OltG  AN  I/.  A  T  10\     OF     CHINA. 


3. 


El 


Cli'ang'    Ling".      Here   are   hurled    the    l\iu]>('r()r       570 


i—  ^  'I"!!"  Tsiing',  known  from  his  reig'M  as  ^-  ^  Cliia'  C'lring', 

(17y()-1820%  and  the  Empress  ^-  ^l  llsiao^  Shir. 

4.      ^  iZy  f^-    Ch'angi    Hsi'     Ling-.      Here     is    Ijurird     the 

Empress  ^  f[l  Hsiao"*  IIo*  (deceased  in  1H4U  ;   hiuiid    in    ls.')3), 

the  Consort  of  the  Emperor  {^  ^  tlen^  Tsung'. 

^-     ^  He  ^^"*  r>ing-.      Here  are  huried  the  I'.mperor  ^  y^^ 

Hsuau'   Tsiiug',  known    from    his    reign    as  j^  -^    'l:m'    Kuang' 

(1821-1850).  and  the  Em]n-esses  ^  ^  Hsiao*   Mn'  ^:  '\f\^  Hsiao* 

Shen*  nnd  ^-  ^  Hsiao*  Cii'iianl 

^'-      ^^    Wl    r^    ^'"■'    'i'"iig'    Ling^      Here    is    hmied     the 

Empress     ^    §jp    Hsiati'     C'hing'     (deceased     in     ISoo  ;    huried 

in     lN."i7),     the      Consort     of      the     Emperor      'm,    >j;     Hsiian- 

Tsung'. 

"•      ^  [^    ("h'ung-    Ling'-'.      Here   is   bmled    the    Emperor 

I*  tK  Te*  Tsung',  known  from  his  icigii   as  ;)\j  ]f;/^    Kuang'    llsii* 

(1875-1908).      Eor  full  details  xcc  No.  189. 

570.'     7^  |§?  If  ^  iSi  I"]  Ch'eng'-'  Pan*  Sliih*  Wu*  Va-  Mm-, 

Office  of  the  Im|)erial  Mausolea.  The  |,tl  ^  Tsung^  Kuan\ 
C'ontroller-Cieneral  of  the  lianner  (iarrison,  is  at  the  liead  of  this 

office,  l)eing  styled  (as  regards  its  affiiirs)  ^-  ^■(^  f>^  'i^  j^  E 
Shou'  Hu*  Ling-  Ch'in^  Ta*  (Jh'On'-.  For  each  group  «>f  .Mausolcit 
ill  Chihli  there  is  one  Office  of  the  Imi)irial  Mausolea  (at  the 
ICasltrn  and  at  the  Western  Mausolea). 

To  tlie  Chief  of  the  Office  of  tlw  Inip.rial  MausuK-a  there 
is  attached  a  staff  of  officials  de{>nted  from  tlie  Ministry  of  Kites 
(Ul>»li  Lung=  Clumg',  Department  Directors,  il  M^  I'l)  Vium^ 
\\:ii'  L;ing-,  Assistant  Departmi-nt  Directors  and  :|£  i\i  Clui' 
Shih*,  Secretaries,  au-l  officials  (.f  the  X  '}ii  "^^  '^''''''  Ch'ung- 
Smi',  DepartMient  of  Sacrificial  Worship— '.vr^  No.  3H'Jii)  and 
from  the  Imperial  H(.usehol<l  ( f/i]  Jj'j  iE  •^l':"'j;'  ^'l'*»'  ClK-ng\ 
Chief  Cup-hearers,  f,',]  Hg  ji:  Sl.ang'  Slian*  Clienj?*,  Chief 
Tren<-her    Knight    {see    N<l    !»!-,    ^\  'ifx  "v^    N'i'    •'^•'»"'    I''"^'^. 

[     -'01      J 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

571  Overseers^  glj  pg  ^  fg  Fu*  Nei*  Kiian^  Liiig^  Assistant 
to        Overseers  see  No.  85),  etc. 

Kiyo  For  the    General   supervision   o£   each    group    o£    Imperial 

Mausolea  there  are  deputed  two  or  three  Department  Directors 
(or  Assistant  Department  Directors)  from  the  Ministry  of 
Rites. 

571.  P^  ^  ii  ^  Ling2  Ch'in'  Chu*  Fang^  {see  No.  743b), 
Garrisons  at  the  Imperial  Mausolea  ;  charged  with  the-  guarding 
of  Imperial  Mausolea. 

At  the  head  of  each  Garrison  there  is  a  [^  Jj^  IH  ^  Ling' 
Ch'in^  Tsung^  Kuan^,  (Controller-General ;  3a.  He  is  assisted 
^J  an  f^  Jg  glj  11  ^  Ling^  Ch'in^  Fu*  Tsung^  Kuan^  Assistant 
Controller-General ;  4a,  a  |^  ^  ^  ^  Lhig-  Oh'in^  I*  Chang^, 
Brigadier  ;  4a,  |^  jjl  gj^  ^  Ling'  Ch'in^  Fang'  Yii'^,  Captains, 
and  other  officials  of  the  same  grades  as  tnose  of  j^^'ovincial 
Banner  garrisons  {see  No.  746). 

571a.  In  addition  to  the  officials  mentioned  above,  for 
the  supervision  of  repairs  to,  and  the  maintenance  in  order  of, 
Imperial  Mausolea  there  are  the  following  : 

1-  WM  el  X  E  Ling'  Ch'in^  Ssui  K^^ngi  Chiang^ 
Overseers  of  Works  at  the  Imperial  Mausolea  ;  4a, 

2.  mm^-^'M'itn^'^  Ling'  Ch'in^  Kuan^  Li^ 
Shao^  Tsao*  Chuan^  Wa^  Kuan\  Overseers  of  Brick  and  Tile 
Making  for  the  Imperial  Mausolea  ;  5a,  and 

3.  mm^^m^.B'n  LJ^g'  Ch'iu^  Chi^  Ssu^  Kung^  Yingi 
Kuan^,  Commissioner  of  Sacrifices  at  the  Imperial  ^Mausolea  ;  6a. 

METROPOLITAN     TEMPLES,-^SACRIFICES,- BUDDHISM, 
TAOISM    AND    SHAMANI5M. 

572.  The   Ministry  of   Eites  {see  No.   376)  not  only    has 

the  general  supervision  of  temples  but  also  directs  the  sacrifices 

performed  therein. 

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TRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OE    CHINA. 

Saci-itioes  are  of  three  grades  : 

1.  :f\:  JjiG  Ta*  Ssu*,  Great  Sacrifices  (at  which  jade,  silk 
tissues  and  animals  are  oftered), 

2-  4*  ){iG  Chungi'  Ssii*,  also  ;^  jjjQ  Tz'u^  t>su%  Siii)erior 
Sacrifices  (at  which  silk  tissues  and  animals  are  offered),  and 

3.  ^  JnG  Ch'iin^  Ssu*,  also  /J\  j^  Ilsiao^  SsuS  Inferior 
Sacrifices  (at  which  animals  are  offered). 

Great  Sacrifices  are  performed  at  : 

1.  ^'C  if  T'ien'  T'an\  The  Altar  or  Temple  of  Heaven  (also 
called  f^  ^'f$  Nan-  Chiao\  The  Southern  Suburbs  ;  erected  in 
1420)  :  three  times  yearly  : 

A.  In  the  first  moon,  tlie  so-called  jfj^  ^;5  Ch'i-  Ku^,  Prayer 
for  a  liountiful  Harvest,  at  the  jjiff  l^f^  JKjJ  Ch'i'-  Xien-  Ticn\  Altar 
of  Supplication  for  a  Hoimtiful  Harvest, 

1).  Tn  the  fourth  moon,  the  so-called  ^  jjig  Yii-  Ssu*, 
Prayer  for  Uain  (also  ^  ^C"h':iuo=  Yii'-j,  at  the  Ig|  £  Yiiair 
Ch'iu\  Kound  Hill,  and 

(\  In  the  eleventh- moon,  because  of  the  Winter  Solstice 
(^^  Tun<i'  Chih^),  at  the  [f  Ir.  Yiian-  ("h'iii',  Kound 
Hill. 

2.  At  the  ^  tU  Ti'  T'an-,  Altar  or  Temple  of  Karth 
(also  ^j  f_^.  in  Faiioi  Tse-  T'an',  Altar  with  the  Scpiare  Cistern, 
or  4fc  %  '''•>■*  Chiao',  Northern  Subm-bs)  ;  in  the  fifth  moon  ; 
because  of  the  Summer  Solstice,  ^  3?  Hsia^  C'hih'  (this  temple 
■was  built  in   l.>30j. 

3.  At  the  :^  l^lj  T'ai'  Miao\  Ureat  Temi)le  (or  Temple  of 
Ancestors  of  the  Peigning  Dynasty)  ;  five  times  a  year  : 

A.  Ill  the  first  moon,  because  of  the  ^  ^  Meng*  Ch'un', 
Beginning  of  Spring, 

B.  In  the  fourth  moon,  because  of  the  ^  g(  Meng'  ILsia*, 
Beginning  of  Summer, 

C.  In  the  Kcventh  moon,  Itccause  of  thr  '2i  ^  M<  ng* 
Ch'iii',  IJeginning  of  Autumn, 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


D.  In  the  tenth  moon,  because  of  the  ^  ^  jMeng**  Tung', 
Beginning  of  Winter,  and 

E.  In  the  twelfth  moon,  because  of  the  ^  ^  Nien* 
(;hung^,  End  of  the  Year,  the  so-called  |^  ^  Hsia^  Chi^. 

4.  At  the  ;TTf:  ^  if  She*  (Jhi^  T'anS  Altar  of  the  Spirits 
She  and  'Jhi  (Spirits — Patrons  of  the  Dynasty) ;  twice  yearly  : 

-^^-     ^  Jitt  Ch'mi^   She^,  in  the  second  or  third   moon,   and 
B.     >fjli^  jjit  Ch'iu^  She^,  in  the  eighth  moon. 

5.  At  the  ^  )f5  Wcn2  ^liao*,  or  JL  ^  If  I  K'i"»g'  Sheng* 
Miao*,  Temple  of  Confucius,  also  gj  Jp  Kuo^  Hsiieh^,  State 
School  (:$t  M  ?L  ^  Hsieni  Shih^  K'ung=^  Tzai')  ;  tAvice 
yearly  : 

.A.  In  the  second  moon  (the  so-called  ^  ^  Ch'un'^^ 
Chi',  Spring  Sacrifice),  and  B.  In  the  eighth  moon  (the 
so-called  ^^  ^  Ch'iu^  Chi',  Autumn  Sacrifice).  Superior 
Sacrifices  are  ofitered  : 

1.  At  the  $]  B  ^M  Chao^  Jih*  T'an^,  Altar  of  the 
Mornmg  Sun  ;  once  a  year  ;  on  the  ^  ^  Ch'un'  Fen',  Spring- 
Equinox. 

2.  At  the  ^  ^  if  Hsii  Yiieh*  T'an^,  Altar  of  the 
Evening  Moon  ;  once  a  year  ;  on  the  ^^  -^  Ch'iu'-  Fen',  Autumn 
Equinox  (in  the  eighth  moon). 

3.  At  the  JSi  ft  ^  2  )i  Lis  Tai*  Ti*  Wang^  Miao*  (or 
'?^  I  Mi!  Ti*  Wang^  ]Miao*),  Temple  of  the  Emperors  of  alt 
Dynasties  (built  in  1522),  tAvice  yearly  : 

A.  In  the  third  moon  (the  so-called  ^  ^  Ch'un^  Chi'> 
Spring  Sacrifices),  and  B.  In  the  ninth  moon  (the  so-called 
^  ^  Ch'iu'  Chi^,  Autumn  Sacrifice). 

4.  At  the  5tMil-Hsien'  Nung^  T'an^,  Altar  of  the 
Father  of  Agriculture  ;  once  a  year  ;  in  the  third  moon. 

•5.  At  the  ^^  if  Hsien^  Ts'an^  T'an^  Altar  of  the 
Mother  of  Agriculture  :  once  a  vear:  in  the  third  moon  (this 
altar  was  built  in  1742). 

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f 


PRESENT     DAY     P(n.rriCAL    ORG  AN  IZATI  OX    OF    C'llNA. 


6.  At  the  5^  ililjl  if  T'ien'  Slu-ir  T'an^  Altar  of  tlio 
Heavenly  Spirits  ;  in  case  of  natural  calamities. 

7.  At  the  i^  j^  jf  'IV  Ch'i-  T^u.^  Altar  of  tlic  Spirits  ui' 
Earth  :  in  case  of  natural  cahunities.  (The  Altars  of  the 
Heavenly  Spirits  and  the  Spirits  of  I'arth  hear  tlie  irencral 
name  of  |l{l  ^l^  Shen^  Ch'i^  TSnn^). 

8.  At  the  :*:  :^  it  T-ai'  Sui'  Tv.n-,  Altar  of  .lupiter 
(King  of  the  Year) ;  twice  yearly,  i.r.  in  the  first  and  twelfth 
moons. 

Four  01  the  latter-mentioned  altars,  i.e.  those  of  the  Fathei- 
of  Agriculture,  of  the  Spirits  of  Heaven  and  I'arth,  and  of 
Jupiter,  are  situated  in  the  Temple  of  Agricidture,  which  is  also 
known  as  the  \l\  )\\  ^  Shan^  C'h'uau'  T'an'-,  Temple  of 
Mountains  and  Kivers. 

Inferior  Sacrifices  are  offered  : 

1.  At  the  5t  ^  Ifj  H^ien'  V  Miao\  Temjjle  of  Famous 
Physicians  of  \nti(juitv  ;  twice  a  }ear;  in  the  second  and 
eleventh  moons. 

2.  At  the  ^  ijilp  }^\  II uo^  Shcn-  Miao\  Temjde  of  the  (Jod 
of  Fire  :  once  a  yeai'  ;  in  the  sixth  moon. 

.3.  At  the  ^  ^  ff/1  Wcn^  Ch'ang'  Miao'.  Temple  of  the 
Patron  of  Education  ;  twice  a  year;  in  the  second  and  «  ighth 
moons. 

4.  At  the  ^3  ',V?  I^li  K'lan'  Ti'  -Miito',  Temi)ie  of  the 
(ioneral  ^]  ^^  Kuan'  \  u\  thive  times  yearly:  in  the  se<-ond, 
fifth  and  eighth  moons. 

.'>.  At  the  fl  li  fill  Hhcu-  Liang'  T/'u'-,  Tcmi.le  of 
Eminent  Statesmen  (tlKf^e  who  have  rendered  great  service  to  the 
present  Dynasty  :  fr)nnded  in  IT.'Mi;  twice  yearly  ;  in  the  sccon<l 
and  eighth  moon<. 

a.  At  t'lc  If^j  ;j,\  ,|j„J  (  hao'  f'hung'  T/.'u",  Temj.le  of 
Zealots  of  the  Dyna-^ty  (foiuKJeil  iti  17-Jl);  twice  a  year;  in  the 
second  and  eighth  moons. 

r  ?'»•■'  1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

7.  At  the  ^  j§^  In)  Shuang^  Chung^  Tz'u^ ;  twice  yearly  ; 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

8.  At  the  ^  *,  ;|nj  Chiang^  Chung^  Tz'ii^ ;  twice  yearly  ;, 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

9.  At  the    ^  *  ilU  Pao^  Chung^    Tz'u'*;    twice    yearly ; 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

10.  At  the  ^  J^^  |g|  Hsien^  Chung'  Tz'u^;  twice  a  year  ; 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

11.  At  the  ^  <^»  in  Piao^  Chung^  Tz'u^ ;  twice  yearly  ; 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons.  • 

12.  AttheH'i^fD  Hui-i  Chi'  Tz'u^;  twice  yearly;. 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

13.  At  the  fl  jjif  lU  Lting2  Slien*  Tz'u',  Temple  of  the 
Dragon  Spirit ;  twice  a  year  ;  in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

14.  At  the  ifif  |^  /fj  Ho'  Shen^  Miao*,  Temple  of  the 
River  Spirit  ;  twice  a  year ;  in  the  second  and  eighth 
moons. 

15.  At  the  J^  ^  f pI  Ching^  Yung^  Tz'u';  twice  yearly  ; 
in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

16.  At  the  M  11  ^f  Hei^  Lung^  T'an',  Black  Dragon 
Pool  (here  there  is  a  temple,  built  in  1771,  called  f|  ^  *^ 
Lung'  Wang'  T'ing') ;  twice  a  year  ;  in  the  second  and  eighth 
moons. 

17.  At  the  Q  11  >^_  Pai'  Lung'  T'an',  White  Dragon 
Pool ;  twice  a  year  ;  in  the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

18.  At  the  3:  ^  lli  Yii"  Ch'uan'  iShani ;  twice  a  year;  in 
the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

19.  At  the  ^  l\J]  -^  K'uni  Ming'  Hu'  (also  ^  M  Hsi^ 
Hu2,  lake  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  H  ^  Uj  Wan*  Shou*  Shan')  ; 
twice  yearly  ;  in. the  second  and  eighth  moons. 

20  to  26.  To  the  Princes  :  #  .^.  H  =£  Jui^  Chung'  ChMn^ 
Wang^  ^  -^i  %l  Hi  •£  Ting*  Nan'  Wu'  Chuang'  Wang',  ^  ^ 
^  Hung'  P  (Ni)  Kung',  fg.  ;||  ^  Ch'ueh*  Hsi'  Kung',  WlM^ 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Ch'in=*  Hsiangi  Kung^  t^  ^  ^  Ch'iieh^  Hsi^  Kung',  and  ^  ||  573 

^  Wen'  Hsiang^  Kung\  ^ 

27.  At  the   ^  li  ^  ^   T'ai^   Miao*  Hou^   Tien\   Keai-  ^^^^ 
Hall  of  the  Temple  of  Ancestors  {see  above) ;  on  the  first  day  of 

the  first  moon  and,  also," on  the  birthdays  of  the  Emperor  (the 
thirteenth  day  of  the  first  moon)  and  the  Empress  Dowager 
(the  tenth  day  of  the  first  moon). 

28.  At  the  ^  ^  ^  Hsien^  Y\\*  KirngS  Temple  of  the 
Polar  Star  (founded  in  1415)  ;  on  the  birthdays  of  the  Emperor 
and  the  Empress  Dowager. 

29.  At  the  %m)^  Tungi  Yueh*  Miao*,  Temple  of  the 
Eastern  Sacred  Mountain  (built  in  1317);  on  the  birthdays 
of  the  Emperor  and  the  Empress  Dowager. 

30.  At  the  %i^^W,M  Tui  Ch'eng^  Huang'  Miao\ 
(commonly  called  i^  p^^  l^ij  Ch'eng^  Huang^  Miao'*  ;  compare  No. 
573b),  Temple  of  the  Patron  of  the  City;  on  the  birthdays  of 
the  Emperor  and  the  Empress  Dowager. 

At  the  Temples  and  Altars  there  are  found  ^  jjil]  Feng^ 
Ssu^  Priests,  ipG  ^  Ssu"*  Ch'eng^,  Assistant  Priests  and  a  staff'  of 
officials  of  the  fourth  to  sixth  ranks. 

573.  In  China,  in  addition  to  the  predominant  religion 
f^  ^^  .Tu*  Chiao',  <'onfucianism  (also  ^  ^  Ming'  CUiiao*  or 
ii  Wi.  Sheng^  Chiao*),  there  are  tlie  recognized  geneiml  religions 
off;  #i  Fo2  Chiao*  (also  f|  ^k  •'^•'i'''  <  hiao^)  Buddhism,  and 
5g  ^  Tao'  Chiao*,  Taoism.  With  a  view  to  control  of  the 
priesthood  of  these  religions  there  exist  certain  (ifHelal  ranks. 

573a.  f t  I^  WJ  Seng^  Lu^^su',  Superior  of  the  iJuddhist 
Priesthood.  Two  office  bearers  invested  with  this  title  are 
appointed  In  each  district,  department  and  prefecture  throughout 
the  Empire,  as  y>rlnclpal  and  deputy,  the  (;hief  heing  dcHlgnated 
as  in  En  Cheng*  Yin*,  or  principal,  and  the  Hecond  in  order  as 
glj  t\\  Vn*  Yin*,  or  Dcjnity,  Holdei-  of  the;  Seal.  These  appoint- 
ments  are  made   hy  the  local  authorities  from  the  leading  ahbotfl 

E     1^07     ] 


ri:ESEXT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

573b  (^  i^  Fang-'  Chang*)  of  tlie  monasteries  and  are  submitted  for 
approval,  Avhen  made  by  subordinate  officials,  to  the  provincial 
government.  The  Superior  acts  as  a  medium  of  communication 
between  the  secular  authorities  and  the  priesthood,  and  depending 
on  the  rank  of  the  territorial  division  with  which  he  is  concerned, 
bears  one  of  the  following  distinctive  titles  : 

1-  ft  IM  ^^'"g^  Kang\  Superior  of  the  Buddhist  Priest- 
hood in  a  Prefecture  ;'9b  (the  full  title  is  ff  |f||  ^  ^fjp|  Seng' 
Kang'  Ssu' Tu' Kang'), 

2.  f§  jH  Seng'  C'heng^  Superior  of  the  Buddhist  Priest- 
hood in  a  Department,  and 

3.  f^  ^  Seng'  Hui"*,  Superior  of  the  Biiddhist  Piiesthood 
in  a  District. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  in  the  Buddhist  priesthood 
there  are  the  following  ranks  (they  are  very  little,  if  at  all,  used 
at  present)  : 

1-  "&.  ^  ^  "^i^o'  Shan*  Shih"*  Principal  Preceptor,  and 
/&  1^  "RJ  ^""^  Shan*  Shih*,  Secondary    Preceptor  :  6a, 

2-  ^  M  i^  'J'so^  Ch'an*  Chiao^  Principal  Preacher,  and 
^  r€  Wi  Yu*  Ch'an*  Chiao*,  Secondary  Preacher  ;  6b, 

3.  ^  ^  ifl^  'J'so^*  Chiang^  Ching',  Principal  Expositor,  and 
^  ^  IM  ^  u*  Chiang^  Ching',  Secondai-y  Expositor  ;  8a,  and 

•4-  i  M  ^  Tso3  Chiieh^  I*,  Principal  Clerk,  and  :;i^  ^  ^ 
Yu*  Chiieh^  I*,  Secondary  Clerk;  8b. 

573b.  In  the  Taoist  priesthood  the  primacy  appertains  to 
the  hereditary  patriarch  5g  ^1^  fijj  Chang'  T'ien'  Shih',  so-called 
Heavenly  Master  Chang — in  whose  body  it  is  believed  the  spirit 
of  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Taoist  mystics  has  taken  up  its 
abode.  This  Patriarch  (called  also  IE  —  ^  A  Cheng'  I*  Chen' 
Jen^)  resides  on  the  hill  f^  }^  \\\  Lung^  Ju'  Shan',  in  the 
district  of  ^  ^H  ,^  Kuei*  Ch'i'  Hsien*,  jl  gg  Kiangsi  province. 
Excepting  the  foregoing,  the  organization  of  the  Taoist  priest- 
hood   is  similar  to  that   of   the   Buddhist    ju-iesthood    (compare 

[     208     ] 


PRKSKXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKG  AXIZ  ATI«)X    OF    x:HIS'A. 


^o.   573a).      Thus,   in   eacli  district,  dcpartmeiit  and  prefecture      573c 
there  arc  two  ^  ||^  W]    Tao'  T.u^   Ssu\   Superiors  of   the  Taoist 
Priesthood,   ])caring,   from  the  rank  of  the  territorial  division  to 
■which  they  appertain,  one  of  the  following-  distinctive  titles : 

1-  M^ll  '^'10^  ^'lli^  Sui)erior  of  the  Taoist  Pi-iesthood  in  a 
Prefecture  (the  full  title  is  if  IQ  Ti]  if  JlI  'i'^i')"*  Chi*  Ssu^  Tao» 
Chi*)  :  9 15, 

2.  i^  jE  'I'ao*  C'hrqg-*,  Superior  of  the  Taoist  Priesthood 
in  a  Department,  and 

•^-  ill  ^  ^^^*  Ilui*,  Superior  of  tlie  Taoist  Priesthood  in  a 
District, 

Besides  the  above-mentioned,  in  the  Taoist  jjricsthood  there 
.are  the  following  ranks  : 

1.  i  IE  Tso'  Cheng*,  Principal  Director,  and  :^  ]£  Yu* 
Cheng*,  Secondary  Director  ;  Ga, 

-•  &  Wl  '/i  Tso^  Yen'  Fa*,  Princii)al  Ilierophant,  and 
^  JI^I  iJ^  Yu*  Yen'  Fa*,  Secondary  Hieiophant  (performing 
certain  sacrificial  observance*!  in  the  Im]>erial  tem])les);  6b, 

•^-  S  3^  ^  Tso'  Chill'  LingS  Principal  Thaumaturgist, 
and  ::^  ^  ^  Yu*  Chili*  Ling^  Secondary  Thaumaturgist;  8a, 
(these  "miracle  workers"  conduct  services  at  State  temples,  of 
propitiatory  nature,  diu-ing  times  of  floods  or  drought  :  a  similar 
duty  is  performed  by  Taoist  j)riests,  called  ^2i  f'^  H^  ll-j  ^''"' 
Yang'  ('hOng*  Shu*,  in  tcmi^les  dedicated  to  the  tutelar  spirits  of 
the  various  prcfectural  cities, — thr  Ijljlt  [?[[  j^jli  CliVng'  Huang' 
-MiaoM,  and 

1.  /t  ^  3g  Tso'  Chill'  !'.  I'lincipal  Priest  of  the  Lowest 
Grailc,  and  yfi'^'^Yu'  <  l>Ih'  i\  Secondary  Priest  of  the 
J..owest  (ii-adr  ;  X\'.. 

57:5c.  In  addition  to  the  general  religions  of  nuddhism 
and  Taoism  {sre  Nos.  .073a  and  573iO,  there  is  the  religion  of 
Shamanism,  enjoying  the  ofHcial  fialrotiagc  of  the  Chinese 
Government.     The  substance  of  this  cult  consists  in  the  ofVering 

[     -09     ] 
14 


PEESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

of  sacrifices  to  Heaven  (according-  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Shamans,. 
Heaven  is  understood  to  be  the  poAver  rnling-  the  world — God)  and  to 
the  Samts— ^as  Saints  are  considered  those  who  benefited  mankind 
during  their  lives  and  continue  to  benefit  mankind  after  death. 
•    In  Peking  Shaniauic  services  are  held  at  the  : 

1.  iljl  ^  'J^  K'un^  Ning-  Kung^,  Palace  of  the  Empress  or 
Shamanic  Chaj)el  (daily),  and 

2-  ^  ~J*  I'awg^  Tzu^,  Shamanic  Temple  (founded  in  1664;; 
monthly). 

A  peculiarity  of  Shamanic  places  of  worship  is  the  absence 
of  any  sacred  vessels  or  ornaments  and  the  simplicity  of  their 
extc^rior  (^  j|I^  T'iao^  Shen^,  to  practice  Shamanism  ;  to  dance 
])efore  an  idol  and  invoke  the  spirits). 

As  the  Empress,  in  Avhose  presence  no  man  may  appear, 
sometimes  attends  Shamanic  services,  sacrifices  at  both  places  of 
worship  mentioned  above  are,  for  the  most  pai't,  offered  by 
women — Shamanic  Priestesses  and  Sub-priestesses  (colloquially 
called,  H  jif  j^  :^  Sa^  Man^  T'ai*  T*ai*;  see  No.  79c). 

The  staff  of  Shamanic  priestesses  of  the  Court  numbers 
tweh e  ;  they  are  usually  the  wi\es  of  members  of  the  Imperial 
Bodyguards.  For  theii"  services  they  receive  nothing  but  the 
dresses  used  and  they  are  called,  oflficially,  ji]  |5J  Ssu^  Ohu*, 
Headers  of  Prayers.  Also,  there  are:  1.  36  p]  ^^L  M  \ 
Ssu^  Tsu*''  Fu*  Jen^,  Shamanic  Sub-priestesses  or  Svipervisors  c£ 
Sacrificial  Attributes,  2.  .37  ^  ?i  $§  A  Ssu^  Tui^  Fu"  Jen% 
SuperA-Isors  of  Powdering  of  Bark,  and  3.  19  p1  ^  ^^f  A  ^^^^ 
Hsiang^  Fu'  Jen"-,  Supervisors  of  the  Preparation  of  Incense  (for 
Shamanic  services)  ;  these  are  wives  of  the  Palace  soldiers  and 
receive  from  one  half  a  tael  to  two  taels  and  a  bag  of  rice  per 
month  from  the  Court. 

In  1747  a  mass-book  foi-  the  Shamanic  service  was 
published  (in  the  Manchu  language)  called  "  Hosei  T'okt'opuha 
Manchu-sai  Vechei-e  Medere  Cooll  Pitho." 

[     210,     ] 


TKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


EDUCATION. 

574.  Until  the  beginnino-  of  the  present  century  education 
in  China  was  principally  based  on  assiduous  study  of  tiie  classics 
and  their  nunierou?;  commentaries,  the  knowledge  of  which  was 
tested  by  general  examinations  of  three  leading  grades  (in  the 
prefectural  cities,  the  provincial  capital,  and,  finally,  in  Peking) 
and,  when  recognized  as  satisfactory,  furnished  the  lucky 
candidate  with  a  passport  to  the  public  service.  With  such  a 
system  there  was,  of  course,  no  instruction  in  the  a})plieil 
sciences  ;  even  a  knowledge  of  history  and  geography  was  rc(}uired 
only  so  far  as  necessary  to  commenting  on  places  mentioned  in 
the  classics,  these  studies  having  a  place  similar  to  that  of  Greek 
and  I^atin  in  our  schools  furnishing  instruction  in  the  ancient 
languao;es. 

The  defects  Tind  impc'rfections  of  this  system  were  at  last 
recognized  by  the  Chinese  Govex-nment  and,  among  other  leforms 
undertaken  after  the  JJoxer  movement,  it  was  resolved,  in  1903, 
to  make  gradual  changes  in  educational  affairs,  following  the 
methods  serving  as  the  basis  of  the  educational  systems  of  other 
countries. 

The  first  step  in  the  direction  indicated  was  the  establishment 
of  the  ^  fj^^  Hsueh-  Wu'  Ch'u*,  Committee  of  Educational 
Affairs  (comuare  X(».  406  ;  until  this  time  all  matters  concerning 
education  were  in  the  hands  of  the  Ministry  of  liites — compare 
No8.  376  and  395;. 

At  the  head  of  the  Conunittee  there  was  placed  a  f^  ^ 
Tsung*  Li',  Superintendent,  and  to  liim  there  were  attarhed  two 
^  9i  :J<^  KuanMIsiieh'TaM:h'cn\  .Members  of  the  Committee 
of  lOducational  Adaii--;  in  190.:  the  ('onunittee  was  exjjanded 
into  the  Ministry  of  Education  (contpare  No.  39.0). 

The  members  of  the  Conunittee  of  IMueation,  5R  B^  !?.^ 
Chang'     IV-hsi',    ^^    Jung'    Ch'i1lg^    and   ^H  Z  M    <  l'»"^^ 


674 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Cliih^-tung*,   Governor-General   of  Huknang    (now  dead),   were 

simultaneously  directed  to  compile  a  new  scheme  of  education,  to 

draw  up  regulations   for  schools  and  colleges,  to  define  the  type 

of  educational  institutions  from  the  character  of  the  subjects  and 

sciences    taught     (common,    professional    and    special),    and    to- 

determint  the  grade  of  the   education  attained  on  completion  of 

the    courses    of    the    educational    establishments     (elementary, 

primary,  middle,  higher,  etc.).     The  results  of  the  labour  of  the 

tjfficials  mentioned  took   the  form  of   a  voluminous  report  (with 

20    enclosures)    which    has    since    served    as    the    basis    of    all 

educational  advancement  in   China.     This    repoi't  not  only  laid 

down  general  pi-iiiciples  but  also  expanded  regulations  for  schools 

and    colleges    of    the    most    divergent    types,    beginning    with 

elementary  schools  and  reaching  to  the  "Academy  of  iSciences" 

which,  in  China,  is  not  the  highest  "  institution  of  science  "  but, 

rather,  a  high  institution  of  learning  where  those   who  wish,  after 

completion  of  their  imivergity  courses,  may  extend  their  knowledge. 

On  the   13th  January,    1904,   the  report  was  sanctioned  by  the 

Emperor  and  a  Decree  to  this  effect  was  i'^'^ued  the  same  day. 

By  the  new  scheme  of  education  all  schools  in  C/hina  may  be 
classed,  from  the  type,  of  education  suppled,  into  the  following 
four  groups  : 

A.  General  Educational  Institutions  ;  sup])lying  ^^^^^ 
P'u^  T'ung^  Chiao*  Yii*,  General  Education  ;  elementary  schools, 
primary  schools  of  the  senior  and  junior  grades,  middle  schools, 
higher  schools,  universities,  etc.  {sec  Nos.  575  to  595). 

B.  Professional  Educational  Institutions  ;  supplying  ^  ^ 
^  ^  Shih^  Yeh*  Chiao*  Yii*,  Professional  Education  ; 
agricultural,  industrial  and  commercial  schools  of  all  classes  (see 
Nos.  598  to  617). 

().  Normal  Schools  ;  supplying  ||]j|iif:^^"  Shih'  Fan'*  Chiao* 
Yii^,  Pedagogic  Education  ;  normal '  schools  of  the  senior  and 
junior  grades  (see  Nos.  618  to  620). 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

D.      Special  Educational  Institutions  ;  supplying  ^  ['T  ^  ||f  675 

Chunn^    ]\Icn'   Chiao*   Yii^    Special   Education  ;    colleges   of   all  tO 

types,  i.e.   Interpreters,   Foreign   Languages,  Law,  etc.  {sec  Nos.  t«^ 
6'2\  to  627). 

ELEMENTARY  AND  PRIMARY  SCHOOLS. 

575,  ^  ^  1^  Meng-  Yang^  Yiian"*,  Elementary  Schools 
or  Pre{)aratory  Schools  for  Infants  (from  3  to  7  years  of  age). 
These  schools  aim  at  furnishing  a  substitute  for  'M  Jk^  ^t  ^ 
Chia^  T'ing*  Chiao'*  Yii*,  Home  Instruction,  to  the  extent 
rcc|uiix'(l  hy  the  educational  regulations  for  admittance  to 
Elementary  Schools.  The}'  are  the  nearest  approach  to  the 
i:t/  ill  ^  Yu<  Chih^  Yiian'  (also  :^  f  |i  ^  Yu»  Chih^  She'), 
Kindergartens,  of  foreign  countries. 

Elementary  Schools  are  CBtabllshed  at  "^  ^  ^  Yii'  Ying'- 
T'ang',  Orphan  Asylums,  and  at  ^^  ^}  ^  Ching'  Chieli=^  T'ang% 
^Vidows  Homes,  and  sessions,  of  not  more  than  four  hours 
duration,  are  held  daily  under  the  direction  of  f[^  |[g[  Ju^  Ao\ 
^Vctnurses,  and  f^  |g;  Pao^  Mu',  Nu;ses. 

At  the  head  of  each  Elementary  School  there  is  a  ^  |f 
Yiinn^  Tung',  Director. 

575a.  ^  ^  ^  Meng'  Hsiieh'  T'ang^  Elementary 
Schools  ;  tlie  proposed  establishment  of  these  schools  was  not 
carried  out  as  it  was  seen  that  they  would  be  of  practically  the 
same  type  as  the  Elementary  Schools  mentioned  abtivc. 

57'!.  /j^  ^S  Hsiao'  Hsiiclr,  Primary  Sch(H)ls  ;  including 
03  *5  /J>  ^  ^  Ch'u'  Teng-'  Hsiao',  Hsiieh'  T'ang'  (also 
^-  %'  d^  ^  'ili:  IJs'"'"'  ^'li'inig-'  Ilsia<.'  lls,i.-h-  T'ang"^),  Triiuary 
Schools  of  the  .Junior  (Jrade,  i^  ^  /J>  ^  :v.:  K:'"'  'l''"f.^*  •!>'''"* 
Hsiieh'  T'ang",  Primary  Schools  (»f  tin-  Senior  (ir.nle,  ami,  uheii 
both  grades  are  <;oml)ine(l  in  one  establi.><hni»'nt,  '^k\  ^  <]>  ^-  '^I'i 
Liang' Teng*  Hsiao'  Hsiieh'  'Pang',  I'rimary  Schooi.sol  llie.Iunior 

and  ^senior  tirades. 

[      -'I''      1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CIIIXA. 


677  577',     At  the  initiative   of  the   ^Ministry  of   Education,  and 

to        sanctioned  by  Imperial  Edict  of   the   lotli   May,  1909^  Primary 

577a  Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade  were  reformed  so  as  to  provide 
three  courses  of  study,  i.e.  1.  ^  ^  fJ[  Wan^  Ch'uan'^  K'o\  Full 
Course  of  five  years,  and  2  and  3.  W\  ^  f,'|-  C'hien'  I^  K'o\ 
Abridged  Course  of  three  and  four  years.  Accordingly,  there  are 
now  three  types  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade  : 

1-  tJ  ^"  d^  JP  ^  ^  ^  fi  Ch'ui  Teng'  Hsiao^  Hsiieh^ 
T'ang'  Wan''^  Ch'iJan^  K'o',  Primary  School  of  the  Junior  Grade 
giving-  Full  Course  of  Study. 

2.  0  ^  /^  /J>  ^W\  Wi  Pi  ^'s"'  Nien-  Chi'  Hsiao^Hsiieh^ 
Chien^  I*  K'o^,  Primary  School  of  the  Junior  Grade  Avith 
Abridged  Course  of  four  years,  and 

3.  H  ¥  IS  ^h  ^h  ^^^  San^  Xien-  Chi'  Hsiao'  Hsiieh^ 
Chien'  P  K'o^,  Primary  School  of  the  Junior  (Jrade  with 
Abridged  Course  of  three  years. 

The  number  of  subjects  tauglit  was  reduced  from  eight  to 
five  (history,  geography  and  the  natural  sciences  were  discarded  ; 
ethics,  literatin-e,  arithmetic,  the  classics  and  callisthenics  were 
retained)  and  [||  0;  |;f  Sui^  I*  K'o',  Optional  Subjects  were 
mtroduced  (manual  training,  draAving,  music  and  singing). 

On  completion  of  the  course  of  stud^-  of  the  Primary 
Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade,  pupils  proceed  to  Professional 
Schools  (sec  below)  or  to  : 

57 7a.  ^  ^  /j>  ^  ^  Kao^  Teng'  Hsiao'  Hsiieh'  T'ang', 
Primar}'  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade.  These  schools  furnish 
instruction  in  the  same  subjects  as  do  the  Primary  Schools  of  the 
Junior  Grade,  but  more  thoroughly  and  to  a  greater  number  of 
hours  per  Aveek  (36  instead  of  30).  Their  course  of  study  covers 
years. 

Primary  Schools  are  established  in  cities,  towns,  villages 
and  marts  (of  the  Junior  Gi'ade,  obligatory  ;  of  the  Senior  Grade, 
optional)  according  to  the  folloAving  scheme  : 

[     214     ]  .     . 


PRESENT    i>AY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Iir  administrative   centres  of   departments  and  districts  the      577b 
•establishment  of  at  least  one  Primary  School  of  the  Senior  Grade         to 
is  obligatory,  the  establishment  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior      577a 
Grade  in  these  centres,  as  well  as  the  establishment  of.  Primary 
School:?    of     both     grades    in     other    administrative     centres,    is 
obligatory,   to  a   nimiber  depending   on  the   population  of  these 

places. 

Besides  'g'  jj^  Kuan^  Li*,  Government  Schools,  the  founding 
<^f  S  i  Kung^  Li*,  Municipal,  and  ^^  jj;  Ssu'  Li^  Private, 
Schools  is  urged  by  the  Government. 

577b.  For  a  Primary  School  (of  either  grade)  there  is 
a  ^  ^  Hsiao^  Chang',  Director  [see  No.  635a),  who  has  a  staff 
made  up  of  ]£  ^  ^  Cheng*  Chiao*  Yiian',  Teachers  {see  No. 
■637),  gij  !§;  ^  Fu*  Chiao*  Yiian^  Assistant  Teachers  {see  No. 
638)  and  1  to  2    fl  ^   Ssn^  Shih*,  Secretaries  {sec  No.  650). 

577c.  Satisfactory  completion  of  the  course  of  a  Primary 
Scliool  of  the  Senior  Grade  carries  with  it  the  following 
privileges  : 

Those  who  complete  the  course  with  one  of  the  first  three 
ratings  (1st,  2nd  or  3rd)  may,  after  a  test  examination,  join  the 
Middle  Schools,  Normal  Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade,  or  Middle 
Professional  Schools.  Should  they  join  one  of  these,  and 
complete  the  course,  they  receive  the  degree  |jjf  ^  Lin^  Shing', 
if  they  attain  the  first  rating,  ig  ^  Tseng'  Sheng',  if  they 
attain  the  second  rating,  and  pfj  ^  Fu*  Shfing',  if  they  attain 
the  third  rating  {see  Nos.  ^2\)\  and  631)  ;  should  they  attain  the 
fourth  rating,  they  are  detained  with  the  degree  ^  ^  1*  Sheng', 
for  continued  study  and,  should  they  again  fail  to  (jualify  for 
one  of  the  three  first  ratings  and  be  unwilling  to  remain  anotli'-r 
year,  they  receive  a  document  certilying  that  they  have 
compl(;ted  the  course  of  study  of  a  Triniary  School  of  the  Senior 
Gra<le.  Those;  who  attain  the  fifth  rating  merely  receive  a  list 
of  their  examination  marks. 

[     VJ15     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


578  578.     2^^   Nil'  Hsiieh'^,  Female  Schools.     A  scheme  for 

the  establishment  of  such  schools  was  brought  forward  by  the- 
Ministry  of  Educatipn  in  1907  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on. 
the  8th  March,  1907),  it  being  clearly  recognized  that  the 
domestic  education  mapped  out  for  females  in  the  educational 
programme  of  1903  Avas  incomplete,  provision  being  made  for  the 
founding  of  "/c  ^  <I^  ^  ^  Nii'  Tzu'  Hsiao^  Hsiieh^  T'ang^,, 
Female  Primary  Schools,  to  include,  as  in  the  case  of  male  schools  : 

1.  iK^in^^^^M  Nii^  Tzu'  Ch'ui  Teng3  Hsiao' 
Hsiieh^  T'ang-,  Female  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior 
Grade, 

2.  ^  ^  i^  ^  /J>  ^  ^  Nil'  Tzu^  Kao^  Teng'  Hsiao' 
Hsiieh^  T'ang-,  Female  Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade, 
and 

3.  iC^M^  'b9^^  ^^"'  Tzu'  Liangs  Teng^  Hsiao' 
Hsiieh'  T'ang^,  Female  Pririiary  Schools  of  the  Junior  and 
Senior  Grades,  when  both  grades  are  combined  in  one 
establishment  (see  No.  576). 

Female  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade  accept  as 
pupils  girls  of  from  seven  to  14  years  of  age  ;  the  course  o£ 
study  covers  four  years  and  from  24  to  28  hours  of  instruction' 
are  given  weekly  ;  Female  Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade 
accept  as  pupils  girls  of  from  11  to  14  years  of  age  ;  the  course 
of  study  covers  four  years  and  from  28  to  30  hours  of  instruction 
are  given  weekly. 

Schools  of  the  junior  grade  furnith  instruction  in  ethics, 
literature,  arithmetic,  handiwork  and  callisthenics.  Also, 
instruction  is  given  in  drawing,  mTisic  and  singing  to  those  wha 
desire  it. 

Schools  of  the  senior  grade  follow  the  same  programme  as 
do  those  of  the  junior  grade  with  the  exception  that  the  history 
and  geography  of  China,  natural  sciences  and  drawing  are  added 
to  the  obligatory  studies. 

[     21G     ] 


niESEXT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CUIXA. 


In  charge  of  each  Female  School  is  a  ^'  j^  T'aug"^  C  hang-*,  579 
Head  Schoohnistress,  whose  statt'  consists  of  JE  $!i  ^  Cheng'' 
Chiao*  llsi-,  iSchoohiiistresses,  glj  ^  ^  Fu^  Chiao'  Ilsi'-, 
Assistant  {Sclioolniistresses.  General  aliiiirs  are  attended  to  by 
u  ^g  JM  <^^liing'  Li3,  Manager,  a  ^  ^  Shu'  Ch[\  (Merk,  and  a 
0,  f^  M  ^'^''''  ^^  "*  Yiian-,  Steward  (the  latter  two  othcials  are 
found  only  at  sciiools  with  a  large  enrollment  ;  most  schools 
having  a  Manager  only). 

579.  To  the  number  of  Primary  Schools  there  must  he 
added  the  following  : 

1-  M^^M"  ^leng*  Yang'  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  Elementary 
Schools  ;  estaljlished  in  the  Dependencies  of  China  and  havhig  a 
course  of  study  similar  to  that  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  tliuiior 
Grade  (srr  So.  577). 

2.  ^:  U  ^  ^  Pan^  Jih'*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  Half-day  Schools 
(holding  sessions  part  of  the  day  only — in  the  morning,  the 
afternoon  or  the  e\  ening,  as  the  students  have  leisure  time),  with 
a  coui'se  of  study  similar  to  that  of  Primary  Schools  o£  the 
Junior  (irade.  These  schools  are  found  in  the  majority  of  cities 
of  China  proper.  The  Acting  Imperial  Agent,  ^  ^  San'  To', 
at  K'ln-ijii  (Urga)  urged  that  these  schools  he  established  in 
Mongolia  and  Outer  China  in  general  with  a  view  to  spreading 
the  study  of  Chinese  amongst  the  population  of  these  places; 
tiiis  scheme  was,  however,  not  acted  upon  as,  owing  to  the 
existeu(,'e  of  schools  of  tlie  type  ^j^  ^  ^  Iv^  M-'ng*''  Vang' 
Ilsiieh-  T'an"-',  it  was  feaicd  that  the  enrollment  would  he 
iiisuf!i;ien1. 

•5-  \^L  ^£^:v:  '^^"'''  J'«"'  i^^'ieh^  T'ang^  also,  1^^^ 
^  Mu^  Fan'  Ilsiieh'^  Slur,  Model  Schools.  These  school.^, 
with  a  course  (»f  study  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  .liniior  Grn(hv 
a.e  establi.-hed  at  j>rovin<ial  capitals  to  serve  m  a  model  for 
Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior  (irade, 

[      -n-      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

680  4.^  ^  ?t  f^  ^  (^)  ^  Chien^   I*  Shih*   Tzu^   Hsueb 

(T'ang')  Shu^,  Schools  for  Teaching  the  Commonly  Used 
Chinese  Characters.  According  to  the  programme  of  constitu- 
tional reforms,  schools  of  this  type  were  to  be  inaugurated  in 
1909  and  the  number  of  characters  taught  was  to  be  reduced 
to  a  minimum — special  manuals  to  be  prepared  by  the  Ministry 
of  Education.  By  regulations  prepared  by  the  Ministry  of 
Education,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  10th  January, 
1910,  these  schools  Avere  established  for  illiterate  adults  and 
children  of  the  poor,  with  a  course  of  from  one  to  three  years,  two  to 
three  lessons  daily,  and  gratuitous  instruction.  The  text  books 
used  are  the  ^  M,  It  ^  ^  ^  Chien^  !■*  Shih*  Tzu^  K'o^  Pen», 
Manuals  of  Common  Characters,  and  the  ^  ^  '^»  |^  ^  P^ 
Kuo^  Min-  Pi*  Tu^  K'o*  Pen^,  Popular  .Science  Manuals,  and 
there  is  some  instruction  in  arithmetic.  Those  who  complete 
the  course  of  three  years  may  join  Primary  Schools  i)f  the  Junior 
Grade  {see  No.  57.7)  in  the  class  which  has  already  completed 
three  years  of  the  course. 

5.  ±  p]  J^  ^  T'u'  Ssu^  Hsiieh^  T'ang2,  Schools  for 
Native  Tribes;  these  are  established  in  provinces  where  native 
tribes  are  found  (for  instance,  in  Kuangsi ;  sec  report  of  the 
Governor  ^^  [If^  ll(^  Chang^  ^Ming^-ch'i^  dated  the  5th  November, 
1909),  with  a  view  to  the  training  of  a  staft*  of  officials  from  the 
tribesmen  themselves. 

6.  Particulars  as  to  j\M  ^hW"-  'M  ^'^^  <'^>'^^  Hsiao' 
Hstieh^  T'ang^,  Primary  Schools  for  Bannermen,  and  l|;^  |^  \^ 
^/>JP^  Chu*  Fang^  Man^-Ying^  Hsiao^'  Hsiieh^  T'ang', 
Primaiy  Schools  at  the  jSIanchu  Garrisons  are  given  in  Nos. 
71  7a  and  717b.- 

MIDDLE    5CH00LS. 

580.  Fft^^  Chungi  Hsiieh^  T'ang^,  Middle  Schools; 
for  those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  Primary  Schools  of 

[     218     ] 


I'KESEXT     DAY     I'OLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


the  Senior  Grade  (see  No.  5 7 7 a)  ;  witli  a  course  of  study  t)f  five       581 
year?     and    36    hours    instruction    weekly.     Tliese    schools    are         to 
establislied  in  prefectural  cities  (obligatory)  and  in  departmental        ggo 
and    district    towns     (optional).      The     enrolhnent     of    each     is 
between   300  and   400  students,  who  follow   a   course  of  study 
similar   to   that   of   Normal    Schools   of   the   dunior    (Irade    (.<rr 
No.  618).,   with  the  exception  that  much   more  stress  is  laid  on 
the  study  of  foreign  languages. 

581.  By  a  ^lemorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Education, 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  lath  May,  1009,  the 
organization  of  Middle  Schools  was  revised  so  as  to  supply  two 
■distinct  courses  of  study:  1.  jJC  ^f-l*  Wr-ir  K'o',  C'lassical 
Course,  and  2.  ^  ^\  Shih*  K'o',  Scientific  Tonrse.  The 
Classical  Course  comprises  the  following  subjects: 

A.  Major  Siibjects :  The  Classics  and  conmientaries, 
Chinese  language  and  literature,  foreign  -languages  (l^nglish  or 
German — by  choice — and,  also,  others  when  local  surroundings 
seem  to  demand    them),  history  and  geography. 

B.  Minor  Subjects :  Ethics,  mathematics,  jihysics,  natiual 
history,  jurisprudence,  political  economy,  drawing  and  caHlsthcnics. 

The  Scientific  Course  comprises  the  following  sid)jccts: 

A.  ^lajor  Subjects:  Foreign  languages,  mathematics, 
physics,  chemistry,  and  natural  history. 

B.  Minor  Subjects:  I^thics,  ihc  Classics,  iuid  their 
commentaries,  Chinese  language  and  literature,  history,  geography, 
drawing,  manual  training,  jurisprudence,  pt>litical  economy  ;inil 
callisthenics. 

In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  sidijrcts,  lioth  oomses 
supply  instruction  in  music  and  singing  to  tho>^c  who  desire  it. 

5H2.  .\l  the  head  of  each  Midflle  S<'hool  tlun;  is  a 
Director  (are  No.  635);  instruction  is  supplied  by  Teachers 
(spp  No.  6;}7).  Also,  there  are  one  I.ilir:irian  (one  of  llie 
Teachers    */?<?    No.    639),    one    Secretary     ( -' v    Xo.    6  42),    one 

[      iilO     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIO.V    OF    CHINA. 


583 


582a      Accountant    {see    No.    643),    one    Steward    {see    No.  641)   and! 
to        two    Proctors    (at    schools    where    there    are    dormitories,    see 
No.  646). 

582a.  Satisfactory  completion  o£  the  course  of  the  Middle 
Schools  carries  with  it  the  following  privileges  : 

Those  who  complete  the  course  with  one  of  the  first 
three  ratings  (first,  second  or  third)  may,  after  a  test 
examination,  join  the  Higher  Schools,  Normal  Schools  of  the 
Senior  Grade  and  Higher  Professional  Schools.  Should  they 
join  one  of  these,  and  complete  the  course  they  receive 
the  degree  ^  "^  Pa-  Kuug'*,  if  they  attain  the  first 
rating,  f^  ^'  Yu^  Knng^,  if  they  attain  the  second,  and 
^  ^  Sui-  Kung',  if  they  attain  the  third  [see  Nos.  629  and 
631);  should  they  attain  the  fourth  rating,  they  are. detained  for 
contiimed  study,  with  the  degree  f^  /^  ^  Yu^  Lin^  Sheng^, 
and,  should  they  again  fail  to  qualify  for  one  of  the  three  first 
ratings  and  be  unwilling  to  remain  another  year,  they  receive  a 
document  certifying  they  tiiat  have  completed  the  course  of  study 
of  a  ]\Iiddle  School.  Those  who  attain  the  fifth  rating  merely 
receive  a  list  of  their  examination  marks. 

HIGHER    SCHOOLS. 

583.  ^^Pl:  Kao^  Teng^  Hsiieh==  T'ang^,  Higher  Schools ; 
for  those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  study  of  Middle 
Schools  {see  Nos.  580  to  582)  ;  having  36  hours  of  instruction 
weekly  and  a  course  of  study  of  three  years.  These  schools  are 
established  at  the  provincial  capitals,  each  with  an  enrollment  of 
from  300  to  500  scholars,  and  their  raison  d'etre  is  the  prepara- 
tion of  students  for  the  University. 

The  Higher  Schools  have  three  courses  of  study  ;  subjects 
obligatory  in  all  courses  are  :  ethics,  the  essentials  of  the  Classics, 
Chinese  language  and  literatxn-e  and  callisthenics. 

[     220      ] 


\ 


rREPKXT    DAY    I'OLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CFIINA. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  the  course  preparatory  to  study 
in  the  Classical  Department  (see  No.  5S5),  the  Department  of 
I^aw  and  Administration  {see  No.  586),  the  Department  of 
History  and  Philolqgy  (see  No.  587)  and  the  Commercial 
Department  (see  No.  592)  of  tho  University  calls  for  the  study 
of  history,  geography,  logic,  conmion  and  financial  law  and 
foreign  languages — English  is  obligatory,  French  or  German,  as 
the  student  elects,  and  Latin  is  optional. 

The  course  preparatory  to  stxidy  in  the  Department  of 
Mathematics  and  Physics  (sec  No.  589),  the  Engineering  Depart- 
ment {see  No.  591)  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  (see  No. 
590)  of  the  University  demands,  in  addition  to  the  subjects 
common  to  all  courses,  study  of  the  following  :  mathematics, 
physics,  chemistry,  geology,  mineralogy  and  foreign  languages — 
longlish  (and  in  some  cases  Gennan)  is  obligato)"y,  French 
or  German,  as  the  student  elects,  and  Latin  is  optional. 
Also,  for  those  who  wij^h,  nnd  as  an  aid  in  the  speciality  they 
intend  to  follow,  instructioti  is  given  in  botany,  zoology, 
topograj)liy,  etc. 

The  course  preparatory  to  stud}'  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  Univeisity  comprises  mathematics,  physics,  chemistry, 
zoology,  botany,  Latin  and  foreign  languages — (ilerman  is 
ol)ligatoi'v  and  l*]iiglish  or  French  is  studied  as  the  student  elects. 

(V)nipletion  of  the  course  of  a  Higher  School  canirs  with  it 
the  follo^\ing  rewards  and  distinctions  : 

1.  Tliose  who  graduate  with  the  first  rating  receive  the 
degree  ^A  *  ^'i'^  •^<^n'  (scf  Nos.  629h  and  031)  and  arc 
appointed,  alter  a  ^  ;y;  Fu^  Shih',  Test  Kxamination,  \k]  \l^  >^l 
7}:  Xci^  K<.-  (  Iiuiig'  Shu'  (see  No.  137),  at  the  Capital— or 
%\\  !)+l  <'hih'  Chou'  {see  No.  H55) — in  the  provinces. 

2.  riio.se  who  graduate  with  the  second  lating  receive  the 
degree  ^  A  Chii''  .b'-n'  (srr  Nos.  029^  and  031)  and  are 
appointed,  alter  a  test  examination  (see  above),  as  rjl  ^\  ^:'\  r|l  ^J 

[     -2'^^      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


583a      Chung'  Shu^  K'o'  Chung'  Shu'  {see  No.  137 a)— at  the  Capital— 
to        or  as  ^n  ^  Chi'  Hsien*  (see  No.  856) — in  the  provinces. 

^8*^c  '^'     '^hose  who  graduate,  with  the   third  rating  receive  the 

degree  ^  A  Chli^  Jcn^  (see  Nos.  629b  and  631)  and  are  appointed, 
after  a  test  examination,  as  "^  f^  Ssu'  Wu*  (see  No.  296) — ' 
at  the  Capital— or  as  ^  ^\]  T'ung'  P'an*  (see  No.  849a)— in  the- 
provinces. 

4.  Those  Avho  graduate  with  the  fourth  rating  are 
detained  for  continued  studj  and,  should  they  again  fail  to 
attain  one  of  the  three  first  ratings  and  he  unwilling  to  remain 
another  jear,  they  receive  a  document  certifying  that  they 
have  completed  the  course  of  a  Middle  School. 

5.  Those  who  graduate  with  the  fifth  rating  merely 
receive  a  list  of  their  examination  marks. 

583a.  At  each  Higher  School  there  is  a  Director  (see 
No.  635),  Avho  is  directly  in  control  of  a  Preceptor  (see  No.  636), 
a  Steward  (see  No.  641)  and  an  Inspector  of  Dormitories  (see 
No.  645). 

The  Preceptor  is  in  charge  of  Teachers  (see  No.  637), 
Assistant  Teachers  (see  No.  638)  and  the  Librarian  (see 
No.  639). 

The  Steward's  staff  consists  of  a  Secretary  (sec  No.  642), 
an  Accountant  (see  No.  643)  and  a  Clerk  of  Works  (see  No. 
644). 

To  the  Inspector  of  Dormitories  there  are  subordinated 
Proctors  (see  No.  646)  and  Assistant  Inspectors  of  Dormitories 
(see  No.  647), 

583b.  For  particulars  concerning  ^^'mJMAj^^^ 
^  ^  Tsung'  Shih'  Chueh^  Lo^  Pa'  Ch'i^  Kao'  Trng^  Hsiieh* 
T'ang-,  Higher  Schools  for  Imperial  (Tansmen  and  Bannermen, 
see  No.  717a, 

583c.  The  niajority  of  the  so-called  ^  pi]  ^  ^  (^huan^ 
MOn^  Hsiieh^  T'ang"'',   Special   Schools,   such  as    the  'College    of 

[      222      ] 


PKESENT    PAY    rOLITICAL    ORGANMZATION    OF    ClIIXA. 


Interpreters    {s'-r    No.    626),     may     1)C     considereil    as    Higher       584 
Schools.  to 


UNIVERSlTiES. 

584.  -X  ^  ^  Ta^  Hsiieh-  T'ang-,  Universities;  for 
students  "wlio  h:ive  completed  the  course  of  Higher  Schools  (sec 
No.  583)  ;  with  a  three  years  (in  the  Law  and  Medical 
Dejiartmcnts,  fom-  years)  course.  These  are  to  be  established 
in  all  the  j»roviih"es  ;  at  present  there  is  only  one  University — 
at  Peking,  ciunposcd  of  eight  ^  fif  ;/^  ^  Fen^  K'o'  Ta"*  Hsiieli*, 
Departments. 

-58.5.     ^^  ^  5f-|  :J^  ^    Ching'     Hsiieli-    KS,'     Ta'     Hsij'eh^ 
Classical    Department;  Avith  eleven  courses  oi  instruction: 

1-  fii\  ^j  ^  P*]  ^  '"•"'  I'  ^.<iieh^Men^  Course  in  the  "lU.ok 
of  Changes."  as  icvised  in  the  Chou  Dynasty. 

2.  l^i}  ^i  ^  PT  Shang'  Slni^  Hsiieh'  Men-,  Course  in  tlie 
"Book  of  Hi-tory." 

•5-  ^  [i''f  ^  P'J  ^^'^^"^  ^''i^i'  n^-'H'li'  ^I^'"-,  Course  in  the 
''Rook  of  ()(le«.'"  a<  revised  by  .M:io  Ch'ang. 

•i-  #  ^  /£  f^  ^  P'J  Ci.-in'  Ch'iu'  Ts.)^  Chuan^  Hsiieh* 
M.-n-,  Ctairse  in  the  ''Annuls,'"  with  the  comiiicnt:ir\  of 
Tso-chu:in 

5.  ^  J^^B  f^  P^  Chun'  Ch'in'  San'  Chuan'  Hsiieh' 
Mei)^,  Conrsf  m  the  "Aima!.-,'"  with  three  coinm(ntarie>. 

(i.  Mj  /liflf  r^M^'J  ''"'"'  '^i'  llsiich^  Mrir,  Course  in  the 
"  H<jok  of  Kue>"  of  the  Chou  Dynasty  compiled  by  Chou-kung. 

"•  fil  'f'S  ^^  P'l  1'  '-'^  il'^iJcli^  Men%  Comsc  in  the 
'•  Kitnal  of  Diportmenl.'  ^ 

8.  ip^  'ji  f*f\  ["j  LI'  Chi'  HsiM.'h"  Mr-n"',  Course  in  the 
♦'Hook  of  llito." 

9.  0^^  J«  ^r  P'J  ''""'"'  ^'^''  nsiiili  .M.•l^^  Course  in  the 
"Analects    of  ( 'onfncins." 

[     228     ] 


585 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


585a  10.     :g:  ^  JP  P"]  Meng-^  Tzu^   Hsiieh^   Men\  Course  in  tlie 

to         Writings  of  Mencius,  and 

587  11-     51  ^P"]    Li^    Hsiieh'    Mcn^,    Course     in     Natural 

Philosophy  (of  China). 

585a.  In  accordance  with  p  recommendation  from  the 
Ministry  of  Education,  dated  the  10th  January,  1910,  and 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor,  foreigners  are  permitted  to  attend 
lectures  and  exercises  at  the  classical  Department  of  the 
University  and  brief  regulations  for  their  observance  have  been 
drawn  up  by  the  Ministry  mentioned. 

586.  v£  ilgJt  f4  ic  ^  Fa^  Cheng*  K'o^  Ta'  Hsueh% 
Department  of  Law  and  Administration;  this  gives  two  courses 
of  instruction  : 

1-     g5C?&^P1     Cheng*   Chih*    Hsiieh^    Men^  .Course    in, 
Administration,  and 

2.     v^  ^.  ^  p^  Fa*  Lii*  Ilsiieh^  M^ni^  Course  in  Law. 

587.  ^m^^:k^  ^"^^en^  Hsiieh^  K'o^  Ta*  Hsiieh^, 
Department  of  History  and  Philology:  consisting  of  nine 
courses  : 

1.  »1»  H  BH  ^  PI  Chung^  Kuo'\  Shih^  Hsiieh'  Men^ 
Course  in  Chinese  Historv, 

2.  MM  ^^  P^J  Wan*  Kuo'-  Shih=*  Hsiieh^^  :\l^■n^  Course 
in  History  of  the  World, 

3.  1'  ^MHi  :E1  ^  ptj  Chimg^  Wal*  Tr  Li^'  Hsuclr  Mcn^, 
Course  in  Geography  of  China  and  other  Countries. 

4.  r|4  ig  ^  ^  pi]  Chung^  Kuo''  Wcn'^  Hsiich-  Men^, 
Course  in  <  hincse  Literature, 

5-  ^  H  "^  ^  P^  Ying'  Kuo-  Wcn=  HM-ieh"  Men^, 
Course  in  English  I>iteratiu'e, 

6.  iiM"^  ^#  P5  Fa*  Kuo^  Wen=^  Hsueh^  Mm^,  (^ourse 
in  French  Literature, 

7-  Jf.  ^  ^  JP  P"]   Tc=  Kuo^   Wen-  llsiJeh^  McnS  Course 


in  German  Liteiature 


[     221     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

8.  i^^  X  ^  ?^^*  Kuo2  W0n2  Hsiieh*  MC'n\  Coui-se  in  588 
Russian  Litemtine,  and  ^ 

9.  B  ^M"^^  PI  Jill'  P^'n'  I^uo^  Wen^  Hsiieh^  Men*,  ^q^ 
Course  in  .Japanese  Literature. 

588.  ^  ^  ^^  I^  K'o'  Ta^  HsiiehS  Department  of 
Medicine  ;  with  two  courses: 

1.      ^  ^  P^J  I^  Hsiieh'^  Men-',  Course  in  Medicine,  and 
-•      ^  !^  PI  ^110^  Hsiieli^  Men',  Course  in  Pharmaceutics. 

589.  ^M^  ^^  Ko=^  Chih*  K'o^  Ta^  Hsueh^,  Depart- 
ment of  ^Mathematics  and  Physics ;  having  six  courses  of  study : 

1.  ^  ^  P']  Suan*  Hsiieh''  Men^  Course  in  Mathematics, 

2.  ^^  ^  PT  Hsing'  Hsiieh*  Men'^,  Course  in  Astronomy, 

3.  Jf^  ^  ^  PI   Wu^  Li'  HsfJeh^  Men^,  Course  in  Physics, 
■i-  it  ^  PI   ^^^^*  Hsiieh''  Mcn^,  Caurse  in  Chemistry, 

5-  fj  ffi  ^  ^  PI  Tung^  Chih'  Wu^  Hsiieh'  Men=,  Course 
iu  Botany  and  Zoology,  and 

6-  illi  ^  ^  PI  ^^'  ^'^ili"  Hsiieh^  Men*'',  Course  in  Geology. 

590.  i!!i  /f4  :^  ^  Nung-  K'o^  Ta'  Hsiieh^,  Department  of 
Agriculture  ;  with  four  courses  : 

1 .     il!l  ^  PI  Nung^  Hsiieh'  Men',  Coju-se  in  Agriculture, 
-•      l!!i  S  ft;  -^  PI  ^"iing^  I^  Hua*  Hsiieh-  Mcn^,  Course  in 
the  (Chemistry  of  Agriculture, 

3.  ^  ^\  ['f]  Lin'  Hsueh'  Men',  Course  in  Forestry,  and 

4.  g)(  ^  ^  pf]  Shou^  V  Hsueh-  Men',  Course  in  Veterinary 
Siu'gery. 

59L  X^^^^^  Kuui;^  K'o'  Ta'  llsiielr.  Polytechnic 
Department;  with  courses: 

L  ±"/t:X^  PI  T'u'  Mil*  Kuug'  Hsueh'  Men',  (-ourse 
in  I>ngini'<;ritig, 

-•  Wi  iili=  T-  ^  P^J  ^'''''  ^'''^'*  ''^'""n'  I'-^ii*'!"'  ^I<'-'»*.  <-'<'"i'8e 
in  Machine  Designing, 

•^-      jS  fj  ^  P'l    '^'«a"*   Ch'uaii''    Hsiieh'    Men',    Course    in 

Shiphuilding, 

[     21^5     ] 
l.-i 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


592a 


592  4.     it  ^  t^  ^  PI     Tsao*     Pingi    Ch'i*       Hsiieh=^    ]\Ien', 

to         Course  in  Arms  Manufacture, 

5_      ■^  ^  ^  P^    Tieii^    Cli'i^     Hsiieli^    Mcn^     Course    in 

Electricity, 

6       M  K1  f b  ^  P']     Ying^    Yuug"^    Hua'^    Hsiieh'     INlCn^ 
Course  in  Industrial  Chemistry, 

7.  M'^^  ?^    Chien*    Clui^    Hsiieli*    Men^     Course    in 
Building. 

8.  y\C  ^1  ^  P'3  Huo"  Yao*  Hsiieli^  Mnr,  Course  in  Explo- 
sives, and 

9.  U  m  R7^^^  PI   ^J^«''ii-   I^""g'   Chi^   Ych^   Chin' 
Hsiieh^  Men^  Course  in  Mining  and  ^letaUurgy. 

592.      i^  f4  i^:,  ^    Shang^  K'o'  Ta*  Hsueh^   Commercial 
Department ;  having  three  courses  oi:  study  : 

1-  M  tl  J^i  i^  ii  ^  PI    Yin-    Hang^    Chi^    Pao^    Hsien^ 
Hsiieh'^  ^len^,  Course  in  Banjcing  and  Insurance, 

2-  M  Mf  &MM^?H  ^iao'  T'  Chi'  Fan*.  Yiin*  Hsiielr 
Men',  Course  in  Business  and  Transpoi-tation,  and 

3.      13  ^t  ^  pg     Kuan'    Shui^     Hsiieh^     Men^     Course   in 
Customs  Administration. 

o92a.  ^^  ff  f^  Yii^  Pei*  K'o',  Preparatory  Department  ; 
this  Department  came  into  existence  at  the  University  in 
December,  1904,  to  prepare  students  for  enrollment  in  the, 
regular  classes,  thus  playing  the  role  of  a  Higher  School  (see  No. 
583).  Early  in  1909  its  first  class  Avas  graduated  and,  in  the 
Autumn  of  that  year,  these  students  were  enrolled  in  the  various 
Departments  of  the  University. 

Eor  the  reason  mentioned  above,  the  Ministry  of  Education 
submitted  a  report  (sanctioned  by  the  Illmperor  on  the  25th 
April,  1909),  recommending  that  the  ^  ^[}j  ~X  ^  ^  5i  ilm  f^ 
Ching'  Shih'  IV  Hslich'  T'ang^  Yii*  Pei*  K'o\  Preparatory 
Department    of    the     Peking     (Metropolitan)      Universitj      be 

[     226-    J 


pi:i:sKXT  DAY  poi.rncAJ.  okganization  of  china. 


reorganized  as  the  j^  ^jfj  i^  ^  ^  ^  Ching.^  Sliili^   Kao'  Teng^      592b 
Hsiielr  T'aiig^,  Peking  (Metropolitan)  Higlier  School.  ^q 

592b.  m  m  ^  Sl"h^  Fan*  Kuan»,  also  ff  ^J^  U  la  ^  Vu>  ^^3 
Chi-  Shili'  Fan^  K'o',  Normal  Department  ;  organized  at  the 
University  in  December,  190-4,  Avith  a  programme  similai'  to  that 
of  Normal  Schools  of  the  Senior  (xrade  {see  Nos,  618  to  t:>20). 
Its  first  class  "was  graduated  early  in  1909.  This  Department 
is  later  to  be  removed  from  University  control  and  reorganized 
as  a  Normal  School  of  the  Senior  Grade  (see  Nos.  018 
to  620). 

593.  The  senior  official  of  the  University  is  the  Eector 
(see  No.  633),  and  lie  is  directh'  in  charge  of  the  Deans  of  the 
various  Depai'tments "  (.sr^  No.  634;  eight  in  all,  there  being 
eight  Department). 

To  each  Dean  there  are  subordinated  :  one  Preceptor  (see  No. 
636),  one  Steward  (see  No.  641)  and  one  Inspector  of 
Dormitories. 

'Ihe  Preceptor  is  directly  in  charge  of  Professors  (see  Xt». 
637)  and  Assistant  Professors  {see  No.  63S)  ;  the  Steward 
controls  Secretaries  (see  No.  042),  the  Accountants  (see  No.  643) 
and  the  Clerks  of  Works  (see  No.  044)  ;  while  the  Inspector  of 
Dormitoi-ies  supervises  Proctors  (see  No.  040),  Assistant 
Inspectors  of  Donnitories  (see  No.  047)  and  the  4iealth  Officers 
(sec  No.  648). 

In  addition  to  the  officials  mentioned  above,  the  Kector  is 
directly  in  charge  of  the  various  I'rofessors  who  are  deputed  to 
carry  on  the  duties  of  the.])ositions  given  below  ; 

I-  (/l  1%  l^]  I?.  f'R  'S'  <^'^''l''  ^^^»*  '^'''''^"'  ^'^''"J?'  •'■'  J^'"^"'» 
Curator  of  the  Botanical  (hardens, 

■-•  'Ji  6C  ^  B.  '^'11  *&  "^'''C"'  Wen'  T'ai*  Cliing'  Li^  Kuan', 
Director  of  the  Observatory, 

•''•  iTl/j  ^^  151  H  VS.  '&  '*'""P'  ^^i*'  ^'"^"*  Ching'  Li'  Kuan', 
Curator  (f  the  Zoological  (iardeus. 


593c 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

503a  4.     M'MMMM  1*  Yen^   Hsi^   Liir  Ching-i  Li^  Kiian%. 

to         Director  of  the  Forestry  Station, 

5.  H  ^  It  M  51  B"  T'u^  Sim'  Kuan^  Cliing^  Li^  Kuan^,, 
Librarian,  and 

6.  S  ^  ifS  Jl  'b'  I'   Yiian^  Ching^Li'  Kuan',  Supervisor 
of  the  Hospital. 

593a.  ■^  I^  ^  Hui"*  I"*  8o^  University  Coiuicil  ;  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Rector  (see  No.  633).  This  meets  for  the 
discussion  of  questions  affecting  the  University  as  a  whole  and 
the  Deans  {see  No.  634),  the  Preceptor  (see  No.  636),  the 
Professors  {see  No.  637),  the  Assistant  Professors  (see  No.  638) 
and  the  Proctors  make  up  its  membership. 

59315.  lit  1.  ^  ^  #•  fi  JS^  Chiao*  Yiian^  Chieni  Hsiieh^' 
Hui^  I*  So',  Department  Councils  ;  imder  the  presidency  of  the 
Dean  of.  the  Department  concerned.  These  Councils,  made  up 
of  the  Preceptor  and  the  Professors,  the  Assistant  Professors 
and  the  Proctors  of  the  respective  Departments  (compare  No. 
593a)    meet  to  discuss  questiojis  affecting  the  Department  alone. 

593c.  Completion  of  the  course  of  the  Universitv  carries 
with  it  the  following  rewards  in  the  public  service  : 

1.  Those  who  graduate  with  the  first  rating  receive  the 
degree  oi)g±Q>^^  Chin*  Sliih*  Ch'ui  Shen^  (see  Nos.  629c  and 
631),  are  enrolled  at  the  National  Academy  as  ^  fi^  Pien^  Hsiu^ 
(see  No.  20015)  and  -^  IvJ-  Chien^^  T'ao^  {see  No.  200c),  and  are 
expected  to  join  the  Academy  of  Sciences  (see  No.  594),  should 
they  be  unwilling  to  join,  they  receive  appointments  in  the 
provinces. 

The  reward  to  be  bestowed  on  the  student  graduating  with 
tlie  highest  rank  (optimus),  who  receives  an  appointment  to  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  as  f^  JH  Hsiu^  Chuan*  {see  No.  200a),  will 
be  decided  when  the  first  class  is  graduating.  . 

2.  Those  who  graduate  with  the  second  rating  are  given: 
the  degree   of  ^  ±  Q^  ^  Chin*   Shih^  Clx'ii^   ShOn*    (see   Nos.. 

[     228     3 


TRESEXT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

■629c    and    631),    are    enrolletl     in     the    National    Academy    as       594 
-S^.  "«   it  ^l'""*  ^^I'i^  Shili*  {see  No.  201),  and  are  expected  to  join 
the  Acadeniy  of  Sciences  (5^^   No.   594),  should    they  not  desir-? 
to  join,  they  receive  ajipointments  in  the  provinces. 

3.  Those  who  graduate  with  the  third  ratin<;-  receive  the 
Degree  oi  '^  ±  ^  ^  Chin^  Shih^  Chhi^  Shcn'  (see  Nos.  629c 
and  631),  are  enrolled  in  the  ^linistries  as  £|^  ^^  Chu^  ^hili* 
{see  No.  292),  and  are  called  upon  to  join  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  (see  No.  594),  in  cases  of  unwillingness  to  join,  appoint- 
ments are  granted  in  the  provinces. 

4.  Those  v.ho  graduate  with  the  fourth  rating  receive  the 
•degree  of  fg]  ii  ±  ili  J^  T'ungM'hin^  Shih*  Ch'ui  Shcn"  (see  Nos. 

629c  aiKi  631)  and  remain  at  the  University  for  another  year's 
study.  Should  they  then  fail  to  attain  one  of  the  three  senior 
ratings,  and  he  unwilling  to  remain  for  further  study,  they 
receive  aj^pointnients  in  the  provinces  as  ^0  ^  Chih^  lisien*  (see 
No.  856). 

5.  Those  who  attain  the  fifth  rating  on  graduation  merely 
receive  a  list  of  their  examination  marks  and  are  not  permitted 
to  remain  for  further  study. 

•^9-^-     ii  M  P5c  ^1''""^-'  -J*''    ^'''="''  (=ii^^  :^^  ^^  P^  '^'^' 

Il-iieh*  Yihui^j,  Academy  of  Sciences  (comj)are  No.  574)  ;  this 
institution  is  intended  fni-  those  who  com|)lete  the  Uiiivi-rsity 
course  {see  No.  584)  and  wish  f(t  perfect  themselves  in  their 
cho'^cn  lines  of  studv.     The  course  covers  five  years. 

At  th(i  Academy  of  Sciences  there  is  no  fixed  course  ; 
the  stu<lents  themselves  arrange  the  suhjects  they  wish  to  study — 
by  order  of  the  Dean  (of  the  University)  ;  nntler  the  guidance 
of  one  of  the  Professors  (of  the  University)  <if  the  I)e|)artment 
confonning  to  the  speciality  followed.  <  )u  eonipletion  of  their 
studies  each  student  is  called  upon  to  proj)are  a  thesis  which, 
when  approved  by  the  Departinent  f'ouneil  concerned  (see  ^o. 
59310,  is  »ubmittc<l    through   the    K'-ctor  of   the  Unikersity  and 


PRESENT    DAY    POMTICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


59b       the  President  of  the  Ministry  of  Education   to   tlic  Emperor  and 
a  i-eward  is  requested  for  the  author. 

Students  at  the  Academy  of  Sciences  pay  no  fees  and  may, 
with  the  permission    of  the    UniversitA'   Conncil   {see   Ko.   o93a), 
be    sent    to    various    places    by    tiie    Government    for    stvidying- 
.questions  pertaining-  to  their  s])ecialities. 

At  the  end  of  each  year  all  those  who  are  studying  at  the 
Acadesnv  of  Sciences  submit  the  results  of  their  researches  to 
the  various  Deans,  who  transmit  them  to  the  University  Council 
for  examination. 

The  Kector  of  the  University  {sec  Kos.  593  and  633)  is  at 
the  head  of  tlie  Academy  of  Sciences  ;  the  direct  supervision  of 
its  aflfiU)-s  a])pertains  to  the  Deans  of  the  various  Departments  of 
the  Uni\'ersity  {see  Nos.  593  and  034). 

^)''^^->.  fJ:  ^  i'^'  ^^ii!«'  Hsiieh^  Kuan^  College  for  Officials; 
established  at  the  Peking  (^reti-o])olitan)  Univeraity.  At  the 
])resent  time  this  College  is  not  fiiiictioning  as  its  work — the 
sii])j)iementing  of  the  education  of  otificials — is  now  cai'rled  on 
by  the  College  oF  l^aw  and  Administration  {sec  Xo.  G23). 

Completion  of  the  course  of  studv  of  the  College  for 
Officials  carried  with  it  the  foilowinii'  rewards  : 

1.  Those  who  graduated  witii  the  fiist  and  second 
ratings  received  the  degree  of  glj  l^*}  ^'^"'^  l^ing^  (see  Nos.  629it 
and  631),  unless,  of  course,  tliey  already  ])ossessed  the  degree 
^f  1^  Ak  (-'hii^  ,)en-,  and  according  to  theii-  official  jwsition  were 
i-ecommended  for  ])romotion. 

2.  Those  Avho  graduated  Avith  the  third  rating  were 
recommended  for  jjromotion,  but  got  no  degree. 

3.  Thos(>  who  graduated  with  the  fouith  rating  were 
detained  for  finlher  studv  and, .  should  thev  again  fail  to  attain 
one  of  the  three  senior  ratings  and  be  unwilliu"-  to  studv  further, 
they  received   a  document  certifying    that    they    had    attended 

[      2^0      ] 


PKESEXT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF     CHINA. 

the  full  course  of  the  Colle<ie  and  were  granted  a  one  degree      595a 
promotion  in  rank  (jj\]  —  |5  ^"''i^^^  I'  Chi^).  ^q 

4.      Tliose     who    graduated    with    the    fifth    rating    merely       Koa 
received    a    list    of    their    examination    marks    (^  ^"  ^  !SJ  ^ 
K-a..^  Shi!,'  Fen^  Shu*  Tan'). 

o'J5\.  f±  p  It  Shih*  Hsiieh'^  Kuan',  (Colleges  for  Officials 
(in  the  provinces);  compare  No.  595.  These  have  been 
established  Avith  the  same  object  as  Avere  the  ^  |l£  |'y  K'o'  Li' 
Kuan'(5<?<?  No.  597);  when  Colleges  of  Law  and  Administration  {.see 
Nos.  623  and  623a)  have  been  established  these  will  be  abolished. 

595  n.  For  jiarticulars  concerning  fh^iM  Jvl  f-f  Shih* 
Hsnch'^  Su^  Ch'cng^  K'o',  Accelerated  Course  of  Study  for 
Officials,  at  the  ^^  |^  t^  K'o'  Li'  Kuan-',  see  No.  51)7.\. 

596.  :^  -±  ft  Chin^  Shih^  Kuan^  College  for  :Mctropolitan 
Oraduates  ;  established  in  accordance  with  regulations  drawn 
up  in  1903 — supplementai-y  regulations  were  compiled  on  the 
26th  September,  1904,  at  Fcking.  The  aim  of  this  institution 
is  to  give  modern  education  to  those  avIio  have  obtained  the 
literary  degree  i^  i  ^^""'  Shih',  ^fetropolitan  (iraduate,  at 
the  competitions  held  according  to  the  former  schcnw^  of 
education  (see  Nos.  62H  and  629c ).  The  course  of  study 
covers  three  years  and  thei-e  are  24  lectures  weekly.  Attendance 
is  obligatory  for  Metropolitan  (ii'siduates  of  less  than-  35  y(>ars 
oi  age  ;  those  o\er  35  years  of  age  may  r('(|ucst  appointments 
as  District  Magistrates  in  the  j)rovinces  but  they  are  compelled 
to  att.ii.l  the  local  f h  ^  ft  Shiii^  Ilsiieh-  Kuan"'  {see  No.  595a) 
or  5»jl  ij^  (j'jV  K-()i  l,i'  Kuan^  (see  No.  597),  Tojlogcs  foi-  Officials, 
or,  w'lK'U  these  ai'c  abolished,  the  Colleges  oi'  Caw  and 
Administration  (see  Nos.  623  and  623a). 

The     com-se      of     study     at     the    College    for     Metropolitan 
(Jraduates  includes  the  folhnving  : 

History,     geography,     ))edagogy,     juiisjtrudence,     political 
economy,    international     lau,     strategy,    engineering,     commerce 

[     231     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


«97a 


597       and     natural    science.       Optional     subjects     include     European 
to        and     Japanese     languages     and     literature,     mathematics     and 
callisthenics. 

Those  who  successfully  complete  the  three  years  course 
are  presented  to  the  Emperor  ana  receive  rewards  according  to 
their  attainments. 

At  the  head  of  tlie  College  for  Metropolitan  Graduates 
there  is  a  D'lrector  {see  No.  635)  and,  subordinated  to  him, 
there  are  one  Preceptor  {see  No.  636),  one  Steward  {see  No. 
641)  and  one  Inspector  of  Dormitories  {see  No.  645). 

The    Preceptor    is    in   charge   of   the  Chinese   and  foreign' 
Professors  {see  No.  637)   and  the    ^jj  ^^    Chu^   ('hiao^  Assistant 
Professors  {see  No.  638). 

The  StCAvard  is  in  charge  of  the  Secretary,  (^see  No.  642), 
the  Accountant  {see  No.  638)  and  the  Clerk  of  Works  {see 
No.  644). 

Under  the  supervision  of  the  Inspector  of  Dormitories  are 
the  Proctors  {see  No.  646)  and  the  Assistant  Inspectors  of 
Dormitories  {see  No.  647). 

597.      ^-  ^  it    K'o-*    Li^    Kuan^    Colleges    for     Officials, 
(for    providing    officials    with   modern  education  ;   compare   No. 
595a).     These  institutions  are  found  throughout  the  provinces; 
they  are  to   be  abolished  on  the  institution  of  Colleges  of  Law 
and  Administration  {see  Nos.  623  to  623a). 

597a.  fi:  ^  5§  ,«^  f\  Shih^  Hsiieh^  Su^  Ch'eng^  K'o\ 
Accelerated  Course  of  Study  for  Officials ;  this  was  instituted, 
as  proposed  in  a  Memorial  from  the  President  of  the  Ministry 
of  Education  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  3rd  August, 
1905),  at  the  ^  .|li  ft  K'o*  Li^  Kuan^  {see  No.  597)  and  the 
complete  course  covers  one  and  one-half  years.  The  studies 
are  those  of  the  Judicial  Course  of  the  Department  of  Law  and 
Administration  of  the  Universit-y. 

[     :>32     ] 


J'KESKXT     DAY     roLITICAL    OKGAMZATION    OF    CHINA. 


PROFESSIONAL     SCHOOLS. 

598.  X  ^  $  ^  Shllr  Ych'  Hsuelr  T'angS  Professional 
Schools;  these  are  intended  to  contrihute  towards  the  development 
of  the  conntry  along  the  lines  of  agrienltnre,  industry  and  trade. 
From  the  character  of  the  instruction,  Professional  Schools  may 
be  arranged  in  the  foUoAving  gronps  : 

1.  W  MWi  ^  M  "^  ^/f  i^''il''  Yeh^  Chiao*  Yiian' 
Ohiang^  Hsi'  So^,  Schools  for  1'raining  Teachers  for  Professional 
Schools  (see  No.  620). 

2.  M  H  ^  ^  ^'"i>i^'  ^'eh^  Hsiich='  T'ang',  Agricultural 
Schools  (scf  Xos.  GOO  to  603), 

3.  X  M^^  Kung^  Yeh^  Hsiieh^  T'a^g^  Schools  of 
Trades  and  llandicnifts  (sec  Nos.  604  to  608), 

-*•  \^^^  ^  Shang'  Yoh^  HsiH-li*  T'ang^,  Commercial 
Schools  (see  Nos.  609  to  612),  and 

0.  MWi^^  Shang'  ("h'uan^  Hsiich^  T'ang^  Mercantile 
Marine  Scliools  {see  Nos.  613  to  616), 

Depending  on  the  extent  of  their  courses  of  study. 
Professional  Schools  are  divided  into  three  classes  : 

1.  i^^]^^-^?[i:  K:io'  Tcng^  Shih^  Yeh^  Hsiieh^ 
T'aiii.'^",  Iliglii  r  Professional  S<'hools  (of  the  grade  of  Higher 
Scliools,  see  Nos.  583  to  583 B), 

2.  '!»  ^  1^  ^  ^  ^  Chung^  Tcng='  Shih'  Yeh<  Hsiieh' 
T'ang'',  Middh;  Professional  Scihools  (of  the  gnide  of  Middle 
School.s,  see  Nos.  580  to  582),  and 

•^-  i^^J  ^  'n'  ^  ^^  'V^  ^■''^"'  'l^'"'"^^'  ^''•'''''  "»'<'''*  nsiich' 
T'atig'^  Lower  Professional  Scho(»ls  (of  the  grade  of  Primary 
Schools  of  the  Senif)r  (Jrade,  see  No.  577 a). 

^^I'^'N  'j:kM\\'V}^iWV:?^  •'^•''''■''  "»'•••''  '*"'  Hsi'  lNi»  T'ung' 
Hsuch''  T'atjg-',  .Schools  of  Professional  :i'id  (ieneral  Kducation 
(sec  No.  599),  and  ^  ^ii  ^^-  '}\''i  ''  '''"'  Hs-ieh'  T'atfg^,  Schools 
of   Crafts   (see   No.   605),    may    be   establis.hed    at    Primary   and 

[     25J8     J 


598 


IMIESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Middle     Schools,    being    considered,    however,    below    these    as 
regards  educational  rating. 

S  ^  1^  M  it  W  B^r  Shih'  Yeh^  Chiao*  Yuan'  Chiang* 
Hsi-  So',  Schools  for  'JVaining  Teachers  for  Professional  Schools, 
may  be  considered  us  equal  in  grade  to  Normal  Schools  (see  Nos. 
618  to  620). 

Completion  of   the  course   of  study  of  Middle  Professional. 
Schools  carries  with  it  the  following  privileges  : 

Those  who  graduate'  with  the  first  rating  may  join  Higher 
Professional  Schools  and,  should  they  do  so,  receive,  according 
to  their  rating,  the  literary  degrees  bestowed  on  graduates  of 
jNIiddle  Schools  (see  No.  o82a).  Should  they  not  care  to  attend 
Higher  Professional  ISchools,  they  receive  a  document  certifying 
completion  of  the  course  of  a  Afiddle  Professional  Scliool  and  are 
ai)pointed  to  the  provinces  as  j^  f^jj  Chou^  P'an^  (see  No.  851a),. 
fM  M  Fu'  Ching^  (see  No.  850),  or  ^  jf:  Chu^'  Pu*  (see  No. 
857).  Those  who  graduate  with  the  fourth  rating  remain  for 
continued  study  ;  should  they  again  fail  to  attain  one  of  the 
principal  ratings,  and  be  unwilling  to  study  longer,  they  receive 
a  document  certifying  attendance  at  a  Middle  Professional 
School.  Those  who-  attain  the  fifth  rating  merely  receive  a  list 
of  their  examination  marks. 

On  those  who  complete  the  course  of  study  of  Higher 
Professional  Schools  the  following  ])rivileges  are  conferred  : 

Students  who  attain  one  of  the  three  senior  ratings  are 
eligible  for  teaching  and  adminlstrati>  e  posts  at  Middle 
Professional  Schools,  receive  tlu;  degree  of  ^  /\  Chil^  Jen"  (see 
Nos.  629iJ  and  631)  and  are  enrolled  as  preferential  candidates, 
'n  the  provinces,  for  the  posts  of  ^W  '/"f'!  Chlh^  ( 'hou^  (.9/?c  No. 
«55),  -^U  5^.  Chlhi  Hslen^  (.sw  No.  856)  or  j^  [g]  Chou^  T'ung'^ 
(see  No.  855a). 

Those  who  attain  the  fourth  rating  are  detaln.ed  for 
continued  study  ;  should  they  again  fall  to  attain  one. of  the  three 

[     ^^^     ] 


PKESKNT     DAY     roI.lIICAI,    OUG  AN' I  Z  A  I' I  OX    OF    C:il.VA. 


599 


senior  ratings,   and   be   unwilling  to  study  further,  they  receive  a       598 
document   certifying  attendance  at  a  Higher  Profej-sional  School         ^q 
and      become     eligible     for     adminisitrative      i>usts     at     Higher 
Professional  ISchools. 

Those  who  attain  the  fifth  rating  merely  receive  a  li:?t  of 
their  examination  marks. 

The  administration  of  Professional  ^Schools  is  entirely  similar 
to  that  of  Schools  of  General  Education  of  corri'Sjxtnding  gi-ades 
( srr  Nos,  577j5,  582  and  583 a). 

.-398a.  -^^i  'M^^^l  <-^''"i^^'  ^'^•'•'i'  '"^''i^''  ^'^•'''  nsfielr^ 
T'ang-,  Peking  (Metroj;olitan)  I'rofessional  Schools;  these  are 
under  the  joint  control  of  the  ^linistries  of  Education  and  of 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  (Department  of  Industry  ; 
sec  Xo.  4G4j. 

59815.  In  the  provinces  the  Professional  S'(;hools  are  under 
the  joint  control  of  the  Conmiissioner  of  Education  {srr  Xo.  827^ 
and  the  Industrial  Taotai  (.■<cr  Xos.  889  to  839 h). 

598c.  ±  T^i;^  ^  i:  ^  ^  ^  Shang^  Hai^  Kao'  Teng^ 
>hih^  Yeh^  H^iieh■-  'J''ang-.  Shanghai  Higher  Professional 
School  ;  this  is  under  tin;  control  of  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
C'ommunications  (see  No.  787). 

•'^»5>-  '^  3^:  ^  ^  '1?  iS  ^^'V-:  '"I'i''^  Veh'  INr  Il>i-'  1'-..^ 
'r-un<''  Hsuch-  T'anir",  Schools  of  Pi()t'e>sional  Mud  (ienerid 
r.ducatiun.  These  are  fonnd  :it  PriiuMiv  or  Middle'  Sdiools,  or 
:tt  Professional  Sehrols,  and  ai'e  o|)en  to  those  wiio  Imxc,  ;it  least, 
conijiletcd  the  i-onrse  of  a  Primary  Scliool  of  the  .1  unior  ( irade 
(see  No.  577).  Tlw  instruction  includes  ^"jf  jg  ^  i'"ir'  T'ung' 
K'-o'.  Course  (»i'  (iciicral  I'Murntion  (etlii<->,  Chini-r  lileraliui', 
mathemati«-s  and  cillisthenics*,  and  '^  ^  ^  '"^hih"'  ^'.h*  I<^'. 
<ourseof  Professional  ICducation.     Th.- hitter  is  >ul.-di\  id.-d  into: 

1.  ^^  y:  1^'\  Nuii!,'-^  V«h'  Kn»',  Course  in  Agiiculture, 
-      'V-M^'l  '^'"'n''  ^' ♦-''''  ''^*"''  ^'"•"■^''  '"  "andicrnft.s,  3.     '\\i]^^ 

[     -':'..''     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

600       Shangi    Yeh'',  K'o\    Commercial    Course,    and    7K  W.  ^^    Shui^ 
to        -Ch'an^  lv'o\  Course  in  Marine  Industries. 

602  ^^^^    duration    of    the    course    of    stud}-,    as    well    as    the 

determination    of    the    subjects    to   be   taught  in   these    schools, 
depends  on  local  conditions. 

A.      Agricultural  Schools: 

600.  g  ^  ^  ^  Nung2  Yeh*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  (also 
jRf#^^  Nung*  Wu^  Hsueh2  T'ang-),  Agricultural  Schools. 
In  Peking-  these  schools  are  under  the  joiijt  control  of  the 
Ministries  of-  Education  and  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and 
Commerce   (Department  of  Agriculture  ;   see   No.   463)  ;  in  the 

■  provinces  they  are  under  the  control  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Education  {see  No.  827)  and  the  Industrial  Taotai  {see  Nos.  839 
to  839b). 

601.  U  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  Ch'ui  Teng*  Nung^  Yeh*  Hsiieh-^ 
T'ang^,  Lower  Agricultural  Schools  ;  open  to  those  who  have 
completed  the  course  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  tlunior  Grade 
i^see  No.  577).  The  course  of  study  covers  three  years  and  30 
hours  of  instruction  are  given  weekly.  The  instruction  given 
includes  ^-  jg  ^I]-  P'u^  T'ung^  K'o\  Course  of  General 
Education  (ethics,  Chinese  literature,  mathematics,  natural  science 
and  callisthenics),  and  ^  ^  f ^j-  Shilr  Hsi^  K'o\  Practical 
Course.  The  latter  is  sub-divided  into  :  1.  M  ^  f ^  Nung* 
Yeh^*  K*oS  Course  in  Agricultm-e,  2.  fE^^Pi  Ts'an^  Yeh" 
K'o',  Course  in  Sericulture,  3.  ^  ^  ^f^^l*  L"i"  Yeh*  K'o^, 
Course  in  Forestry,  and  4,  ^f  ^  f'j-  Shou"*  I^  K'o',  Course  in 
Veterinary  Surgery. 

602.  rl^  ^r  M  ^  ^  ^  (  hungi  Teng^  Nung^  Yeh^  Hsiieh^ 
T'ang2,  ^Middle  Agricidtural  Schools  ;  open  to  those  who  have 
completed  the  xiourse  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade 
{see  No.  577a).  The  course  consists  of  two  years  in  the  f^  fi{- 
Yii*  K'o',  Preparatory  Section,  and  three  years  in  the  :^  ^^  Pen' 
K'o^,    Specializing   Section.     The    Preparatory    Section  supplies 

[     23G     ] 


PRESEXI     DAY     POLITICAL    0RGANI2AT10X    OF    CHJNA. 


603 


instruction  in  ethics,  Clnnese  literature,  matlioniatics,  o:coo;rapliv,  602*. 
history,  natural  science,  drawing,  callisthenics  and  f<)rei<>-n  languages 
(optional).  The  Special  Section  has  the  following  fi\  c  courses  : 
1.  M  1^  ^^  Nung'  Yell'  K'o',-  Course  in  ^Vgriculture,  2. 
M  M  f'l-  '^'^•;'>''  ^'^'''  I'^'^^S  ('ourse  in  Sericulture,  3.  /fyf;  ^  ^ 
Lin'  Yeii^  K'o',  Course  in  Forestry,  4.  ifv  ^  ^  ^'i-  Shou^  T^ 
Yeh*  K'o',  Course  in  Veterinary  Siu'gery,  and  .3.  7|c  M  ^  f^'l* 
Shui'  Ch'an'  Yeh'  K'o\  Course  in  Marine  Industries. 

Should  loi-al  conditions  demand  it,  the  course  of  study  at 
the  Specializing  Section  may  be  shortened  to  two  years  or 
lengthened  to  five  years. 

602a.  71^  j^  ^  I^  Shui^'  Ch'an'  Hsiielr  IIsiao\  Schools 
of  Marine  Industries  ;  the  establishment  of  these,  in  all  tlie 
maritime  an<l  ri\erine  pio',  iuces,  Avas  recommend rd  in  l'J(M)  {ser 
Memorials  from  the  ^lini>try  of  Agricultuie,  Industiy  and 
Commerce,  dated  the  blh  April,  1909,  and  the  2.')rd  Jauuaiy, 
1910).  At  jiresent  this  type  of  school  is  foimd  only  at  ^  ^j^ 
\Vu'  Sung',  Shanghai.  :u:d  j^  -^    Yen'  T'ai^  Chefoo. 

^f>3.  ^  ^  fl  ^  ^S  51^  Kao'  Teng'  Nung'  Yeh«  llsiieh' 
T'ang'',  Higlit'r  Agricultuial  Schools  ;  oj)eTi  to  student-  who  ha\e 
graduated  from  Middle  Schools  {see  Xos.  .ISO  to  .>82).  The 
course  of  study  inchides  one  year  at  the  ]^r  %^\  Yii'  K'o', 
Preparatory  Section,  ai;(l  three  or  four  years  (depending  on  lln 
<;ourse  of  study)  at  the  ;$:  f'|-  ren^  K'o',  Specializing  Section  ; 
with  M)  hour-  of  instruction  weekly.  At  the  Preparatory 
Section  there  are  tau<;ht  ethics,  ("hinese  literafurc  und  foreign 
languages  (TiUgli^h  :iuil  (Jcrmau  for  students  of  thf  .Kgricultm-al 
Course),  mathematics,  zoology,  bolauy,  physio,  (rhemistry, 
<lrawing  and  <allistheni<'s.  The  Specializing  Section  i-  made  up 
of  three  Courses  :  1.  >"'  !$  ;f?|-  Nung*  lls'ich'  Ko',  Coui-se  in 
Agriculture,  2.  i^,  ^[  |."1  Lin"  Hsiich'  K'o",  Course  in  Forestry, 
and  ;}.  g|r  Pg  f^t,  ^'\  Shou*  I'  Hsiich'  K'o',  Coiuse  .  in 
\'etcrinary  Surgery   (at  schools   on   the   frontier   there    ip  al-o   a 

[     5:57     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    roLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


605 


603a     ±  7|C  X  $1  T'u^  :Shi*  Kung-^  K'o\  Course  in   Wood  and  Earth 
4.Q        Defences).' 

003  A.  U^  M  ^^  I^i^o^  Tiing^  Niing^  HsiJeh^  T'ang^, 
Higher  Agricultural  School,  at  the  ^  ^  gS  .^  M'  ^^""g'  Shih^ 
Shih^  Yen'  Ch'ang^,  Botanical  Garden  at  Peking  ;  imder  the 
control  of  the  Ministry  of  Agricultiu'c,  Works  and  Commerce 
(see  No.  463). 

B.      Scliools  of  Tirades  fdid  Handicrofts : 

604.  X  li  ^  E  Kung^  Yeh*  Ilsiielr  T'ang^, .  Schools  of 
Trades  and  Handicrafts  ;  these  are  imder  the  joint  control,  at 
Peking,  of  the  Ministries  of  Education  and  of  Agriculture, 
Industry  and  Commerce  (namely,  the  Department  of  Industry  ; 
see  No.  464),  and,  in  the  provinces,  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Education  {see  No.  827)  and  the  Industrial  Taotai  {see  Nos.  839 
to  839R). 

605.  ^  ti  ^  ^  I*  T'u^  Hsiieh^  T'ang-,.  Schools  of  Crafts; 
for  boys  over  12  years  of  age  who  ha\e  completed  the  course  of 
"Primary  Schools  of  the  Jimior  Grade  (.sf?^  No.  577).  These 
schools  are  foimd  at  Primary  Schools  of  tlie  Junior  grade  and  of. 
the  Senior  grade  and  the  course  co\ers,  at  most,  four  years,  at 
least,  six  months.  Instruction  is  supplied  in  two  courses  :  1. 
^  jI  ^  P'u3  T'ung»  K'o',  Course  of  General  Education  (ethics, 
Chinese  literature,  mathematics,  physics,  chemis^try,  drawing  and 
callisthenics),  and  2.  X  ^  ^?1-  Kung^  Yeli^  K'o\  Course  in 
Crafts. 

Detailed  regidations  for  S(;hools  of  ('i-afts  were  submitted 
in  1906  to  the  Throne  bv  tlie  Ministry  of  Commerce.  Bv 
these  the  enrollment  of  Schools  of  Crafts  (to  be  equal  in 
educational  rating  to  Lower  Schools  of  Trades  and  Handicrafts  ; 
see  No.  606)  was  fixed  at  300,  divided  into  six  gj  Pan^  Classes. 
Foui-  classes  follow  (for  from  one  halt  to  two  years)  the  i§  ^jJc  f ^ 
Su2  Ch'eng*  K'o\  Accelerated  Course  of  Study  ;  the  other  two 
xilasscs  follow  (for  from  three  to  four  years)  tlie  ^^fJf  Wan'  (JhTuui^ 

[      2^.8      ] 


JMtESEN'T     DAY     rOLlTlCAL    OHGANIZATION    OK    CIIIXA. 

K'o',  Complete  Course.  The  first  four  classes  include  bovs  of  605a 
from  twelve  to  fifteen  years  of  age  and  the  last  two  are  made  up  i^ 
of  })0vs  from  fourteen  to  twenty  vears  of  aire.  '1  he  su})iects  of 
instruction  are  arranged  as  jg  jiff  T'ung^  Ilsiu',  General,  or  I^^  f^^ 
Ciuian'  Hsiu^,  Special,  luider  the  former  are  ethics,  arithmetic, 
natural  science,  chemistry,  history,  drawing,  callisthenics, 
Chinese  literature,  singing  and  charactc"  writuig  ;  under  the 
latter  aie  metal  v.orking,  wood  Avorking,  lacquering,  dveiii"-, 
potteiy  and  manufacture  of  articles  used  in  writing. 

By  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry 
and  Comm(M-ce  (dated  the  Gth  August,  19()9j,  and  a  Memorial 
from  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  re])orting  on  the  former  (dated 
2'2ut\  AiiL.ni>t.  lyOU),  Schools  of  Crafts  were  reorganized  as 
f\*^M"^XM'9^.'M  <"lHmgi  tli'ui  Liang'^  Teng^  Kung' 
Yeh^  Hsiieh^  T^ang-,  Lower  and  ^liddle  Schools-of  Trades  and 
Handicrafts  (sec  Nos.  006  and  607). 

605a.  ffMWiM^'h}:  <'lnn^'  '^^liil''  1'  T-u'  llsiieh^  T'ang', 
Peking  (Metropolitan)  School  of  Crafts.  This  institution,  under 
the  control  of  the  Department  of  Industry  of  theMinisti\'  of 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  (.<;<r  No.  464),  has  been 
reorganized,  following  the  general  rule,  as  a  Lower  and  Middle 
School  of  Trades  and  Handiciafts  (srr  Nos.  606  and  607). 

606.  la  1^  X  it  ^  ^'i!:  * "'»'"'  'l''*'",u'  Kungi  Yeh^  Hsiieh^ 
T'ang",  Lower  Schools  of  Trades  and  I  Ian  iierafls.  These  have 
been  established  in  aceoidance  willi  a  -Memorial  from  (he 
Ministry  of  Ivleeafion — sanctioned  by  the  I'lmperor  on  tln' 
3rd  tTanuary,  I  UO'J, — f(jr  those  who  have  complelcd  the  course 
of  l*i-imarv  Schools  of  the  Junior  iriailr  (see  No.  .'377):  witli  a 
course  of  study  covering  three  Acars.  '1  he  instruction  is 
arrang.d  as  ?<?  i|fi  /f.=[  I'mi'  T'img'  Ks.',  <'oin-se  of  (Icncrai 
Kdneation  (i-thic^,  ( 'Iiin(.'8(.'  literatmo,  mathematics,  physics 
chcmistrx,  drawing,  Mud  callisthenics — geogra|)liy,  history,  natural 
science,   music   and    singing;    optional),  and    ^  ^J  if^  Shih*  lUi* 

[     2:v.)     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


607       K'o^,  Practical    ('ourse  (wood    working,    metal    working,    ship- 
^Q        building,      electricity,     mining,     dyeing,     pottery,      lacquering, 
fl08       surveying  and  drawing). 

607.  f\i  ^XM^^  Clmng^  Teng^  Kung^  Yeli^  Hsiieli^ 
T'ang',   Middle    Schools  of   Trades    and   Handicrafts ;    open    to 
those  who  have  completed  the  coiu-se  of  Primary  Schools  of  the 
Senior   grade    (see  No.    577a);   with   a   course  of   study  of    two 
years  at  the   ^  fj[    Vu'*   K'o\   Prejmratory  Section,    and    three 
years    at   the  ^  ^Jf   Pen^   K'o\    Specializing   Section.     At  the 
Preparatory     Section    instruction     is    given    in  ethics,    Chinese 
literature,     mathematics,    geograph};,     history,     natural    science, 
draAving  and  callisthenics  (also  foreign  languages — optional),  30 
hours  per  week.      The  S])ecializing  Section  uicludes  ten    Courses 
of    Study:    1.     ±  tK  f[  T'u^*   Mu*  KW,    Course  in   Wood  and 
Earth  Defences,  2.     ^  X  f-l"  Chin'^  Kung'  K'o',  Course  in  Metal 
Working,   3.     it  ^  ^    Tsao*    Ch'uan^   K'o',    Course   in    Ship- 
building, 4.      %  ^  ^Jj.  Tien*  Ch'i*  K'o\   Course  in  Electricity, 
5.     tJC  X  f 4    ^^"^    Kung^    K'o',    Course    in    Wood    Working, 
■6.     fi^  ^  fjf   Kung^'  Yeh<  K'o',  Course  in  Mining,  7.     f^  ^  fif 
Jan^  Chih'  K'o',  Course  in  Dyeing,  8.     ^  H  fif  Yao"^  Yeh*  K'o', 
Course    in  Pottery,  9.     ^  X  5F-4    ^^^^'^^  Kung^   K'o',   Com-se   in 
Lacquering,  and  10.      im  It  ffi  f4  T'u^  Kao^  Hui*  Hua*  K'o^, 
Course    in    Surveying    and     Drawing.      There    are     30     hours 
of    instruction   weekly   at    the    Specializing    Section,    excluding 
])ractical  exercises. 

608.  ^^X^'^1:  Kao'  Teng^  Kung'  Yeh*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^, 
Higher  Schools  of  Trades  and  Handicrafts.  Those  who  have 
completed  the  course  of  ^Middle  Schools  {see  Nos.  580  to  582)  are 
eligible  for  enrollment  in  this  type  of  school.  The  course  of  study 
covers  three  years  and  there  are  36  houi«  of  instruction  weekly, 
under  two  courses :  ^-  ji  fj[  P'n'  T'ung'  K'o',  Course  of  General 
Education  (ethics,  mathematics,  physics,  chemistry,  applied 
mechanics,  drawing,   tracing,  expeiimental  chemistry,  legislation 

[    2-to    ] 


TRKSEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKG ANIZATION'    OF    CHIXA. 


^3 


affectino;  workmen,   fnctorv    iiygieiic,   Eiiglislj,  callistlicnies,  etc.),       609 
and  llf  pi]  f4    C'liiuin'     Miir    K'o',  Specializino-    Course,    whieli         ^q 
is   divided    into    i;]   courses:    1.      P^;  ffl  f  L  ^  >f4    '^  i".ii'    Viini;*        q.. 
Hiia^  Hsiiclr  K'o',  Course  in  Industrial  Clieniistrv,   2.      fj^  ^  ^}\ 
Jan^      Sc*      KV,      Course     in     J)yein-,     />.       ;|f;|    f^    f\     Clii' 
Chill'  K'o',  C(Hirse  in  Weavinii;  Maehiuerv,   4.      ^  '^%  ^^  Chicn' 
Chu-  K'o'.  Coiuse  in  Construction,  5.      ^  ^  ^fij-   Yao"  Vcli'  K'o', 
Course    in   Pottciy,    0.      i^  gl?  f'l'    <^'l»i'     <^'l''''     ^^'<>'.    <''>"i-.^e    in 
Machinery,   7.      1]^  ^  ^'\   Tien'  Cli'i'  K'o',  Course  in  I'ilectrit'ity, 

^-  Mm.  it  ^  ^4  '^^'P"'  <-'•''''  '^f":^'  ll-'^'i*^'!!'  l^'o'.  Course  in 
Electro-Cheuiistrv,  «J.  ±^  Tf;  5f;|  T'u^  Mu''  K'o',  Course  in 
Wood  and  Eirth  Defences,  10.  ^iJ^  ^  f4  Kun-'^  Yeh'  K'o', 
■Course  in  Minin.o-,  11.  jg  )il5  ${  '^'''^^'  <'|,'„;,n-  K'o', 
Course  in  Shijihuilding,  12.  i^  X  ^4  ^''''''  '"^"".H"'  K'o', 
Course  in  Lac4uerin^-,  and  13.  13  Itl^i  |^  fS  ^'l'  ^'"'•'^  ''^^'O 
Hui^  Una'    K'c',  Course  in  Survcyinf;;'  ami  Drawinn-. 

C.       Ctniiiiirrridl  Schools  : 

^•^'"-  R^i  v^-  -^^  S5  f^hanjr'  Yeh'  Hsilcli'-'  T'an.o^  Commercial 
Schf)ols.  These  are  under  the  jcunt  superx  ision  of  the  ]\Iini?tri(!S 
of  Education  and  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  (.'onuuerce  (  Depai-l- 
Tiient  of  Commerce  ;  see  No.  4G.3) — at  the  Ca])ital — and  of  the 
Cf»mmissioner  of  Education  (see  No.  H27)  and  llie  ln(lii-tri;d 
'i'aotai  {see  Nos.  839  to  8.")l)i;) — in  the  ])rovinces. 

^'1'*-  ^h  ',$  n'ti  ^  ^  ?I':  <  ^''"'  Ten-'  Shan«r'  Yeh'  llMieh' 
T'anj;^,  J./0\ver  Coiiiiiiercial  Schools;  open  to  scholars  who  have 
completed  the  conr^^e  of  I'limarv  Schools  of  the  Jiuiidi-  (irade 
see  No.  ;577):  haviiiir  a  course  oi  three  \cais  and  'M)  h(»urs 
of  instruction  weekly.  Instruction  is  pi\en  in  ethics,  Chinese 
literature,  mathematics,  geography,  l»ook-keei)injj,  ditlerentiatio!) 
<»f  nx-ndiHudise,  callisthenics  and  various  scientH'S  pcrtaininji;  to 
r*ommcrco. 

611.      r|t  ^  ifij  ;|^  f*i  'i;;.;  Chunjr'  Ten;,'"  Shanj?'  Yeh*  llstieh' 
T'ang',  Middle  Commercial    Schools;   cligihle  for  um-ollmcnt  arc 

[    2n     ] 


V 


10 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


612  those  Trho  have  completed  the  course  of  .  Primary  Schools  of  the 
Senior  Grade  (see  No.  577a).  The  course  of  study  consists  of 
two  years  at  the  ^  jfjj.  Yii*  K'o^  Preparatory  Section,  and  three 
years  at  the  7^  jfJ{-  Pon»  K'o\  Specializing  Section.  At  the 
former  30  hours  of  instruction  are  given  weekly,  at  the  latter 
there  are  34  hours  of  instruction  weekly. 

At  the  Preparatory  Section  instruction  is  given  in  ethics, 
Chinese  literature,  mathematics,  geography,  history,  foreign 
languages,  natural  science,  drawing  and  callisthenics. 

The  Specializing  Section  is  made  up  of  two  Courses  of 
Study :  -^  j§  fjf  P'u^  T'ung^  K'o\  Course  of  General  Education 
(ethics,  Chinese  literature,  mathematics  and  callisthenics),  and 
^  ^  ^J[  Shih^  Hsi^  K'o',  Practical  Course  (commercial 
geography,  history  of  trade,  foreign  languages,  general  principles 
of  the '  laws  of  trade  and  finance ,  the  commercial  code, 
book-keeping,  differentiation  of  merchandise,  etc.). 

612.  M^'^M^^.  Kao'  Teng^'  Shangi  Yeh'^  Hsueh* 
T'ang',  Higher  Commercial  Schools  ;  open  to  those  who  have 
"completed  the.  course  of  Middle  Schools  (see  Nos.  580  to  582). 
The  course  includes  one  year  at  the  ^  ^  Yii*  K'o^,  Preparatory 
Section,  and  three  years  at  the  :^  ^i{-  Pen^  K'o^  Specializing 
Section.  In  hoth  Sections  tliere  are  36  hours  of  instriiction 
weekly. 

At  the  Preparatory  Section  there  is  instruction  in  ethics  of 
commerce,  commercial  correspondence,  mathematics,  book- 
keeping, industrial  cheraistr}^,  foreign  languages,  callisthenics, 
etc. 

At  the  Specializing  Section  there  is  instruction  in  ethics  of 
commerce,  commercial  correspondence,  commercial  arithmetic, 
commercial  geography,  history  of  trade,  book-keeping,  differen- 
tiation of  merchandise,  financial  law,  statistics,  civil  code, 
commercial  code,  international  law,  foreign  languages,  laws  of 
commerce,  callisthenics,  etc. 

[      242     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CniXA. 

D.     Mercantile  Marine  ScJiooh :  613 

613.  it^J  )^5  ^  5^:  Shang'  Cli'uair  Hsiielr  T'ang^,  tO 
Mercantile  ^Marine  Schools;  under  the  supervision — at  the  /,-c 
Capital — of  the  Ministries  of  Education,  of  Agriculture,  Industry 

and  Commerce  and  of  Posts  and  Commimications,  and,  in  the 
provinces,  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  {see  Xo.  827)  and 
the  Industrial  Taotai  {see  Xos.  839  to  839b). 

614.  ^J^?i^*^^l:  Ch'u'  Tcng-  Slmng'  Ch'uan' 
Hsiieh'  T'ang-,  Lower  Mercantile  Marine  Schools  ;  open  to  those 
-nho  have  completed  the  course  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior 
Grade  (see  No.  577).  The  course  covers  two  years,  and  30 
hours  of  instruction  arc  given  weekly.  The  instruction  is 
an-anged  as:  1.  |;t  T^  f4  Hang'  Hai^  K'o\  Course  in 
Navigation,  and  2.  ^  |,^  jfif  Chi'  Lun^  K'o',  Course  in  Marine 
Engineering.  The  former  includes  instruction  in  ethics,  Chinese 
literature,  mathematics,  geography,  general  principles  of 
navigation  and  the  transport  of  cargo  hy  watei',  callisthenics, 
etc. ;  the  latter  comprises  ethics,  Chinese  literature,  mathematics, 
physics,  chemistry,  general  principles  of  marine  engineering, 
])ractical  machine  drawing,  callisthenics,  etc. 

615.  fjl  ^  i]^*  IS  ^  ?S  ChuugV  Teng^  Shang'  Ch'uan- 
Hsiieh-  T'ang^  Middle  Mercantile  Marine  Schools;  open  to 
those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  Primary  Schools  of  the 
Senior  Cradc  {see  No.  57 7 a).  The  course  indiules  two  years  at 
the  J^  f'f  Yii'  K'o',  Prci)aratory  Section,  :iiiil  three  years  at 
the  /4C  ^  I'en^  K'o',  Sj-eciali/ing  Section;  there  arc  .">()  hours 
of  instrnction  weekly  at  each  Section. 

The  Preparatory  Section  furnishes  instruction  in  ethics, 
Ciiinese  literature,  mathematics,  geography,  historv,  nut  urn! 
science,  foreigii  languages,  dm  wing  and  <-allisthenics. 

The  Specializing  Section  is  sMl»-ili\  idcd  int<i  :  1.  %\i  J^  '^\ 
Hung'  Hai^  K'o',  Course  in  Navigation,  and  2.  ^t^  \^^^  V\  <'''' 
Liui-    KV,    Course    in    Marine    Engineering.      As    V^i'  i'l^  V\  9 

[      -^4a     ] 


PKKSKXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


616       P'li^  T'nng^  K'o^  Mu*,  Subjects  of  General  Education,  there  are 
to        taught    in    both    these     Courses :     ethics,     Chinese     literature,  , 
Q-^,^       mathematics,   physics,    chemistry,    geograph}',    drawing,    foreign 
languages  and  eallisthentics.     Also,  as  g  ^  f^j-  g    Shili^  Hsi* 
K'o^  j\Iu*,  Practical  Subjects,  instruction  is  given  in  : 

1.  In  the  Course  in  Navigation:  legislation  affecting  the 
mercantile  marine,  navigation,  general  principles  of  marine 
engineering,  shipbuilding  (as  a  science),  etc. 

2.  In  the  Course  in  ^Marine  Engineering  :  mechanics, 
dynamics,  applied  dynamics,  general  principles  of  electricity,  etc. 

616.  ^  '4  -^  ^  ^  ^  Kao^  TengS  Shang^  Ch'uan' 
Hsiieh-  T'ang^,  Higher  Mercantile  Marine  Schools  ;  open  to 
those  who  have  completed  the  conrse  of  ^Middle  Schools  (sec  Xos. 
580  to  582).  The  coiu'se  of  study  is  of  five  and  one  half  years 
dm-ation  for  the  |^  T^  f?}-  Hang^  Hai^  K'o',  ('ourse  in  Naviga- 
tion, and  of  five  years  duration  for  the  ^^  i^i^  fij-  Chi^  Lun"  K'o', 
Course  in  Marine  Engineering  :  34  hours  of  instruction  weekly. 

The  subjects  making  up  the  Com-se  in  Navigation  are 
ethics,  Chinese  literature,  foreign  languages  (English  is 
compulsory;  Russian,  French,  German,  Japanese  and  Korean  are 
optional),  mathematics,  physics,  chemistry,  •  commercial  law, 
commercial  geography,  general  principles  of  law,  commercial 
legislation,  navigation,  shipbuilding  (as  a  science),  the  mechanics 
of  shipping,  ship  hygiene,  financial  law,  marine  law,  etc. 

The  Course  in  ^Marine  Engineering  provides  for  instruction 
in  ethics,  Chinese  literature,  foreign  languages  (as  al)ove), 
mathematics,  physics,  dynamics,  chemistry,  electricity,  etc. 

617.  At  Middle  Professional  Schools  there  may  be 
established  : 

1.  jjlj  f3|-  Pieh"^  K?o\  Special  Courses  with  shortened 
programme. 

2.  3^^  iJT'j.  Hsiian^  K'o\  Selected  Courses  ;  for  providing 
instruction  in  one  or  other  branch  of  professional  education. 

[     244     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 

•^-      i?p  ^  f-4  Cluuin^  Kung^  K'o\  Specializing  Courses  ;  for       617a 
those  who  liave  completed  the  course  of  Professional  Schools  and         ^q 
wish  to  further  pei-fect  themselves  in  their  chosen  speciality  (the       Ai7a 
course   covers  one   year  for  the   Coui'se   in  Agriculture,  or   two 
years  for  the  Course  in  Trades  and  Handicrafts),  and 

■i-  ^  lW  ^-4  Chuan^  Hsiu'  K'o\  Special  Courses  at 
Mercantile  Marine  Schools. 

617a.  At  Higher  Professional  Schools  there  may  be 
established  : 

1.  ^  ^Jj  I'J-  Chuan^  Kung^  K'o^,  Specializing  Courses;  for 
those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  Professional  Schools  and 
wish  to  further  perfect  themselves  in  some  speciality, 

-•  iS  f-4  Hsiian'  K'o\  Selected  Courses ;  for  selected 
brancliLs  of  jirofessional  education  (course  covering  one  year), 

3-  ^  ^  1^  M  il  ^  Iff  ^^"h'^  Yeh*  Chiao^  Yiian^  Chiang=^ 
Hsi-  So',  Courses  for  Training  Teachers  for  Professional  Schools 
(see  No.  620), 

-I-  ^  ¥  K  ^  ^  ^  Chung^  Teng'  Shilr  Yeh'  Hsueh^ 
T'ang"^  Middle  Pri)fcs?ionp.l  Schools,  and 

•^-  It  1^  ^'  ^  ?^'  ii  ^  ^  ''^hilr  Yeh*  Pu'  Hsi2  P'u' 
T'ung  H.siieh^  T'ang-,  Schools  of  Professional  and  General 
Education  (sre  No.  599). 

G17h.  The  following  schools  may  be  considered  as  Profes- 
sional Schof)ls  : 

1-      ^^^ffiW^'h'l  K'liig^  Wii'  Hsiieh'-^  T'ang-,  Mining  Sc^.ools, 

-^  r<  i^  ^  ^  rfr  Nung-  \Vu*  (;hiang^  Hsi^  So^  Agricul- 
tural Sciiodl.-,  (.srr  No.  770c), 

3.  ^i^^  "t^  Nwng-^  l.in'  Hsiich-  T'ang',  Schools  o) 
Agric'iiiture  and  I'\ti'estry, 

I.      ^#^:!JS      Srii'      Lin''     Hsiich-     T'ang',    Schools     of 
Foreslry,  and 

->■      f-7  %  p1  Vx  m  'l'--^"''-'  Veh*  Chiang'    llsi'^    So\    Schools 
of  Sericulture  (in  Chekiang  ;   reorganized,    in    Mccordaiu-.'    with   a 

[      -'4-.      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

618  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Education  of  the  6th  May,  1 909, 
as  a  Higher  Agricultural  School ;  see  No.  603). 

In  addition  to  the  abOve-mentioned,  by  the  programme  of 
measures  to  be  accomplished  by  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture, 
Industry  and  Commerce  during  the  period  1908  to  1914 
(sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  8th  April,  1909),  the 
following  schools,  which  come  into  the  category  of  Professional 
Schools,  are  to  be  established  in  the  provinces  : 

In  1909: 

MM'M'^M  Ts'an^  Yeh^  Chiang^  Hsi^  So^  Schools  of 
Sericulture,  and  ' 

tii  B  It  ^  ^r  Ch'a^  Wu*  Chiang^  Hsi^  So^  Schools  of 
Tea  Growing. 

In  1910  : 

M  M^^'M.  ^^ung'  I-in'  Hsiielr  T'ang^  Schools  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Forestry  {see  above). 

In  1911  : 

?I  i%  W^  ^  K«ng^  Wu*  Hsueh^  T'ang^,  Mining  Schools 
{see  above). 

In  1912  : 

^  i^  :?}-  g  ^  ^  Nu„g.2  shih^  Pan^  Jih*  Hsueh^  T'ang^, 
Agricultural  Schools  Avith  half -day  sessions  (compare  No.  579). 

In  1913  : 

m  ^§  ^fJ  ^  Shou"  I'  Hsiieh'^  T'ang^  Schools  of  Veterinary 
Surgery. 

In  1914: 

^'ii^^'M.  ^lei'  Shu^  Hsuelr  T'ang^,  Schools  of  Fine  Arts. 

Normal  Schools  : 

618.  HlfJla'-^'^  Sliili'  Fan*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^,  Normal  Schools 
(Pedagogic  Institutes).  These  schools  train  pupils  for  following 
the  profession  of  teaching.      Normal  Schools  are  arranged  as  : 

1-  ^}  M  M  111  P  ^  Ch'u^  Chi2  Shihi  Fan"  Ilsueh^ 
T'ang^,  Ljouer  Normal  Schools, 

[     24G     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF     CHINA. 

-'•      iM:  ^  &1J  i\L^^  Yu^  Chi^  Sluh^  Fan'  Hsiieh'  T'ang^,'      618a 
Higher  Normal  Schools  {sec  No.  618r). 

"^-  iX,  i'-  U  .IS  ^i  ^  ^"^3  Tzu^  Shih'  Fan*  Ilsuch'  T'ang'-i, 
Female  Normal  Schools  {$ce  No.  619),  and 

■i-  %^^^%'%W\  ^liih'  Yeh^  Chiao*  Yiian=  Chiang' 
Hsi'  So^,  Schools  for  Training  Teachers  for  Professional  Schools 
■{sec  No.  620). 

6 ISA.  ^  i:]5  HilJ  lii  ^  ^^'  Ch'u^  Chi^  Shihi  Fan^  Hsiieh' 
T'ang-,  Lower  Normal  Schools  ;  for  the  training  of  teachers  for 
Primary  Schools  of  the  Jnnior  Grade  and  Senior  Grade  i^sce 
Nos.  577  and  577 A).  The  full  course  of  study  covers  five  years 
hours  of  instruction  arc  given  weekly. 

The  establishment  of  Lower  Normal  Schools  at  all  t!ie 
principal  towns  of  Departments  and  Districts  is  to  be  compulsory. 
At  present  they  are  found  only  at  provincial-  capitals.  The 
instruction  has  been  arranged  in  two  courses,  i.e.  ^  ^  ^  f4 
\Van=  ChMian^  Hsiieh'  K'o\  Comi)lete  Course,  and  f-^  ^  f^ 
Chien'  I*  K'o',  Abridged  Course.  Also,  in  the  principal  towns 
of  Departments  and  Districts  there  have  been  instituted  ^i]j  IjV  %, 
^  ^  Shih'  Fan*  (^h'iian'  Hsi^  So*,  Normal  Institutes,  at  which 
scholars  who  have  completed  the  Abridged  Course  oC  the 
Lower  Normal  School  (at  the  provincial  capital)  act  as  teachers. 

Til  addition  to  the  above-mentioned,  there  have  been 
instituted  at  Lower  Nonnal  Schools:  a  ^  (/(^  f4  Yii'  P<'i^  K'o', 
Preparatory  Section,  for  providing  jjreliminary  instruction  for 
those  who  desire  \a)  join  Normal  Schools,  and  /\s  ^  |i||j  jj^  ^^  f-J  ^ 
Hsiao-  HsiieM  Shih'  Fan'  Chiang^  Hsi^  So^  Courses  for 
Teachers  of  Primary  Schools,  for  su])j)lemcnting  the  cduc^ation 
nf  Primary  School  Teachers  who  have  attended  the  Normal 
Institutes  mentioned  above. 

The  Complete  Course  of  Lower  Normal  Schools  in.ludcs 
instruction  in  ethics,  reading  and  conuninting  on  I  he  Classics, 
Chinese  literature,  pedagogy,   history,  geogrr.]>liy,   mathematics, 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


natural  science,  physics,  chemistry,  character  writing,  drawing- 
and  callisthenics — foreign  languages,  agricultural  and  commercial' 
subjects  and  crafts  are  optional. 

The  Abridged  Course  provides  for  instruction^  in  ethics,, 
pedagogy,  Chinese  literature,  history,  geography,  mathematics, 
natural  science,  drawing  and  callisthenics. 

Elifiible  for  enrollment  at  LoAver  Noraial  Schools  are  those 
^^■\\o  have  completed  the  course  of  Primar}'  Schools  of  the 
Senior  Grade  (see  No.  577a),  At  these  schools  there  are 
Primary  Schools  where  the  students  give  probationary  lessons. 

At  the  head  of  a  Lower  Normal  School  there  is  a  Director 
(sec  No.  635).  Subordinated  to  him  are  Teachers  (see  No. 
637),  Assistant  Teachers  (see  No.  638)  and  Proctors  {see 
No.  6-i6). 

In  charge  of  the  Pximai'v  School  of  a  Normal  School  there 
is  a  ij>  i^  1^  ^  'g-  Hsiao^  Hsiielr  Pan^  Shih^  Kuan\  Primary 
School  Inspector,  who  controls  the  d"*  ^  Ws  M.  Hsiao^  Hsiieh'^ 
Chiao^  Yiian",  Primary  School  Teachers,  and  the  J^,  fjj  ^  Shu* 
Wu^  Yiian^,  Steward  (see  No.  641). 

Completion  of  the  course  of  Lower  Normal  Schools  carries 
with  it  the  following  privileges  : 

Those  who  gradaate  with  one  of  the  three  senior  ratings 
are  eligible  for  appointment  as  teachers  in  Primary  Schools 
of  various  types  and  receive  the  degree  of  ^jp  |^  ^  ;^  ^  Shih^ 
Pan^  K'o^  Kung*  Sheng^.  The  first  rating  carries  with  it  sixth 
class  rank  (;[;n /;  Oj  f J  Chia^  Liu^.P'in^  Esien^);  the  second 
rating  places  the  graduate  on  the  list  of  preferential  candidates 
for  the  post  of  f^  ||{  Cniiao''  Yii"  (see  No.  857) ;  the  third  rating 
places  the  graduate  on  the  list  of  preferential  candidates  for 
the  post  of  pjlj  Ig  Hsiin*  Tao^  (see  No.  857). 

Those  »vho  attain  the  fourth  rating  on  graduation  are  given 
a  diploma  an^  are  eligible  for  employment  as  Assistant  Teachers 
at  Primary  Schools  and,  after  a  period  of  o1)ligatory  service,  may 

[     248     J 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATIO.N'    OF    CHINA. 


be  given   the  degree  of    fffj  IS  ^  M  ^  ^Jii^i'   1^'an*  K'o>  Kung*      618b 
ShOng',  with  the  title  ^1|  1^  Hsiin''  Tao*  {sec  above). 

Those  who  attain  the  fifth  rating  merely  obtain  a  document 
certifying   attendance  at  a  LoAver  Normal  School. 

61815.  "ii  liJ  ^tji  IS  ^  .^  Vu'  Chi-  tShih^  Fan^  Hsiieh' 
T'ang-,  Higher  Normal  School;  furnishes  training  for  teachers 
for  Lower  Normal  Schools  {see  No.  618a)  and  ^Middle  Schools 
(see  Nos.  580  to  oS'2).  The  course  of  study  covers  three  years 
and  there  are  36  hours  of  instruction  weekly.  These-schools  are 
established  at  the  Capital  and  at  all  provincial  capitals  and  the 
students  are  drawn  from  the  ranks  of  graduates  of  Lower 
Nomtal  Schools  {sec  No.  618aj  and  Middle  iSchools  {sec  Nos. 
580  to  582). 

During  tlie  first  year  students  of  Higher  Normal  Schools 
follow  the  ^it|i{.  Kung^  Kung*  Iv'o\  General  Course,  comprising 
ethics,  thu  origin  of  tKe  Classics,  Chinese  literature,  Japanese 
literature,  English  literature,  logic,  mathematics  and  callisthenics. 
From  the  second  year  begins  the  ^j|r!  fi[  Ft-n'  Lei'  K'o', 
Specializing  Courses,  made  up  of  : 

1.  Chinese  literatui-c  and  foreign  languages, 

2.  Geography  and  history, 

.3.      Mathematics,  chemistiy  and  physics,  and 

4.      liotanv,  zoologv,  mineralojfv  and  i)hvsiu!ouv. 

(i(?neral  suljjects  taught  in  all  these  course^-  arc.:  ethics,  the 
essence  of  the  < 'lassies,  pedagogy,  psychology  ;iii<l  callisthenics. 

Tlic  Specializing  Coui>cs  cover  three  year-  and  those  who 
comph.'te  them  may,  siiould  tlicy  wish,  lake  llir  /;[J  fj  >f'[  Chia^ 
Hsi-  K'o',  Suj)pli'incntary  Coiu'se,  which  cxlc!id~  one  year  and 
call-  f(»r  fill-  presentation  of  ;i  tli(!sis  on  its  eoinpiet  ion. 

Tliert:  are  later  to  he  instit  iit(.'(i  V/  fii'f  :f  "I  <  hnan'  Hsiu' 
K'o',  Special  Cou)-.>3es,  and   \^  1^^   H^ian^  K'o',  Selected  t'ourses. 

( )n  coinpIetioM  of  ilic  coiiise  ol  Iligliei'  Nornuil  Schools 
the  following  [nivilege-  are  granted  : 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Those  who  graduate  with  the  first  rating  receive  the  degree 
of  $Kl  lii  ^4  1^  A  i^l^ili^  Fan*  K'oi  Chii^  Jen^,  are  eligible  for 
teaching  positions  at  Middle  Schools  or  at  Lower  Normal  Schools 
and  become  preferential  candidates  (^  5t;  ^  ffl  Chin*  Hsien^ 
Pu3  Yung*)  for  the  post  of  |^  [^  rfl  @  Nei*  Ko^  Chung^  Shu^ 
■{sec  No.  137).  They  are  granted,  at  the  same  time,  fifth  class 
rank  (|fn  %  n°  fiJ  <^^liia^  Wu^  P'in^  Hsien^). 

Thpse  who  attain  the  second  rating  on  graduation  are 
granted  the  degree  of  ||  fg  f^  H  A  Shih^  Fan*  K'qI  Chu^ 
Jen'  {see  above),  are  eligible  for  teaching  posts  as  mentioned 
above  and  become  preferential  candidates  for  the  post  of  ifl  ^ 
^j[  r|t  ^  Chungi  Shu^  K'o^  Chimg^  Shu^  (sec  No.  137a). 

Those  v.'ho  a'l'^duate  with  the"  third  ratin"'  recei\'e  the 
degree  of  |ij}  %l  -^^  ^  \  Shih^  Fan*  K'o^Chu=*  Jen^  (see  above), 
are  eligible  for  employment  as  teachers  in  various  schools  (as 
above)  and  become  preferential  candidates  for  the  j^ost  of  fij  f^ 
Ssu^  Wu*  (sec  No.  296).  Those  who  attain  the  fourth  rating 
receive  a  diploma,  are  eligible  for  employment  as  Assistant 
Teachers  at  Middle  Schools  or  Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior 
Grade  and,  after  one  years  obligatory-  service,  receive  the  degree 
of  m  IS  ^4  ^  A  Sliil^'  Fan*  K^o^  Chii^  Jen^  and  the  title 
ffl  ^  ^:|  f\>  ^M  Chungi  Shui  K'o^  (^hungi  Shu^. 

Those  who  complete  the  course  with  the  fifth  rating  receive 
a  document  certif^'ing  attendance  at  a  Higher  Normal  School 
and  arc  eligible  for  temporary  employment  as  Assistant  Teachers 
at  Primar}-  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade. 

At  Higher  Normal  Schools  there  are  found:  1.  Middle 
Schools  (sec  Nos.  580  to  582),  and  2.  Primary  Schools  of 
the  Jimior  and  Senior  Grades  {see  Nos.  577  and  577a).  Also, 
should  necessity  arise,  there  may  be  established  ;  1.  :^  0  >J» 
JP  14  Pan*  Jih*  Hsiao'  Hsueh^  K'o\  Half-day  Courses  of 
Primary  School    Instruction    {see    No.  579),  and   2.      >J.  ^  ^ 

[     250     ] 


PRESENT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OV    CHINA. 

^  ^    Hsiao'    H^iieli'    Pu'    Hsi^  K'o',   Supplementary   Courses      6l8o 
of  Primary  School  Instruction.  ^q 

The   estal)lishnicnt   o£   a    ^  "^  15  ^  |^    Chiao*    Yii^    Po'       a-i  n 
Wu*     Kuan',    Pedagogic     Musemn,     is    obligatory    at    Higher 
Normal  Schools. 

The  Administi-ation  of  Higher  Normal  Schools  is  similar 
to  that  of  Higher  Schools  (see  No.  583a).  For  the  schools 
functionins:  within  Higher  Normal  Schools  there  are  :  a 
41  ^  t/jf  ^  I*  Chung'  Hsiieh^  Pan*  Shih*  Kuan^,  Director  of 
the  Middle  School,  \\i  m  ^^  M.  Chung^  HsUeh^  Chiao-i  Yiian», 
Teachers  of  the  Middle  School,  a  /]>  ^  ^  ^?  'g'  Hsiao'  Hsiieh^ 
Pan*  Shih*  Kuan',  Director  of  the  Primary  School,  and 
^h  ^  fi  14  Hsiao'  HsOelr  Chiao*  Yuan^  Teachers  of  the 
Primary  School. 

6 1 8c.  fl  §^  PiTj  IS  il  f ^1-  Yu'  Chi"  Shihi  Fair  Asiian' 
K'o':  Selected  Higher  Courses  for  Teachers  instituted  in 
accordance  Avith  regulations  promulgated  ])y  the  ^Pniistry  of 
Education  on  the  21st  July,  1906,  in  all  the-  provinces.  These 
Courses  arc  for  those  Avho  have  completed  the  Abridged  (bourse 
at  Lower  Normal  Schools  (see  No.  618a),  or  who  have  spent  not 
less  than  two  years  at  Middle  Schools  (see  Nos.  580  to  582),  and 
are  intended  to  prc})are  teachers  for  Lower  Nonnal  School? 
(.srr  No.  618a)  and  Middle  Schools  (sec  Nos.  580  to  582).  The 
course  includes  one  year  at  the  J^  ^^\  Yii*  K'o',  Preparatory 
Section,  and  two  years  at  the  '/^  y^^  Pcn^  K'u',  Specializing 
Section. 

619.  v^c  -f  HlH  id  i^J^  ^  '^'i'^  1'^"'  '"^''i'''  ^^a"'  HBtich'^ 
T'ang',  Female  Normal  Schools;  these  arc  to  be  eslabli«sh(?d  (in 
accordance  with  regulations  drawn  uj)  by  the  Ministry  of 
Education — sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  23rd  February, 
1907),  at  the  ])rincipal  towns  of  I  )epartnjents  and  Districts. 
As  a  first  edbrt  they  are   established   only   at    provincial  capitals 

and  prefect  ural  cities. 

[      201      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 


619a  Eligible  for  admission  to  Female  Normal   Schools  are  girls 

over  15  years  of  age  who  have  completed  the  course  of 
Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade  {see  No.  578.)  The  object 
of  Female  Normal  Schools  is  to  train  teachers  for  Female 
Primary  Schools.  The  course  covers  four  years  and  34  hours 
instruction  are,  given  weekly.  The  instruction  includes  ethics, 
pedagogy,  Chinese  literature,  history,  geography,  mathematics, 
natural  science,  drawing,  sewing,  handiwork,  music,  singing 
and  callisthenics. 

For  girls  wishing  to  join  the  gfj  f^  fij-  Shih^  Fan*  K'o%. 
Pedagogic  Section,  and  needing  improvement  in  their  education, 
there  may  be  instituted  a  3|^  m  ^J{-  ^'ii^  VC-'i^  K'o\  Preparatory 
Section,  with  instniction  similar  to  that  supplied  during  the 
third  and  fourth  years  of  study  at  Female  Primary  Schools  of 
the  Senior  Grade. 

Obligatory  at  Female  Normal  Schools  is  the  establishment 
of  :  Female  Primary  Schools  (see  No.  578)  and  Elementary 
Schools  (for  children  of  tender  age)  (sec  No.  575),  at  which  the 
students  of  the  Normal  Schools  act  as  teachers. 

At  the  head  of  a  Female  Normal  School  there  is  a  ^  "^ 
Chien^  Tu\  Mistress.  Subordinated  to  her  there  are  ^  ^ 
Chiao*  Hsi',  Teachers,  g|j  %  ^  Fu*  Chiao''  Hsi^  Assistant 
Teachers,  and  ^.J^  Chien^  Hsiieh-,  Proctors.  Further,  there  arc 
the  />  ^  ^  ^  ^  Hsiao^'  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  I'ang^  Chang% 
Inspectress  of  tlu-  Primary  School,  and  the  ^  ^  f%  P;^  ^ 
Meng-  Yang^  Yiian'  Yiian*  Chang^  Ins})ectress  of  the 
Elementary  School. 

To  the  staff  of  Female  Normal  Schools  there  ma^-  be  added 
a  Manager,  a  Secretary  and  a  Steward  (sec  No.  578). 

619a.  -^^m-A^Ui^^^  Chingi  Shihi  Nil'  TzAi^ 
Shlhi  Fan*  Ifsiieh^  T'ang^  Peking  (Metropolitan)  Female 
Noi-mal  School  ;  established  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from, 
the   Ministry  of  Education  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 

[     252     ] 


I'KKSEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

4th    July,    1908).      At    first    only    a    f^  ^  %^    Chieii'    P   K'o',       620 
Abridgod   Convse   of   Study,   was   sujiplied,   the   course   covering         ^.q 
two  years.     Later   the   ^  ^  f-j'   Wan-  Ch'iian'  K'o^,  Complete       ^q- 
Course  of  Study,  Avas  instituted,  covering  four  years. 

620.  g  ^  f^  ^  ^  ^  P/r  Shih-^  Yeh»  Chiao^  Yiian^ 
Chiang'  Ilsi-  So-*,  Schools  for  Training  Teachers  for  Professional 
Schools;  open  to  those  who  have  completed  the  com-sc  of  Middle 
Schools  {see  Nos.  580  to  582)  or  Lower  Normal  Schools  (sec 
Xo.  618a)  and  desire  to  devote  themselves  to  teaching  at  the 
various  Professional  Schools  [see  No.  598),  Schools  of 
Professional  and  General  Kducation  (see  No.  599)  ar.d  Schools 
of  Crafts  (srr  No.  605).  They  are  established  in  the 
Agricultural  (srr  No.  590),  Poly  technical  (see  No.  591)  and 
Commercial  (sec  No.  592)  Department  of  the  University  or  at 
Higher  Agricultural  Schools  (see  No.  003),  Schools  of  Trades 
and  Handicrafts  (see  No.  608)  and  Commercial  Schools  (see 
No.  612). 

These  schools  are  arranged  as:  1.  ^^  ^^-  |4.  "i|  ^  M 
Nung^  Veil'*  C'hiao^  Yiian'  Chiang'  Hsi^  So',  Schools  for  Training 
Teachers  for  Agricidtural  Schools,  2.  |]^*  ^  |j(  M  1?^  ^  M 
Shang^  •  Yeh*  ('hiao*  Yiiair  (  hlang^  Hsi^  So',  Schools  for 
Training  Teachers  for  Commercial  Schools,  and  3.  T,  !*^:  ^k  j^ 
^"^ffi  Kung'  Yeh'  ( 'hiao'  Yiian^  Chiang'^  H si-  So'',  Schools 
for  Tiaining  Teachers  for  Schools  of  'J'rades  and  Handicrafts. 
The  course  of  the  first  two  covers  two  years;  the  course  of  the 
latter  covers  three  years  for  the  ^  ^  f,^  Wan'  Ch'iian'  K'o", 
(,'ompleto  Coiu-se,  oi-  rtiic  vo-.w  for  tlic  fijj  ^  jf*j  f'liion'  T'  K'o\ 
Abridged  ( 'ouisc 

S])e(i(il    Schools  : 

621.  V/  n  ^  .''2  Clman'  .M'n'-  Hsiich'  T'ang',  Special 
Schools ;  their  c(;urs(s  of  study  place  these  in  the  category  of 
Higher  Schools  (compare  No.  583 n). 

Special  Schools  iixrlude  : 

[     -^>3     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 


621a  1.     M^f^^M.^^'.    I^^ei-^    ^'^i^^'^*    ^^'^    Cheng*    Hsiieh^ 

T'ang^    College   of    Law   and    Administration   for   Princes   and 
Noble?,  at  Peking  (No.  622). 

2.     tii)^^M    ^iv'*    Cheng^   Hsiielr   T'ang^ '  Colleges   of 
Law  and  Administration,  at  Peking  and  in  the  provinces  {sec 
No.  623), 
^  3.     y'^  ^  ^  ^  ra=  Lii'  Hsiieli"  T'ang-,  College  of  Law, 

at  Peking  {sec  No.  624), 

4.  ^  ^  1^  I^  Hsiieh^  Kuan^,  College  of  Interpreters,  at 
Peking  {see  No.  625), 

5.  fj^^  ^  Fangi  Yen^  Hsiielr  T'ang•^  Colleges  of 
Languages,  in  the  provinces  {see  No.  626), 

Q-MM3Cmi%$^^M  ^lan'  Meng^  Wcn^  Kao^  Teng^ 
Hsiieh^  T'nng^,  Higher  School  of  Manchii  and  Mongolian 
Languages  (see  No.  627),  and 

7.  ©  4  ^  ^^  Ch'iii  Y^^4  Hsfieh^  T'ang',  College  of 
History  and  Philology  at  Ch'iifu  {see  No.  627a). 

621a.  In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned,  the  following 
schools,  under  the  joint  supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  Education 
and  various  other  Go^'crnment  offices,  may  be  considered  as 
Special  Schools : 

1.  Wi^l^'^M^:^  Kao^  Teng^  Hsinr  Ching^  Hsiieh" 
T'ahg^,  Higher  Police  Schools,  at  Peking  and  in  the  provinces — 
directly  supervised  by  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  [sec  No.  522). 

2.  MH^^^'  Ts'aP  Ch^.ng*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^,  Financial 
(Political  Economy  J  College,  at  Peking — directly  supervised  by 
the  Ministry  of  Finance  {see  No.  568), 

•5-  Ml  B  P  i?^  ^"^liwi'  Wu*  Hsiich^  T'ang-,  Customs 
College,  at  Peking — directly  supervised  by  the  Board  of  Customs 
Control  {sec  No.  252), 

4.  f^lSMi^l:  T^^v*  Clum^  Kuei*  Chou*  Hsiieh=f 
T'ang2,  jNIilitaiy  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles — directly 
supervised  by  the  Ministry  of  War  {see  No.  713), 

[     25-1      ] 


ncESEXT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION"    OF    CTIIXA. 


0.  JM  lU  J&  {^i  ^  jI^    T'ano-    Shan'    ].i.<    Kuiio-'   Hsiioli^      ®21b 
T'ans:',    Kailway    and    Mining    Oolleue    at   T'angslian — directly 
supervised    by   the   Ministry  of   Posts  and   Communications  iscc 

No.  786), 

C-  f&'S  ^'^  Chih^  Fien^  Hsiieh-  T-ano%  College  of 
Mongolian  and  Tihetan  Languages,  at  Peking — directly  super- 
vised by  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies  (see  No.  499),  and 

".  ii  itl  ^-  ^  ^"'  ^'lii'  HsLiclr  T'ang2,  School  of 
Stenog'*apliy — directly  su[)erviscd  by  the  National  Assembly 
(sec  Supplement,  No.  167b)- 

621 15.  In  accordance  with  the  programme  of  measures  to 
be  accomplished  by  the  Ministry  of  Education  within  the  period 
1908-1910  (sanctioned  ])y  the  Emperor  on  the  18th  April, 
1909),  the  following  schools,  coming  into  the  category  of  Special 
Schools,  are  to  be  instituted  : 

1.  In  1!)10  : 

#  A'  #  ^  Ts'ii"'  I<^'i'  Ilsiieh-  T'ang-,  Colleges  of  History 
ami  IMiilology — in  all  provinces  (comjjarc  No.  627a), 

2.  In  1911  : 

M?^^  ^'Sl  Chuan'  Men-  I'  Hsiieh-  T'ang',  Special 
College  of  Medicin<^,  at  Peking, 

.3.      In  1911  : 

W  f^i  ir<  M  ^^  ik  Chuan'  Men-  Nung=  Yeh'  Hsiieh-  T-ang- 
S|>eci:d  College  of  Agi-iculturnl  Science,  at  Peking. 

A.      191  2  : 

VfV^^%  ^-}^  ^l  l'''''i"'  M^n'  Kung'  Y.>h'  llsii.-lr' T'ang% 
Special  College  of  Technology,  at  Peking, 

5.  1912: 

Vf.  n  n>i  ^i  ^-  'l^i  Chuan'  .Mc'irShan-'  Veh'  lis. leh- Tang'-', 
Special  Coini.nenrial  Coiiegc,  at  Peking,  and 

6.  In  191.5  : 

u  ^'  ?^  ?I'-!  Viij'  Vii.h'  H.siich-  1  *ang',  tonscrvatory  of 
Music,  at  Peking. 


PKKSEXT    DAY     POMTICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

822  622.     "i;  ^  v£  il^  ^^  Kuei'  Chou*  Fa'    Cliciio-^  Ilsiioli^ 

T'ang^,  Collcj>e  oF  Law  and  Adniinisti'ation  for  Princes  and 
loobies  ;  established,  at  Peking-,  in  accordance  -with  a  jNTcniorial 
from  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  IvegnT^tions  for  ConstitiiLional 
Government,  by  Imperial  Edict  of  the  9th  April,  1909.  This 
Edict  also  approved  of  the  regidations  for  the  College,  drawn  nj) 
by  the  said  committee.  The  object  of  the  College  is  to  train 
those  of  princely  and  noble  birth — as  well  as  their  sons — foi- 
_  judicial  and  administrative  service. 

The  instruction  supplied  by  the  (-ollege  of  Law  and 
Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles  is  arranged  as  : 

L  IE  f ^  Cheng*  K'o\  Complete  Course;  covering  four 
years.  Dnring  the  first  year  the  teaching  is  in  ^(^  ^  ^  P'u^ 
T'ung^  Hsiielr,  General  Education  ;  during  the  last  three  years 
the  instruction  is  in  f^  jgr  ^  |«f.  Fa^  Cheng*  Chuan^  K'o\  Legal 
and  Administrative  Subjects. 

2.  ^  j^  ,f^  Chien^  I*  K'o\  Abridged  Course  ;  covering 
two  years.  The  first  half  year  is  devoted  to  general  education 
and  the  remainder  of  the  course  to  legal  and  administrati\  e 
subjects. 

At  the  College  there  is  also  a  course  of  lectures — lasting  one 
year  and  a  half — for  %^  ^  ^  T'ing^  Chiang^  Yiian",  Lectiu-e 
Students,  who  are  persons  of  princely  ])iith,  more  than  30  years 
of  age,  in  the  Government  service ;  officials  of  Manchu  and 
Chinese  birth,  holding  posts  not  lower  than  the  foiu'th  }-:ink,  are 
also  enrolled  for  this  Lecture  Course. 

At  the  reciuest  of  RWlMM  ^^^''^'  "^'^^  Yii*  Lang%  Prince 
of  the  third  degree,  Yii  Lang,  (/urator  of  the  College  of  Law 
and  Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles,  there  have  been 
introduced  some  changes  in  the  regulations  of  the  College 
(sanctioned  by  the  Em]>eror  on  the  11th  November,  1909),  i.e. 
the  tei-m  of  the  Complete  Course  has  been  extended  to  five 
years — two  years  of  general  education   and  thi-ee  years  of  legal 

[     25G     ] 


rUESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 

aud    administrative    education  ;    the    Lecture    Course    has    been      622a 
extended  to  three  years — one  year  of  general  education   and  two        to 
vear?   of   special   (legal    and   administrative)    education  ;    and    a       023 
M  I'ft  ^  ^  '^*  ^^^*  ^^'oS  Pre'i^aratory   Section,  with  a  course   of 
study  of  two  years  duration,  and  providing  32  hours  instruction 
weeklv,  has  been  introduced.     At  the  Preparatory  Section  there 
are     taught  :     ethics,     Chinetie     literature,     history,    geography, 
mathematics,  natural  science,  drawing  and  callisthenics. 

All  males  between  the  ages  of  18  and  30  years  who  are 
Clansmen,  Princes  or  bearers  of  hereditary  titles — as  well  as 
their  sons — if  they  are  not  in  the  Government  service  or  enrolled 
in  Government  schools,  are  obliged  to  join  the  College.  Children 
of  Clansmen,  as  well  as  Manchu  and  Chinese  officials  of  the  first 
two  ranks,  are  accepted  at  the  College,  on  completion  of  the 
course  of  Middle  Schools  (see  Nos.  580  to  582),  after  a  test 
examination. 

Supplementary  Regulations  for  the  College  of  Law  and 
Administration  for  Piinces  and  Xobles  (providing  for  the  changes 
mentioned  above)  were  drawn  up  by  the  Curator  and  sanct'oued 
by  the  Emperor  on  the  21st  Decemlier,  1909. 

622a.  At  the  head  of  the  College  of  Law  and  Administra- 
tion for  Princes  and  Xobles  there  is  a  U^|  fl  Tsung'  Li',  Curator. 
Suljordinated  to  him  there  are  :  1.  two  Directors  (see  No. 
635),  2.  on.'  iH  1^  T'i=  Tiao*,  Preceptor,  3.  Teachers  (number 
not  fixed  ;  see  No.  637),  4.  two  I'roctors  (see  No.  646),  5. 
^  p2  Xi'  ^''"'  ^''"'  K"a»'»  Secretaries,  6.  Accountant  (see  No. 
643;,  7.      Steward,  and  H,     Tutor  (see  No.  640'. 

623.  }f{  plIJ  -m  ^X  ^  ^li  ^''''"^''  ^^''^''  ^^''*  ^'""■"^'*  Hsiuh' 
T'an'r=,  CoUcire  <>i'  Law  nnd  Administration,  at  Peking; 
established  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  fn»ni  the  Ministr\  of 
Education,  sancticuied  by  the  I'mperor  on  the  2nd  February, 
lfK)7,  for  the  piu-pose  of  jjreparing  studenth  for  a  judicial  or 
administrative  career.      The  course  of   study   eovers    H\c   years  ; 

[     -^>7     ] 
17 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


the  first  two  years  are  spent  at  the  ^  f4  Yii^  K'oS  rrepjuatory 
Section,  and  the  remaining  three  at  the  jE  f^  Cheng'  K'oS 
Specializing  Section.  The  latter  has  two  courses  of  study  : 
I  j^  Ya  Pi  Clit:'ng*  Chill*  Men^,  Course  in  Administration, 
and  2.     ^^  ^  PI  Fa*  Lii*  Men^  Course  in  Law. 

At  this  College  there  are  also  found  :  1.  |j!j  f?j-  Pieh^  K'o', 
Special  Course,  of  three  years  duration,  and  2.  |f  ^  ^^ 
Chianty'  Hsi^  K'o\  Lecture  Course,. covering  one  year  and  a  half , 
providino-  lectures,onadministrativeand  financial  law,  for  officials. 

For  the  Preparatory  Section  there  are  yearly  accepted, 
after  a  test  examination,  200  students.  They  must  be  between 
the  ao-e!-'  of  twenty  and  twenty-five  years,  of  good  behaviour, 
physirally  strong  and  educated  to  the  standard  reached  by 
Mir'Jle  Schools  (see  Nos.  580  to  582).  For  the  Special  Course 
f'lere  are  yearly  accepted,  after  a  test  examination,  100  students. 
These  must  be  less  than  35  years  of  age,  be  employed  at  the 
various  Ministries  or  other  Government  offices,  or  possess 
literary  degrees — not  higher  than  ^  A  Chii^  Jen''',  Graduate 
(Bachelor  of  Arts).  For  the  Specializing  Section  of  the  College 
there  are  chosen  200  students  from  the  ranks  of  those  who  have 
completed  the  course  of  the  Preparatory  Section,  or  externs  of 
corresponding  education,  after  a  test  examination. 

The  subjects  of  study  at  t|ie  Preparatory  Section  include  : 
ethics,  Chinese  literature,  Japanese,  history,  geography,  mathe- 
matics, natural  science,  logic,  general  outline  of  law,  principles  of 
financial  law  and  callisthenics.  The  Course  in  Administration  of 
the  Specializing  Section  provides  instruction  in  :  ethics, 
"  Institutes  of  the  Reigning  Dynasty,"  laws  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing 
Empire,  State  law,  constitutional  laAv,  administrative  law,  civil 
law,  criminal  law,  commercial  law,  general  international  law, 
special  international  laAv,  political,  economy,  financial  law, 
sociology,  history  of  international  relations,  statistics,  Japanese, 
English  and  callisthenics.     The  subjects  taught  in  the  Course  in 

[     258     ] 


PKESEXT     DAY     POLITICAL    OKGAN'IZATION    OF    ClIIXA. 

Law  of  the  Specializing  Section  are  :  ethics,  "  Institutes  of  the  623a 
Reigning  Dyjuisty,*'  huvs  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Empire,  history  of 
Chinese  legishition,  his.tory  of  foreign  ^legislation,  constitutional 
law,  administrative  law,  civil  law,  criminal  law,  commcrical  law, 
civil  law  proceedings,  criminal  law  proceedings,  general  interna- 
tional law,  special  international  law,  prison  administration, 
Japanese  and  callisthenics. 

At  the  head  of  the  College  of  Law  and  Administration,  at 
Peking,  there  is  a  Director  (see  No.  635).  He  has  subordinated 
to  him  :  \.  One  Preceptor  (see  No.  636),  2.  Teachers  (number 
not  fixed  ;  see  No.  637),  3.  Two  Tutors  (see  No.  640),  4. 
Librarian  (see  No.  639),  5.  Steward  (see  No.  641),  6.  Secre- 
tary (see  No.  642),  7.  Accountant  (see  No.  643),  H.  Two 
Clerks  of  Works  (see  No.  644),  and  a  ^  ^  f ^  I]}}.  ^  'g*  Chiang' 
Hsi^  K'o'  Pan'*  Rhih*  Kuan',  Inspector  of  Lecture  Course  for 
officials  (see  above). 

623a.  \iiitJC  ^  'It  I^'«'  Cheng*  lisiieh^  T'angS  Colleges  of 
Law  and  Administracion,  in  the  provinces.  The  course  of  study 
of  these  Colleges  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Special  Course  of  the 
College  of  Law  and  Administration  at  Peking  (see  No,  623)  ;  the 
duration  of  the  course  is  not  uniform  in  all  ])rovinces.  In  Chihli 
the  course  covers  two  years — half  a  year  at  the  f^J  ^4  ^  ^•' ^'^**^'» 
Preparatory  Section,  and  one  year  and  a  half  at  the  7J>^/f4  l*'"u'  K'o", 
Specializing  Section  ;  in  Anhui  the  course  includes  two  years  for 
the  f2j  ^j  f.'f  Cliien^  I*  K'o',  Abridged  Coiuve,  and  one  year  for 
th<'  ^\\  }1  J^'\  I'u^  llsi^  K'o*,  Supplementary  Course;  in  Chekiang 
the  course  covers  one  year  and  a  half,  etc. 

The  .nrolhoeut  of  the  Colleges  of  I^aw  and  Administration 
varies  in  diH'erent  provinces  (in  Chekiang  it  is  200,  in  Chihli  120, 
and  in  Shantung  and  Anhui  (>()). 

Instructions  from  the  Ministry  of  Ivlucalion,  dated  'he 
9tli  Marcli,  1907,  directed  that  the  provincial  CollegeH  of  Law  and 
Administration   introduce — following  the  example  of   the    Pekuig 

I     25')     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


628b  College  of  Law  and  Administration  {see  No.  623),  a  course  of 
to        ^  It  ^  ^  f^  <-^tiien^  Yii*  Hsueh^  Chnan^  K'o\  Prison  Admini- 

QOA  stration,  as  a  speciality  to  which  students  of  the  first  section  of 
Higher  Schools  (preparing  to  attend  the  Department  of  Law  of 
the  University  ;  see  No.  583)  may  devote  themselves  for  a  year 
and  a  half. 

623b.  For  particulars  as  to  ^  W,M^  P(  •  ^^su^  Fa* 
Chiang'  Hsi^  K'oS  also  'MHm'MW\  Shen^  P'an*  Chiang'  Hsi* 
So',  Courses  of  Lectures  on  LaAv,  instituted  at  Colleges  of  Law,. 
see  No.  758b. 

624.  H^  ^  ^ ^*  Fa^  Lii*  Hsujeh^  T'ang^,  College  of 
Law,  at  Peking ;  founded  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from 
the  President  of  the  Ministry  of  Education — sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  3rd  August,  1905 — with  the  object  of  providing 
judicial  education  for  officials.  The  course  of  study  covers  three 
years  (also,  there  is  a  J^  /jiJJ  .^Jj.  Su^  Ch'eng^  K'o\  Abridged  Course^ 
of  one  year  and  a  half). 

At  the  College  are  taught :  laws  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing,  Ming 
and  T'ang  Dynasties,  legislation  now  in  force,  history  of 
legislation  in  China  (from  olden  times),  general  outline  of  law, 
principles  of  political  economy.  State  law,  Roman  law,  civil  law,, 
criminal  law,  constitutional  law,  commercial  law,  civil  and 
criminal  law  proceedings,  international  law  (general  and  special), 
administrative  law,  prison  administration,  judicial  practice,  laws- 
of  commercial  companies,  laws  of  bankruptcy,  general  principles 
of  finance,  foreign  languages  and  callisthenics. 

At  the  Head  of  the  Co-llege  of  Law  at  Peking  there  is  a 
Director  {see  No.  635);  subordinated  to  him  are:  1.  The 
Preceptor  (5^^  No.  636),  2.  Eight  Teachers  {see  No.  637), 
3.  Librarian  {see  No.  639),  4.  Steward  {see  No.  641),  5. 
Secretary  {see  No.  642),  6.  Accountant  {see  No.  643),  7.  Clerk 
of  Works  {see  No.  644),  8.     Inspector  of   Dormitories  (see   No.. 

[     2G0     ^ 


rRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

645),   9.      Proctors   (sec   Xo.  646)  and  10.     Assistant  Inspector      025 
of  Dormitories  (spc  Xo.  647). 

62.3.  ^  ^  Et  r  Hsiieh'  Kuan^  College  of  Interpreters,  at 
Peking  ;  established  with  the  object  of  preparing  young  men 
■uho  have  completed  the  course  of  Middle  Schools  {see  Nos.  580 
to  582)  for  transacting  affairs  dealing  with  foreigners.  The 
enrollment  is  200  ;  the  course  of  study  covers  five  vears  and 
36  hours  of  instruction  are  given  weekly.  There  are  five 
courses  for  instruction  in  foreign  languages,  i.e.  1.  ^^  "^  ^i[ 
Yingi  Wen'  K-o\  Course  in  English,  2.  ^  ^  fif  Fa'  Wen'' 
K'o',  Course  in  French,  3.  f^  ^  ^'j  E^  Wen^  K'o',  Course  in 
Russian.  4.  ^  '^  ^3f  Te'  Wen*  K'o',  Coiu-se  in  German,  and 
5.      B  ^^^  'Till'  Ft-n^  Wen-^  K'o',  Course  in  Japanese. 

In  addition  to  lanauage  studv,  in  each  of  the  courses 
mentioned  above  there  is  instruction  during  the  first  two  vears  in 
^  jM  ^'  ^''"^  T'ung'  Hsiieh"-,  General  Education  (ethics,  Chinese 
liteiaturt%  history,  geography,  mathematics,  natural  science, 
]>hysics,  chemistry,  drawing  and  callisthenics),  and,  during  the 
remaining  three  years,  in  ^  P^J  ^  Chuan'  Men'-'  Usueh^  Special 
Education  (international  law,  i)olitical  economy  and  ])edagogy). 

Young  men  between  the  ages  of  12  and  20  years,  having 
a  good  knowledge  of  Chinese,  free  from  iMi])cdinu'Uts  in  s])eech 
and  physically  strong,  are  acce])ted  as  pf.|  ^  Fn'  Hsiieh',  Special 
Students.  They  are  not  distinguished  from  the  ordinary  stuilcnts 
as  regards  study  and  privileges  granted. 

At  the  head  of  the  College  of  Interpreters  there  i-  a 
Director  (see  Xo.  635).  lie  is  in  charge!  of  a  stafi'  made 
uj)  of:  1.  Preceptor  (srr  Xo.  6.36  ;  also  J'liJ  Bi  'i?  Fu*<'hicn' 
Tu',  A.ssistant  Director;,  2.  Jf  P^]  ^  ?^  U  »  In.an'  .Men- 
Hsiieh- Chiao<  Yiian',  Teachers  oi  Special  SubjeclM,  3.  5'h  M 
3fiC  nf^  U  ^^'='''  FiiM-    Wen'   Chiao'    Viian'^   Teachers  of  Foieign 

Langnag.-s,     4.        V?  iiH  ^  -^iC  Q   ^""'     ^''""^''     H8''el»'    <-'''''>'»* 
Viian',   Teachers   of    General     Subjects,    5.      \\})  ^  Chu*  Chiao*, 

[    2(;i    ] 


niESENT    DAY    .^OLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Assistant  Teachers,  6.  Steward  [see  No.  641  ;  also  glj  ^  ^ 
Fu*  Chien^  T\\\  Assistant  Director),  7.  Secretary  {see  No. 
642),  8.  i{J{  ^  1^  Shou^  Chih^  Kuan',  Treasurer,  9.  Clerk  of 
Works  {see  No.  644),  10.  Inspector  of  Dornnitories  {see  No, 
645),  11.  Proctor  (see  No.  646),  and  12.  Assistant  Inspector 
of  Dormitories  {see  No.  647). 

Completion  of  the  course  of  the  College  of  Interpreters 
carries  with  it  the  folloAving  privileges  : 

Those  who  graduate  with  the  first  rating  receive  the 
degree  o^  ^  K  ^  ^  ^^^^  Jt'n^  Ch'u'  Sheii^  are  enrolled  as 
preferential  candidates  for  the  post  of  ^  ^  Chu'  Shih'*  {sec  No. 
292)— at  the  Capital— or  if  Jl'lfl  Chih2  Li^Chou'  {see  No.  851)— 
in  the  provinces,  and  join  the  Facultv  of  the  University  (in  whatever 
department  they  choose)  or  are  sent  abroad  for  furtl^er  study. 

Those  who  complete  the  course  with  the  second  rating 
receive  the  degree  Chii^  Jen'  Ch'u'  Shcn'  (as  above),  perform 
dut^-^as  interpreters  at  the  Wai  Wii  Pu  in  Peking,  with  the 
title  ^  r^  r^t  ^  Nei'  Ko-  Chung^  Shu^  {see  No.  137),  or  are 
appointed  to  the  provinces  for  interpreting,  or  for  dealing  with 
affairs  concerning  foreigners,  as  ^Q  ,^  Chih^  Hsien*  {see  No. 
856).  A  staff  of  interpreters  and  Consuls  for  service  abroad  is 
chosen  from  the  ranks  of  those  who  attain  the  second  rating. 
Those  who  attain  the  third  rating  receive  the  degree  of  :|^  ^ 
Chii*  ,Jen^  {sec  Nos.  629b  and  631)  and  are  appointed,  at  the 
Capital,  to  the  various  Ministries  as  Officials  of  the  seventh  rank 
{sec  No.  299j  or,  in  the  provinces,  as  ji  f'jj  T'ung'  P'an»  {see 
No.  849a).  They  may  also  take  positions  as  teachers  of  foreign 
languages  in  Middle  Schools.  Those  who  attain  the  fourth 
rating  remain  for  repeated  study  ;  should  they  again  fail  to 
littain  one  of  the  three  senior  rating's,  and  be  unwilHng  to  study 
longer,  they  receive  a  document  certifying  attendance  for  the 
full  period  at  the  College  of  Interpreters  and  are  eligible  for 
employment  as  teachers  of  foreign  languages.     The  students  whO' 

[     2G2     ] 


rUESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

graduate    with   the   fifth   rating   merely    receive    a  list  of   their       625^^ 
examination  marks.  tO 

625 A.  ^  ^  ^  Wen^  Tien^  Oh'u^  Committee  for  Diction-  qqq 
ary  Compilation  ;  at  the  College  of  Interpreters.  This  Committee 
is  to  compile  a  dictionary  for  English  and  Chinese,  French  and 
Chinese,  Russian  and  Chinese,  German  and  Chinese,  and 
Japanese  and  Chinese.  Each  dictionary  is  to  be  an-anged  in 
three  divisions,  i.e.  Chinese  Language — Foreign  Language, 
Foreign  Language — Chinese  Language,  and  Special  Expressions. 

The  Committee  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  Director  of 
the  College  of  Interpi-eters  (sec  Ko.  625)  and  consists  of  :  I. 
a  ^  H  Tsung^  TsuanS  Chief  Compiler,  2.  Two  ^  ^  Fen^ 
Tsuan^,  Comjiilers,  3.  a  |^  ^  Fan'  !■*,  Translator  (Interpreter),. 
and  4.     a  ^  ^  Shu^  Chi',  Secretary. 

626.  yj  m  ^^^  Fang»  Yen*  HsUeh*  T'ang^,  Colleges  of 
Languages,  in  the  provinces.  The  object  of  these  institutions  is 
identical  Avith  that  of  the  College  of  Interpretei-s  at  Peking 
(see  No.  625  ;  compare  also  No.  311),  i.e.  to  prepare  men 
qualified  for  diplomatic  service  and  for  teaching  in  Middle 
Schools  (see  Xos.  580  to  582).  The  course  of  study  is  arranged 
in  two  sections  :  1.  Preparatory,  providing  a  course  in  English, 
a  course  in  Russian  and  a  course  in  Japanese,  extending  over 
two  years,  and  2.  Special,  with  a  course  covering  three 
years. 

The  Special  Course  suj)plies  instruction  in  :  arithmetic, 
Chinese,  geography,  history,  chemistry,  philoso})h} ,  psychology, 
international  law,  natural  science  and  callisthenics.  The 
Preparatory  Course  includes  the  study  uf  :  arithmetic,  the  liist 
principles  of  algel)ra,  Chinese  literature,  geography,  history, 
principles  of  chemistry,  principle  of  natural  philosophy,  the 
Classics,  natural  science,  drawing  and  callisthenics. 

As  students  at  the  Colleges  of  Languages  there  are  accepted 
those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  a  Middle  School. 

[     2G8     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

626a  The  description  o£  the  organization  of  Colleges  of  Languages 

to        given  above  is  that  of  the  College  in   Fengt'ien  province  ;  those 
ftnty       of  Other  provinces  are  of  practically  similar  organization. 

Completion  of  the  course  of  study  of  Colleges  of  Languages 
carries  with  it  the  privileges  attained  by  those  who  complete  the 
course  of  the  College  of  Interpreters  at  Peking  (see  No.  625). 

626a.  :?^  h  ^  ^  ^  Fang^  Yen'  P  Hsi'  So^  Practical 
Courses  in  Foreign  Languages  ;  held  at  Moukden.  These  Avere 
instituted  for  the  benefit  of  substantive  and  expectant  officials  of 
^  ^  Fengt'ien  province.  They  owe  their  inception  to  a 
Memorial  of  the  ex-Governor-General  of  Manchui-ia,  ^^iM[^  Hsii'* 
Shlh^-ch'ang^,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  2oth  April,  1909. 

The  students  attending  these  courses   are  divided  into  two 

groups  :    one  group    is  taught   at   day   sessions  (the  full    course 

covers  two  years)  and  one  group  attends  night  sessions  (the  full 
course  covers  three  years). 

627.  MM^M^  ^  'M  ^ian^  Meng"  Wen''  Kao^  Teng' 
Hsiieh-  T'ang'-^,  Higher  School  of  Manchu  and  ^Mongolian 
languages  ;  established  in  1908,  at  Peking,  to  provide  men 
A^ersed  in  the  ]Manchu  and  Mongolian  languages.  The 
school  has  two  Courses :  1.  j^  ^  ^  ^^  Man^  Meng* 
Wen^  K'o^,  Course  in  Manchu  and  Mongolian  Languages, 
and  2.  f^  ^  jf4  Tsang^  Wen^  K'o\  Course  in  Tibetan.  Each 
Course,  in  turn,  is  made  up  of  two  sub-divisions  :  1.  31^  ^^j- 
Yii*  K'o',  Preparatory  Course  (covering  two  years)  and  2. 
^  ^i\  Pcn^  K'o\  Specializing  Course  (extending  over  three  years). 
Also,  there  is  a  jjlj  ^Jj-  Pieh*  K'o',  Special  Course,  Avith  a  term  of 
three  years,  for  those  not  over  35  years  of  age  Avho  possess  a 
literary  degree  not  higher  than  ^  \  Chii^  Jen",  Graduate 
(Bachelor  of  Arts),  or  are  in  the  Government  service. 

The  enrollment  of  the  Preparatory  and  Specializing  Courses 
is  120  for  each;  that  of  the  Special  Course  is  80. 

[     264    ■] 


PRESKXT    DAY    TC^LITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CrilNA. 

As  students  at  the  Higher  School  of  Maiichu  and  627a 
MongoHan  Languages  there  are  accspted  persons  Avho  have 
completed  the  course  of  Middle  iSchools  (o80  to  582).  At 
first,  as  an  exception,  there  -were  accepted  as  students  persons 
not  over  25  years  of  age  who  were  well  versed  in  Chinese  and 
had  some  knowledge  of  Manchu  and  Mongolian. 

The  subjects  of  study  include  philosophy  (Chinese),  Chinese 
literature,  general  outline  of  law,  history,  geography,  arithmetic, 
natural  science,  piiysics,  algebra,  trigonometry,  general  principles 
of  financial  law  and  political  economy,  statistics,  criminal  law, 
administrative  law,  international  law,  topography,  drawing  and 
tracing,  constitutional  legislation,  laws  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Dynasty, 
theory-  of  colonization^  geography  and  history  of  Manchuria, 
Mongolia  and  Tibet,  callisthenics,  etc.  Russian,  ■Ja])anese  and 
veterinary  surgery  are  ojitional  subjects. 

At  the  head  of  the  School  there  is  a  Director  (sec  2s  o.  635). 
He  has  a  staff  consisting  of:  1.  Preceptor  {see  No.  636), 
2.  }^  W.  ^  '^  f i  M  Man'  :\Ieng^  Yu'  Wen-  Chiao^  Yiian', 
Teacliers  of  Manchii  and  Mongolian,  3.  ^  US  ^  'iSC  ?jc  M 
Tsaiig'  Yii'  Tsaiig'  Wen-  ('hiao^  Yiian^,  Teachers  of  Tibetan, 
^-  ^fi^^^WtM  1^0'  Cliung'  K'o'  Hsiieh'  Chiao^  Yiian-, 
Teachers  of  Sciences,  5.  f^  -JC  5^  ^  HI  ^  fjt  JX  l'>  Wen' 
Yiriii'  \Vri\'^  Tung'  Yang'^  Wen^  Cjiiao^  Yiian-,  Teacliers  of 
Russian,  English  and  Japanese,  6.  Steward  {see  No.  o41), 
7.  Secretary  {see  Xo.  642),  8..  Treasurer  {see  No.  643),  9. 
Clerk  of  Works  {see  No.  644),  10.  Inspector  of  Dormitories 
(tee  No.  64.3),  II.  Proctor  (sec  No.  646),  and  12.  Assistant 
Inspector  of  Dormitories  {see  No.  647). 

627a.      i!!l  -^.  ^}i  ^?;!:     Cli'ii'     Fu^    H>iir],-    T'ang%    College 
f'f    Ilijjtory    and    I'hilologv    jit   Ch'iifu    {see   No.    621  ;    compare, 
also,    No.    621 II  I.      This   College    was  estaijiishcd    on    llu;  recom- 
mendation  of  ^  iiji  ^):    Liang' Ting='-f."n',  late  Provincial  Judge 
'f    lliijKh  (see   No.   830),  see   I>ecrees    dafccl    the    6th    and    14th 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


628  January,  1907,  with  stims  granted  by  the  Throne,  at  the  district 
town  of  Ch'iifu  (in  the  %  ')]>\  f^  Yen^  Choui  Fu^  prefecture 
of  Shantung),  the  birth-place  and  burial-place  of  Confucius. 

The  College  has  two  courses  of  study:  J|^  i^4  Yii*  K'o'.. 
Preparatory  Course,  similar  to  the  programlne  of  Middle 
Schools  {see  No.  580),  and  jhf4  Cheng^  K'o',  Specializing  Course,, 
supplying  instruction  in  the  (^llassics,  history  and  literature. 

For  the  Preparatory  Course  there  are  accepted  scholars 
who  have  completed  the  course  of  Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior 
Grade  (see  No.  577 a);  for  the  Specializing  Coui'se  there  are 
accepted  scholars  who  have  completed  the  Classical  Coiu'se  of 
Middle  Schools  (see  Nos.  580  and  581)  or  the  course  of  Lower 
Normal  Schools  (see  No.  618a). 

At  the  head  of  the  College  there  is  a  l^  ^  Chien'  Tu^,, 
Director  (see  No.  635);  to  this  position  the  above-mentioned 
Liang  Ting-fen  Mas  appointed  (see  report  of  the  Ministry  of 
Education,  dated  7th  February,  1 9 10). 

A  college  similar  to  the  College  of  History  and  Philology 
at  Ch'iifu  has  existed  for  many  years  in  Hiipeh  province  under 
the  title  of  ^  ^  ^  ^  Ts'un"  Ku'  Hsiielr  T'ang-  (compare 
also  No.  621bJ. 

EXAMINATIONS  AND  LITERARY  DEGREES. 

628.  It  has  already  been  mentioned  (see  No.  574)  that 
the  occupancy  of  public  posts  in  China  was  dependent — until  a 
short  time  ago — upon  the  possession  of  literar}-  degrees  (of 
Metropolitan  Graduate,  Provincial  Graduate  or  Licentiate — 
with  their  various  gradations).  These  degrees  were  obtained  at 
^  W^  t'^'ao^  Shih*,  Examinations,  of  three  kinds:  I.  ^  g^ 
Hsiang^  Shih',  Provincial  Examinations  (held,  as  a  rule, 
triennially,  in  the  autumn,  at  the  provincial  capital),  followed  by 
2       ^  ^     Hui^     Shih*,     Metropolitan    Examination     (held    at 

[     266     ] 


PREStXT     DAY     roLITlCAl,     C)U(;  ANIZ  AT  I  <  )\     OF     CHINA. 

Pekinp:  the  followino-  spring),  and  .").  |fjj  jji^  Tien^  Shih',  Palace 
Kxanuiiation  (following-  immediately  after  the  Metropolitan 
Examination),  after  which  the  award  of  final  degrees  was  made. 
Also,  there  were  special  examinations — in  celebration  of 
anspicious  pnblic  events — styled  j3^  jjj^  Kn'  Shih',  Examinations 
held  bv  Imperial  Favour.  The  Provincial  and  Metropolitan 
Graduates  were  respectively  styled  f^  K'o^  and  i\i  C'hia^  (the 
combination  of  the  two  terms  ^3f  t|3  K'o^  Chia-',  commonly 
meant  ''(iradnate"). 

On  the  2nd  September,  I90o,  following  a  Memorial  from 
^  in:  SH  ^'i'a"^  Shih^-k'ai^  ex-Governor-General  of  Chihli.  an 
imperial  Decree  was  promnlgated  recognizing  that  the  system 
of  conqtetition  for  literary  degrees  was  effete — as  events  had 
shown — and  directing  its  abolition  from  the  year  190G.  At  the 
same  time  the  various  Governors-Cjieneral  and  Governors  were 
iii-t.iicted  to  take  steps  towards  increasing  the  number  of 
schools — the  completion  of  the  courses  of  these  to  replace  the 
competitive  examinations  as  a  means  of  olitaining  the  various 
iiterai-v  degrees.  However,  as  a  special  case  {arr  report  of 
the  Connnittee  of  Ministers,  dated  the  lOtii  March,  1906) 
permission  has  been  granted  for  holding  the  examinations  m 
1909  and  1 !»]  2  for  the  degrees  of  ^-  i'[;  ^  Pii"  Kuug'  Shcngi 
and  @  i'i  ^  Vii'  Knng'  Slang'  Lsrc  No.  G29a). 

At  present,  a  transitory  period,  tlic  1  light  r  Schools 
(previous  to  1909)  and,  furthermore,  the  University — cunipletion 
of  the  courses  of  which  serves  as  a  means  of  attaining  the  highest 
litcrarv  decrees — having  graduated  no  classes,  the  acquisition  of 
deirrees  is  i)0.<5sibh}  (>id\-  to  those  who  lia\c  lictn  educated 
jihioad — after  passing;  examinations  at  the  .Mini-try  ol  I'Mucation 
an<l  at  the  I'alace  (ner  Nos.  G'M)  and  «i.VJ(    to  O.Vjk). 

All  who  attained  literarx  (h'p,'roe8  previou.s  to  the  pronudgation 
of  the  l-Mict  (of  190.J)  mentioned  above  liaxe  been  <lirected,  with 
a    view    to    the    advuncemeut    of    their    education,    to    join    the 


FRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


4 


629       fir  ^  ft    Shih*   Hsiieh^  Kuan'  {see  Nos.   595   and   5 95 a),   the 
to        xi  ±  It  C!liin4  Shih^  Kuan=*  {see  No.  596)  or  the  ^  ^  |t  K'o 
629a      Li\Kuan^  (see  Nos.  597  and  597a). 

629.  By  the  old  system  of  examinations,  abolished  by  the 
Decree  of  the  2nd  September,  1905  {see  No.  628),  a  person 
wishing  to  obtain  the  first  literary  degree  ff  "^  Hsiu*  Ts'ai^  {see 
No.  629a) — such  a  person  was  designated  as  j^  ^  Chiin*  Hsiu*, 
had  first  to  pass  an  examination  before  the  Magistrate  of  his 
district.  A  certificate  of  merit  from  the  Magistrate  enabled  the 
candidate  for  literary  honours  to  style  himself  ^  ^  T'mig^ 
Sheng^,  Avhich  may  be  taken  as  equivalent  to  "  Student." 

The  candidate  ranking  first  on  the  Magistrate's  list  received 
the  distinguishing  title  of  ^  |^  An^  Shou'. 

629a.  ^  ^  Hsiu^  Ts'ai',  Licentiate;  the  first  literary 
degree  (literary  designation,  ^  ^  Shtnig^  Yiian^).  This 
degree  was  awarded  by  the  Literary  Chancellor  {see  No.  827a) 
at  examinations  held  in  prefectural  cities  (the  highest  candidate 
on  the  list  also  received  the  title  ^  ^  An^  Shou' ;  compare  No. 
629).  The  successful  candidates  were  divided  into  two  groups: 
P^  ^  Fu'*  Sheng^,  Licentiates  of  the  First  Class,  and  i^  ^ 
Tseng^  Sheng^  Licentiates  of  the  Second  Class.  Also,  the 
highest  candidates  were  granted  ^  *X,  Kao^  Huo',  Government 
Stipends,  and  for  this  reason  they  Avere  known  as  /^  ^  Lin' 
Sheng^  or  ^.  J3§  ^  Lin^  Shan^  Sheng\  Stipendiaries. 

The  Licentiates  as  a  whole  were  known  generally  as  "^  G^ 
Kung-*  Sheng^,  Senior  Licentiates,  /.,?.,  L  ,^,  "^  ^  Kn^  Kung* 
Sheng',  Senior  Licentiates  by  Imperial  Favour  —  lia\ing 
passed  at  one  of  the  so-called   ^^  g^  En'   Shih*  {see  No.  628), 

2-  ^  M  ^  ^^^  Kimg*  Sheng\  Senior  Licentiates  of  the  First 
Class — having  passed  at   the   examination  held  every   12  years, 

3-  S'J  %  ^  Fu*  Kung^  Shengi,  or  ^  ^  ^  Sui^  Kung* 
ShC'ng\  Senioi-  Licentiate  of  the  Second  Class — senior  by  virtue 
of  the  dnA,e  of  their  success  at  the  examination  or  because  of 

[     2G8     ] 


PKKSENT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CUIN'A. 


their  age;   Unsalaried  Licentiates,  and  4.     ^^  "^  ^  Yu*  Kunt^*      629b 
Sh»'nt»%    Senior    Licentiates   of   the   Third    Class — those   having 
shown    noteworthy     achievements    at    the    regular    examination. 
Also,  Licentiates  of    the    Fust  Class  (Fu*   Sheng' ;   see  abc->  f 
might    obtain    the    degree   of    |^  ^  ^    Fu^    Kung*   Sheng^   by 
purchase. 

629b.  ^  \  Chii'  Jen^  (literary  designation,  ^  ^ 
Hsiao*  Lien-),  Provincial  Graduate  (Bachelor  of  Arts);  the 
second  literary  degree ;  conferred  at  the  so-called  ^  ^  Hsiang^ 
Shih^  {see  No.  628)  by  the  JE  ^  "U  Cheng*  K'ao'  Kuan^ 
(literary  designation,  ;^  ^  ^  Ta*  Tsung'  Ts'ai- ;  ordinary 
designation,  -^  ^^  Ta*  Chu^  K'ao'),  Examiner  appointed  from 
Peking. 

Of  some  ten  to  twelve  thousand  competitors,  commonly 
described  as  J[;  ^  8hih*  Tzu',  Scholars,  barely  three  hundred  at 
the  utmost  received  degrees.  The  successful  candidates,  whose 
names  appeared  in  au  official  list  styled  jj|  J^  \^)  Lung*  Hu'^ 
Pang^  were  said  to  have  r|4  ^  Chung'  Chii^  Attained  a  Degree, 
and  were  thenceforth  known  as  ^  \  Chu^  Jen*,  Promoted  Men. 

In  addition  to  the  list  of  successful  scholars,  about  foity 
candidates,  whose  showing  was  adjudged  as  scarcely  inferior  to 
their  successful  companions,  Avere  enrolled  in  a  secondary  list, 
styled  glj  ^  Fu'  Pang^,  a  description  of  proxime  accessit,  their 
names  in  this  manner  securing  the  honour  of  publicity  although 
they  failed  to  secure  the  degree. 

The  first  on  the  list  of  gi-aduates  received  the  honorary  title 
^^  ^  TC  ^  I'ieh*  Yiian',  the  following  fouv  weie  styled  jjtg  564 
C'hing'  Iv'uei^,  while  the  next  thirteen  received  the  designation 
^  K'uei'  or  ^  Jfj/j;  Jlsiang'  K'uei'.  Finally,  the  degree  of  .4ji  \ 
Chii'  Jen',  was  sometimes  bestowed  as  an  honorary  reward  upon 
candidates  over  HO  or  UO  years  of  ag«^  who  had  presented 
themselves  at  successive  examinations  without  success — on  tl>f>  • 
com[)lying  with  cfrtain  specitied  rcfjuin-ments. 

[      2G'»       , 


•PKESENT    DAY    POLITJCAh    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

629c  629c.     i^±  Chin^  Shih^  Metropolitan  Graduate  (Doctor); 

the  third  and  highest  literary  degree ;  conferred  at  the  ^  ^ 
Hui*  Shih"  (see  IS'o.  628)  following  a  ^  |^  Fu*  Shih\  Test 
Examination.  Those  proving  successful  at  this  examination 
(usually  some  three  hundred  and  twenty-five  to  three  hundred 
and  fifty  out  of  six  thousand  competitors)  were  known  by  the 
general  designation  of  ^  j^  Kung*  Shih"*.  Some  were 
distinguished  further,  i.e.  the  first  as  ^  ^C  Hui*  Yiian^,  the 
second  to  the  fifth  as  ^^^  '1^  ( 'hing^  K'uei",  and  the  sixth  to  the 
thirteenth  as  ^  J^  Hui*  K'uei^.  The  degree  of  Chin*  Shih"* 
was  hestowed  only,  after  the  so-called  ^  ^  Tien*  Shih'*  (see  No. 
628),  Palace  Examination.  The  essays  composed  at  this 
examination  were  scrutinized  and  classified  by  a  special 
committee  of  Imperial  Revisers,  called  f^  :^  ;^  ^,  Yiieh'*  Chiian* 
Ta^  -Ch'en-,  and  the  confirmation  of  the  degree  Avas  made  after 
the  pj\  ^  Ch'ao^  K'ao',  Court  Examination,  at  which  the  theme 
of  the  essay  to  be  composed  Avas  selected  by  the  Emperor  himself. 
The  exaiwinations  completed,  the  successful  scholars  Avere 
received  in  audience  by  the  Emperor  and  those  highest  on  the 
list  received  various  posts  at  the  National  "Academy  (sec  supra); 
the  others  Avere  given  appointme)its  either  to  provincial  posts — 
District  Magistrate — or  to  minor  positions  in  the  Six  Boards  at 
Peking  or  the  Grand  Secretariat. 

The  scholar  ranking  first  among  the  Metropolitan  Graduates 
received  the  title  of  ^j(;  j{;^  Chuang*  Ytian^  The  recipient  of 
this,  the  highest  literary  aAvard,  attained  the  rank  of  fl^  t|| 
Hsiu'  Chuan*  (see  No.  200a)..  The  graduate  ranking  second  in 
order  of  merit  at  the  Court  Examination  received  the  title  of 
^^  fl  Pang-  Yen2  and  the  third  that  of  ^f  :j^  T'an*  Hua^;  both 
these  ci.ndidates  were  invested  Avith  the  rank  of  f^  (i^  Pien^ 
Hsiu-  (see  No.  200b),  The  three  graduates  mentioned  made  up 
the  —  ^^  r  Chia^  First  Class,  of  the  year  and  Avere  styled 
li  ±  J>C  Ig  Chin*  Shih*  Chi^  Ti^ 

[      270     ] 


PRESENT     DAY     rOMTICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CHINA. 


Those  rirvafluatincr  highest   in  the  Second  Class,  H  fjl  Krh^      629n 
'Chia',    at    the    Court  Examination   received   the   title   of   f^  gj^         ^O 
Ch'uan-    Lu-   and   were  invested  with  the  rank  of  ;f^  ^  Chien-*       ^r^- 
T'ao'  (see  No,  200f)  ;  -the  remainder  of  this  class   received   the 
title  of   ii  ±  ili  ^  Chin^   Shih*  Ch'u'   Shen^  and  the  rank  of 
B  ili  ±  Shu*  Chi=^  Shih'  {see  No.  201). 

(^f  the  graduates  of  the  third  and  last  class,  designated  hy 
the  general  name  oi  ^  )g  ±  ^  i^  T'ung^  Chin^  Shih'  Ch'u> 
Shen';  the  higlust  received  the  rank  of  1^;  §  ±  Shu*  Chi''  Shih* 
(.nv<?  No.  201)  and  Avere  attached  to  the  National  Academy,  the 
othei*s  were  known  simply  as  Chin  Shih  and  received  appointments 
in  the  various  offices  at  Peking  and  in  the  provinces. 

629n.  Examinations  for  military  degrees  followed  a 
preciselv  simihu-  course  and  gave  access  to  the  same  degrees  as 
did  tho.-c  for  the  ciA  il  career,  with  the  exception  that  the 
charax'ter  ^^  \Vu^  (Military)  was  prefixed  (for  instance,  5^  ^4  A 
Wu^  Chii^  .Kn-,  or  ^l  ]it  ±  Wu"'  Chin*  Shih').  These  were 
aholished  hy  I:n]jerial  Edict  of  29th  August,  1901. 

629e.  On  Manchus  competing  in  the  examinations,  employ- 
ing their  own  language  rather  than  ( "hinese,  there  were  conferred 
the  degrees  mentioned  above  with  the  distinguishing  term  ^^  ^ 
Fan'  1'  prefixed  (for  instance,  -^  ,f^  \g  ±  Fan'   1'  Chin'  Shih*). 

fi30.  Since  the  aholition  of  the  old  system  of  examinations 
(.see  No.  G2H)  there  is  (tperating  what  may  \h)  considered  n 
transitory  svgtcin  accordinu:  to  which  students  wlut  have  completed 
tlicir  education  ahroad  aie  recpiircMl  to  undergo,  on  theii-  return 
to  I'cking,  examinations  of  thiee  grades  (for  details  see  Nos. 
f»o2c  to  ()')2k},  following  which,  (lei>endent  on  liie  literary  degree 
attaineil,  they  receive  various  appointments. 

6:n.  The  Imj^eria!  Deprive  ..f  the  2nd  Septenil.er,  190.'* 
(</•(?  No.  r,2H>,  touching  the  sclio  .1  regulations  of  1!M);{, 
introduced   a    now    system   of   com])etition    for    litnnrv    d(•.r,■,.o^, 

[      -'71      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


directing  their  bestowal  on  students  completing  the   courses  of 
the  various  types  of  schools  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 

There  are  five  distinct  examinations  held  at  the  schools  : 

1.  W^     ff^    ^    ^     Lin»    Shih^    K'ao^    Shih^    Periodic 
Examination  (once  a  month), 

2.  ^   M    ^    U    Hsiieh2    Ch'ii   K'ao^  '  Shih%    Semestral 
Examination  (held  twice  a  year),  and 

3.  ^  ^  ^  ^  Hsiieh^  Nien^  K'ao^^  ShihS  Annual 
Examination. 

The  above-mentioned  examinations  are  carried  on  by  the 
administration  of  the  school  concerned. 

4.  ^  ^^^  Pi^  Yeh*  K'ao'  Shih^  Final  Examination, 
and 

5.  ^  ^^M  Shengi  Hsiieh-  K'ao^  ShihS  Examination 
for  Advancement  to  a  School  of  Higher  Grading. 

The    two    last-mentioned    examniations   are  carried  on — at 
.  Peking — by  officials  deputed  by  the  Ministry  of  Education  and — 
in    the    provinces — by    deputies    of    the    Governor-General    or 
Goveraor. 

At  all  examinations  the  "  one  hundred  mark  total  "  is  used. 
Conforming  to  the  percentages  received  in  the  examinations 
students  are  arranged  according  to  five  ratings  :  1.  Wi  i'M.  ^ 
Tsui*  IV  Teng^  Excellent  (80  to  100^,  2.  ff  ^  Yu^  Teng^, 
Good  (60  to  80),  3.  ^  ^  Chimgi  Teng^,  Satisfactory  (40  to 
60),  4.  ~f  ^  Hsia>  Teng^  Unsatisfactory  (20  to  40),  and  5. 
:^  T  ^  Tsui*  Hsia*  Teng^  Very  Poor  (1  to  20). 

Dependent  on  the  tyjje  of  school  and  on  the  attainments  of 
the  candidates  at  the  final  examinations,  the  folloAving  degrees 
are  conferred  (in  ascending  scale)  :  1.  f t  ^  P  Sheng\  2. 
m  ±  Fu*  ShengS  3.  if  ^  Tscng^  ShengS  4.  jg  ^  Lin^ 
ShOngS  5.-  ff  /^  ^  Yu'  Lin^  Sheng\  6.  -^  %  Sui'  Kung*, 
7.  ff  ;^  Yu'  Kung*,  8.  ^  ^  Pa-  Kung*,  9.  ^  ^ 
Kung*   Sh^ng',    10.     g|J  ;^  Fu*  Pang^,   11.     ||i  A  <^~i^ii'  Je^S 

r     272     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

and  12.      ]g±    Chin^   Shih^  (of  two  grades,  i.e.  Ir]  it  ±  ffi  ^^       632 
T'ung=  Chin*  Shih*   Ch'u^  Slieu'  and    ig  ±  Q^i  ^   Chin'  Shili'        ^o 

Ch'u^  Sheu').  636 \ 

For  particulars  as  to  which  schools  appertain  the  various 
degrees  see  the  descriptions  of  the  se     ral  types  of  schools. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  SCHOOLS. 

632.  ^  JM  Tsung^  Li^  Curator;  at  the  head  of  the  College 
of  Law  and  Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles  (see  No.  622a). 
This  post  is  held  by  a  Prince  or  High  Ofpcial  of  the  Empire. 

'632a.  m  l/jf  Tsung^  Pan*,  Curator  ;  formerly  at  the  head 
of  the  Military  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles.  This  post  is  now 
aboli.shed  (sec  No.  713a). 

633.  i^c^llS^l^  Ta*  Hsueh'  Tsung^  Chien^  Tu\  Rector  of 
the  University;  3a,  at  the  head  of  the  University  (see  No.  593). 

634.  i^^  ^}  ^  ^"M  Ta*  Hsiieh''  Fen^  K'o^  Chleni 
Tu',  De[)artment  Dean  ;  at  the  head  of  the  Faculty  of  a 
Department  of  the  University  (see  No.  593)  ;  directly  subordinate 
to  the  Rector  of  the  University  (sec  No.  633). 

635.  ^  '"^  ("liien'  Tu',  Director.  This  official  is  found  at 
Middle  and  Higher  Schools  (see  Nos.  5H2  and  583a),  Middle 
and  Higher  Professional  Schools  (see  No.  598),  Normal  Schools 
of  Lower  (5te  No.  618a)  and  Higher  (see  No.  618u)  Grades, 
College  of  Law  and  Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles  (see 
No.  622a),  Colleges  of  Law  and  Administration,  at  Peking  (see 
No.  623;  and  in  the  province  (see  No.  623a  ),  College  of  Law 
(see  No.  624),  College  of  Interpreters  (see  No.  625),  Colleges  of 
Languages  (see  No.  626),  College  (rf  .Mandm  and  Mongolian 
Languages  («<?<?  No.  627 \   ^'ollegc;   of    History    aii.l    Philology  at 

'Ch'iifi.  (see  No.  627a),  etc.      He  is  the  direct  and  administrative 
chief  of  these  institutions. 

635a.  ^  ii  Hsiao'  ("liang',  Director  ;  at  Primary  Schools 
of  both  grades  (see  No.  577b)  and  at  Lower  ProfcHsional  Schools 

(tee  No.  598). 

[     273     ] 

IK 


niESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


639 


635b  635b.     ^  Jl   T'ang'  Chang^   Head  Mistress ;  at  Female 

tQ        Primary  Schools  of  both  grades  {see  No.  578). 

635c.     >J>  ^  ^j|  ^  'b*  Hsiao^   Hsiieh^  Pan*   Shih*    Kuan^ 
and  1^1  ^'^]%'i^'^  Chimg^  Hsueh^  Pan*  Shih''  Kuan',  Inspector 
ol"  Primary  School  and  Director  of   Middle   School  at   Normal' 
Schools,  of  the  lower  {see  No.  618a)  and  higher  {see   No.   618b)  • 
grades. 

636.  iS:  f^  Ji  H  Chiao*  Wu*  T'i"  Tiao*  or  ^  f^  ^ 
Chiao*  Wu"*  Chang',  Preceptor.  With  the  first  title,  this  official 
is  found  at  the  Univ^ersity  {see  No.  593)  and  at  the  College  of 
Interpreters  (see  No.  625)  and,  with  the  second  title,  at  Higher 
Schools  (si?e  No.  583a),  Higher  Professional  Schools  (5<?e  No.  598) 
and  Higher  Special  Schools.  At  the  University  he  is  subordinated 
to  the  Dean  ;  at  other  schools  to  the  Director  {see  No.  635). 

637.  JE  IJC  M  Cheng*  Chiao*  YiianS  Professor  (at  the 
University  ;  see  No.  593).  At  other  schools  :  IE  ^i  M  ^'^^cng* 
Chiao*  Yuan',  f^^  Chiao*  Yiian^,  or  fji^  Chiao*  Hsi^  Teacher. 

Professors  ai*e  subordinated  to  the  Preceptor  {see  Nos.  593 
and  636).  Teachers  are  subordinated — at  Higher  Schools, 
Higher  Professional  Schools,  Higher  Normal  Schools  and  Higher 
Special  Schools — to  the  Preceptor  {see  No.  636)  and — at  other 
schools — directly  to  the  Director  {see  No.  635)  ;  at  the  College  of 
Law  and  Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles  {see  No.  G22a) 
and  at  the  Military  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles  {see  No.  7.13a) 
they  are  subordinated  to  the  Preceptor  {see  No.  649). 

638.  gj)  ^  ^  Fu*  Chiao*  Yiian^,  Assistant  Professor  (at 
the  University  ;  see  No.  598).  At  other  schools  :  glj  f^  j^  Fu* 
Chiao*  Yiian^  or  Djj  ^  Chu*  Chiao*,  Assistant  Teacher.  Subor- 
dinated to  the  Preceptor  {see  No.  636)  or,  there  being  no 
Preceptor,  to  the  Director  {see  No.  635 ;  compare  also  No.  637). 

639.  ^^  Chang'  Shu'  or  ^^'g*  Chang'  Shu'  Ku  .',  Libra- 
rian; subordinated  to  the  Preceptor  {see  No.  636)  or,  there  being 
no  Preceptor,  to  the  Director  {see  No.  635;  compare  also  No.  637). 

[     2H     ] 


FKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

639a.      p]  ^  ^    Ssu'    Shu^     Yiian',     Librarian  ;     at     tlie      639a 
^Military  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles  {sae  No.   713a);  subor-        ^q 
dinated  to  the  Preceptor  (see  No.  649).  ft4.'^B 

640.  ^  ^  ■'B'  Knan^  K'o^  Kuan',  Tutor  ;  subordinated,  at 
the  College  of  Law  and  Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles 
(see  No.  622a),  to  the  Preceptor  (see  No.  649),  and,  at  the 
College  of  Law  and  Administration  at  Peking  (see  No.  623)  to 
the  Preceptor  (see  No.  636). 

641.  B.BMsJ^  Sli"*  ^^^ii'  T'i'^  TiaoS  Steward  ;  at  the 
University  {sc'C  No.  593)  and  at  the  ('ollege  of  Interpreters  (see 
No.  625).  ^.  igf  ^  Shu<  Wu*  Chang^  Steward  ;  at  Primary 
"Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade,  Higher  Schools,  etc.  ^,  ^  ^ 
Shu*  Wu*  Yiian^  or  B  B^  ^  Shu*  \Vu*  Wei^  YiianS 
'Steward  ;  at  other  schools. 

The  Steward  is  subordinated,  at  the  University  {sec  No. 
593),  to  the  Dean  (sec  No.  634)  and,  at  other  schools,  to  the 
Director  {see  No.  635). 

642.  ^:  ^  AVen2  An*,  also  ^  ^  'g'  Wen=  An*  Kuan'  or 
^  ^  fl  ^^  eir  An*  Yiian^,  Secretary  ;  at  the  University,  Higher 
and  Middle  Schools  and  schools  of  corresponding  grades; 
subordinated  to  the  Steward  (see  No.  641). 

642a.  mgeit  ''^I'u'  Chi*  Kuan',  Secretary  ;  at  the  College 
of  Law  and  Afiniinistration  for  Princes  and  Nobles  (see  No.  622a). 

643.  <5-  Ifj-  Hiii^  Chi*,  also  ^  gj-  'a*  ^^"''  <'l'i*  Kuan',  or 
Q"  ill'  ^  Ilui'  CJii^  Yiian^,  Accountant:  a(  the  University, 
Higher  and  Middle  Schools  and  schools  of  eorres{)ondinp  grades; 
subordinated  to  the  Steward  (see  No.  641). 

643a.  iJX  ^  '^  Shou'  Chih'  Kuan",  Treasurer,  ^^ith  duties 
of  Accountant  (.sec  No.  643)  ;  at  the  College  of  Interj)roters  (see 
No.  625)  and  at  the  Military  School  for  Trinces  and  Nobles  (sec 
No.  713a). 

643ii.     ^  Ulf^  '{■;    Cliili'    Viiig'    Kium',   AsBislant   Treasurer 

•  {sec    No.    643a);   at   the  Mihtary  S<'ho«>l  for   Princes  and  Nobles 

.(ice  No.  713a). 

[     -^7.0     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


660 


644  644.     ii  a  t  Tsa^   Wu*  Kuan^   or  H  ^  M  '^^^'    Wii* 

to  Yiian^  Clerk  of  Works  ;  at  the  University  and  Higher  Schools 
and  schools  of  corresponding  grade  ;  subordinated  to  the  Steward 
(see  No.  641). 

645.  ^^  ^M  Chai*  Shc^  T'i^  Tiao*  (at  the  University), 
^  ^  ^  Chai*  She*  ChangS  ^B  ^  Chai*  \Vu*  Chang^  or 
^  ^  ^  M  Chai*  Wu*  Wei^  Yiian-  (at  other  schools — where 
there  are  dormitories) — Inspector  of  Dormitories  ;  subordinated, 
at  the  University  (see  No,  593),  to  the  Dean  (see  No.  643),  and, 
at  other  schools,  to  the  Director  (see  No.  635)  ;  appointed  from 
the  ranks  of  Professors  or  Teachers  (see  No.  637). 

646.  ^  Jp  'g*  Chien^  Hsueh^  Kuan'  or  ^  ^  M.  Chien' 
Hsiieh'  Yiian^,  Proctor  ;  at  the  University  and  Higher  Schools 
and  schools  of  corresponding  grade ;  subordinated' to  the  Inspector 
of  Dormitories ;  appointed  from  the  ranks  of  Professors  or 
Teachers  (see  No.  637). 

647.  W.^*^  <^liien3  Ch'a'  Kuan^  or  ^  ^  fl.  Chien' 
Ch'a''  Yiian^,  Assistant  Inspector  of  Doimitories  ;  at  the  Univer- 
sity and  Higher  Schools  and  schools  of  the  corresponding  grade  ; 
subordinated  to  the  Inspector  of  Dormitories  (see  No.  645). 

648.  ^  ^  'g'  Wei*  Shcngi  KuanS  Health  Officer  ;  at  the 
University  (see  No.  593) ;  subordinated  to  the  Inspector  of 
Dormitories  (see  No.  645);  appointed  from  the  ranks  of  Professors 
of  the  Departments  of  Medicine,  Agriculture  or  Polytechnics. 

649.  ^  1^  T'i2  TiaoS  Preceptor  ;  at  the  College  of  Law 
and  Administration  for  Princes  and  Nobles  (see  No.  622a)  and 
at  the  ^Military  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles  (sec  No.  713a). 
This  official  performs  the  duties  of  Preceptor  (sec  No.  636)  and 
Steward  Cs<'c  No.  641)  and  assists  the  Director. 

650.  -g  ^  Ssu'  Shih*  or  m^"^  Ssu'  Shih*  Kuan', 
Secretary  ;  at  Primary  Schools  of  both  grades  (see  No.  577b). 
and  at  the  Customs  College  [see  No.  252);  subordinated  to  the 
Director  (see  No.  635). 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


651.     Scheme  of  gi*adation  of  schools  of  various  types 


661 


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[     277     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

663 
+^  CHINESE  STUDENTS  ABROAD. 

to 

6^2'^  652.     ^  m-B  ^  Wf  ^  ±  ^  "^  M   Kuair'  LP  Jih*  Pen^ 

Yu^  llsiieh*  Sheng^  Cliien'  Tu^  Cli'u*,  Inspectorate  of  Chinese 
Students  in  Japan  ;  at  the  Chinese  Legation  at  Tokyo. 
At  the  head  of  the  Inspectorate  is  a  ^  ^  Chien^  Tu^, 
Controller,  appointed  from  the  Legation  Secreta.ries,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  Chinese  Minister  at  Tokyo,  by  the 
^linistry  of  Education. 

The  Inspectorate  is  arranged  in  four  sections  or  depart- 
ments : 

1-     B.B^  Shu^  Wu'  K'o\  Section  of  General  Affairs, 

2.  •§•  It  f^  Hui''  (K'nai"*)  Chi*  K'o^,  Section  of  Accounts, 

3.  ^  ){^  ^!\  Wen^  Tu^K'o\  Section  of  Correspondence,  and 

4.  j§  ^  fij-  T'luig^  I*  K'o^,  Translating  (Interpreting) 
Section. 

Each  Section  is  under  the  control  of  jfj[  ^  K't>^  Chang^, 
Section  Chiefs,  who  are  assisted  by  two  or  three  ^3^  ^  K'o^ 
Yiian^,  Secretaries. 

At  the  Inspectorate  there  is  also  a  ^  f ^  ^  Pien^  Pao*  So', 
Office  for  Compilation  of  Reports,  under  a  ^  J]|  j^  Kuan'''  Li' 
Yiian^,  Superintendent,  where  official  reports,  giving  necessary 
information  as  to  the  Chinese  students  in  Ja}^an,  arrangements 
for  their  education,  etc.,  are  compiled,  and  ten  |^  |^  ^  Tzu^ 
I*  Yiian'',  Consulting  Experts,  appointed,  on  the  recommendation 
of  the  Controller,  by  the  Minister. 

652a.  ^  H  ^  f^  j^  Yu^  Mei^  Hsiieh'^  Wu*  Cl.'uS  Office 
for  Selection  of  Students  for  America;  established  in  1909  at 
Peking.  This  Office  is  under  the  control  of  the  Ministries  of 
Foreign  Affiiirs  and  of  Education.  Undei-  the  control  of  the 
Office  there  is  the  ^  ^-  P  ^  |f  Yu^  Mei^  I*  Yeh*  Kuan^ 
Preparatory  CDllege,  from  which  students  are  selected  for 
despatch  to  America. 

[     278     ] 


PliESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CHINA. 

Bv    an    agreement     between     the     Chinese    and    American       652b 
Governments,  dated    1908,   the  former  bonnd  itself  to  despatch,         tO 
yearly,  for  four  years  (beginning  from    1909),   100  students  to      5520 
America  :  thereafter  50  men  are  to  be  sent  yearly. 

The  control  of   Chinese    students    in    America    as    regards  _ 

allotment  to  various  schools,  etc.,  rests  with  a  specially  ap])ointed 
^  ^  Chien"'  Tu\  Controller. 

6o2b.  ^  Ji'\  il  ^  ^  ^  #  Ou>  Chou^  Yu2  Hsiieh'^  IShengi 
Chien'  Tu\  Controller  of  Chinese  Students  in  Europe  ;  this  post 
was  established  in  1907  with  a  view  to  control  of  all  Chinese 
students  in  Europe.  Practice  having  shown  the  unsuitability  of 
the  system  of  control,  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Educa- 
tion (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  7th  November,  1909), 
arranged  for  the  appointment  of  five  Controllers,  to  reside  in 
England,  France,  Geniiany,  Russia  and  lielgium,  and  be 
subordinated  to  the  Chinese  Ministers  at  London,  l*aris,  J5erlin, 
St.  Petersburg  and  Brussels  respectively. 

Regulations  relating  to  the  control  of  students  in  Europe, 
similar  to  those  for  students  in  Japan,  are  to  be  later  drawn  uj) 
(sec  Xo,  652). 

652c.  Having  stiVdied  abroad  for  a  period  of  not  less  than 
three  years,  possessing  a  diploma  from  a  Middle  Scliool,  or  for 
a  period  of  not  less  than  four  year,  possessing  no  diploma,  and 
having  Huccessfuliy  completed  the  com-se  of  study  of  Govcrmnetit 
Pniversities  or  of  Special  Higher  Schools,  (/hinese  students  on 
their  return  to  Peking  are  called  upon  to  undergo  examinations 
f)f  thrcr-  -types:  1.  5^  §^'  Chen'  Lu',  Test  Examination,  2. 
JEUk  ^  ,lA  ('heng^  Ch'ang*  K'ao'  Shih',  Ministerial  Kxamina- 
tion,  and  .'>.      4£  ,i4,  T'iiig'  Shih*,  Examination  at  the  Palace. 

6521).  TIk-  Test  Examination  is  held  at  the  Mini>lry  of 
I'.ducatiiMj  and  consists  of  foreign  languages  and  .subjfcts  of 
gciK  III  education.  ( )ii  sati.'<fa<'tory  coniplcti(»n  of  t liis  examina- 
tion students  are  admitted  to  the  Ministerial  Kxamination. 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

652k  652b.     At    the    Ministerial   Examination    {see    No.    652c) 

^Q  there  are  set  three  examination  papers,  i.e.  one  of  foreign 
fift2F  languages  and  two  of  selected  special  educational  subjects. 
Those  proving  successful  at  this  examination  are  arranged,  in 
order  of  merit,  in  three  classes:  1.  ^  f^  ^  Tsui*  Yu^  Teng', 
Excellent,  2.  f§  ^  Yu^  Teng^  Good,  and  3.  t\i  ^  Chung^ 
Teng^,  Satisfactory. 

Those  attaining  the  grade  of  "excellent"  receive  the  degree 
^f  xM  it  Chin^  Sliih'*,  Doctor,  and  those  gi-aded  as  "good"  or 
"satisfactory"  receive  the  degre'e  of  ^  ^  Chii'  Jen^,  Bachelor. 

The  candidates  at  the  examination  themselves  select  the 
special  education  in  which  they  wish  to  be  examined.  The  list  of 
special  subjects  nimibers  seven  :  I.  ^^  i^  f '-j-  Ea*  Cheng"*  K'o^, 
Legal  and  Administrative  Subjects,  2.  ^  ^i|-  I^  K'o^,  Medicine, 
3.  j^  Jflj-  Nung2  K'o.\  Agriculture,  4.  X  ^[  Kung^  K'oS 
Polytechnics,  5.  ^  |^  ^^  Ko^  Chili"  K'oS  Natural  Sciences,  6. 
^  f ij-  Shang^  K'o^,  Commercial  Subjects  and  7.  ^  f^  ^\'en^ 
K*o^,  Literature.  The  literary  degree  attained  is  qualified  by 
the  speciality  examined  in  i.e.  tMi^  ^^  ^  A  ^""^^  Cheng*  K'o^ 
Chii'  Jen'^,  Bachelor  of  Law  and  Administration,  or  ^  f;{-  j^  ^ 
V  K'o^  Chin*  Shih',  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

The  final  confirmation  of  literary  degrees  is  made  only 
after  the  examination  at  the  Palace  {see  No.  652c),  which  takes 
place  in  the  f^  fj]  ^  Pao^  Ho^  Tien*,  with  Princes  and  High 
Officials  of  the  Empire  as  the  examiners. 

652f.  The  Ministerial  Examination  is  held  yearly,  in  the 
8th  moon,  and  is  carried  on  by  the  officials  following  : 

^-  i  1^  H*  Chu^  Shih*  Kuan^,  Chief  Examiners  (number 
indefinite) ;  su])ervise  the  preparation  of  examination  papers  and 
their  subsequent  mai'king, 

2-  ^  t^  'B*  Hsiang^  Chiao*  Kuan\  Assistant  Examiners 
(the  number  of  these  depends  on  the  number  of  candidates  to  be 
examined). 

[      '2H0      ] 


rilESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CIIIXA. 


3-      Sa  ^TO  '§'    Chien^    Liir    Kuan',    Supervisors;    charged       053 
Avitli    the    supervision     and     control     of     candidates    vc\n\e    the 
examination  is  in  progress  and  assist  in  compiling  the  examination 
marks. 

■i-     i^   i«1    ^     T'i'     Tiao-"      KuanS     Proctors  ;    distribute 
examination  papers   and  maintain  order  in  the  examination  hall 
etc. 

•5-     B  B  ^  Shu^  Wu*  Kuan',  Stewards. 

6-  i&W-"^  Shou^  Chang'  Kuan\  Collectors  ;  receive 
completed  examination  papers  (marked  Avith  secret  designations) 
from  the  candidates  and  hand  same  to  the  Examiners. 

"•  ?^  ^it  'B*  ^^i'  Feng^  Kuan\  Sealers  of  Examinations  ; 
seal  the  examination  papers  of  candidates  with  a  secret  designa- 
tion— on  the  first  page. 

^-  ^  ^  'B*  Chien'  Ch'ang'  Kuan',  Inspectors;  watch 
that  no  aljiises  take  place  in  the  examination  hall. 

9-  1*1  ^  ^  rii  t^  ^  Nei^  Ch'ang'  Chien'  Shih^  Yu^ 
Shih*,  I'^xaminatlon  C'ensers ;  appointed  from  the  ranks  gf 
officials  of  the  Ministry  of  Education  to  keep  a  watch  for 
malpractices  on  the  part  of  the  above-enumerated  officials. 
Should  any  irregularities  be  detected  they  jn'csent  Memorials 
accusing  the  guilty  parties. 

0o3.  m  ^  ^.)]IJ  i^  ^  ^  I"i  ^  ^  ChMng'  Tao'  T'leh* 
I'leli*  Kao=  Teng'  C'huan'  Men'  Jlsiich'  T'ang',  Privileged 
Special  Higher  School  at  Tsingtau  ;  established  in  1909  at  the 
Initiative  of  tlu;  (ierinan  (Jovornment,  which  allotted  three 
hundred  thouj^and  marks  for  preliminiiiy  exi)enses  and  l)oiu)d 
itself  t(j  contribute  seventy  thousand  marks  yearly  towards  its 
upkeep — the  .Chinese  ffovernment  contributed  forty  thousand 
marks  as  preliminary  expenses  and  has  bound  itself  to  \y.iy  forty 
thousand  marks  yearly,  for  the  first  ten  years,  towards  Its 
maintenanc(t.  The  object  of  the  school  is  to  cnal)I<'  <  "iilncse  to 
receive  a  modern  education  in  their  native  land. 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


The  school  is  organized  into  two  sections  : 

1-  %iJmM  Yii'  Pei*  PanS  Preparatory,  or  W  B^W 
ii  ^  iff  Ch'ui  Chi^"  Hsi2  P'u^'  T'ung'  Hsiieh^  PanS  General 
Education  Section  ;  with  a  course  of  six  years.  For  this  section 
there  are  accepted  scholars  between  the  ages  of  13  and  15 
years,  who  have  completed  the  course  of  a  Primary  School  of  • 
the  Senior  Grade,  after  a  test  examination. 

2.  i^  ^  ^  Kao^  Teng^  Pan',  Higher  Section,  consisting- 
of  four  courses :  1.  f^  i^  f^  Fa"*  Cheng*  K'o\  Course  in  Law 
and  Administration,  2.  ^  f-'j-  I'  K'o\  Course  in  Medicine, 
3.  in  ^^  Kung^  K'o\  Course  in  Technology,  and  4.  ^  /^  f-j- 
Nung^  Lin^  K'o',  Course  in  Agriculture  and  Forestry.  Each  of 
these  courses  covers  three  years, — with  the  exception  of  the 
Course  in  Medicine,  which  is  made  up  of  a  four  years  course  at 
the  school  and  a  year  of  training,  immediately  after,  at  one  o£ 
the  city  hospitals.  For  the  Higher  Sectiori  there  are  accepted 
scholars  who  have  successfully  completed  the  Primary  Section 
course  of  study  and  after  a  test  examination,  scholars  possessing 
a  diplomas  from  a  Middle  School. 

At  the  head  of  the  Tsingtau  '^"hool  there  is  a  ^  ^ 
Chien^  Tu',  Director,  appointed  by  the  German  Government. 
This  official  is  charged  with  the  supreme  control  of  the  affairs 
of  the  school. 

For  the  supervision  of  the  instruction,  as  regards  its 
conformity  to  the  programme  of  education  of  Chinese  Govern- 
ment schools,  there  is  a  |^|!  f|  g  Tsung^  Chi^  Ch'a^  Chief 
Inspector,  appointed  by  the  Ministry  of  Education  and 
independent  of  the  Director, 

The  teachers  of  Chinese  are  appointed  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  the  Shantung  Commissioner  of  Education,  and  the 
local  fM  ^  IT  Shih^  Hsiieh^  Kuan',  Inspectors  of  Education 
have  the  right  of  supervision  of  the  school 

L     282     ]■ 


prksen;    day   political  organization  of  china. 


For  attendance  at  examinations  tlie  Ministry  of  Education       Q54 
tlepiites  a  special  official   who,  with  the  Director  and  the  Chief 
Insj)ector,  sijjns  diplomas  bestowed  on  graduates. 

(^n  completion  of  the  course  of  study  of  the  Tsingtau  School 
students  join  the  University  at  Peking  for  further  study  or  are 
appointed  to  yario.ns  Government  offices — according  to  their 
courses  of  study. 

At  the  school  there  has  been  established  a  ^  ^  j^  I^  Shu* 
Clul^,  Translating  Office,  for  the  translation  of  text  books  from 
German  into  Chinese. 

Regulations  for  the  school  at  Tsingtau,  in  18  articles,  were 
drawn  up  by  the  Ministry  of  Education  and  received  Imperial 
Sanction  on  the  14th  August,  1909. 

PUBLIC     LIBRARIES. 

60-4.  :^  ^ifj  1  iJ  It  Chingi  Shih^  Tmi-  8hu'  Kuan', 
Metropolitan  Public  Library  ;  established  in  accordance  witti  a 
Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Education,  sanctioned  by 
Imperial  Decree  of  the  8th  September,  1909,  not  only  for  old 
and  modern  Chinese  books  but  for  foreign  works  as  well.  By 
the  Decree  mentioned  it  was  directed  that  there  be  delivered  to 
the  Metropolitan  Library  :  1.  Old  plates  of  the  ^  'Sung*,  and 
the  tC  Yiian',  Dynasties,  kejjt  at  the  Grand  Secretariat,  2. 
"(ireat  Record"  of  the  Emperor  Yung^  Lo^  ij^  ^  -J^  1^  Yung* 
Lo*  Ta-  Tien\  from  the  National  Academy,  3.  A  full  collection 
of  l)Ooks  labelled  in  Chinese  l?H  j$  ^  fj  Ssu*  K'u^  Ch'iian' 
.*<ln.',  from  the  hall  ^  /|f  \^  Wcir  Chin'  Ko\  at  Pk  Jjil  .le'  HoS 
and  4.  All  the  works  previously  kept  at  the  jl!^  g*  il|  ^f  I'i' 
Shu*  Shan'  (Jhuang',  Sununer  Palace  at  .lehol. 

F(»r  the  libraiy  there  were  granted,  close  to  ihe 
l£\  J!^  ["1  T.?  Sh^ng*  Men'  gate  (see  No.  801  u),  two  plots  of 
lan<l    known   as  tf  %  M   Ching^    Yeh«   IIn»   and   jtl  M  ijipl   Hul* 

[     283     J 


ntESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


654a      T'ung^  Tz'u^,  belonging  to  the  Imperial  Household  and  under  the 
control  of  the  ^  M  ^U.  ^eug*  Ch'en^  Yiian'^  (see  No.  90). 

•The  general  supervision  of  the  library  appertains  to  the 
Ministry  of  Education  ;  the  real  control  is  vested  in  a  ^  ^ 
Chien^  Tu^,  Director,  who  has  a  staff  made  up  of  l^lj  ^  '^  Fu"* 
Chien^  Tu^  Assistant  Director,  and  fg  |^  T'i^  Tiao*,  Proctor. 

At  the  Metropolitan  Library  there  is  to  be  established  a 
T^  ^  f^  ^  #  K"'  W"''  P^o'  Ts'un*  Hui*,  Museum  of 
Antiques. 

654a.  ^  §  I^  T'u'^  Shu^  Kuan^,  Public  Libraries,  in  the 
provinces ;  these  are  tc  be  opened  throughout  the  provinces, 
according  to  the  scheme  of  constitutional  reforms  of  the  Ministry 
of  Education  (see  report  of  the  Ministry  dated  the  18th  April, 
1909),  in  1910;  at  present  they  are  found  only  in  Shantung, 
Shansi,  Heihmgchiang  and  some  others.  Libraries  are  under 
the  general  supervision  of  the  Commissioners  of  Education  (see 
No.  827)  who  are  styled,  as  supervisors  of  the  Librarians,  ^  J|| 
Tsung'  Li'. 

General  Regulations,  in  20  articles,  for  the  Metropolitan 
and  Provincial  Public  Libraries  have  been  drawn  up  by  the 
Ministry  of  Education  {see  report  of  the  Ministry  dated  the  27th 
January,  1910). 

Public  Libraries  at  provincial  capitals  are  designated  ^  ^ 
M^  i^  Mou^  Sheng'  T'u'  Shu^  Kuan^,  those  at  administrative 
centres  of  prefectures,  sub-prefectures,  departments  and  districts 
are  called  -j^-  j^  ^  j^l]  {^  Hlf  If  Mou^  Fu^  T'ing^  Chou^ 
Hsien^  T'u^  Shu^  Kuan'  (article  3). 

P\iblic  libraries  are  to  consist  of  a  ^  ^  ^  Ts'ang^  Shu^ 
Shih^  Library,  d  §^  Yiieh*  Shu^  Shih^  Reading  Room,  and 
Ud  4T  ^  Pan*  Shih*  ShihS  Office  (Chancery)  (article  5). 

The  general  supervision  of  libraries  at  provincial  capitals 
appertains  to  the  Governors-General  or  Governors ;  at  adminis- 
trative centres  of  prefectures,  sub-prefectures,  departments  and 

[     284     ] 


rUKSEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

districts   the   Commissioners  of   Education   exercise  the  supreme       656 
control.     The    actual   management   of   affairs   appertains   to  the         tO 
^  ^    C"hien»    Tu\    Directors    and    J|  f^   T'i'   Tiao^    Troctors      q^q 
(comj)are  No.  654). 

At  places  Avhere  there  are  few  duties  at  the  library  there 
may  be  appointed  a  ^  Jf  Kuan^  Li^  Supervisor,  alone,  this 
position  being  associated  with  that  of  Director  of  the  Association 
for  the  Fostering  of  Public  Education  {see  No.  829a)  or  of 
Director  of  a  School  (article  6). 

It  is  arranged  that  ^Ij  ^\l  ffx  K'an^  Yin*  So^  Printing 
Offices,  with  j^  f P  Bff  l";»i'  '^'i'l'  ^'^o^  Typesetting  Offices,  may 
iic  established  at  Libraries  (article  12). 

MILITARY  FORCE5  OF  CHINA. 

655.  As  a  basis  for  the  formation  of  a  modern  military 
force  in  the  Chinese  Empire  a  scheme  was  drawn  up  by  the 
Committee  for  Army  Reorganization  {see  No.  416),  under  the 
presidency  of  Prince  Ch'ing,  and  submitted  to  the  Emperor  for 
sanction  on  the  12th  September,  1904. 

The  modern  troops  of  China  (so-called  "New  Troops"  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  "Troops  of  the  Green  Standard  and 
of  the  Eight  liamiers")  may  be  divided  into  two  categories: 
1.  (f^  i|i  Lu*  Chiin",  Land  (general  for  the  Empire)  Forces, 
and  V.  j^  |5J|;  I-:!;  Hsiin^  Fang«  Tui\  Heserve  Forces  (or 
"  Pro\  incial  Trooj)s"), 

./.      Lii  (hull  or  1,1111(1  Forces: 

^50.  ('^  Hl  Lii'  Chiin',  Land  Forces;  made  up  of: 
1.  Tf'M'ii'i  •[•-  Ch'ang'  Pei^  Chiin',  Krguh.r  Army— in  this 
the  term  of  service  is  3  years;  at  present  it  is  in  the  i)roccss 
of  fonnati(jn  and  its  full  complement  of  H  "f"  >^  fut  '*^""'  Shilr' 
Liu^  <  lirii*,  'M\  Divisions,  will  not  be  reached  until  1913, 
2-     ^'[  I'lu  J{C    lis'-'  IV'i*  Chiin',  Reserves  of  the  First  (all— the 

[     285     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA  • 

656a  term  o£  service  here  is  3  years ;  for  eacli  division  of  the  Regular 
Ai-rny  there  is  to  be  a  division  of  Reserves  of  the  First  Call, 
corresponding-  to  it  in  all  respects  except  that  there  will  be  two, 
instead  of  three,  batallions  in  each  regiment  (the  complement  o£ 
a  division  of  the  Reserves  comprises  8,640  men  in  the  ranks  and 
1,200    camp    followers    and    there    are    eight    "yings"),    a.id 

3.  f:$  d  ^  Hon"  Pei-*  Chiin',  Reserves  of  the  Second  Call 
(army  of  reserve,  militia) — -the  term  of  service  of  these  troops  is 
4  3ears ;  in  war  time  this  branch  of  the  Army  will  furnish  a 
brigade  of  four  batallions  which  is  given  a  number  as  a  division 
of  the  Regular  Army. 

In  China  there  is  as  yet  no  conscription  and  0f  i£  Hsin^ 
Ping',  Recruits,  are  enrolled  through  the  |||^  -Ea  ^^  ^  Cheng^ 
Ping"'  Tsung^  Shu^,  Head  Recruiting  Offices,  established  at  the 
provincial  M  M  ^  'i'"'  Lien''  (Th'u^  (sec  Nos.  695  and  700b). 
The  determination  of  i)hysical  fitness  for  military  service  is  made 
according  to  the  ^  &  Hj!]  ^  Mu*  Ping'  Chih-*  Liieh*,,  Short 
Regulations  Concerning  Recruiting  (forming  one  of  the  enclosures 
to  the  Memorial  of  Prince  Ch'ing,'  already  mentioned  in 
No.  655). 

656a.  From  the  types  of  arms  used  itl.e  Chinese  Army  is 
arranged  as:  1.  ^  |rf  Pu^  Tui^  Infantry,  2.  ,%  ^  Ma^  TuiS 
Cavalry,  .3.  %  |5f  P'ao*  Tui^  Artillery  (in  its  turn  sub-divided 
into  1.  ^l^W^W  Lii*  Lu^  P'ao"  Tui*,  Field  Artillery,  and 
2.     a^  UJ  ^  Fl^    K"o^   Shan'   P'ao^  Tui^   Mountain  Artillery), 

4.  I  ^  Ff  Kung'  Ch'eng^  Tui^  Engineers,  5.  |gj  g;  [Tf  Tzu^ 
Chung^  Tui^  Troops  for  Transport  of  Supplies.  Also  there  are 
the  following  auxiliary  corps:  1.  ■  ^  f|  Chiin'  Hsli',  Com- 
missariat Corps,  2.  S|  ^  C^hun'  I^,  Medical  Corps,  3.  H  ^ 
Ma'  I',  Veterinary  (Jorps,  4.  ^  ;^  Chih^  Hsieh",  Ordnanc 
Corps,  5.  jBlJ  H  Ts'e^  Hui*,  Topographic  Corps,  6.  '^  f | 
Chiin'  Yueh",  Music  Corps,  and  7.  ^  |£  Hsien*  Ping', 
Gendarmerie. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    C.IJN'A. 

656b.     As    regards    administration,    the   Chinese   Army   is      656b 
thus  divided:    1.      fk   Chcn\   Division,  2.     ])%   Hsieh*,  Brigade,        to 
3.      ^   Piao",   Regiment,  4.     ^   Ying^  Batallion  (in  infantry);      050b 
Division   (in   cavaluy   and   artillery),   5.      |^   Tui^   Company   (in 
infantry);  Squadron  (in  cavalry);  Battery   (^in  artillery),  6.     ^ 
P'ai',  Platoon  (in  infantry,  in  time  of  peace ;  in  time  of  war,  B^ 
Shao^;  Half  a  Squadron  (in  cavalry\  and  7.     ^  P'eng',  Squad. 

656c.  m  Chen'',  Division  ;  the  largest  organized  unit  in 
time  of  peace.  The  regulations  provide  for  the  combination  of 
three  divisions  into  a  T^  Chiin',  Corps,  and  the  combination  of 
Chiin  into  a  ;f,;  ^  Ta*  Chiin^  in  time  of  war. 

In  time  of  peace  a  division  is  made  up  of  two  brigades  of 
infantrv,  each  of  which  consists  of  two  regiments  of  three 
batallions  each,  one  regiment  of  artillery,  having  nine  batteries 
(54  guns)  and  eighteen  machine  guns,  one  regiment  of  cavalry, 
made  up  of  twelve  squadrons,  one  batallion  of  engineers,  consisting 
of  four  companies,  one  batallion  of  troo])s  for  transport  of 
supplies,  having  foiu-  companies,-  musicians  (51,  including  a 
bandmaster  ami  three  servants),  :uid  gendarmerie.  In  time 
of  peace  a  division  luunbers  12,512  men;  in  war  time, 
21,000  men. 

656 1).  jjjgj  Hsich',  Brigade  (numbered  1  tc  72,  in 
consecutive  order,  following  the  niunerical  order  of  the  divisions). 
'^he  briijadc  is  found  onlv  in  the  infanti\-  and  consists  of  two 
regiments  (it  is,  however,  permissible  for  a  di\isl(»n  to  have  two 
regiments  of  (•a\alry  instead  of  (tne,  which  foiin  a  ^  [^^  « —  u3j 
Ma-'Tui'  I'  llsieh'.  Cavalry  Brigade). 

656e.  ;^  l^iao',  Regiment  ;  this  organization  unit  is  fuund 
in  infantry,  cavahy  and  artillery.  In  the  infantry,  regiments 
are  numbered  1  to  111,  in  conseciitive  order,  folhiwing  tin;  ordcM- 
of  their  respective  divisions,  ami  Ijrigades  [see  No.  656i))  ; 
cavalry  and  artillery  regiments  bear  the  same  number  as  do  their 
respective  divisions.     A  regiment   ol    infantry    consists  of  three 

[      5iH7      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


656^      bataliions  ;  cavalry  and  artillery  regiments  are  made  up  o£  three 
divisions. 

656 F.  ^  Ying^j  I'undamental  unit  of  all  branches  of  the 
Ai-my  (in  infantry,  Batallion  ;  in  cavalry  and  artillery,  Division); 
the  complement  of  this  unit  differs  for  the  various  branches  and 
auxiliary  parts  of  the  Army. 

In  the  infantry  a  batallion  consists  of  four  ^  Tui*, 
Companies,  and  numbers,  in  time  of  peace,  659  men,  in  time  of 
war,  1,240  men.  Companies  are  designated  as :  gj  ^'h'ien^. 
Company  of  the  Vanguard,  2.  ;^  Tso^,  Left  Company,  3.  ;;^ 
Yu*,  Right  Company,  and  4.  ^  Eou*,  Company  of  the  Rear- 
guard, the  complement  of  a  company  is  five  officers  and  149 
soldiers,  in  time  of  peace,or,  in  time  of  war,  294  soldiers.  Each 
company  is  divided  into  three  ^  P'ai^,  Platoons,  composed  of 
three  .fJJS  P'eng'^,  Squads,  each,  in  time  of  peace,  or  three  Pj^  Shao*, 
Platoons,  of  six  /^  P'eng'',  Squads,  each,  in  time  of  war_ 
Platoons  are  designated  as  '^  Tso^,  Left,  i^  Chung^,  Centre,  and 
i^  Yu*,  Right,  while  squads  are  designated  by  the  niimbers  of 
their  respective  companies — from  one  to  nine,  in  time  of  peace, 
and  from  one  to  eighteen,  in  time  of  war — and  the  first  squad  is 
styled  ^  ^  T'ou^  P'eng*,  Head  Squad.  Each  squad  is  made 
up  of  two  sergeants  and  twelve  privates. 

A  cavalry  division  consists  of  four  ^  Tui',  Squadrons,  and 
numbers,  generally  speaking,  363  men  and  260  horses. 
It  is  divided  into  two  j^  P'ai^  Half  Squadrons — left  and  right — 
which,  in  turn,  are  subdivided  into  two  if^  P*eng''*,  Squads, 
bearing  the  numbers  (in  the  squadron)  one  to  four.  The 
complement  of  a  cavalry  squadron  is  three  officers,  78  cavalrymen 
and  64  :^  ^  Chun^  Ma',  Cavalry  Horses. 

A  division  of  field  artillery  (there  are  two  in  a  regiment  as 
a  rule — should  conditions  where  operations  are  being  carried  on 
demand  it,  there  may  be  only  one  division  of  field  artillery,  or 
even  none,  the  divisions  of  mountain  artillery  being  correspondingly 

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PRESENT    DAY    POl.lTICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHl-VA. 


increased)     consists    of    three     ^    ^     P'ao^     Tni\    Batteries,       657 
having    ^    :^    ©    P'ao*     Liu*     Tsun\     six     ginis,     eacii.      Its        tO 
coniplemeut  is  568  men  and  270  horses.  qqq 

A  hatterv  is  made  up  of  three  ^'  P'ai^,  Platoons  (left, 
centre  and  right)  df  three  ^  P'eng',  Squads,  each,  which  bear 
the  numerical  designation  of  the  battery — from  one  to  nine. 

A  division  of  mountain  artillery,  having  18  mountain  guns, 
is  organized  exactly  similarly  to  a  division  of  field  artillery. 

The  complement  of  a  battery  is  five  officers,  181  men,  48 
horses  for  guns  and  five  chargers. 

A  batallion  of  engineers,  similarly  to  the  infantry,  is 
composed  of  four  ^  Tui^  Companies,  and  numbers  667  men,  iu 
time  of  peace,,  or  1,2,50  men,  in  time  of  war.  The  companies 
are  designated  as  van,  left,  right  or  rear  and  are  distnignished 
by  their  specialities:  1.  Bridging  Company,  2.  Sappers 
Company,  o.  Telegra|)h,  Telephone  and  Search-light  Coujpany, 
and  4.      Mining  Company  . 

A  transpoi-t  l)ataHion  is  divided  similarly  to  a  batallion  of 
engir.eeis  but,  in  consequence  of  the  great  munber  of  men  it 
operates  foi-,  it  has  in  the  ranks  748  men  in  time  of  peace,  and 
1,640  men  in  time  of  war. 

MILITARY   RANKS. 

6.'>7.  liv  r(  inimrniy  regulations,  drawn  up  by  the  Genei-al 
Start"  ol  th.;  Army  and  sanctioned  by  the  Kmperor  on  the  11th 
November,  lfi()!i,  there  were  introduced  some  changes  in  the 
military  ranks — tluir  numlKr  was  increased  (I a,  Hb,  y.v  and  Ji» 
were  add. d)  and  they  were  made  equal  to  the  corresponding  ciN  il 
ranks. 

().">H.  Tlie  niu  re^^ulations  (see  No.  657)  provide  f'M 
fourteen     rsmk-     for     officers     :nnl     siib-nffic-is     of     tie      Land 

Forces  : 

[      2«'J      ] 
I'J  / 


PRESENT      /day    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


1.  ::'C  Hf  ^  Ta^  Chiang^  Chun\  or  jjf  '^  Chiang^  Cliiin', 
Field  Marshal  ;  1a  (of  the  rank  of  a  Grand  Secretary — see  No. 
131 — of  the  civil  service).  This  rank  is  bestowed  on  very 
eminent  generals  (see  below). 

2.  jE  U  3^  Cheng^  Tri^  T'ung^  General  ;  1b  (of  the  rank 
of  a  III  §  Tsung^  Tu^ — see  No.  820 — of  the  civil  service)  ;  holds 
the  position  of  Commander  of  a  Corps  (see  No.  661). 

3.  ||J  ^  fc  ^^^'  '^^^^  T'nng^  Lieutenant-General ;  2a  (of 
the  rank  of  ^  Jft  Hsiin'^  Fu^— 5^e  No.  821 — of  the  ciAil 
service)  ;  holds  the  position  of  Commander  of  a  Division  {see  No. 
661). 

4.  WiUM  Hsielr  Tu'  T'ung%  Major-General;  2b  (of 
the. rank  of  :^  1^  f^  Pa*  Chcng^  Shih^— .y^e  No.  826— of  the 
civil  service)  ;  holds  the  position  of  Commander  of  a  Brigade 
(see  No.  661),  Chief  of  Staff  of  a  Corps  {sec  No.  662)  or 
Commander  of  an  Artillery  Corps  (see  No.  670). 

Ranks  Nos.  2  to  4  form  what  is  known  as  the  _h  ^  Shang* 
Teng^  Highest  Class,  made  up  of  H  M  ^^"^  C\n\  Three 
Grades. 

5.  IE  ^  fl  Cheng"  Ts'ani  Ling^  Colonel ;  3a  (of  the 
rank  of  }^  ^  |^  An*  Ch'a^  Shih^— ^ec  No.  830— of  the  civil 
service);  holds  the  position  of  Commander  of  a  Regiment  (see 
No.  661),  Commander  of  Engineers  of  a  Corps  (see  No.  671), 
Senior  Adjutant  of  a  Corps  (see  No.  663),  Arms  Inspector  of  a 
Corps  (see  No.  668),  Chief  of  Staff  of  a  Division  (see  No.  662), 
Judge  Advocate  of  a  Corps  (see  No.  672),  or  Corps  Surgeon 
(see  No.  675). 

6-  wiJ  ^  M  F^i'  Ts'an^  LingS  Lieutenant-Colonel ;  3b  (of 
the  rank  of  ^  jjg  fii  Yen'  Yun*  Shih^- 5ce  No.  835— of  the 
civil  service )  ;  holds  the  position  of  Second  in  Command  of  a 
Regiment  (5<'<?  No.  661),  Senior  Assistant  Chief  of  Staff  of  a 
Corps  (see  No.  662),  Senior  Adjutant  of  a  Division  (see  No. 
663),   Arms  Inspector  of  a  Division  (see  No.  668),  Co'mmissary 

[     290     ] 


ri:i:sKNT  iixY  roLincAi.  orgaxizatiox  of  china. 


t)ffi('cr  of  a  Division  (sre  No.  673),  Judge  Advocate  of  a 
Division  (see  No.  (iT'i),  Snr<>^eon  of  a  Division  ysrr  Xo.  (iTo), 
(Jorps  Veteiinary  Sur<i-con  {scr  Xo.  076)  or  Sccvotarv  of  the  t  ir-^t 
Class  (see  No.  664). 

Ranks    Xos.    1    to   6    are    Itestowed    l)v    Inii)erlal    ij'ei-ree-; 

•  fSj  ^.  ^ 'l»i^'»^  Fang<). 

^-  m^  pM  Hsieh'  Ts'an'  LingS  (\iptain ;  4a  (of  the 
rank  of  J^  ^  Tao'  Yiiau- — .if^c  Xo.  838 — of  the  civii  >,or\ice); 
holds  the  j)Osition  of  Conimander  of  a  l^attalion  (sec^o.  <t')i;, 
.liinior  .Assistant  Chief  of  Staff  of  a  Cori)s  Isrc  Xo.  662j,  S(  lio!- 
Assistant  Chief  of  Staff"  of  a  Division  (are  No.  662).  ,\ii' 
Inspector  of  a  ]iegni;ent  {.iee  No.  668),  Senior  Adjutan:  of  a 
iirigade  {srr  No.  663),  ('onimissary  Officer  of  u  He^inient  (ser 
No.  673),  Surgeon  of  a  Kegimoi:t  (ser  No.  676),  \  terinary 
Surgeon  of  a  Di\isioM  {ser  No.  676)  or  Secretary  of  the  Second 
Class  (sre  No.  664 j. 

The  lanks  Nos.  5  to  7  form  the  »jl  ?.^  Chung^  T(*ng'', 
]\fiddle  Class,  divided  into  three  grades  (s'-r  above). 

^-  jE  ^4^ 'K!  Cheng*  Chiin^  Hsiao"*,  I'^irst  liieutenant;  .> a 
('ranking  with  the  f^lJ^fl'I  Chih=^  Li*  Cliou' — see  No.  8.51— of  the 
ci\  il  service)  ;  holds  the  position  of  Second  in  ('onniiauil  t'F  a 
Battalion  (.sy'<?  No.  661),  Commander  of  a  Coinj)a)iy  (see  No.  661). 

•  lunior  Assistant  ''hief  of  Staff'of  a  Division  (see  No.662),  Adjutant 
of  a  Corps  (or  Brigade,  Division  and  Regiment;  are  No.  663),  Artn> 
In>pcctor  of  an  Artillery  Division  (.sr<^  No.  668),  Connniss.ii-y  ( )Hicci- 
•-■f  a  Battalion  (see  No.  673),  Surgeon  of  a  Battalion  (srr  No. 
67.3j,  Vetoritjai-y  Sm-gcon  of  a  Regiment  (see  No.  676),  [nsp(>ctor 
of  Couriers  and  Convoys  (see  No,  GG.J),  Tusju'dor  of  .\niis 
Depots  (srn  No.  (i(i!ij,  Remount  Ollicer  (in  c;i\alry  and  artillery) 
of  a  Divi,»ioii,  or  (in  traiisport  troops  or  c(tiiiinissaiiat  troops)  of  :• 
Battalion  (see  No.  6()7)  oi-  Chief  of  .Musicians  (see  No.  679). 

*-'•  ViVA'-  \k  '""'  <"'"''"'  Hsiao',  Second  l.ieuUtiant  ;  ^/ 
(ranking   with    the    -itj  f\]   T'ung'    i*'.n^*—sre   No.  H49a— cf  'ht 

[     2U1      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

659  il  service) ;  bolds  the  position  of  Commander  of  a  Platoon  (^see 

No.  661),  Assistant  Surgeon  {s^e  No.  675),  Divisional  Chief  of 
Signalmen  {see  No.  678),  Veterinary  Surgeon  of  a  Division  or 
Battalion  {see  No.  676),  Senior  Clerk  {sec  No.  664),  Bandmaster 
{see  No.  679)  or  Regimental  Standard-Bearer  {see  No.  666). 

10.  W}^.  ^  Hsieh^  Chiin^  Hsiao"*,  Sub-Lieutenant ;  7a 
(lanking  with  the  5^1  ,^  Ohih^  Hsien^— sec  No.  856 — of  the  civil 
service) ;  holds  the  position  of  Adjutant  of  a  Company  {see  No. 
663),  Brigade  and  Kegimental  Chief  of  Signalmen  {see  No.  678), 
Assistant  Surgeon  {see  No.  675)  or  C'lerk  {see  No.  664). 

The  ranks  Nos.  8  to  10  form  the  ;^  ^  Tz'u*  Teng^  Lower 
Class,  divided  in  three  grades  (compare  above).  The  ranks  Nos. 
7  to  10  are  bestowed  according  to  the  recommendations  of  reports 

m  m  '^'sou^  Pu3). 

H-  n]  f§  ;^  Ssu^  Wu"  ('hang^',  Ensign  ;  8a  (ranking  with 
*''^'  ^  ^  PIsien**  Ch'eng"^ — see  No.  857 — of  the  civil  service);  one 
of  the  ^  ^|>  1^  'g-  f^  Wai*  Chiin'  Kuan',  "Supernumerary 
Officers'  Banks."' 

12.  _fc  ±  Sliang^  Shili'S  Sergeant  of  the  First  Class  ;  8b 
(ranking  Avith  a  %]\\  ^  Hsiin*  Tao^— src  No.  857— of  the  civil 
service). 

i3.  ffl  ^t  Chung'  Shih^  Sergeant  of  the  Second  (%ss;  9a 
'ranking  with  a  1^  ^  fg  Hsien^  Chu='  Vw'—see  No.  857— of  the 
civil  service). 

14.  HF  ±  Hsia'*  Shih^  Sergeant  of  the  Third  Class  ;  9b 
(ranking  with  a  ^K  '^  Ilsun^  Chien'' — see  No.  857 — of  the  ci^il 
service). 

Ranks  Nos.  12  to  14  Ix^long  to  tlie  category  of  %  ±  Chitni 
Shih^  Petty  Officers'  Ranks. 

Ranks  Nos.  11  to  14  are  bestowed  by  the  officer  in  command 
on  i)ersons  serving  imder  him  (^  ||[  IV.u'  Pn^). 

659,'  In  accordance  with  the  new  regulations  {see  No.  657) 
•tl").^.'  r;l  tho  rank  of  Colon*cl,  or  lower,   have  their  ranks  further 

[     ??2      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

defined  by  the  indication  of  this  or  that  type  o£  arms  or  this  or  65&A 
that  auxiHary  corps  (compare  No.  G5t)A).  Thus,  a  Colonel  may 
be  designated  :  1.  '^  ^  B  iE  3  ^  ^'l^"ig'  Ch'a'  Tui*  Chcng^ 
Ts'an^  I''i"g^  Colonel  of  the  Military  Police  (or  Gendaniierie) 
2.  -^W^^  fS  1'"'  "1^^"'  (Jhi'ng^  IVan^  Ling^  Colonel  of 
Infantry,  3.  H  PJ^  JE  #  II  Ma^  Tui^  ChOng^  Ts'an^  Ling', 
Colonel  of  Cavalry,  4.  T^  WiE  ^  Wi  l"ao'  Tui^  Cheng^  Ts'an» 
Ling',  Colonel  of  Artillery,  5.  X  ^  M  iE  3  W.  K^^'g'  Ch'cng^ 
Tui^  ( 'heng*  Ts'an'  Ling%  Colonel  of  Engineers,  6.  |.^'  H  1^  jE 
^  ^  T/.u'  Chinig'  Tui'  Cheng*  Ts'an^  Ling^  Colonel  of  Troops 
of  Transport,  7.  ^  W}  JE  3  ^M.  ^'l'"'^'  I-^^^'^'  Cheng*  Ts'an^ 
Ling',  Commissariat  Colonel,  8.  H  -^  IE  #  fl  tluin^  I^ 
Cheng'  Ts'an'  Ling^  Colonel  of  the  Medical  Staflf  (and  r]  ^1  IE 
^  ^  Ssui  Yao*  Cheng*  Ts'an'  Ling',  Colonel  of  the  Pharma- 
^utical  Statt;,  9.  ,E  ^  IE  #  ^*  ^^I^i'  I'  Cheng*  Ts'an^  Ling', 
Colonel  of  the  Veterinary  Stall',  10.  M^lE^'M  ^^'''^'' 
Hsieh*  Cheng*  Ts'an'  Ling^  (Jolonel  of  Ordnance,  11.  iJl'J  !#  IE 
p  ^^  Ts'c*  PLii*  Cheng*  Ts'an'  Ling',  Colonel  of  To])Ographical 
Stair,  or  ]l^  "^  -M  Wi  '^  ^  <^^'Ji'i"'  "^'"J^l^'  Ilsieh'  Chiin' 
Hsiao',  Stilj-Licntenant  of  the  Musical  Staff. 

The  rank  of  (ieneral  is  mollified,  to  show  service  in  this  or 
that  branch  of  tin;  Arni\ ,  in  three  cases  only,  namely  :  1 .  if.  ^  §!l 
^j  Ift  <  h'ni'  Ilsii'  Fii^  Tm'  T'ung',  Commissariat  Lientenant- 
(ieneral,2.  J^  ^  glj  ;|JP  ^^  Chiin'  I'  Fu*  Tn>  T'nng',  Lieulenant- 
( ieneral  of  the  Mcliral  .Staff,  and  ii.  ^  ;j;|t!l  l\\\  ,Y>  Ui  ^'*''l'' 
TIsieh*  Fii*  Til'  T'lni''',  Lier.lenant-lieneral  of  Onlnaiicc 

<').yj.\.  Of  late,  for  the  dcsi^nail(»n  of  military  ranks  ni 
Chiii...se  litcratint;  (esitecially  in  new -i)aiH,'rs ),  the  .lapanesi;  Icnns 
are  becoming  more  and  more  cuncnt.  !>}  these  the  mdilary 
ranks  are  divided  int(j  three  cla.>ses,  \vlil«  li.  in  tmii,  are  sid)- 
dividiid  into  three  grades  : 

First  Class:  j/Jf  T«'  (  hiaug',  (ieneral,  ijtjj^  Chung'  (M.iang*, 
Lieutenant-Geiieral,  an<l    'J;  }}5f  Shao*  Chiang',  Major-Ueneral. 


660 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

659b  Second  Class  :  i^  ^  Ta*  Tso^  Colonel,  rfi  'giChiuig-i  Tso', 

to         Lientenant-Colonel,  and  ^p  -j^  Sliao^  Tso'^  Captain. 

Third  Class  :  -j^  Wi  Ta^  Yii^  First  Lieutenant,  t^l  |^ 
Chung^  Yii*,  Second  Lieutenant,  and  ^  ^f  Shao''  Yii^,  Snb- 
Lieutenant. 

659b.  Naval  ranks  corresj)ond  to  those  of  the  Army,  with 
the  exception  that  they  are  prefixed  by  ^-  ^  Hai'  Chun\  Naval, 
thus:  L  M'W^^Ut%  Hai^  Chiin\  Cheng^  Tu^  .  T'ung', 
Admiral,  2.  V^^  '^  glj  ^  ^^  Hai^  Chiini  Fu-^  Tu^  T'ung^  Vice- 
Admiral,  3.  ^  ^  1^,  %  ^^  Hai^  Chiini  Hsieh^  Tu^  T'ung^, 
Rear-Admiral,  4.  ^  1^  IE  ^  f|  Hai^*  Cliiin^  Chrng*  Ts'ani 
Ling3,  Post-Captain,- 5.  ^^  If  g|J  ^  fK  Hai=^  Chiin^  Fu*  Ts^an^ 
Ling^  Commander,  6.  vf  .£^  tw  #  fl  Hai^  Chiin^  Hsieh^ 
Ts'an'  Ling^,  Lieutenant-Commander,  7.  ^^  ^  Jg  2^  ;^  Hai' 
Chun^  Cheng'  Chnn^  Hsiao'*,  Senior  Lieutenant,  ^.  :^  ^ 
glj  ^  ^  Hai=*  Chiin^  Fu''  CJhiini  Hsiao^  Lieutenant,  and 
9-     U%^i^^  Hai^  Chun^  Hsieh^  Chun>  Hsiao^  Midshipman. 

6o9c.  The  Japanese  terms  for  the  various  naval  ranks 
(compare  No.  65 9 a)  are  : 

First  (^lass  :  M^  ^K^  Hai^  Chiini  Ta^  Chiang".  Admiral, 
tf;]  ^  ^'i  ^  tlai^  Chiini  Chungi  lliiang*,  Vice-Admiral,  and 
UWP  ^  Hai^  Chiin'  Shao^  (^hiang^  Rear-Admiral . 

Second  Class :  f#  ^  ic  ^  Hai^  Chiin^  Ta^  Tso^  Post- 
Captain,  f§  :^  Ff»  ^  Hai3  Chiini  Chung'  Tso^,  Commander,  and 
i^'^'P  i&.  Hai^  Chun'  Shao*  Tso^  Lieutenant  Commander. 

Third  Class  '  ^  'M-  i^  M  'Hai^  Chiin'  Ta"  Yn\  Senior 
Lieutenant,  f^.  '^  r^i  |ij  Hai^  Chiin^  Chung'  YiiS  Lieutenant, 
and  \%  2g  ^  |.j-  Hai^  Chun^  Shao"  Yu^  Midshipman. 

660.  Posts  existing  in  the  Army  may  bre  arranged  under 
the  following  categories:  L  Line,  2.  Staff,  3.  Adjutancy, 
4.  Secretarial,  5.  Orderly  and  Convoy,,  6.  Colours,  7. 
Remount,  8.  Arms,  9.  Arsenal,  10.  Artillery,  11.  Engineer, 
12.     Judicial,    13.      Commissariat,   14.     Administration  of  Com- 

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PUESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAMZATIO-N    OF    CHINA. 

,s 

missariat  Oflficc,    15.      ^Tedical,    16.      Veterinarv,    17.      >ro(lical       661 
Department    Administration,    IS.      Signal,    19.      Music,   and    20.         tO 
Camp-follower.  663 

661.  Posts  of  the  Line  :  1 .  |l|,  '^  %'  Tsung^*  T'ung'  Kuani, 
Corps  Commander,  2.  ^  [{jij  'g*  T'nng*  Chih*  Kuan',  Division 
Commander,  .3.  ^  fg  '^  T'ung'  Ling-^  Kuan',  Brigade 
Commander,  4.  ^^  ^  'yf  T'ung"  Tai*  Kuan',  Regiment 
Commander,  o.  ^  ^  'g*  C'hiao*  Lien*  Kuan',  Second  in 
Command  of  a  Regiment  (in  time  of  peace,  "  Regimental 
Instnictor,"  and  acts  parti}  as  Chief  of  Staff  and  Adviser  to 
the  Commander  ;  later,  when  all  Commanders  will  he  draAvn  from 
the  i-anks  of  otficei.s  Avho  have  received  a  proper  military 
educatjon,  this  post  will  he  aholished),  6.  ^  ^  %'  Kuan^  Tai* 
Kuan',  IJattalion  Commander,  7.'  =^  {^  'g*  Tu^  Tiii'  Kuan', 
Second  in  Command  of  a  Battalion,  8.  ^  'gf  Tui'  Kuan', 
Company  ('ommander,  9.  J|j^  J^  R'ai'  Chang',  Platooji  Chief, 
^^*-  IE  0  tlu'ng'  Mu%  Senior  Sergeant  (one  to  a  s([uad), 
'^-  h'i'J  P  ^''"'  ^^"^  'Second  Sergeant  (one  to  a  squad), 
12.  IE  |£  Cheng*  Ping',  Private  of  the  First  Class  (four  to  a 
wpiadi,  and  1:5.  g|J  |^  Fu*  Ping^  Pri\ate  of  the  Second  Class 
(eight  to  a  s(pmdj. 

662.  Staff  Posts:  A.  Corps  staff:  1.  ^jS^i^lJ*  Tsung^ 
T.-s'an'  Mou''  Kuan',  Chief  of  Staff.  2.  —  ^  #  iJ  'M'  f '  '•'•'•'S' 
Ts'an'  Mmu-  Kuan\  Senior  A.«sistant  Chief  of  Stall' (two  ni  all), 
and  :}.  Z.  ^$3$^^  ''-'••»'  Trng»  Ts'an'  :\lou='  Kuaii',  .hmior 
AssiHtarit  Chief  of  '^intl'  (two  in  all).  B.  division  Si.iU":  1. 
jE#E)i^tr  Cheng*  Ts'un'  .Mou-  Kuan',  Clii.f  of  Stall;  2. 
Zl'S  ^W^  '*>''•  Teng^  Ts'an'  M.Hr  Kuan',  Senior  Assistant 
Chief  .;f  Staff(one),an(l  ;j.  ^^f^U.'^  'San'  T.-iig''  'IVni,'  Mou^ 
Kuan',  .Innior  Assi.stant  Chief  of  Stall' (one). 

G63.  Adjutancy  Po.sts :  1.  jf^H'-'lV""'  '''"'"'  K«'ari', 
Senior  Corps  Adjutant  (one),  2.  \\%  'i\f.  Yi*  <  hung'  riiiin'  Kuan', 
Senior     Division      Adjutant      (one),    :;.      -^  SK  'k'    'IVan'    Chiin^ 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA 

663a  Kuan\  Senior  Brigade  Adjutant  (one),  4.  f |L  ^  H*  Cliilr 
tO  Shih''  Kuan\  Adjutant  (one  in  each  Cori)S,  Division,  Brigade 
QgK  and  Kegiment),  and  5.  p\  f^  ^  Ssu^  Wn*  Chang^,  Adjutant 
(in  the  infantry,  four  for  a  battalion  oi-  one  for  each  company ; 
in  the  cavalry,  one  for  a  division  ;  in  the  artillery,  tluec  for  a 
division  or  one  for  each  battery  ;  in  the  engineers  nnd  troops  of 
transport,  four  for  a  battalion  or  one  for  a  comjmny). 

663a.     Concerning  glj  'g'  Fu^  Knan\  Adjutant  of  tlie  New 
Palace  Guards,  see  No.  103d. 

664.  Secretarial  Posts:    1.      —  ^  "^  12  It  I'  Teng^  Shu^ 
Chi^   Kuan^    Secretary   cf   the    1st   Class   (four  for  a   corps  and 

three  for  a  division),  2.  H  ^  ^  12  'B*  ^~''^'^^^  '^^^^9^^  ^^^^^^  ^'^^^^^ 
Kuan\  Secretary  of  the  2nd  Class  (two  for  a  l)r!gadc  and  two 
for  a  regiment),  3.  ^  1^  ^  Shu^  Chi^  Chang^  Senior  Clerk 
(fire  for  a  corps,  seven  for  a  division,  one  for  a  battalion  of 
infantry,  engineei'S  or  troops  of  transport,  and  one  for  a  division 
of  cavalry  or  artillery),  4.  WI  l]l  ^  Ssu^  Shih^  Shrng',  Clerk 
(three  for  a  corps  and  iive  for  a  division),  and  5.  p]  ^|  ^  Ssu^ 
Shu'  Shcng',  Writer  (fifteen  foi  a  coi-ps,  fifteen  for  a  division, 
two  for  a  brigade,  two  for  a  regiment,  six  for  a  battalion  of 
infantry,  engineers  or  troops  of  ti-ansport,  six  tor  a  division  of 
cavalry,  and  five  for  a  division  of  artillery). 

665.  Orderly  and  (^onvoy  Posts  :  Jfl  ^  'g*  Chi^  Ch'a^ 
Kuan',  Inspector  of  Mounted  Orderlies  and  Convoys  (one  for  a 
corps).  To  tin's  officer  there  are  subordinated  A.  Orderlies  : 
^-  :^  @  Pien"*  Mu*,  Sergeant  (three  for  a  corps  and  one  for  a 
division,  brigade  and  regiment),  and  2.  Mi^^  -^'^■'^  Pien*,  Privates 
(thirty  for  a  corps,  sixteen  foi-  a  division,  six  for  a  brigade 
and  four  for  a  regiment):  B.  .(.^onvoys  :  1.  f^  @  Hu^  ]\[u*, 
.Sergeant  (six  for  a  corps,  three  for  a  division,  one  for  a  brigade 
and  regiment  of  infantry,  one  for  a  battalion  of  infantry, 
engineers  or  troops  of  transport,  and  one  for  a  division  of  cavalry 
or  avtillcry),  and   2.      |^  ^    lln^   Ping\   Privates   (sixty  for  a 

[     21)G     ] 


ntESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


670 


corps,    tliirty    for   a    division,   ten    for    a    l)ri<;a(lo,    eight    for    a        QQQ 
regiment,  eighteen  for  a  battalion  of  infaiitiy,  engineers  or  troops         4-q 
of   transport,   and    for   a  division    of   artillery,   and   twelve  for  u 
division  of  cavalry. 

666.  Colours  Posts :  ^  j^  "g"  Chang-  Ch'i-  Kuan', 
Colour-I5carer  (one  for  a  regiment — of  infantry). 

667.  Remount  Tosts :  ^.  ^  ^  Ch'a=  Ma=  Chang^ 
Remoiuit  OtHcer  (one  for  artillery  and  cavalry  tlivisions  ;  two 
for  a  battalion  of  troops  of  transport). 

668.  Amis  Posts:  1.  IS  ^  ^  '^  Tsung^  Olnin'  Hsieh^ 
Kuan',  Corps  Inspector  of  Arms  (one),  2.  IE  i?  |i|  'B*  Chong^ 
Chiin'      Ilsieh'     Kuan',     Division     Inspector     of     Arms     (one) 

3.  glj  i|i  tiiS  'g*  Fu'  Cliiin'  Hsieh*  Kuan',  Kogimcnt  Inspector  of 
Arms  (one),  and  4.  ^  ^  j^  Chiin'  Il.-.ieh'  Chang^,  Inspector 
of  Anns  in  a  Division  of  Artillery  (one). 

669.  J^  i^  ^}  Chiin'  Ilsieh'*  Chii",  Arsenal  (for  a  corps; 
the  staf!"  is  an-anged  for  a  corps  of  two  di\  i^io)^ij).  Supervision 
(if  the  making,  distributing  and  storing  of  arms  is  carried  on  at 
the  Arx-nal.  At  its  head  there  is  a  l^l  p  '<^  Tsung=  Pan' 
Kuan',    Chief,    who    has    the    follov.ing    sii'oordiiiated    to    hlin  : 

I.  i^'^'o^J^^'^  Ch^u'-'H^ieh'  Kuan',  Inspectorsof  Ai-ms,  2.  Three 
■^  JTig  '^  Ssii'  Kmi'  Kuan',  Ars.^nal  Overseers,  'A.  One  "^  ?^  ^ 
i\L  'g'    '"^nii'    T.'^ng'   .Shu'    Chi'     Kuan',    ( "Icrk    oi"    the    .".id    Class, 

4.  Tu<.  ^^T^  Ssu'  Shih'  IShrug',  <  'leri<>,  ').  Two  nj-^j^  Ssu' 
Shu'  Shrug',  Writers,  *6.  One  [^0  Hu'  Mu\  <'o„voy 
Sergeant,  7.  T'.ight  ,";'/^  F^  ilii'  ring".  Convoy  Privates,  S.  Two 
IK  g  Chiang'  Mu',  Senior  Mechanies,  !).  lOighti-en  fj^  <p)5  (U 
llsiu'  Ilsieh*  ChiangS  Arms  Repairers,  10.  Two  -'i'  f\i.  ^  0 
Shou''    K'u'    I'iiie'     Mii<,    Nenior     Walehuieu     at      the    Ar.^i'ual. 

II.  Kighleen  tI-  iiK  J^  Shou^  K'u*  Ting',  Ar.-eu.d  W'afehmen, 
and    1L^      Five  fj^  ^    Hiur  Fu',  ( 'ook>. 

670.  Artillery  Posts:  ^  ^  \/jf,  'vU'ii  ''■='"'  '*'"''  "•■''^•'' 
lying'  Kuan',  Ciiicf  o     .Artillery  of  a  ('orps. 

[     ^5)7     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY     POLITICAL    OPG  ANI Z  ATION    OF    CHINA. 


671  671.     Engineer  Fosts  :    X@  M  3  vM  '^  Kimgi   Cli'eng^ 

^Q         Tui'  Ts'an'^  Ling^  Kuiui^,  Chief  of  Engineers  of  a  Corps. 
Q^^  672.     Judicial  Posts  :    1.      |||  ^ft  -/^  '^   Chung^  Cliih^  Fa* 

Kuan\     Corps     Judge-Advocate     (one),     and    2.  -    JE  ^%  fi  %" 
Cheng'  Chih^  Fa*  Kuan^,  Division  Judge-Advocate  (one). 

In  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  War, 
sanctioned  Ly  the  Emperor  on  the  27th  ^Nlarch,  1909,  at  all 
conij)osite  brigades  (^J  J^  %%  Hun^  Ch'cng^  Hsielr),  as  well 
as  at  brigades  which  are  independent  (so-called  ^  j^  fjf^  Tu^  Li* 
I'lsieh-),  there  will  ]be  for  the  time  being — until  these  brigades 
are  assimilated  by  the  various  divisions — the  post  of  gl]  f j^  ;^  'g* 
Fu*  Chih^  Fa*  Kuan\  Brigade  Judge-Advocate,  who  will  have 
subordinated  to  him  :  one  '^  ^  ^  f^su^  Shih*  Shong^  {sec  No, 
6t;4),  two  ^  "#  ^  Ssu^  81m^Shcng^  {sec  Xo.  6G4)  and  two  ^|£ 
Hu^  Pi ngi  {see  Xo.  605.) 

,673.  ■Commissariat  Posts:  1.  'M%Wi'^  Tsung^  Chiin^ 
llsii'  Kuan',  Corps  Commissary  Officer  (one),  2.  IE  |^  ^  1^ 
Cheng*  Chihi^  Hsil'  Kuan\  Division  Cominissai-y  Officei-  (one), 
3.  glj  Ig  f^  'g'  Fu*  Chiin^  Hsiii  Kuan',  l^egimcnt  Connnissary 
Officer  (one),  and  4.  Jg  ^ -^  Chiin'  Hsii^  Chang^,  Battalion 
Connnissary  Officer  (for  infantry,  engineers,  troops  of  transport — 
one  for  each — and  for  divisions  of  cavalry  and  artilh^ry — one  for 
each). 

674.  fiflnj^  Liang2  Hsiang^  Chir,  Commissary  Office 
(for  a  corps;  its  staff  is  arranged  for  a  coi-ps  of  two  divisions). 
This  office  supervises  the  preparation  and  issue  of  supplies  and 
at  its  head  there  is  a.  ||5i  p  ^  Tsimg^  Pan*  Kuan',  Chief.  He  has 
the  following  subordinated  to  him  :  1 .  Four  ^  it  ^T  ( 'hih*  Tsao* 
Knan',  Providers  of  Supplies,  2.  Four  ^  ff  f>'  Ssu'  Liang^ 
Kuan),  Inspectors  of  Supplies,  3.  Four  HI  fpl  'b"  ^su'  Hsiang^ 
Kuan',  Paymasters,  4.  Two  £  ^  ^  f E  "K*  San'  Tcng^  Shu^ 
Chi*  Knan',  Secretaries  of  the  3rd  Class,  5.  Four  ^  ^  .^ 
Ssu'  Shlh'  .Shengi,  Clerks,  6.      Four  ^  ^  ^  Ssu'  Shu'   Shcng-, 

.  [      21)S     ] 


l'Iii:SEXr    DAY     rOLITJCAL    OUGANIZATIOX    OF    C:ilNA. 


and    one    for   au    artillery    division),    and    6.      ^  |^    I'    l*ino 


p)  ' 


Ilojjpital  Attendant  (four  fur  a  battalion  ot  infantry,  engineers 
or  troops  of  transport  and  for  a  cavalry  division  ;  thiee  for  an 
artillery  division). 

♦J7»;.  Veterinary  Posts:  1.  |]^!  ,^7  ^  t  'J'^^nng^  Ma'  P 
Kuan',  ("orps  Veterinary  Surgeon  (one),  2.  jE  .^i  ^  t?  ^'li^^'ng* 
Ma'  P  Kuan',  Division  Veterinary  Surgeon  (one),  'A.  ^^Ij.nj^*^ 
Fii'  Ma-'  P  Kuan',  Eegiuieiit  \'eterinary  Surgeon  (one),  4. 
^  ^  ii  Ma'  P  Chang',  IJattalion  Veterinary  Surgeon  (for 
troops  (if  transport,  one;  for  a  division  of  caxalry  or  artlllci-y, 
one),  and  .).  ,D5  ^2  - 1  *^'=''  ''  ^'"'"Ji'-  Assistant  V^eterinary 
Surgeon  (one  for  a  i)attalion  of  troops  of  transport  and  one  for 
an  artillery  division). 

<'>7  7.  i|i  ^  /„j  '  lii'"'  I'  <'''"%  M«'<Ii<Ml  <>'li«'«'  (Sov  a  corps; 
the  start"  is  arranged  for  a  corps  of  two  di\  isions).  At  llie  head  of 
this  office  then-  is  a  ^  i)f{:  'f.}'  Tsun^'  Pan'  Kuan'.  He  has  under 
hi>  rontrol  :  1.  Twoin  5|I  ^  'iV  ^  '"'•".^''  <''"'"'  •'  l^":'"'^  Senior 
Surgeons,  -J.  luu  yil  ^  i^  ^'him'  P  *  hang',  Surgeons,  :\.  P.n 
1^/|:  I  Sheng',  Assistant  -Surgeons,  1.  On.-  IE  i.Vj  ®  '^ 
Chriig'  Ma'  I'  Kuan',  Senior  Veterinary  Surgeon,  ').  l'<>nr 
^  rr.  11  1'  I'iug'  Mu\  Senior  Hospital  Attr-ndants,  »',.  'I'wo 
nl  ^'ii*  •^■>"'   Vao'  Kuan',  riiarnia.ist,  7.       On.-   Zi  "S    }(  .ili  'Ij 

[      -r.)      ] 


677 


Writers,  7.      One  f?|  Q    llu'  Mu\  Convoy  Sergeant,  8.     Twelve       675 
^  R    llu'    Ping',    Convoy    Privates,   and   9.      One  {}(,  ^    Huo^         ^q 
Fu',  Cook. 

1.7^.  Medical  Posts:  1.  I'^J  li?  ^  'g*  Tsung'  Chiin'  P 
Kuan',  Corps  Surgeon  (one\  2.  jE  ^  ^ 'S*  Cheng'  Chini'  I^ 
Kuan',  Division  Surgeon  (one),  o.  glj  ^  ^  'S*  ^^^^  Chiin'  P 
Kuan',  Kegiment  Surgeon  (one),  4.  i^  ^  i^  Chiin'  P  Chang', 
Battalion  Surgeon  (in  the  infantry,  engineers  and  troops  of 
transport — one  for  each)  and  Division  Siu-geon  (Cavalry  and 
artillery — one  for  each),  5.  ^  :^  I'  Sheng\  Assistant  Surgeon 
(one  for  a   IjattalioiJ  of  infantry,  engineers  or  troops  of  transport 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CgiNA. 

678       Sani  'Teng^    IShu^    Chi'*    Kuan\    Secretaiy    of    the    3rd    Class, 

to        8.     Three  tl  "1^  ^  Ssu^  Shu^  Sheng\  Writers,  9.  '    One  ^  g 

680       "^"^  Mu*,  Convoy  Sergeant,  10.      Six  ^  |£  Hu**  Ping^  Convoy 

Privates,  11.     l^orty  ^  |^  1^   Ping\   Hospital  Attendants,  and 

12.     Five  i/C  ^  Huo^  ru\  Cooks. 

678.  Signal  Posts  :  1.  "gj  H  'g*  Ssu^  Hao*  Kuan\  Chief 
of  Signalmen  of  a  Division  (one),  2.  p]  M  ;^  ^su^  Hao* 
Chang^,  Chief  of  Signalmen  of  a  Brigade  (one),  3.  %  M.  ^ 
Ssu^  Hao"*  Chang',  Chief  of  Signalmen  of  a  Regiment  (one), 
'^^  M  @  Hao*  Mu^,  Senior  Signalman  of  a  Battalion  (one ;  in 
infantry,  engineers  and  troops  of  transport)  or  of  a  Di-s  ision  (of 
cavalrj  and  artillery — one),  and  5.  §£  ^  Hao*  Ping\  Signal- 
men (two  in  each  company  of  infantry,  engineers  and  troops  of 
transport,  tA\  o  to  a  squadron  of  cavalry,  and  two  to  a  battery  of 
artillerv). 

679.  Music  Posts:  At  the  head  of  a  ^^^  Chun' 
Yiieh'*  Tui^,  Company  of  Musicians,  there  is  a  [^  '^  Tui* 
Kuan',  Chief,  w^ho  has  subordinated  to  him:  1.  3i^ -^  P'ai^ 
ChangS,  Bandmaster  (one),  2.  Two  —  ^  ^«|  |^  I^  Tcng^  Tiieh* 
Pingi,  ^Musicians  of  the  1st  Class,  3.  Six  Zl  ^  ^^  1^  Erh* 
Tong='  Yiieh'*  Ping',  Musicians  of  the  2nd  Class,  4.  12 
H  ^  1?^  1^  Saul  Tcng^  Yiieh'*  Ping',  IMusicians  of  the  3rd  Class, 
5.  24  ^  ^  I^^S  Hsiieh^  Hsi^  Yueh^  Ping',  Music  Pupils, 
and  G.     Five  ^^  ^  'Huo^  Fu',  Cooks.- 

680.  Cani])-follower  Posts:  I.  E  @  Chiang*  ]S[n*,  Senior 
jNlechanic  (one  to  ca<;h  ])attalion,  of  infantry,  engineers  or  troops 
of  transport,  and  to  each  division  of  cavalry  and  artillery)? 
2-  ^h  ^  f^ii'iang^  Bing',  Armourer  (four  in  a  battalion  of 
infantry,  engineers  and  troops  of  trans])ort ;  two  in  a  division  of 
cavalry;,  3.  ^  [g  T'ieh'  Chiang*,  Metal  Worker  (four  in  a 
battalion  of  infantry,  engineers  and  troops  of  transport;  three  in 
an  artillery  division),  4.  f^  [g  P'ao'*  Chia)ig*,  Ordnance 
Mechanic    fthree    in    an    artillery    division),    5.      ^  [5    Chang^ 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 


Cliiiing*,  Blacksmith  (eight  in  a  battalion  of  troops  of  transport;  681 
four  in  a  cavalry  division;  six  in  an  artillery  division),  G.  TJs  E 
Mn^  Chiang*,  Carpenter  (four  in  a  battalion  of  ongiiieers  and 
troops  of  transport;  three  in  an  artillery  division),  7.  ^^  IS 
P*i-  Chiang',  Shoemaker  (four  in  a  battalion  of  infantry  and 
troops  of  transport;  two  in  a  battalion  of  engineers;  two  in  a 
cavalry  division  ;  three  in  an  artillery  division),  8.  ^  "^  ^ 
Pei^  Pu^  l*i'ig'»  Private  of  Reserve  (one  in  each  squad), 
-^-  1A  ^  Huo^  Fu',  Cook  (nine  in  a  corps,  fl\  e  in  a  di\isIon, 
two  in  a  brigade,  two  in  a  regiment,  thirty-eight  in  an  infantry 
battalion,  eighteen  in  a  cavali-y  division,  thirty-one  in  an  artilKr}' 
division,  forty  in  an  engineers  battalion  and  forty-one  in  a 
battalion  of  troops  of  transport),  10.  M  W-  ^  ^ '"'i^'  ^'l''*^'^ 
Ping^,  Private  of  Transport  Troops  (four  in  infantry  and 
engineers  battalions  and  in  cavalry  division  ;  six  in  a  division  of 
field  artillery),  11.  P]^  ^  ^  Wei^' Yang^  Fn\  Foragers  (four 
in  infantrv  and  engineers  battalions  and  in  a  cavalry  division  ; 
.-Ix  in  a  dixision  of  field  artillery;  eighteen  in  a  division  of 
mountain  artillery),  12.  ,!S  ^  S  ^^'^^  l'"^  Mn',  Senior 
Stableman  (eight  in  a  l»attalion  of  troops  of  transpoi't.  four  in  a 
division  of  cavah'y  and  three  in  a  division  of  artilleiy),  ]:').  ^j  ^ 
Ma'  I'u',  Stableman  (seventy  in  a  battalion  of  troops  of 
transport,  tliirt\-two  in  a  ca\alry  division,  and  thirty-nine  in  an 
artiUery  division),  and  14.  ^  %)i  fr.  Kuan^  Tit*  Ping',  Packer 
(eighteen  in  a  divi'^ion  of  mountain  artill(;ry). 

REVIKWS    OF    TROOPS 

GSl.  Kogulations  drawn  up  \>y  tlie  Ministry  of  War — 
Hanctiom-d  by  the  Kmpcror  on  the  l*.^th  April,  1  !)()H, — call  i<'r 
reviews  of  the  troops  every  thnc  years.  With  this  object  in 
\icw,  the  Kmpcror  appoint-,  on  tlw  recommendation  of  the 
Ministiy  of  War,  an  official  skilled  in  military  matters  :is  : 

[     :'.01     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLlTICAl^    OKG AXIZATIOX    OF    CHJXA. 


682  682.     ^^:k^    Hsiao^    Yiieli*    Ta^    Ch'cn-,    Insi)ector- 

+Q         General  of  Troops,  who  makes  a  complete  inspection  of  a  certain 
concourse     of     troops.      To     assist     him    tlie    folkns  Ing    staff  is 


691 


organized 


683.  ^  1^  Ts'a)!-  1\  Adviser  (one);  assists  the  Tnspector- 
Gen(>ral  in  making  plans,  siiper\  ises  the  n)Ost  important  and  the 
confidential  cori't.-spondenee,  and  has  a  geneial  control  of  all 
questions  of  expenditure. 

684.  ^i^ffli^lim.  Tu'  I'iiig^  Kn)i  Hsiao"  Yiieh* 
ytian'^,  Inspector  of  Infantry:  ins])ects  the  in f an tiy  as  regards 
its  efficiency. 

Yiian-,   Inspector  of   ( 'a^ahy  :  ins])ccts  th.e  cavrtlry  as  regards  its 
efficiency. 

686-  lit  ^<  ^  ^k  Htl  M  l"=^t)'  ringi  K'o'  Hsiao'  Yiieh" 
Yiian',  Inspector  of  Ai'tillery  j  iiispects  the  ailillery  as  regards 
its  efficiency. 

687.  X  1^  ^4  4:^  Hg  M  l^^"'§"'  ^'i"g''  ^^'^'  ^i^iao*  Yiieh^ 
Yiian"-,  Inspcctoi*  of  T'jPigineers;  inspects  the  engineers  as  regards 
efficiency  and  organization. 

688.  f^  &  ^^  -^^^  [IJJ  ^  T/n^  Pingi  K'qI  Hsiao-*  Yiieh* 
Yiian-,  Inspector  of  Troops  of  Tiansport :  inspects  the  troops 
of  transport  as-i"egards  efficiency  and  organization. 

689.  xg^'j^H^  Oiiin'  Hsii'  Hsiao"  Yiieh"  Yiian'^ 
Inspector  of  the  Commissariat ;  inspects  the  commissariat — 
audits  accounts,  scrutinizes  its  books  and  bills. 

690.  i^M^MM.  <'l'i'»'  Il^^ieh'  PIsiao'  Yueh"  Vnan", 
Insj)ector  of  Arms;  inspects  arms  and  arihs  stores  (arsenals). 

691-  Sp:  ^  ^  im  M  Chiin'  II  Hsiao"  Yiieh"  Yuan-, 
Inspector  of  Medical  Depai-tment;  inspects  the  medical  staff' and 
hos[)itals  and  examines  sanitary  conditions. 

[      302      ] 


PRKSKX 1    n.vY   T'c^r.rncAL  ouganiza  riox   of  chixa. 


692.  ^  ,i;  -^  fiy  il     Cl.un^    Fa'    Hsiao*    Yiicl.*    Yuan^,       692 
Inspector  of   Militaiv   .liidicial  Department ;  (,'xainliies  sentences         ^q 
inifjosed  on  meniliers  of  some  certain  concourse  of  troops.  f^Q^x 

693.  ^  ^  Ml  Cli'Ong"  Fai  Yiian^  Registrar  ;  charoed 
witli  miscellaneous  duties  ;  delivers  orders  of  Inspector-General 
and  Inspectors. 

694.  There  is  a  C"li:Hicerv  esta1)lislied  at  (lie  Inspectorate 
(ieneral,  the  staff  of  which  is  )uadc  uj)  of  :  1.  ^  IB  Ek  ^^*^^' 
C  hi*  Yuan',  Secretaries  (in  charge  of  the  drafting  of  despatches 
and  icports),  2.  f&  ^  ^  Shou^  Fa^  Yiian-,  Kegistrar  (one  ; 
forwards  and  receives  corresj)cndcncc  and  telegrams),  o.  H  IB  M 
.lih*  Chi*  Yiian*,  Diarists  (charged  with  the  writing  uj)  of  daily 
r'i)orts  of  reviews),  4.  ||  H]  |4  Hni*  T'u'  Yiian',  Draftsmen, 
•'^-  p1  §  M  S^"'  ^1^»''  Yxuur,  Writers,  and  6.  i{^  j^  M  S^^o^'' 
Clilh'  '\'u.in',  Treasurer  (one). 

coMMirnzEs  for  drili.inq  troops. 

09.5.  ^^  ^  ^  Tu'  Lien*  Ch'u\  or  ^  f>|^  ^  pff  Tu'  Lieu' 
Kung'  So\  Committees  for  I)i-illing  Troops  (former  designation), 
<.)•  Provincial  Staff  of  New  Troops:  estahlished  In  all  provinces 
to  arrau're  the  oruanizatiou  and  diilliiig  of  divisions  ol  the  new 
troops.  These  Connnittees  are  undei-  the  sui)ervision  of  the 
(iovcrnor-(iencraI  or  (ioveiiior  of  the  province  concerned  (as 
^^i^  Tu'  I'an*). 

69.-.A.       ■'/•■?  f^  ;/<  Hi     Tn'     Lien'     Ta'     Chvn'    (or,    clearer, 

nmi&m-  ^^  ^^  m  -K  I?-  '1'-'^  I'i^^"'  ^ "''!"'  <"''■'■  '■  ''='''  '^^'* 
Ch.-n*  Ta'  Ch'en\  or  \\  Wt  M  Ml  iS  5^  1^^.  iU  ^  fS  ^'i^  j'l'  '''"' 
J':.n'  Hsiin*  Lien*  Chin*  Chi'  Ln*  <  imn'  Ko*  <  "hen*  Shih*  L*), 
Chief  <.r  Staff  of  Metropolitan  Circuit  ( I'o-t  al)oli>hed  In 
Imp.rial  lOdiet  ol  26th  SepteTn))er,  1910,  and  functions  transferred 
to  tht;  Mini.«try  of  War). 

[     w:>     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OIIGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


696  696.     On  the   Staff  there  are  :      #  li  'g*  Ts'ani  I*  Kuani, 


to 
698 


Adviser,  ^  ^  Wen'-  An'*,  Secretary,  f§|  ^  Sui^  Yiian' 
Adjutants,  5t  ^  'B*  Hsien'^  Feng^  Kuan\  Orderlies,  }^  ^ 
Ch'ing'  Shu\  Writers,  ^  ^  Ma^  Pien^  Mounted  Orderlies. 
^  i£  ^  Hu^  Ping*  Chang^  Convoy  Ohief,  and  \^X  it  Huo^  FuS 
Cooks. 

The  Staff  is  arranged  according  to  the  needs  of  the  circuit, 
as  detailed  in  reports  from  the  Governor-General  (or  Governor). 

696a.  1,1  p  1^-  Tsung^'  Ts'an^  I^  Senior  Adviser  ;  this 
post  exists  in  Manchuria  alone  (see  report  of  ^^  -{H;  ^j  Hsu^ 
Shih^-ch'angS  dated  the  13th  January,  1908). 

697.  The  Staff  is  arranged  in  three  ^  Ch'u'',  Offices, 
which,  in  turn,  are  subdivided  into  ^jj.  K'o^,  or  j^  l\a'',  Sections. 
The  Offices  are  under  |I|  f|  Tsung^  Pan^  and  ^  ff  Pang^  Pan* 
(see  jSTos.  698,  699  and  700)  ;  at  the  Sections,  likewise,  there  are  . 
Jl  1^  T'i2  Tiao*,  Proctors,  f^  ja  ||  Pangi  T'i^  Tiao\  Assistant 
Proctors,  or  fl{-  g  K'o^  Chang^  Section  Chiefs.  To  these 
officials  there  are  attached  :  ^  ^  Wei^  Yiian^,  Orderlies,  ^  ^ 
Wen2  An*,  Secretaries,  and  ;^  ^  Ch'ingi  Shu\  Writers  (the 
luimber  depends  on  the  volume  of  affairs — compare  No.  696).        ' 

The  offices   are  designated   as:      1.      ^  fii  M    Ping^  Pel- 
Cli'u',  Office  of  the  Inspector-General  (for  details  see  No.  698),  . 
2-      3UM  Ts'ani  Mou^   Ch'u*,  Office  of   the    Quartermaster- 
General  (see   No.   699),  and   3.      |;^  ^^  ^    Chiao*   Lien*   Ch'u^ 
Office  of  Milit4iry  Schools  (see  No.  700). 

698.  fi^DI'^-  Pingi  Pei*  Ch'u*,  Office  of  the  Inspector-' 
(General,  with  the  &  f  j  J^-  |tg  g|f  Pingi  Pci*  Ch'ir'  Tsiing^  Pan*,' 
Inspector-General,  at  it^^  b.ead.  This  Office  is  responsible  that 
the  troops  confirm  to  military  regulations  and  that  they  obey 
orders  ;  is  in  charge  of  the  issue  of  rewards,  judicial  proceedings, 
current  supplies,  and  the  preparation  of  su[)plies  for  the 
commissariat  artillery  and  medical  branches.  It  is  subdivided 
(in  Manchuria)   into   five   Sections:      1.      ^-  J^J  fi|.  K'ao'  Kungi 

[      304     ] 


TRESEXT    DAY     POLITJCAJ.    OKGAMZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


K-oS  ."Section  for  Exainiimtiuu  of  ^feril,  (of  Staff),  2.     ^  fi^  ^4      698a 
(  h-ou'-     IV'i^     K'o',     Section     of     Keadiuess     (Preparation),    3.         ^q 
M]  ^  f4  li^>i>"g^  Hsii^  K'o',  <  omniissariat  Section,  4.     M  f^  ^4      699b 
!■■  \\n*  K'o',  Medical  Section,  and  5.     |JI  ^  f-j-  Chili-  Fa^  K'o\ 
.hidicial  Section. 

()dS.\.  In  some  other  places  (for  instance,  in  the  provinces 
.)!  North  China)  the  Sections  (not  fjf  K^o',  hut  ]\^  Kn^)  are 
desio;nated  differently  :  '^  fi-  S^  Chiin'  Hsii^  Kii^,  Commii^sariut 
Section,  and  !^  ^  ^  Chiin'  P  Kn',  Medical  Section. 

tJ'JHn.  In  th(!  provinces  of  Sonth  C-hina  the  Office  of  the 
lnspcctor-(ieneral  (sf/'  So.  69S)  has  the  following  Sections  :  1. 
M  n't  ^'4  ^^"'  1'^^*^  ^'o'?  Section  of  Organization  of  Troops  i\nd 
Battle  Prepaiation,  2.  ^  -^  fif  Chih*  Fa'  K'o',  Judicial 
Section,  and  3.  ^^  Jig  ^3f  Ching*  Li=*  K'o>,  Commissariat 
Section. 

099.      #  Ht^  J^  Ts'an'  Mou'  '  hMi%   Office   of   the   Quarter- 

n.aster-Cieneral,  Avith  the  ^U^  W,  if'  ^^^^'^'''  ^^o"'  <'>'''^' 
Tsnng-^  Pan*,  at  it?  head  ;  exanjines  the  quartermaster  organization 
and  arranges  for  its  ])r(>per  administration  ;  collects  and  compiles 
statistical  military  information  concerning  China  and  neighbouring 
states.  This  Office  is  sidxlivided  (in  Manchiirinj  into  four 
Sections:  1.  ^^  ^^  Mou-  Liieh'  K'o',  Stnitcgicid  Sc<-tion, 
-•  ..'/J  i*r  f'i  '^^'ao'  ^"•»'^'''  l'^'^*''  Intelligence  Section,  ."..  33^  i|t  $'{ 
Vnn*  Shu'  K 'o'.  Section  of  Transi)ort  of  Troo]is,  and  I .  ;1[1]  ^;  f\ 
T.-'r'    Liang'  K'o',  Topographical  Section. 

(j99a.  In  some  other  jjlaccs  (for  instance,  in  tin'  |.r<.\uice;4 
of  North  China)  the  Sections— called  ^  Ku''— arc  as  ahoNc  with 
the  exception  of  the  f|l!]  |&  JH^  '!"'''«''  H"''  '^"  ^  T"l"'j;i-;'l'l»''"i' 
Section. 

699l;.  In  the  pn)\inccs  of  South  China  the  Ollii'c  of  the 
C^uartermaster-Ciencral  (srr  No.  G99;  has  ihc  following  Sections: 
I-     M    '3   ^     '^'i^"'    tlrou'    K-o',    Strategical    and    Transport 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


700       Section,  2.      ^^  ^  f ^  Chien^  Yiieh*  K'o^.  Intelligence  Section, 
iQ        and  3.      J|lJ  ff  f^j-  Ts'e^Hui*  KW,  Topographical  Section. 

702  '^^^-     ^^^  J^    ^^"^^*   ^^"^''^    ^^'"''    Office    o£    Military 

Schools,  with  the  $kW.M  li  il  Chiao^  Lien*  Ch'u*  Tsung^ 
Pan'',  Chief  (and  ^  |§|  Pang^  Pan*,  Assistant),  in  charge.  This 
Office  supervises  military  schools — draws  up  schemes  and 
regulations  and  arranges  instruction  and  textbooks  for  them.  It 
is  subdivided  (in  Manchuria)  into  four  Sections  :  1.  S^  ^  f ^ 
HsLjeh^  Wu*  K'o\  Section  of  Instruction,  2.  ^  &  ^^  Hsiao* 
Ping'  K'oS  Section  of  Eevision,  3.  ^  ^  jfJf  Pien^  P  K'o\ 
Translating  Section,  and  4.  f^  [fj^  ^l\  Hai^  Fang^  K'o\  Section 
of  Coast  Defence. 

700a.  In  some  places  (for  instance,  the  provinces  of  North 
China)  the  Section  of  Instruction  (see  No,  700)  is  styled  ^  ^  ^ 
Chiao*  Yii*  Ku^ 

700ii.  In  the  provinces  of  South  China  .the  Office  of 
Military  Schools  (see  No.  700)  has  the  following  Sections:  1. 
pjll  ^  ^4  HsLin^  Lien*  K'oS  Section  of  Drilling,  and  2.  |^  ^  ^^ 
Chiao*  YU*  K'o\  Section  of  Education. 

MILITARY  PRISONS. 

70 L  Ki  :^  1^  iA  Lu*  Chiin^  Chien^  Yii*,  Military  Prisons; 
regulations  for  these  were  drawn  ,up  by  the  Ministry  of  War  and 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  26th  September,  1908.  They 
are  of  two  types  :  1.  =^{J  ^  Pu*  Chien\  Prison  at  the  Ministry 
of  War — under  the  supervision  of  the  Department  of  Military 
Law  ;  see  No.  432— and  2.  ||  ^  Chen*  Chien\  Prisons  for  the 
Divisions,  under  the  supervision  of  the  p\  "^  ^  Ssu^  Ling*  Ch'u*, 
Staff  of  the  Division.  The  latter  are  for  culprits  whose 
sentences  are  from  one  month  to  ten  years  ;  those  serving  longer 
sentences  are  imprisoned  at  the  Prison  at  the  Ministry  of  War. 

702.     Following  is  the  personnel  of  the  administration  of  a 
Military  Prison  : 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


^-      ^  it  M    ^  liiia"^    ►'^l^*^''    Vuan-,    Substantive   Officials:       703 
^-      SiL  J5     ^'hien^    Chang',     Prison     Supervisor-  (4a     or    oa),        ^O 
-•      is  fi'J    Cliien^   Fu%   Assistant  Prison   Supervisor  (.3a  or  Ga  ;      ^qSa 
one),     8.      nl.^^     Ssir     Shu^     Sheno\     Clerk'    (7a  ;     two), 
4.      —  ^li^  I'  Teng-a  Chieni  ^^^^^2^  Warder  of  the    1st  Class 
(ranks  as    ^  @    Hu*  Mu^ ;  see  No.  665),  5.      Zl^  ^^'  Ki-1>* 
Teng^  Chien^   Tsu^  Warder   of   the  2nd  Class  (ranks  as   |f  JS 
Hu^  Ping' ;  see  No.  665),  and  6.      -j/c  ^  Huo^  F\i\  Cook. 

15-  @>J  'M  M.  <^'1'0^  P'^i'  Yiian^,  Deputed  Officials: 
1.  ^  £  ;1  Wei^  Pingi  Chang^  Chief  of  Sentries,  2.  If^g 
Wei'  Ping'  Mu*," Chief  Sentries  (from  the  ranks  of  sergeants), 
and  3.      f|j  ^.  Wei^  PhigS  Sentries  (from  the  ranks  of  privates). 

MILITARY  POLICE  ^GENDARMERIE). 

703.  r^  :i:  ^  ^  B  I^u'  <^'l"'^n'  (-'1''"?'  ^''''•'^'  '^'"''' 
Military  Police  ((jendannerie  of  the  Line);  the  organization  of 
this  body  was  first  brought  forward  in  1908,  wheij  temporary 
regulations  for  its  administration  were  drawn  u])  by  the  ^Tinistry 
■of  War  and  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  6th  May.  The 
object  of  its  inception  is  "  to  keep  a  watch  as  to  the  manner  in 
■which  officers  and  men  of  the  Army  and  Navy  jierform  their 
duties.' 

The  Military  Police  were  first  organized  at  Peking,  consist- 
ing of  (Mif!  !^^^  Ying-,  Battalion,  of  men  who  had  completed  the 
course  of  the  (iendarmcrie  Scliool  established  at  the  Ministry  of 
War  (see  No.  7\')v:);  later  these  police  were  oiganizcd  in  7I  4t 
Chiang'  Pei'  (see  a  Memorial  from  tJt  )[?{  tfi  Hsii^  Shao^-chcng', 
dated  the  2yth  Se))tember,  1909),  to  the  nunihcr  of  one  ^  Tiu*, 
Company.  Also,  there  have  ])ecn  established  j^  7'J  i^f  ^■'"'"'  ^J"'' 
4S0*,  Courses  for  Preparation  for  Service  in  the  Military  Police. 

703a.  I''^  il  #  ^  ji^  I^u^  Chrm'  Ching^  Ch'a'  Cl.'.i\ 
•Office   of  the  Military  PoJicre  ((ieridiirmerie  Office);  this  is  to  l>c 

[      :^07      ] 


I'KESENT    DAY    POEITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


705 


704       established     in     PekiiiL!,-    for    the    supervision    of    the    provincial 
to        jNIilitary  Police   and  will  be  iind3i-  the  control  of  the  Ministry 
of  War. 

704.     ^WW^W^^  M  Lu^  Ohiini  CliingS  (Jh'a^  Tui* 
Ying^   Chih^,   Staff  of  a  Battalion  of  Military  Police:  1.     One 
W  '^  1^    Kuan^    Tai*    Kuan^,    Batxalion    Commander    {see   No. 
661),  2.     One    ^k  ^  'g*  Chilr  Shih^  KuanS  Battalion  Adjutant 
{sec    Xo.    663),    3.      |5^  "g*    Tiil^   Kuan^,    Company    Commander 
Tthree,  confomiing-   to  the   number  of  companies;  see  No.  661), 
4,     ^p  ^  P'ai-  C'haug^  Platoon  Commander  (six,  conforming  to 
the  number  of  platoons;   see  No.   661j,-0.      p\  Wi  ^  "^su^  Wu'* 
Chang^,   Company  Adjutant  (three,  conforming  to  the  number  of 
companies;    see    No.    663),    6.      12  jg    g    Cheng-^    Mu^    Seylor 
Sergeants    {see    No.     661),     7.      12     gi]  g     Fu'    M\\\    Junior 
Sergeants  (see  No.    661),   8.      96   Jg  in  Cheng*  Ping\  Privates 
of  the   1st  Class  {see    No.    661),-  9.     One  %%^  Chihi^   Hsu^ 
Chang^  Battalion   Commissary  Officer  {see  No.  673),  10.      One 
^  IB  ;^     Shu'     Chi*     Chang^     Senior    Clerk    {see    No.    664), 
11.     One    jg  ^  ;g:    Chiin^    I'    Chang^,    Battalion   Surgeon   {see 
No.     675),     12.      One     ,f,  g  ^     Ma"=     I'     Change    Battalion 
Veterinary    Surgeon    {see   No.    676),    13.     Fi\e    n]  f |-"  ^    Ssu^ 
Shu'   Shcng',  Writers  {see  No.  664j,  14.      Eight  §  ic  J'  Ping', 
Hospital  Attendants   (fom-  of  these  are  ^  -^  i^  xMa'^  I'  Ping', 
Veterinaiy  Hos])ital  Attendants;  see  No.  675),  15.     Five  ^  ^ 
Hu*   ringi,   Convoy  Privates  (iYY?  No..  665),  16.      Thixe^^}  ^  @ 
Ma^  Fu'  llx\\  Senior  Stablemen  {see  No.  680j,  17.      24  P:|^^ 
Wei^   Yang'^   Fn',   Foragers   {see   No.  680),  18.      12  ^/f  ^  Huo^ 
Fu',  Cooks  (,svY'-Xo.  680j  and  82  horses. 

705.  H  2^  ^  '|g  11^  }fg  fU-l]  Un^  Chun'  Cliing^  CliM^  Tui* 
Tui^  Chih%  Staff  of  a  Company  of  Military  Pohce :  1.  One 
W  W  Tui'  Kuan',  Company  Conmiander  {see  No.  661),  2.  ^|: -^ 
P'ar  (hang',  Platoon  Commander  (two,  confoi-ming  to  tlic 
lunul.or  of  platoons;  ..rr  No.   G61),  3.      One   ^,  f^  ^  Ssu'  Wu-^ 

[      ;308      J 


I'KESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Chang',  Comi)any  Adjutant  (see  No.  663),  4.  Four  j£  g  706 
Cheng''  Mu*,  Senior  Sergeants  (see  Xo.  661),  5,  Four  gjj  g 
Fu^  Mn\  Junior  Sergeants  (see  No.  661),  6.  32  ^E  ^  Cheng^ 
Ping',  Privates  of  the  ,1st  Class  (see  No.  661),  7.  One  ^fj^ 
Ssu'  Shu'  Sheng\  Clerk  (see  No.  664),  8.  Two  ^  S  I'  Ping', 
Hospital  Attendants  (see  No.  675),  9.  One  ^  ^  liu*  Ping\ 
Convoy  Private  (see  No.  665),  10.  One  ,1  ^  @  Ma^  Fu^ 
Mu\  Senior  Stableman  (see  No.  680),  11.  Eight  P||  ^  ^ 
Wei^  Yang'  FuS  Foragers  (see  No.  680),  12.  Four  j jjH:  ^ 
ITuo'  Fu',  Cooks  (5^e  No.  680),  and  27  horses. 

B.      Reserve  Forces  (  Ffsfoi  Fauf/   Tui): 

706.  \%  p^  pf  Hsiin'  Fang'  Tui^  Reserve  Forces  (Pro- 
vincial Troops;  see  No.  665).  Temporary  regulations  referring 
to  troops  of  this  type  were  drawn  up  by  tlie  Ministry  of  War 
and  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  tlie  29th  June,  1907.  In 
time  of  ])eace  they  are  to  be  employed  in  catching  thieves  and 
robbers  ;  in  time  of  war  tney  are  to  act  as  auxiliary  forces  to  the 
troo])S  of  the  line.  These  troops  are  to  be  organized  from  the 
various  })ranches  of  the  old  troo])s. 

In  tlie  various  f)rovinces  there  may  be  (not  more  than  five) 
^  \a\\  Koads  or  Detachmeiils,  of  Reserve  Forces  designated  : 
II)  Ch'ieu-',  Vanguard,  f^  Ii(.u',  Uear-Guard,  r|^  riuuig'.  Centre 
(Mi<i<lle),  ;£  Tso',  Left  (Eastern),  and  i^  \\\\  Riglit  (Western). 
Ear-h  Dcfaehinent  is  commanded  l)y  a  ^  -^g  *^  T'ung'  Eing' 
Kuan',  D'tachniciit  Couiuiander- (Chief  ;  comj)are  No.  6(il). 

The  complement  of  a  Detachment  is  not  fixed  except  that 
it  must  W)\  exceed  10  ^  ^  i'lg',  Battalions  fI)i\isions;  compare 
No.  65f^K). >f^fr]fc  Pu^  Tui',  Infantry,  and  WM  Mi«"' Tui'.  C:i\  airy. 

J'lach  iiifautiy  battalion  consists  of:  three  (iff  Shao^ 
Com|)anie8,  of  eight  ^  P'eng',  Platoons,  each  I\a<h  Phitoon  is 
made  up  of  nine  j^  ^  ('her)g^  I'hig',  Privates  of  the  l-(  Class, 
and  a  \\  ^  Shih-  Chang',  Sergeant  (Platoon  riii.C.  lb;Mbii;iii\ 
The  general  nuMibcr  c)!'  men  to  a  battalion  is  ;'ni. 

[      30!)      ] 


FRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

706a  Each  cavalry  division  consists  of  three  [1^  k^hao'*,  Squadrons. 

to        of  four  ^^  P'Ong^,   Sqnads,   each.     Each   Squad   is  made  up  of 

706b      ^^^^  jE  ^  Cheng*  Ping^,   Privates  of  the  1st  Clais,  and  a  ff*  ;^ 

Shih"^  Chang',  Sergeant  (sec  above).     A  division  usually  numbers 

189  men  and  135  horses. 

706a.  The  General  Staff  of  a  detachment  (^  Lu^)  consists. 
of  the  following  :  1.  One  ^  |g  "g*  T'ung^  Ling'^  Kuan\  Detach- 
ment ommander,  2.  One  ^  ^^  "^  Pan^  T'ung^  Kuan',  Second 
in  Command  of.  a  Detachment,  3.  One  ^12*^  Shu^  Chi* 
Kuan',  Secretary  (see  No.  664),  4.  One  ^  fj-  ^||*  Hui''  Chi* 
Kuan',  Accountant,  5.  One  ^  ^i  1^  Chih^  Shih*  Kuan', 
Adjutant  (see  No.  663),  6.  Two  ^  %■  ^  Ssu'  Shu'  Sheng', 
Clerks  {see  No.  664),  7.  Two  g,  ^  Ma^  Pien*,  Mounted 
Orderlies  (Privates  ;  see  No.  665),  8.  Fourteen^  &  Hu''  Ping^^ 
Convoy  Privates  (see  No.  QQ'))^  and  9.  Two  \f^  ^  Huo^  Fu^,, 
•Cooks  (see  No.  680) 

7061^  ^  1^  -  ^  2:  U  P"^  Tui*  T'  Ying^  Chih'  Chih*,, 
General  Staff  of  a  battalion  of  infantry  :  1.  One  ^  i^  'g*  Kuan' 
Tai*  Kuan',  Battalion  Commander  {see  No.  661),  2.  II|^ 'g' 
Shao*  Kuan',  Company  Commander  (three,  to  conform  to  the 
■number  of  companies  ;  see  No.  706),  3.  (If  ^  Shao*  Chang', 
Second  in  Command  of  a  Company  (three,  to  conform  to  the 
number  of  companies  ;  see  No.  706),  4.  24  ff  ^  Shih-  Change, 
Sergeants  (one  for  each  platoon  ;  see  No.  706),  5.  216  jg  i£. 
Cheng*     Ping',    Privates    of     the     1st     Class    (see    No.     66 1)^ 

6.  One  1;  f E  ;g  Shu'  thi*  Chang',  Senior  Clerk  (see  No.  664), 

7.  Five  WI  §^    Ssu'   Shu'    Sheng',   Writers   (see    No.    664), 

8.  One  ^  ^  @  Ku'  Hao*  Mu\  Signd  Sergeant  (see 
No.  678),  9.  Six  ^  ^  ^  Ku'i  Hao*  Ping',  Signalmen, 
(compare  No.  678),  ]  0.  One  ^  g  Hu*  Mu*,  Convoy 
Sergeant  (see  No.  665),  11.  16  ff  ^  Hu*  Ping',  Convoy 
Privates  (see  No.  %%o),  and  12.  24  f^  ^  Huo'  Fu',  Cooks 
(see  No.  680). 

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l^'RKSKNT    DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


"(»6c.  ^.B—  ^  Z  rlilj  ^^1'^'  'i'"i'  I'  Ving-^  Ciiih'  ChihS  706c 
(ieiKTal  Staff' of  a  cavalry  division:  I.  One  ^  ^  'g*  Kuan'  Tai*  to 
Kuan',  Division  Commander  (ire  Xo.  661),  2.  nf^'^  Shao^  Kuan\  «q« 
Squadron  Commander  (ihree,  to  conform  to  the  number  of 
squadrons;  see  Jso.  706),  3.  Uf^  ;g  Shao*  Cliang^  Second  in 
Conunand  of  a  Squadron  (thne,  conforming  to  the  numljcr  of 
squadrons;  see  No,  TOG),  4.  12  fj'  ;g  Shih'^  Chang',  Sergeants 
(conforming  to  the  number  of  squads  ;  see  No.  706),  5.  108  j£|^ 
Chrng^  Ping',  Privates  of  the  1st  Class  (5^^  No.  661),  6. 
Oue  ^i  IE  ^  Shu'  Chi'  rhaug^,  Senior  Clerk  {see  No.  664),  7. 
Five  -p-]  -||  ^  Ssui  Shu'  Sheng',  Writers  {see  No.  664),  8. 
O"*-'  ^  It  @  ^^^^  Hao^  Mu\  Signal  Sergeant  {see  No.  678),  9. 
^'^  IJ  M  ^  Ku'  Hao-*  ring'.  Signalmen  (see  No.  678),  10. 
One  ^^  ^J  Hv.^  Mu^^  Convoy  Sergeant  (see  No.  660),  11. 
16  ^i  Si  II vr^  Ping',  Convoy  Privates  (see  No.  66a),  12. 
^''  i'k  ^  J'"^'  P'"'.  (-ooks  {see  No.  680),  13.  12  ,1|  ^ 
M:i^  Fu',  Stablemen  (see  No.  680),  and  135  horses. 

7O611.  For  pprtitulars  as  to  the  -^  \>/'j  {^'^  f^^  ^  TIsun" 
Fang-  Ying-  Wu"*  Ch'u',  Stail"  of  Reserve  Forces  in  Manclnuia, 
sff  N(j.  ko.Oa. 

'  ^'~-  M  t\  Jk  Jell  ^  Hifl  V^  "^h  1^  Su'  Shrng'  Fei'  Ilua"^ 
Shui'  Shih'  llsiin-  Fang'  lui*,  Kiver  Flotilla  of  Kiangsu 
Province  ;  organized  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the 
late  Governor  piji  Vj  ?f'^  ChS'-u"  ( "h'i'-t'ai'',  sanctioned  by  the 
Kmi)eror  <Mi  the  l2th  August,  1908.  Thr  iji  < 'hihiS  S(|iKulron, 
is  divided  into  five  -JDT^  Ying'  (the  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth  and 
Fiftli j,  whifli,  in  turn,  arc  siib-divided  into  live  iiff  Shao'*  each 
{\\\  Chung',  fllj  ChMen-,  ^£  Tx.',  X{  Yn'.  and  -fJ^  IIou^  sec  Noi 
7<)t;  .  A  llfl  Shao'  consists  of  (;ight  j;|J  ^  llua*  Ch'uan'-,  Boats, 
having  a  crew  of  six  Jr.  3^^  Ping'  Fii',  Privates  (one  acts  Jis  ^fe  }^ 
Iluit^  Fu",  Cook)  each. 

At  the  head  of  each  ^,  Yirrg'  (coi  sisting  (»f  4l)  ])oat?, 
and  crews   nundjcring    2 10    mh  n)    there   is  a   ^  <{^>    Kuan*  'i'ai*, 

[     811     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

708  Flotilla  Commander,  who  has  subordinated  to  him  on  his  own 
boat  (called  ^  ^  j^Hj  ^  Hsien^  Feng^  Shan^  Pan^^  eight  '^  % 
Kuan^  Chang^,  Officers,  and  17  Privates  (see  above). 

In  charge  o£  the  entire  squadron  is  the  3^  fg  T'ung^  Ling', 
Squadron  Commander,  who  has  on  his  own  boat  (called  §^  '^  ^ 
Kuan^  K'uai'*  Ch'uan^j  seven  Officers  and  38  Privates.  The 
total  complement  of  the  squadron  (of  206  boats)  is  253  Officers 
and  1,323  Privates — 1,576  men  in  all. 

MILITARY  SCHOOLS. 

708.  In  the  general  regulations  for  ^  !p!  ^^  gl'  Lu*  Chiin^ 
Hsiich^  T'ang^,  Military  Schools,  of  20  articles,  drawn  up  by  the 
Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Army  and  sanctioned 
by  the  Emperor  on  the  12th  September,  1904,  there  was  put 
forth  the  following  scheme  for  training  officers  for  the  New 
Army  : 

On  completion  of  the  course  of  Primary  Schools  of  the 
Junior  Grade,  students  join  the  [{||  '^  -'J'*  -^  ^  Lu'*  Chiin^ 
Hsiao^  Hsiieh-  T'ang^,  Primary  Military  School.  The  course 
here — of  three  years  dui-ation— being  completed,  they  advance 
to  the  PI  !i:  Pfi  ^  ^  Lu^  Chiin^  Chung^  Hsiieh-  T'ang",  Middle 
Military  School,  where  the  course  of  study  covers  two  years. 
After  finishing  their  studies  here,  and  having  served  four  months 
in  the  infantry  (or  cavalry,  artillery,  engineers  or  troops  of 
transport)  as  private  of  the  1st  Class  and  sergeant,  the 
students— called  [?1  ||  A  lS  ^  Lu*  Ohiin^  Ju*  Wu^  Sheng\ 
Cadets— join  tlie  i£  ^  fl  ^?:  Pi„gi  Kuan^  Hsiieh'^  T'ang^ 
School  for  Military  Officers,  where  they  remain  for  one  year  and 
a  half.  When  graduated  from  this  Institution  they  again  join 
the  army,  in  the  ranks,  with  the  title  of  Jp  ^  'g*  Hsiieh^  Hsi- 
Kuan',  Sub-Officer,  for  a  further  period  of  six  months,  after 
which  they  return  to  the   school   for  examination.     Those  who 

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PUESKN'T     DAY     POLITICAJ.    ORGANIZATION    OK    CHINA. 


attain  a  satisfactory  intino-  in  tlie  examination  aie  definitely 
a]tjH)inte(l  as  ofticeis  and  receive  commissions  as  Commanders  of 
Companies  or  Platoons  (see  No.  (IGl).  After  two  years  service 
the  most  distingnished  may  join  the  M  '^^  J<.  ^  ^  L\i^  Chim^ 
Ta^  llsiielr  T'ang-*,  Military  Academy,  for  a  course  of  study  of 
two  vears  duratif)n,  and,  on  graduation  from  this  institution, 
they  receive  the  title  of  Military  Staff  Officer  {see  No.  184l). 

7()8a.  I'udcr  the  old  system,  for  those  who  wished  to 
follow  a  military  cai-eer  there  were  similar  examinations  as  for 
the  civil  carc-'r,  consisting  of  examinations  as  to  loiowledge  of 
inilitarv  *•  Ching,"  Classics,  -with  the  addition  of  various  tests, 
chieHv  exercises  of  physical  strength,  skill  in  riding,  in  drawing 
the  1k)w,  in  lifting  "the  weight''  and  in  fencing.  Th.ese 
examinations  were  aholished — as  well  as  the  degrees  conferred — 
in  1901  {.see  No.  629i)). 

709.  ^  j|:  /h  ^  ^  I-«i^  Chiini  Hsiao^  PTsiieh'  T'ang', 
I'rimarv  Military  Schools  (Tjower  Corps  of  Cadets):  for  those 
who  have  comj)leled  the  course  of  Primary  Scliools  of  the 
Junior  Grade  ;  with  a  course  of  study  covering  three  years. 
These  schools  are  foiuid'  at  the  Capital,  in  the  [)rovinces,  and  at 
"the  Manchu  (larrisons.  Regulations  for  their  adnnnistration, 
drawn  up  hv  thr  Committee  for  the  Keorganization  of  the 
Armv,  wore  sanctioned  l»y  the  I^npei-oi-  on  the  '27\]\  I'chruary, 
190.">,  The  cru-ollment  varies  from  90  to  300  students 
Cdependenl  on  local  conditions)  iind  th"  attendance  of  [if.J  ^ 
Fu*  ^siieh^  S|)ecial  Students  (between  the  ages  of  1  .J  :ujd  18 
veai-s)  is  j)ermissil)le.  In  addition  \n  (he  suhjects  of  geneial 
education  (ethics,  CliineKc  litcsraturc,  history,  uialheinatics, 
geographv,  etc.),  insti  "wtion  is  '/Ivcu  in  the  flenicntary  princij)le8 
of  military  stMences. 

At  the  head  of  a  Primary  Military  S.hool  lli.re  is  a  i^J}\ 
Tsung  I'an*,  Supervisor.  \\'-  has  snl.ordin.ilcd  to  him: 
1,      (>„p  {?,V  »?  Chi,.,.'  Tu',  Director,   2.      On.-   |;i  g)j|]    T'i-  Tiao*, 

[      :'.l-      ] 


708a 

to 

709 


PKESENT    DAY    POJ.ITJCAL    OKGaNIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


709a  Inspector,  3.  ]E$k  M.  Cheng*  Cliiao^  Yiian^  TeacherSy 
to  "*•  i'J  (-Oi/^  ^^  S  ^"*  (Chu'*)  Chiao*  Yiian'^,  Assistant  Teachers 
«^^  (at  a  school  with  an  enrollment  of  300  students  there  are  not 
more  than  26  Teachers  and  Assistant  Teachers),  5.  Nine  Jp  ^ 
Hsiieh-  (yhang^,  Instructors,  6.  One  ^  %'  V  Knan',  Surgeon 
(acting  also  as  ^  ^  ^  f ^  ^  Wei*  Shcngi  Hsiieh^  Chiao* 
Yuan-,  Teacher  of  Hygiene),  7.  One  ^  ^  Wen^  An*,. 
Secretary,  8.  One  Ij^  j^  #  M  ^^^o^^^  Chih^  Wei'  Yiian^, 
Treasurer,  9.  One  ^  Jm  ^j  ^  ( hih'  Ying*  Ssu^  Shih*, 
Steward,  10.  One  ^  j$  "fi]  ^  Kuan^  K'u*  Ssu^  Shih% 
Overseer  of  Accoutrements,  11.  Three  ^  ^  Ssu^  Shu\  Clerks, 
12.  Three  ^  ^  Ch'ai^  Pien*,  Messengers,  13.  Two  ^  &■ 
Hao*  Ping',  Signalmen,  and  14.     40  ^  ^  Fu^  I*,  Servants. 

709a.  JE^  H  ^  ^  Wu*  Pei^  Hsueh^  T'ang^  Military 
Preparatory  Scliool ;  with  a  course  covering  2  to  3  years. 
The  establishment  of  schools  of  this  type  took  place  previous  to 
the  promulgation  (in  1904)  of  the  general  regulations  for 
Military  Schools  {see  No.  708).  On  completion  of  their  studies 
at  these  schools  the  best  scholars — aoed  20  to  28  years — were 
advanced    to    the    ii  IlK  f^^  ^  ^  ^   ^"'   Ch'eng'    Lu*    Chun» 


Hsiieh'- T'ano:^  isee  No.  711a' 


'& 


)■ 


The    Wu^  Pei*  Hsiieh^  T'ang-  have  now  been  reorganized 
into  Primary  jSIilitaiy  Schools  (see  No.  709). 

710.  m^fi^^^.  L"*  Chun^  Chung^  Hsiieh^  T'ang^ 
Middle  Military  Scliools  (Middle  Corps  of  Cadets) ;  open  to 
those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  Primary  Military 
Schools  (see  No.  709) ;  with  a  two  years  coui-sc  of  study. 
These  schools  are  to  be  established  in  the  provinces  of  Chihli,. 
Shansi,  Hupeh  and  Kiangsu. 

Regulations   for  Military  -Middle   Schools  have  not  as  yet 
been  promulgated. 

711.  ^  ip:  £$  'g-  J^  ^  Lu*  Chiin^  Pingi   Kuan'    Hsueh^ 
T'ang^     School    for    ^lilitary    Officers;    for    those    who    have 

[     314     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

completed  the  course   of  Militaiy  Middle  Schools  {see  No.  710)      711a 
and  have  served  in   tlie  ranks  for  four  mouths    iscc   No.    708); 
with    a    course   of  study   covering    one   year  and    a    half.      Tiiis 
school  is  to  be  established  at   Peking   but  the  regulrtious  have 
not  yet  been  published, 

7 11  A.  1^  Ip:  ii  j3c  ^  ^  Tai-*  Chiin'  Su^  Ch'i-ng'  Hsiielr 
T'ang^,  School  for  Military  Officers  with  A})ridgc(l  (oiuse; 
established  in  a(co)'dance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry 
of  War,  in  19(),j,  at  f^  '^  J^  Pao  Ting  Fu.  The  enrollment 
is  1,140  and  the  course  of  studv  extends  over  two  \eai<  and  a 
half,  or  one  year  and  a  half,  as  instruction  in  the  siilijccts  of 
general  education  is,  or  is  not,  supplied. 

Those  following  the  one  year  and  a  half  ciuiisc  i  ^^  —  55 
Ti^  I'  Pan*)  make  a  special  study  of  military  sciences  during 
the  complete  coni'se  :  those  following  the  two  year  and  a  half 
course  (^Zl£!f  Ti*  Krh*  Pan^)  study  subjects  of  gcYieral  • 
education  for  one  year  and  military  sciences  during  the  remaining 
one  year  and  a  hnlf 

On  satisfactory  completion  of  tlu'  course  the  students  serve 
in  the  ranks  for  three  months,  with  the  designation  ^  ^  'y' 
Ilsiieh^  Hsi-   Kuan'  (compai'e  No.  708). 

At  the  head  of  the  i*^'chool  for  Military  ()Hic(Ms  with 
Abridged  Course  there  is  a  |l^)  ^J)^  Tsiiny'  Pan',  Su])(M-intiiidcn(. 
Subordinated  to  him  are:  1.  ()i:e  jE  ^  ^  Cheng'  (  hien'  Tii', 
Director,  2.  Oiie  fi\\^j^  Fu'  Chien'  Tn',  Viee-I)ire<-toi> 
■^-  ^>"'^  JE  ^P^  M  ^-'^"'"f.''  'J'-i'  '•'i'''"^  Inspector,  -1.  One  .^ij^gj^ 
Fu*  'Pi'  Tiao',  Assistant  Tns|»ector,  .').  JE  ^  ^  <'h«'rig'  (  hiao* 
Yiian',  Teachers,  6.  S^lj  ^  £t  Fu'  Chiao'  Vian-'  and  jijj  Ifk  Li 
Chu'  Chiao*  Yuan'',  Assistant  Teachers,  7.  Five  |;f  j^;  KS)' 
Chang',  Section  Chiefs,  H.  I?^  fj*  Tni'  Kimn',  C.mi.any 
Commanders  (  10  in  all  ;  120  students  form  a  |f|c  Tiii',  Company), 
!).  ^Jp  'jij*  P'ai'  Kuan',  Platoon  CommaixlerH  ^10  sln<leni>  foini  a 
^«p    I  Mi'-',    l'lato.,1.  ;    th.iv    are    :50    IMato...!^  in  all),    I".       IT.  ^   Ic 

[    :'.i;.     1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


711c 


71lB      Cheng*     Hsiieh^     Challg^     Instructors      (10— there      being      10 

to        companies),     11.      gij   *  ;^     V^^'     Hsueh^     Chang^     Assistajrit 

Insti-nctors   (20  in   all;  two  to  each  company),  12.     Two   ^  'g* 

II     Kuani,     Sin-geons    (acting    also    as   Teachers    of    Hygiene ; 

compare     No.     709),     13.     Four     ^^V     Sheng',     Assistant 

Surgeons,     14.     Two     Ml  W  'U     ^^^'     ^'     Knani,      Veterinary' 

Surgeons    (acting    also   as   ^%  ^  JE  Wi  m.    ^I«'    Hsiielr   Cheng* 

Chiao*  Yiian^  Teacher  of  Veterinary  Sciences,  and   M^IOlJlM 

Ma'  Hsiieh^  Fu*  Chiao*  Yiian^  Assistant  Teacher  of  Veterinary 

Sciences),  lo.      One  -  ^  ^  fg  'g'  F  Tcng^  Shu^   Chi*  KnanS 

Secretary    of    the    1st    Class,    16.     Three    H  ^  ^  fg  1*    Erh* 

Teng'     Shn^     Chi*    Kuan^     Secretaries     of     the     2nd     Class, 

17.       One    ll^^IE^M    ^^"^"^    ^'^^^^^    Cheng*     Wei^    Yuan% 

Treasiu-er,    18.     Three    Ij^  ^  glj  ^  M    ^'»ou'    Chih^  Fu*  Wei' 

Yiian^,  Assistant  Treasurers,    19.     One    ^  ,E  JE  ^  M  I^^^^^^' 

Ma'    Cheng"    Wei-''    Yiian^,    Inspector    of     Horses,    20.     Three 

^  Ml  M  ^  M  Tvnan^  ]SIa"  Fn'^  Wei^  Yiian^,  Assistant  Inspectors 

of    Horses,    21.     Three  ^  Ui  ^  W    ^^^'^^^'    ^^i"g*   Ssu^    ^^^i^^"' 

Stewards,     22.     Three    W  i^  ^  -^     K"'^"'    I^'"'    ^s^'     S^'^'*"*' 

Overseers    of     Accoutrements,     23.     Two     ■^  ^  ^  ^    Kuan' 

Yao*    Ssu'    S]iih%    Pharmacists,    24.      16    ^  ^  >^     Ssu^    Shu^ 

Shcng\  Clerks,  etc. 

71115.  ^  #  ^  ^  Chiang*  Tien*  Hsiieh'  T'ang'^,  Courses 
for  Military  Officers  and  Suh-Officers.  These  have  heen 
instituted  in  the  provinces  of  Chihli  (;}[:  jf  Ht  #  P  ^  I'ei' 
Yang^  Chiang*  Pien*  Ilsiiclr  T'ang'^),  H^upeh  and  Kuangtung, 
and  elsewhere.  The  term  of  study  (in  Chihli)  is  of  eight  months 
duration  and  the  enrollment  is  120.  Or  completion  of  the 
coiu'se  Officers  receive  appointments  in  the  troops  of  the  line. 

711c.  ^  it  ^  (^hiang^^  Wn'  T'ang",  Courses  of  Military 
Instruction  ;  instituted  at  provincial  (capitals  for  officers  holding 
high  rank  in  the  New  Army  hut  who  have  not  received  the 
military  education  outlined  by  the  (.'ommittee  for  the   Reorgani- 


I'lJESliXT     DAY     I'OMTiCAL    OKG  AN  I /,  A  TlOX    OK     CHINA. 


zatiou  of  the  Anuy  (arc  No.  TOS).  The  piojjranmie  c»f  studies 
is  simihxr  to  that  of  the  )^  #  ^  ^  Chiang*  Tien*  Ilsiieh^ 
T'ang'  of  C'hihli  ami  Hupeh  (see  So.  71  1b)  and  these  courses 
i'lnu'tion,  for  miliit'jv  officers,  siinihu-ly  to  the  fh  ^  It"  Shih^ 
ll>ueh-  Kuan^  i^sea  "So.  59o\)  and  ^  ^  f^  K'o'  I^i'  Kuan'  (see 
No.  5\)7  ]  for  civil  officials. 

71  Id.  #  g  ^  'M  l''t;n'  ^ln'  Ilsiieh'^  T'ano=,  Schools  for 
Sergeants.  ^  ^  ^  llsiieh"-  Ping'  Ying^  Instruction  Battalions, 
gg  .^  ^  ^;  Sui-'  Ying-  Ilsileh-  T'ang-,  Instruction  roniinaiuls. 
The  two  h\tter  are  for  training  soldiers  for  the  ])()sitl()n  of 
siei-cjeant. 

712.  \^^  -^  :k  ^  ^  Lu'  Chiin^  Ta^  Hsiieh^  T;ang', 
Military  Academy,  ai.so  |^  i^  ^  ^  ^^  ^  ^  Lu^  (  hiin'  Ts-an' 
Mou-  'IV  Hsiieh^  T'ang'',  (ieneral  Start' College,  By  regulations 
drawn  u[»  by  the  Committee  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Armv, 
in  19().>,  this  school  is  to  be  established  at  Peking  and  is  to  be 
under  the  supervision  of  the  General  Staff  (see  No.  184i;y. 
Tem[)orarily  ih(.'  eiuolhnent  is  to  be  40  officers,  between  the  ages 
of  20  and  27  years  (sr,-  Xo.  7()S).  The  course  uf  stjid\  will 
cover  three  year.s. 

At  the  head  of  the  Military  Academy  theie  will  !«'  a  ^'  ^ 
Chien'  Tu',  Director.  He  will  be  .assisted  by:  1.  Hg  ^JC  ^ 
Tsuiig^  (.'iiiao'  iisi-,  Sienior  Professor,  2.  jE  ^  ^  C'h<  ng* 
Cliiao'  lis!',  A-Ssistant  Senior  Pi'ofe.ssoi-,  as  Inspector,  ;5.  ^>[  ^-J 
Chiao^  Ilsi'^,  I'rofi'ssors  of  sciences  of  general  ediu:!ti<>n  and 
special  militar\  sciences  (al><)  acting  as  ^  jl;^  1^  l''an'  I'  Iviian', 
Translators),  4.  X'}1  ^  [l  ^y  Ilan'  Wm-  (liu"  Chiaiig\ 
Profcrs.sor  of  ChiueEe  l.itei'ature  (acting  at  the  same  time  as 
^ -Ivl-  'S'  1''^'"'  Tsuan'  Kuan',  P.-\  isor),  .3.  ^  ^'  W'iir  An', 
Secretary  (^ginuiltan^ously  serving  as  Pidol'-rcader  ;  coiupare- 
above,  fi.  ;j:(^  ffj  :^  l{  'IVa-  W  u'  Wei'  Yiian',  St.uard,  7.  I§| 
'g'  I'  Kuan',  Surge(»fi,  rt.  ,ij  !jj  Ssu'  Shih',  .\ssislant  Stewaitl. 
(>/■'•   ;ib„vc),    y.      i^i  }}    Ch'ing'    Shu',    (  h'rk,    10.      Mj:  jjjg   Shu» 


71lD 

to 

712 


PRESENT     DAY    POLITICAi.    OKGANIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 

713a      ShihS    Writer,    11.     ^ -^  Ma^  Pien*,  Mounted  Petty   Officer 
to         Orderlies,  12.      .Pf)    @   Ma^  :Mu*,  Mounted  Orderlies,  13.      ^   g 
Y13       Ch'aii  Mu^    Messengers,   14.      Jjjlj  fP]  jg    Shua^    Yin^    Chiang% 
Printers,  and  15.     ^  ^  Fu^  I^,  Servants. 

712a.  5^  'q-  ^  ^^  Chiini  Kuan^  Hsiielr  T'ang^,  Military 
Start'  Officers  College  (at  Paotingfu).  Previous  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Militar}'  Academy  (sfc  Xo.  712)  this  institution 
serves  as  the  school  for  training  officers  for  staff  posts  (see  No. 
184l).  It  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  General  Staff  (.sy'(?  No. 
184b),  which  issued  supplementary  regidations  for  its  adminis- 
tration in  1909 — these  were  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 
6th  September  of  the  same  year. 

For  enrollment  in  this  college  there  are  accepted  well- 
behaved  }Oung  men  aged  25  to  30  vears  A\ho  have  completed  the 
course  of  a  Primary  Military  School  (or  a  school  of  the 
corresponding  grade),  or  of  a  ]Mi]itaiT  College  al^road,  after  a 
test  examination  in  Chinese  and  foreign  languages,  general 
educational  subjects  and  militar}'  sciences.  'I'he  course  of  study 
covers  three  years  (formerly  there  were  two  courses  of  study  : 
ii  J^  ?-'[  Su2  Ch'cng^  K'o',  and  ^  >}§  f^  Shrn^  Tsao'  K'oS  the 
former  extending  over  one  year  and  a  half  only). 

713.  m'^mlW^^  Ln^  <^l^u»'  Ivuei^  Chou^  Hsiieh' 
T'ang^,  ^Military  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles  ;  founded,  in 
accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Committee  for  the 
Ileorganization  of  the  Army  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 
19th  October,  1905),  with  the  object  of  training  the  sons  of 
Princes  and  Nobles  foi-  militarv  service.  The  dm-ation  of  the 
course  was  fixed  at  five  years  (lately,  on  a  Memorial  from  the 
Ministry  of  War,  dated  the  7th  March,  1908,  it  has  been  reduced 
to  three  years). 

The  enrollment  is  120  students,  arranged  in  three  ^  Pan^ 
Sections,  of  40  students  each.  Eligible  foi-  adrdssion  to  the 
school  ai-e  the  sons  of  :  1.     Princes,  2.      Ciansmer   holding  posts 

[     -1«     ] 


rUESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHI\A. 


not  lower  than  the  fourth  rank,  3.     Metropolitan  and   rrovincial      713a 
;Manchu  and  Chinese  military  and  civil  officials  holdi-ig  posts  not 
lower  than  the  second   rank.     The  age  limit  for  students  is  18  to 
25  yeai"?. 

Those  who  complete  the  course  of  study  with  the  first  rating 
are  enrolled  in  the  army  as  lieutenants,  are  attached  to  the 
Ministry  of  War  as  ^  ^  Chu^  Shih^  {see  No.  292),  or  are  sent 
to  the  provinces  as  j§  ^\j  T'ung^  P'an^  (see  No.  849a). 

Those  who  graduate  with  the  second  rating  are  enrolled  in 
the  army  as  sub-lieutenants,  are  attached  to  one  of  the  Ministries 
as  4:  n"  ^  Illili  ^  ^'1^'i'  ^'i^'  ^''^'  '^'''el>'  ^^^^^^\  (sec  No.  293)  or 
-t:  pa  <i^  in  1*  Ch'ii  P'in^  Hsiao'  Ching^  Kuan'  (see  No.  299), 
or  are  sent  to  the  provinces  as  ^[1  f^  Chih'    Hsien*  (see  No.  856). 

At  the  Military  School  for  Princes  and  Nobles  there  is  a 
^  IS  ly:  H?  Iff  M<^'ng'  Ch'i2  Shih*  Chiieh'^  Pan^,  Special  Section 
for  Hereditary  Mongolian  Princes  (regulations  for  this  were 
<irawn  up  by  ^  ^]  ^  M  ^*ei'  l^ii'  Tsai'  Jun\  Tsai  Jun,  Prince 
of  the  3rd  Degree,  the  superintendent  of  the  school,  and 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  20th  February,  1910). 

713a.  At  the  head  of  the  Military  School  for  Princes  and 
Nobles  there  is  a  -^f  if  p^  ]g:  gt  H  ^  ^  ^  ^  Kuan'  Li''  Lu^ 
Chun'  Kiiei'  Chou'  Hsiieh*  T'ang^  Shih'^  Wu*,  Superintendent, 
appointed  from  the;  ranks  of  Princes  of  the  Blood  (the  jtost 
(if  ^  1^  Tsung'  Pan',  Cnrator,  Avas  abolished  on  a  Memorial 
from  Prince  ijij^  jl^  Tsai^  .1  nn',  dated  the  2()tli  February,  1910). 
Dire(!tly  subordinated  to  the  Superintendent  arc:  1.  Director 
{see  No.  r)35),  2.  Preceptor  (see  No.  (549),  3.  fl-  Ji  j!^^  JE  ^ 
^  P'u»  T'ling'  llsiieh'  Cheng*  ('liiao^  Yiian',  Tradicrs  of 
«ubjects  of  general  education,  4.  V?  iS  ^i^  m'l  ^  U  '"'"'  '1''""K' 
IlHueh'  Fn*  (.'hiao*  Yuan',  Assistant  Tcailicrs  of  .suhjccts  ol 
general  education  (there  are  six  T<  im-Ikts  and  Assistant  Tea«'liera 
in  all),  5.  Three  j^  ^  IJC  U  i'in-  ll-ii.h'  Cbiao*  Viian*, 
Teachers  of  military  sciences,  (J.      One  jj^  [-!f  '|V  Cheng*  I'   Kuan', 

[    :5i:>    ] 


PKKSENT    DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


wj^       Surgeon,  7.      Two  gi]  -^  'g'    Fu'*   P   Kuan',  Assistant  Sm-geous, 


to 

715b 


S.  Three  Teachers  (sec  Xo.  637)  acting  as  |f  ^  Fan^  l\ 
Interpreters,  9.  Two  ^  ^5:  IE  |Jc  il  Han"  Wen^  Cheng"  Chiao" 
Yiian^,  Teachea'S  of  Chinese  literature,  10.  Two  :^  ~X  S'J  W.  M 
Han*  Wen^  Fu"  Chiao*  Yiian^,  Assistant  Teacheis  of  Chinese 
literature,  11.  Six  ^  ^  Cliai^  Chang^,  Inspectors  of  Dormi- 
tories (compare  No.  645),  12.  One  Secretary,  13.  One  1^  ^ 
H  ^  Shou'  Chihi  Wei^  Yiian^,  Treasurer,  U.  Two  %  [f  ^ 
^  Chih^  Ying"  S^u^  Shih^  Steward,  15.  Five  ^  g  Ssu'  ShuS 
Clerks,  doing  duty  as  HJi]  pp  Shua'  Y'in",  Printers,  16.  Four 
g  ic  [1  Ping',  Hospital  Attendants,  17.  Tavo  ^  iS  Hao* 
Ping',  Signalmen,  18.  Three  ^  ^j^  (Ui'ai'  Pien%.  Messengers, 
19.  prjT^  Men-  Ting',  ^Vatchmen,  and  20.  ^  f^  Fu'  1% 
Servants  (there  are  40  Watchmen  and  Servants). 

714.  According  to  the  progranmie  of  the  Committee  for 
tlie  Eeoi'ganization  of  the  Army  there  are  still  to  1)e  established  : 
^-  -"^W  Vf  n  ^  .^  Pii'  Tni"  Chuan'  Men-  Hsiielr  T'ang 
Special  Infantry  School,  2.  ^  [if  ^  |""3  ^^  ^  Ma^Tui 
Chuan^  Men-  Hsiieh-  T'ang^,  Special  Cavalry  School,  and 
'^-  €C.II<  i^  PI  ^  ^  P'no"  Tul"  Chuan'  "Sleir  Hsiieh^  T'ang^, 
Special    Artillery     School.     To    these    institutions    ofHcers    of 

•the   corresponding  branches  of    the  army  will  be  sent  for  further 
prefecting  themselves. 

715.  For  the  trainino-  of  officers  for  the  auxiliarv  branches 
of  the  ivwpy  (compare  No.  656a)  there  are  the  following- 
schools  : 

715a.  ^  ^  ^  ^  Cliiin'  1'  Hsiielr  T'ang^  Military 
Medical  Schools  (for  instance,  at  Tientsin,  where  it  is  styled 
41:  'vi"-  m  ^^  Pei^  Yang2  I^  Hsiieh^  T'ang' ^ 

715!'..  ^^^'^  Ma'  I^  IlsiJeli-  T'ang'\  and  Wi  B  ^  'M. 
Shou'  I'  Ilsueh'^  T'ang-,  Military  Veterinary  Schools  (for 
iastance,  f^j  i^  M  W- Wl  W  ^ 'M  Nan-  Yaiig^  Lu^  Chi.n'  Shou* 
I'  Hsiielr  T'ang^;. 

r     -^20     ] 


2 
4 


I'UIiSEXT     UAY     I'Ol.ITJCAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

"l'^^'-      ^^  ^^  '^  ^^^^'i'  Slu-ng'  Hsiieh"  T'ang^   Military      715o 
Schools  for  Assistant  Surgeons  (Military  Sanitary  Schools) — for         ^O 
instance  ^  r^  M  "^  fif  £fe  ^  ^  ^''"^^  Yang'  Lu^   Chiin'    Wel^       y^Q 
Shcng'  Ilsiioh-  T'ang-. 

7151).  1^  Jp:  LHiJ  f,g  ^  ^  T.u^  Chfin^  Ts'e'  Ilui'  Ilsueli* 
T'ang-,  Schools  for  Military  Draftsmen  (lor  instance,  at  Peking  : 
}?;  M  W  Jp  'M  Ps  ^  ik  ^^1''"?'  ^^lili'  Lu^  Cluin^  Ts'c*  Hui^ 
llsiich-  T'ang'),  or  i|l]  |t  ^  ^1;  Ts'e^  Hui'  Ilsiieh' 
T'ang",  Schools  for  Draftmen  (for  instance,  in  Manchuria, 
M^^  \M  It  ^^  ^  Tung'  San'  Shcng'  Ts'c^  Hui^  Hsi.eh'^ 
T'ang'-).  Both  are  under  the  control  of  the  (ieneral  Staff  (sre 
No.  184h). 

715e.  M  ^  ^  t^  ^^^'^^'i''  ring^  Hsiich^  T'ang% 
(iendarnierie  Schools  (for  training  men  for  service  in  the  Military 
Police — (Jendarnierio  ; — (sec  No.  703).  In  Manchuria,^  ^  ^ 
}^^?^'^  '^^ii'g'  ^an'  Shcng^  Hsien^  Ping'  IlsOch'  T'ang^. 

71'3i--  j^  X  ^^'  I'ii'g'  Kung''  lisiich'  T'ang-,  Military 
Technical  Schools. 

716.  The  dcs])atcli  of  military  students  abroad  is  carried 
on  according  to  regulations  drawn  up  hy  the  Committee  for  the 
Hcorgani/ation  of  the  Army  in  1904  and  190,3.  There  are 
chosen  for  study  al)road  (on  their  satisfaction  of  certain 
requirements,  with  legaiil  to  age  and  good  behavior)  a  ninnherof 
students  frftm  the  follc)\ving  : 

I.  Those  who  have  completed  the  course  of  the  i^iilH  ^/:  f^ 
\Vu'  Pel*  Hsiieh'^  T'ang-  (sec  No.  709a),  the  jT^  j]L  Jij  /jJc  ^^^  f^ 
I.n*  ( 'hun'  Su*  Ch'cng^  Hsrieh-  T'ang''  (see  No.  711a),  or  the  |^  j|£ 
ft  Vj  ^^  I^"'  ^'Ji'Mi'  K'liel'  Choii^  llsiich-  T'ang-  (srr  No.  713)- 

•J.  Those  studying  at  the  \^^  "3^  "{*  ^'/:  '!'^  I^"'  <-'l'i'"»' 
Chung'  Ilsi'n'h'  'J''ang-  (xrr  No.  710>,  or  other  sch(»ols,  and 

3.      Hannermcn  students. 

While  abroad,  military  atudent.s  arc  under  the  contrdl  <if  the 
Chinese    Mini-tei>    :iiiil    Military    ;\ttac!i<"i.      <  )n    their    return    to 

[      -'l      ] 
21 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

717       Peking  thej  undergo  an  examination  at  the  Ministry  of  War  and, 
+Q        according  to  their  attainments  in  this  examination,   are   arranged 

y^y        in  three  classes  :     f^  ^   Yu^  Teng',   J^  ^   Shang*  TOng^,  and 
tp  ^  Chungi  Teng;^ 

Those  who  attain  the  first  class  receive  the  rank  of  g|j  ^  |^ 
Fu*  Chiin^  Hsiao*  {see  No.  658).  Those  attaining  the  second 
and  third  classes  receive  the  rank  of  |^  ^  ?^  Hsieh'^  Chiin^ 
Hsiao*  {see  No.  658).  On  all  three  classes  there  is  conferred  the 
degree  of  ^  A  Chii^  Jen-  {see  No.  652e),  qualified  by  the 
speciality  of  the  recipient  (five  in  all ;  compare  No.  656),  i.e. 
1-  fi  m  ^  i?^  ^3f  Lu*  Chun^  Pu*  Pingi  KV,  2.  m  "$•  ^  ^  ^\ 
Lu*  Chiini  Ma=^  Ping^  KW,  3.  MW-^^  f^"  Lu^  Chimi  P'ao* 
Pingi  K'o\  4.  MW-X^^^  Lu*  Chun^  Kung^  Ping^  K'o^, 
and  5.  ^  ^  f«  g  ic  f}  Lu*  Chiin^  Tzu*  Chung*  Ping^  K'oV 
(compare  also  No.  659.) 

717.  Until  1902  the  children  of  Clansmen  of  the  Imperial 
House  and  of  Bannermen  were  taught  in  special  schools  styled  : 
^  ^  Tsung'  Hsiieh^,  Schools  for  Clansmen  of  the  Imperial 
House,  and  /\  ;5iE  'B*  P  Pa^  Ch'i'^  Kuan^  Hsiieh^,  Government 
Schools  for  Bannermen.  In  the  year  mentioned  a  reform  was 
instituted  by  virtue  of  which,  instead  of  schools  of  the  type 
spoken  of,  there  has  been  begun  the  establishment  of  ^  ^  Hsiieh^ 
T'ang',  Schools,  not  distinguishable  in  title  or  programme  from 
the  common  schools  (primary,  middle  and  higher),  except  tliat 
only  children  of  Clansmen  of  the  Imperial  House  and  Bannermen 
are  eligible  for  admission  (for  this  reason  the  title  of  the  school 
is  followed  by  the  phrase  *^^^M/KM  Tsung^  Shih*  Chueh^ 
Lo'^  Pa^  Ch'i^).  Eecf-ntly  all  primary  and  middle  schools  of  this 
kind  have  been  placed  under  the  general  control  of  the  Committee 
at  the  Ministry  of  Ldtication  {see  No..  411). 

717a.  Therr  are  at  present  the  following  schools 
for  Clansmen  of  the  Imperial  House  and  Barmermen  at 
Peking  : 

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f'RESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

1 .  >Hm'^^^^MM  Amu  ^  m  ^  Clnng'  Shlh^  Tsungi  717b 
Shih*  Chueh^  Lo^  Pa^  Ch'i-  Kao^  Teng'  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  Higher        to 
School  for  Clansmen  of  the  Imperial   Hoiise  and   Bannermen,  at  «<« 
Peking  ;  this  is  under  the  control  of  the   ^Ministr}^   of  Education 

and  at  it  there  is  a  141  ^  |;5  Chung^  Tcng'  Pan\  Section  with  a 
Aliddle  i^chool  programme  {see  No.  583b). 

2.  ]:iglit  A  M  M  ^  ^b  '^  ^  P^'  Ch'i^  Kaoi  Tcng^ 
Hsiao^  risiieh^  T^ang",  Primary  Schools  of  the  Senior  Grade  for 
Bannermen  (title  is  shortened  by  omitting  Ching  Shih  Tsung 
Shih,  etc.;  sec  No.  579) 

3.  15  A  M  ^i  ^  ^b^'M,  Pa^  <^^li'i'  Ch'u^  Teng«  Hsiao^ 
Hs'ieh^  T'ang'',  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade  for 
Bannennen  (see  No.  579). 

•i-  ^]  B  ffi  H  Ml  >h  4^  ^  Nei^  Wu'  Vn'  Sani  Ch'i- 
Hsiao^'  H.siieh'  T'ang-,  Primary  School  for  the  Three  Superior 
Banners  (see  No.  97). 

■">'  i&i^'t^^h^'^  <^-l"en*  Juii  Ying2  Hsiao^  Hsiieh* 
T'ang',  Primary  School  for  the  Liglit  Division  of  the  Banners 
{see  No.  73ft). 

(y-  'X  ^iS  ^-  <i^  ^  ^  lI"o3  Ch'i'  Ying2  Hsiao*  Hsiich' 
T'ang',  Primary  School  for  the  Artillery  and  Musketry  I)i\  ision 
of  the  Banners  (see  No.  737). 

717i'..  Schools  established  at  the  Provincial  Manclni 
O;  rrisons  (see  No.  743c)  are  styled  }^  P/j  Jj^  if^  ,].  ^  ^  Clm* 
Fang-  Man^  Ving'  Hsiao'  Hsiieh'  T'ang'-,  Primary  Schools  at  the 
Maiichii  Garri.sons  (compare  No.  579).  Similarly  to  common 
schools  they  are  di\  idcd  into  two  grades  :  ^  'Jf  Ch'n'  Ti'ng', 
Junior,  and  "j^  ^    Kao'  T(  tig\  Senior  (comjjarc  No.  57G). 

IJANNFF^   F0RCn5. 

■^l^-      AlHi  ''a'   '''''%    Bamxr    Forces  (or   Troops   of    the 
!Light    Banners — Divisions).     'Jlie.se   arc   composed   of   the    des- 

[      »L>3     ] 


PKESENT    DAY    FOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


cendants  o£  :  1.  Manchxis  who  aided  the  first  Emperors  of  the 
Ta  Ch'ing  Dynasty  in  conquering  China,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
I7th  century,  2.  ('hinese  subjects  of  the  Ming  Dynasty  who 
transferred  their  allegiance  to  the  Manchus,  and  3.  Kharach'in 
]\Ionofols  who  transferred  their  allegiance  to  the  Manchus  at  the 
time  of  the  conquest.  Accordingly,  the  Banner  Forces  are 
divided^  by  nationalities,  into  :  1.  ^  §\\  /V  ^  Man^  Choii^  Pa^ 
Ch'i2,  Manchu  Banner  Troops,  2.  ^  ij^  AM  ^^^'"8"'  ^^^^  Pa^ 
Ch'i^,  Mongol  Banner  Troops,  and  3.  'M  ^  A  ^  Han*  Chlin^ 
Pa^  Ch'i^,  Chinese  Banner  Troops. 

The  troops  of  each  nationality  are,  further,  divided  under 
eight  banners  or  divisions,  namely  :  1.  ^  ^'  ^  Hsiang^  Huang^ 
C'h'i^  Bordered  Yellow,  2.  IE  ^  ;^  Cheng^  Huang^  Ch'i^, 
Plain  Yellow,  3.  jE  S  i^  Cheng*  Pai'  Ch'i^  Plain  White, 
4.  ^  Q  ;^  Hsiangi  Pai^  Ch'i^,  Bordbred  White,  5.  JEt\LM 
Cheng*  Hung2  Ch'i^,  Plain  Red,  6.  MK'M  Hsiang^  Hung^ 
Ch'i2,  Bordered  Red,  7.  JE^M  ^lieng'  Lan^  Ch'iS  Plain 
Blue,  and  8.  fUMM  Hsiang^  Lan^  Ch'i^,  Bordered  Blue. 
The  three  first  mentioned  are  called  the  h  -"  K  '^hang*  San^ 
Ch'i',  Three  Superior  Banners ;  the  remaining  five  are  styled 
tlie  y  3S.M  Hsia*  Wu^  Ch'i^,  Five  Inferior  Banners. 

From  their  stations  the" Banner  Forces  are  styled:  1.  ^  ^ 
Ching^  Ch'i^,  Metropolitan  Banner  Forces,  and  2.  g^  |^  Chu* 
Fang^,  Banner  Garrisons  (see  below ;  No.  743). 

The  Metropolitan  Banner  Forces  are  sub-divided  into : 
^-  P^  ^  ^ci*  Ch'i^,  Household,  or  Inner,  Banners  (for 
particulars,  see  No.  97),  and  2.  ^|>  ;^  Wai*  Ch'i^  Outer 
Banners. 

The  Outer  Banner  Troops  are  stationed  in  Peking  and  the 
adjacent  suburbs  and  are  under  the  supervision  of  the  ^  ^  M 
Chih^  Nien'  (Ti'i^,  General  Headquarters  of  the  Banners,  to 
which  one  of  the  L'eutenant-Generals  of  each  of  the  Banner 
'Divisions  (see  No.  7 )  "J)  is  appointed  annually. 

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PKF.SEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORG AXIZATIOI>f    OF    CHINA. 

The   cliieE  contingent  of  tlic  Banner  Forces  is  the  so-called       719 
^  §J  '^'  Hsiao^  C'h'i"  Ying^,  Banner  Corps  of  the  Line  (compare        ^0 
ISo.   97i5),  and  is  drawn   from   the   24  Banner  Divisions  (eight       «oi 
Banners  of  each  nationality  ;  compare  above). 

Although  the  Banner  Forces  played  the  chief  part  in  the 
conquest  of  (-hina  and  in  the  consolidation  of  the  power  of  the 
reigning  Dynasty,  nevertheless,  at  the  present  time,  they  have 
lost  any  military  imj)ortance,  the  more  so  as  a  large  percentage 
of  the  men  emolled  in  the  forces  see  no  service,  or  ])erform 
duties  having  not  the  slightest  connection  with  military  aifairs. 
The  representatives  of  the  three  nationalities  composing  the 
Banner  Forces  form  a  peculiar  caste — or  military  clique — holding 
a  predominant  position  in  the  Empire  and  serve  as  a  support  to 
the  power  and  influence  of  the  Manchu  Dynasty.  Becently, 
however,  the  Government  has  taken  steps  for  the  gradual 
equalization  of  the  rights  of  the  Banner  Forces  and  the  mass  of 
the  })opulation  (s^e  Xo.  186). 

<'l*^-  W»  ^^  Tu^  T'ung',  Lieutenant-General ;  1b.  There 
are  24  of  tiiLse;  one  to  each  national  division  of  the  Banners 
{see  Xo.  7  18;. 

719a.  For  particulars  as  to  the  ^]  ^^  Tu'  T'ung',  acting 
as  Military  Lieutenant-Governors  (o£  Chakhar  and  of  .lehol) 
sec  Xo3.  897  and  898. 

^20.  6i'J  ?^)  ^^  1''"*  'J'"'  T'iu)g\  Deputy  Lieutcnant- 
Cn-neral  ;  2a.  'J'here  are  48  In  all  :  two  to  each  national  division 
of  th.'  Banners  (see  Xo.  718^. 

720a.  For  particulars  as  to  ihc  glj  ^I'j  U  1"'"'  T"'  '^''""g\ 
acting  as  Assistant  Militarv  Lieufeiiaiit-(  io>  ernors  and  as 
Dejvity  Li(.'Utenant-(ieru'rals  of  iiroviiicial  Maiidiu  (lanisoiis 
srr  Xos.  802  and  74.'>. 

"-!•  niJ  f^  -^  m15  Viii'  Wu'  T.s^m'  l.ing*,  Adj-itanl- 
Gcncral  ;   '.)k.      'i'hcrc  are  two  to  cacli  of  the  2  J  Banners  (except 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


729 


722       the   Mongol,   which   haA^e   but   one  each).     They  are  appointed 
to        fi'om  the  ranks  of  Colonels  {see  No.  722). 

722.-  li  ^  #  fl  Hsiao^  Ch'i''  Ts'an^  Ling^  Colonel;  3a; 
in  command  o£  a  sub-division  or  ^  gflj  Chia^  La^  (Manchurian 
Chalan),  of  which  there  are  five  to  each  Manchu  and  Chinese 
Banner.  In  the  Mongol  Banners  there  are  but  two  of  these 
sub-divisions  to  each. 

723.  @IJ^,!1#^I  Fu*  Hsiao^  Ch'i^  Ts'an^  Ling% 
Lieutenant-Colonel ;  4a  ;  one  to  each  Chalan  or  sub-division  (see 
No.  722). 

724.  fp  #  ^  ^  Yin^  Wu*  Chang^  Ching',  Adjutant ; 
5  b  ;  conducts  the  correspondence  of  a  Banner. 

725.  ^  tW  ^  m^^  Wei^*  Yin*  Wu*  Chang'  Ching^, 
Assistant-Adjvitant. 

726.  i£  |g  Tso'  Ling%  Captain;  4a.  Of  officers  of  this 
rank  there  are  from  70  to  80,  in  each  of  the  Manchu  Banners, 
and  from  30  to  40,  in  each  of  the  Chinese  Banners.  Each  is  in 
charge  of  some  70  to  100  of  the  Household.  Bannermen.  In 
some  cases  they  hold  their  rank  by  hereditary  right,  either  as 
ill  ^  Hsiin'  Chin*  or  as  "l  ^  ^  ff  Shih*  Kuan'  Tso'  Ling3. 
Those  who  are  appointed  by  various  processes  of  selection  are 
designated  ^  r{t  Kung^  Chung\  ^  ^  Fen^  Kuan^  and 
^  ^  f^  ^  Lun2  Kuan'  Tso'  Ling'. 

726  a,  ip  ifi  ^  ^  Par*  Ko*  Tso'  Ling',  Half  Tso  Ling. 
This  title  wa.-:  formerly  in  use  but  at  the  present  it  is  almost — if 
not  completely — obsolete.  It  designated  Captains  of  companies 
{see  No.  726)  of  less  than  one  hundred. 

727.  1^  ,1^  Y^  Hsiao^  Ch'i"  Hsiao*,  Lieutenant;  6a. 
Officer?  of  this  rank  are  drawn  upon  to  fill  the  post  of  :^  ^  ?|^ 
Pu*  Chun^  Hsiao*  {see  No.  799). 

728.  ^Wlii^:f$     Wei'     Shu*     Hsiao^     Ch'i^     Hsiao* 
Sub-Lieutenant;  8b. 

729.  ^  fg  Ling'  Ts'uii,  Corporal. 

[     326     ] 


im:esext   day  tolitical  organization  of  china. 


"^^'-     Ml   ¥    ^^^^^   ^'^''^^   (Maiichuniin    Ukesen),  Private  of       730 
the  1st  Class.     Also  called  ^  |§  Hslao^  Ch'i*.  ^q 

"<^1-      15:  Ml  ^  Ao*  Erh'   Pu^  (Manchurian  Oibo),  Private       734 
of  the  2iul  Class.      Also  called  ^^  ^  Lu^  Chiao'  Ping^     'J  his 
rank   is    found   in  fhe    ^  ^  Han''  Chiin',  Chinese  Banners  only 
{sre  Xo.  718). 

"•^--  ^  W  1^  Yang-'  Yii"*  Ping',  Supernumeraries,  or 
.Iiiniors;  awaiting  appointment  as  ^  ^  Ma'  Chia',  or  ^  ^|  ;]U 
Ao^  Krh'  Pu',  as  vacancies  occur  (see  Nos.  730  and  731). 

732a.  P)^  f%  Hsien^  San'  (Manchurian  Sula),  Bannermen 
at  Large  ;  without  position  or  pay. 

733.  From  the  Banner  Forces  not  coming  within  the 
Banner  Corps  of  the  liiie  (sec  No.  VI8)  there  are  organized 
various  divisions,  as  follows:  1.  ^^^  tlu*  Chihi^  Ying', 
The  Guards  Division  (see  No.  734),  2.  [ji]  ^  (^  Ch'ien-  Feng' 
Ying-,  Vanguard  Division  (see  No.  735),  3.  ^  ^  {l^-  Pu' 
Chiin'  VIng',  Gendarmerie  Division  (see  No.  736;.  for  details  see 
No.  797),  4.  ^\  ^  i^  lluo'  Ch'i'  Ying',  The  Artillery  aiul 
Musketry  Division  (see  No.  737),  .3.  ^  ^ ''^  Chien*  Jui* 
Ying2,  The  Light  Division  (see  No.  738),  0.  j)c  fit  i^  Hu» 
(Jh'iang'  Ying^,  'I'he  Marksmen  for  'J'iger  Hunts  (see  No.  739), 
'■      I'P  (^  'i-}    '"^li'-"^    ''1''^    y'^ng;\   '^'l»e   Peking   Field   Force   (see 

No.  740),  8.   mm\s\/\iMm'^-'^  '^'"••^•>'  ^^'"^^'  ^' ''''"' 

l*a'  Ch'i^  Hu'  (  him'  Ying",  'i'he  Yiian  Ming  \uaii  Division  of 
the  r.aiiner  Force  (see  No.  741/,  9.  ^^l  '^.  jM  Hsiang'  Tao< 
Ch'u',  The  (iuides  (see  No.  742),  and  10.  ±  f^  iilH  )\]  j^; 
Shang'  Yii-  I'ei^  Yung'  Ch'u',  The  Imperial  liimting  Dt-pait- 
ni«  lit  (see  No.  742a>. 

7:54.  f;^^'^  IIu'  Chiin-  Ving%  Tie  (iuards  Division 
(common  designation,  ;/y;  '^^  'J'a^  Ying',  Main  Division.  The 
former  designation  was  Pa-\a-la,  which  w.is  exchanged  iji 
A.  D.  IBfiO  for  the  Chinese  ciuival'ent  now  in  um;.  Admi.-sion 
to   tlii>  division    is   the  special   ainhiti  "ii   «>!'   tin-    •■real    nin-JK    of 

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PRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CH1*A. 


734a  Bannermen  of  Peking,  to  whom  it  secures  the  advantages  of 
■#jQ  substantial  increase  in  pay  and  prospects  of  a  promotion  of  one 
ly^K  degree.  The  principal  duty  assigned  it  is  to  furnish  detachments 
of  guards  for  the  Imperial  Palace  {sec  Np.  104).  This  division 
consists  of  eight  sections,  corresponding  to  the  eight  Banners, 
and  each  is  under  the  command  of  a  ^  ^^  /^  |§  Hu^  Chiin^ 
T'ung^  Ling^,  Captain-General  (2a).  The  other  ranks  are  : 
1-  MW-W^l  Hu*  Chiin^  Ts'ani  Ling^  Colonel  (3a;  32 
Mongols  and  80  Manchus),  2.  glj  ^  ^  #  fl  Fu*  Hu*  Chiin^ 
Ts'an^  Ling^,  Lieutenant-Colonel  (4a  ;  32  Mongols  and  80 
Manchus),  3.  U  ^  ^  Hu^  ('liun^  Hsiao'',  Lieutenant  (6 a; 
681  Mongols  and  204  Manchus),  4.  ^  W  W:  ^  ^  ^^^ei' 
Shu^  Hvr'  Chiin^  Hsiao*,  Sub-Lieutenant;  8b,  5.  ^  .^  Hu* 
Chun^,  Privates  (14,075  in  all). 

734a.  For  j-jarticulars  concerning  |^  |^  J^  ^  ^e^'  llu* 
Chiin^  Ying^,  The  Imperial  Guards,  see  No.  9 7 a. 

735.  mM^  Ch'ien^  Fong^  Ying'^ .  Vanguard  Division. 
This  is  composed  entirely  of  Manchus  or  Mongols  of  all 
Banners.  In  time  of  peace  this  division  performs  service 
without  the  Palace ;  v^hen  the  Emperor  goes  abroad  it  precedes 
the  Imperial  chairs  at  a  distance  of  1  to  2  li.  In  time  of 
war  it  is  sent  forward  to  open  battles  and  prepare  a  way  for  the 
success  of  the  main  forces. 

The  Vanguard  Division  is  divided  into  two  "Winos" 
(or  Sections)  :  1.  Left  (including  the  bordered  yellow,  plain 
white,  bordered  white  and  plain  blue  Banners)  and  2.  Right 
{including  the  plain  yellow,  plain  red,  boi'dered  red  and  bordered 
blue  Banners).  These  are  commanded  by  the  ^Mm^^^M 
Tso'  V  Ch'icn^  Fcng^  T'ung^  Ling^  and  :&  E  ml  II  .^  fl 
Yu*  I^  Ch'icn^  Fengi  T'ung'  I-ingS  Conniiandants  of  the  Left 
and  Right  Wings  of  the  Vanguard  Division  ;  2a.  The  other 
ranks  are  :  1.  ^1)  H  ^  f|  Ch'ien^  Feng'  Ts'an^  LIng^  Colonel 
of  the   Vanguard  Division   (3a  ;   four  in  each  Wing),  2.      rij  p 

[     a28     ] 


PKE^ENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

^  ^    ('h'ien'  F^ng^    Shih*   ^Vei^   Imperial    Guardsmen    of    the      736a 
Vanguard  Division   (4a  ;   four  in  each   Wing),   3.      ^  ^"  Hll  ^         tO 
^  ^    Wei'  Shu*  Ch'ien'  Feng.^   Shih*  Wei*,  Deputy    Imperial       737 
Guardsman   of  the  Vanguard  Division  (5b;  tAvo  in  each  Wing), 
■^-      BU  1^  tj^  Ch'ien^,  Feng'   Hsiao*,   Sergeant  of  the  Vanguard 
Division   (6a  ;      48    in     each   Wing),   5.     ^  -^  fj'jj  ^  ^    AVei' 
Shu*     Ch'ien'     Feng^      Hsiao*,     Sergeant     of      the      Vanguard 
Division;   8b,  and   6.      atl  (^   Ch'ien'    Feng^,    Privates    of    the 
Vanguard  Division  (899  in  the  left  and  865  in  the  right  Wing). 

735a.  For  details  regarding  ptj  n1»  ^  ^  ^^ei*  Oh'ien' 
Feng^  Ying-,  The  Household  Vanguard,  see  No.  97c. 

736.  ^  ^  ^  Pu*  Chiin^  Ying-,  (lendarmerie  Division. 
For  details  see  Xo.  797. 

''•^"-  k  U  ^  Huo'  rh'i^  Ying^  The  Artillery  and 
Musketry  Division ;  consisting  of  ^  Nei*,  and  ^f*  Wai*,  or, 
Inner  and  Outer,  Detachments.  The  first  is  stationed  at 
Peking  wiiilc  the  second  is  afc  ]^  f^  ]^  Lnn^  Tien*  Gh'ang^  (a 
short  distance  from  the  Summer  J'alacc  HJ  OH  ®  Yiian'  Ming' 
Yiian'). 

The  ^  ^U  'f^  Nei*  lluo^  Ch'i*  Ying-  is  formed  from  the 
^  ^  l*ao'  I'  of  the  several  Jianners  (sec  No.  97). 

The  Ai-tillerv  and  Musketry  Division  is  comjiosed  of 
Mriiichu  and  ^longol  Bannermen  and  is  under  the  command  of 
SJ  I€  Tsuiig'  T'ung',  General  Commandants  (number  not  fixed  ; 
I'rincos  of  tlio  Hlood).  At  the  head  of  oixrh  Detachment  there 
is  a  ^  ;S  I*  Chang',  Hj-igadier;  '^^.  The  oilier  ranks  are: 
^-  ^  IS  ^  '"g"  'J'sung',  Commandant  of  ;i  (iin-risou  (Deputy 
lirigaili.-r;  four  iti  ea«-h  Detachment),  2.  Bj  ^k\  M  'A'-  3  ^ 
Nia^»  Ch'iang'  II.i'  Cliun'  Ts'an'  Ling*,  (\)lonel  of  the  lm|)crial 
Kegim.'nt  of  the  Artill(!ry  an<l  Musketry  Division  (3a;  four  in 
each  Detachment),  3.  /^  t(t  1^  15/  #  fK  ^''«"'  ^'h'iang> 
Hsiao'  CJi'i^Ts'an'  Ling\  Colonel  of  thf  Artillery  and  Musketry 
Divisir.n;     3a,    4.      fil]   ^  ^/t    •(!  'I?  ""^■^     Fu^     Niao'^     Ch'inng' 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAJ,    OltG AXIZ ATION'    OF    CHINA. 


738  Hii*  Chiin^  Ts'an^  LingS  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Imperial 
Regiment  of  the  Artillery  and  Musketry  Division;  4a, 
5.  W  E  ft  nk^k  "^  Kuan^  Niao^  Ch'iang^  San*  Chih*  Kuan^, 
Musketry  Adjutant,  6.  ^  fc  'f^  ak  ^^  f  ^^an^^  P'ao"  Ch'iang^ 
San"*  Chill*  Kuan',  Artillery  Adjutant,  7.  ^  fxt  M.W^ 
Niao^  Ch'iang'  Hu*  .Chiin^  Hsiao*,  Lieutenant  of  the  Imperial 
Regiment  of  the  Artillery  and  Musketry  Division  ;  6a,  8.  ^'^^ 
^^^  iSiao^  Ch'iang^  Hsiao^  Ch'i^  Hsiao*,  Lieutenant  of 
Artillery  and  Musketry;  6a,  9.  WM^^M^  Kuan'  P'ao* 
Hsiao^  Ch'i^  Hsiao*, "Lieutenant  of  Artillery;  6a,  10.  ^  f^  |^ 
^  Niao''  Ch'iang'  Hu*  Chiin',  Musketeer  of  the  Imperial  Guard, 
IL  i%  fit  ^  1^  Niao=^  Ch'iang'  Hsiao^  C^h'i",  Musketeer,  and 
12.     gc  ^  ^  P'ao*  Hsiaoi  Ch'i^,  Artillery-man. 

738.  f^^  '§  Chien*  Jui*  Ying^  The  Scouts,  or  the 
Light  Division;  quartered  near  the  §  [Ll  ^a  Hsiang^  Shan^ 
Yiian*,  or  ^^  ^j^'  gj  Ching*  V  Yiian^,  the  Imperial  Hunting 
Park,  North-west  of  Peking.  This  division  was  formed  in 
the  fourteenth  year  of  the  reign  of  ^  lH  Ch'ien  Lung  (1749), 
because  of  the  frequent  revolts  North  of  the  Great  Wall,  the 
best  men  being  recruited  to  it  from  the  'jly  ^  '^  Ch'ieu^  Feng^ 
Ying^  (see  No.  735).  At  the  present  time  these  troops  have 
merely  a  nominal  existence. 

At  the  head  of  the  Light  Division  there  are  |,^  ^  Tsung^ 
T'ung',  General  Commandants  (number  is  not  fixed;  this  post 
may  be  held  by  Princes  of  the  Blood).  The  Division  is  divided 
into  two  Wings  and  in  command  of  each  there  is  an  ^  ;g  I* 
Chang^*,  Brigadier  ;  3a.  The  other  ranks  are  :  1.  fll)  ^  #  || 
Ch'ien'^  Feng'  Ts'an'  Ling',  Colonel  of  the  Light  Division; 
3-^,  2.  glj  -^j  ^  ^  H  Fu*  Ch'ien^  Feng^  Ts'an^  Ling',  Senior 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Light  Division  ;  4a,  3.  ^  nf]  ^  ^ 
^  Shu^  Ch'ien-  Fengi  Ts'an^  Ling',  Junior  Lieutenant-Colonel 
of  the  Light  Division;  5  b,  4.  bU^^  Ch'ien^  Feng'  Hsiao*, 
Lieutenant;    6a,   5.      g|]  gy   ^^    IV    (Ti'ien^    Feng'    Hsiao*, 

[      330     ] 


PRESENT    DAVPOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHlKA.   ^ 

Sub-Lieutenant;  8b,   6.      ^5  H    Ch'ien'   Feng\   Private  of  the       73^ 
1st  Class  of  the  Light  Division,  and  7.      ^  Ify  ^  Wei'  Ch'ien'        ^q 
Feng',  Private  of  the  2nd  Class  of  the  Light  Division.  ,^a-i 

739.  ^^it  ^  '^"'  Ch'iang^  Ying'-,  The  Marksmen  for 
Tigrer  Hunts  ;  'recruited  from  the  best  marksmen  of  the  Three 
Superior  Banners  (see  No.  718).  In  command  of  these 
marksmen  there  is  a  |f^  ^  Tsung^  T'ung',  General  (commandant 
of  the  Marksmen  for  Tiger  Hunts.  The  other  ranks  are  : 
^-  ^  vU  Tsung^  Ling'^,  Brigadier  of  a  Wing  (six  in  all) 
-•  ^  W  &  ^^^^^  Ch'iang'  Chang^  Senior  Marksmen  (21 
in  all),  3.  ^^  |fT  filj  ;g  Hu^  Ch'iang'  Fu*  Chang',  Junior 
^^arksmen  1260  in  all)  and  4.  ^  |^  Hu'  (vh'iangi,  Marksmen 
(600  in  all). 

740.  |{p  i^  i^^  Shhr  (h?  Ying2.  The  Peking  Field 
Force  (Divine  Mechanism  Regiments).  This  force,  drawn  from 
the  elite  of  the  Banner  Troops  of  all  three  nationalities  forming 
^^^''  y^  ^  C'hing'  Ch'i-  {see  No.  718),  was  organized  in  1862 — 
because  of  the  disastrous  campaign  of  1860 — and  numbered  18 
to  20  tliousand  men,  supplied  with  the  three  types  of  arms, 
using  modern  breech-loaders  and  drilled  in  European  style. 
This  force  no  longer  exists. 

741.  mmm/\mmW'^^  Yua"^  ^i^^g'  Ynan^  i^^^^ 

(,'h'i'  IIu'  Chun'  Yinj'"^.  The  Yiian  Min"  Viian  jCiuards  Division 
f  the  Banner  Forces.  This  is  a  division  organized  and  appointed 
to  giiai'il  th''  Simmicr  nsidi'iici!  of  the  Emperor.  This  residence 
\<  now  at  tin-  \^{  ^  \^  V  Ho'  Vfian'  (at  tlu-  foot  of  the  liill 
M^  I'j  ^V'aii'  Sliou'  Slian'),  as  tlir  Viian  Ming  Yuan  Palace 
\\ii>  destroyed  by  the  Enropciin  troops  in  JKdO,  nftir  tlic  tiiking 
of  Pckinjr. 

.\t  th.'  head  of  tliis  division  i>  the  ^  ^  Tsung'  T'ung', 
CJcneral  Comniatidant  of  the  Viian  .Ming  Viian  duards  Di\  ision 
of  the  liaiincr  Forces.  The  oth(;r  ranks  are:  1.  'jl5  ^,  ^  ing' 
Tstmg',  Conunandnnt  (Assistant   (Jeni^ral  CommanJant  ;  eight  in 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    Gliv»AxM/.Ai JOA    OF    CHINA. 


.74lA      all  ;  3a),  2.     MW-3  fl  H^i*  ^^^''^  Ts'ani  Ling^  Colonel  of  the 
♦q        Yiian  Ming  Yiian    Guards   DIa  ision  of  the  Banner  Forces  (3a  ; 

742a     ^'^^^  ^"  ^^^^'  ^-      «'J  ^^^%    ^''''  ^"'  ^^^""'   Ts'an^  LingS 
Senior    Lieutenant-C^olbnel    of    the     Yi,ian    Ming    Yiian    Guards 

Division    of  the  Banner  Forces  (4a;  16    in  all),  4.      ^^^ 

^  ^  Shu^  Hii*  Chun^  Ts'an^  JLing',  Junior  Lieutenant-Colonel 

of  the   Yiian  Ming  Yiian  Guards   Division  of  the  Banner  Forces 

(32    in    all),    5.     ^  %    ^^     Hu*     Chiin'     Hsiao^     Lieutenant 

of  the  Yiian  Ming  Yiian  Guards   DiAision  of  the  Banner  Forces 

(6a;    128    in    all),    6.     glj  ^  ^  ^    Fu"    Hu^     Chun'     Hsiao*, 

Sub-Lieutenant    of    the   Yiian    Ming   Yiian   Guards   Division  of 

the   Banne?   Forces   (8b  ;    128  in  all),  and  7.     f^  l^  Hu'*  Chiin', 

Privates    of    the    Yiian    Ming    Yiian    Guards    Division    of    the 

Banner  Forces  (compare  No.  734). 

741a.  For  particulars  as  to  the  [1]  0^ H ^  MMW-^ 
Yiian^  Mhig2  Yuan=^  Nei*  Ch'i^  Hu*  Chiin'  Ying^,  the  Guards  at 
the  Summer  Palace,  Yiian  jVIing  Yiian,  etc.,  see  No.  97 d. 

742.  if  ^  ^  Hsiang'  Tao^  Ch'u^  The  Guides.  This 
is  a  department  furnishing  outriders,  etc.,  for  Imperial  progresses. 
At  its  head  is  the  |j|  '^^  Tsung^  T'ung^  General  Commandant  of 
the  Guides,  appointed  from  the  A  ;K  SO  11^  i^  Pa'  Ch4'  Fu* 
Tu^  T'ung=»  {see  )Nq.  720),  tlie  fH  ^  j^  ||  Hu^  Chiin'  T'lmg^ 
Ling3  {see  No.  734^,  and  the  hi]  1$  .^  ^  Ch'ien^  Feng'  T'ung' 
Ling'  {see  No.  735).  For  manning  this  department  there  aj-e 
deputed  officers  and  privates  from  tlie  ^  5  ^  Hu^  Chiin'  Ying^ 
{see  No.  734  ;  an  indefinite  number  of  ^  ^  ;g^  Hu*  Chiin' 
Hsiao*,  and  ^  ^  Hu'  Chiin'),  and  from  the  HO  ^  ^  Ch'ien" 
Feng'  Ying"  {see  No.  735) ;  four  g||  ^  f|p  f|j  Ch'ien^  Feng'  Shih* 
Wei',  and  an  indefinite  number  of  fl'i)  ||  ^  Ch'ien^  Feng'  Hsiao* 
and  -^t)  ^  Ch'ien2  Feng'). 

742a.  ±  jl  l^g  }fl  ^  Shang'  Yii'^  Pei^  Yung*  Ch'u*, 
The  Imperial  Hunting  Department. 

[    ;Jo2    ] 


I'lJESENl     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 


744 


^'^•^-     St    Wi     ^^^^^  l''ang%     Manchu     Garrisons     Without.     743 
Peking  {see  No.    718),     These   are  divided   into   three  classes  as        +0 
follows  : 

'  743a.  Ijl  f§  tt  \ljj  Ch'ii  Fu3  Chu^  Fang^  Garrisons  of  the 
"  Military  Cordon."  These  are  at  25  cities  of  Chihli,  surround- 
ing Peking.  The  nine  garrisons  nearest  Peking  are  styled  the 
/l^  il^   Hsiao'  Uhiu'  Ch'u%  Nine  Small  Posts. 

743b.  P^  jg  ii;  1?J5  I^ing'  Ch'in'  Chir  Fang^,  Garrisons  at 
the  Ini])erial  Mausolea  (for  details  see  No.  571). 

743c.  ^  fi  li  IJ/J  Ko'  Shcng'  Chu^  Fang',  CJan-isons 
stationed  in  the  Provinces  ;  at  1.  ^  i\^  i)]Jl  Kuei^  Hua'*  Ch'eng-, 
^S  ii  i^  ^yn'  Yiian'  (Tl'eMg^  and  ;j{y:  /[;(  J{f  Tai*  Yiian'  Fu-\  in 
Shansi,  2.  H  j{\  J^  C'h'ingi  Chou^  Fu',  and  ^.  j]]  Td'  Chou^ 
in  Shantinig,  3.  \^  ^^  jff  K'ai'  Feng^  Fu^  in  Honan,  4. 
jl  ^  iff  Chiang'  Ning2  Fu',  and  ig  yX  J{^  Chen*  Chiang^  Fu',  in 
Kiangsu,  5.  J^  'Jvi  ff^  Hang"^  Chou^  Fu^  and  ^  J^  (  h'a^  P'u^ 
in  Chekiang,  6.  Ifg  j\<^  /j^  Fu'  Chou^  Fu^  in  Fukien,  7. 
/^  #1  /ff  Kuang'  (;hou»  Fu',  in  Kuangtung,  8.  }^ '^^  }^  Ch'eng' 
Tu'  Fu',  in  Szechwan,  9.  ^ij  JH  J{.f  <  'hing'  Chou^  Fu^,  iu  Hnj)eh, 
10.  IS  ^  ;ff  Hsii  An'  Vu\  hi  Shensi,.  and  11.  ^  ^  }^ 
Ning2  Hsia*  Fu',  jjjV  j'\>\  }{f  Liang^  Chou'  Fu',  and  ^f  f^  ,^ 
Chuang'  Liang'  Ting',  in  Karisu.  with  the  garrisons  of 
^  '^  7|C  'j^  Wu'  I.U-'  Mu'  Clri',  Urumtsi  (also,  l^  ff^  if^f  Ti^ 
Ilua^  Fu';,  G  M  -111"  •'='■  I^'i'  K'unS  Barkul  (also,  Ijit  0j  ^S 
CluMi^  Ifsi'  T'ing'),  ]^  JtJc  Ku'  Ch'eng-,  or  ^  j^  tJig  Fu'  Viian' 
Ch'engS  and  ±^'i>If '.^T'u'  Lu'  Fan'  T'ing',  Turfan  (also,  /^'^'ft? 
Kuang'  An'  Ch'eng-),  which  are  under  the  Kansu  jurisdiction. 

744.  Jlfp  ^  ''hiang'  Chiui',  Manchu  ( iencral-in-Chief  (or 
Tiiitar  (ieneral)  ;  1  u  ;  litciaivdcsignation,  ;;^  7C  ^  TaM'iinn* 
.lung^.  Ihey  reside  iu  eight  j)rovince.s  at  1.  ^^  y^i  ^&  ^"'' 
Viian*  Ch'eng^  in  Shansi  (see  Nos.  744a  and  899),  2.  ^X.  *¥  ^1& 
Chiang'  Ning*  Fu',  Nanking,  in  Kiangsu,  3.  ))i|i  '){\  }{f  Fu* 
Chou'  Fu»,    iu     Fukien,    4.      /^j)    j^]     j^     Jiang'    Choii'    Fu',  in 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAI.    OKGAXIZ  ATI  O-V    OF    CHINA. 


744a      Chekiang.    5.     j^    jf]    J^    Chingi     Chou^    Fu',    in     Hupeh,    6. 
to        ^  MM  Ni"g'  Hsiao'*   Fu',  in   Kaiisu  {see  Nos.  744b  and  900), 
745a     ^-     J5K  ^>/t   W^'^'ng'  Tui  Fu^  in  Szechwan,  and   8.      m  'M  M 
Kxiang^  Chou^  Fu^,  Canton,  in  Kuangtung. 

744a.     For   details    as  to    the    ^  $i  i^  'If  !?   Sui^  Yuan^ 
Ch'eng^  Chiang^  Chiin',  see  No.  899. 

744b.  For  details  as  to  the  ^  M  '^  ^  Ni"g^  Hsia* 
■Chiangi  Chun\  see  No.  900. 

744c.  For  details  as  to  the  ^  M  ^  !^  ^^  Li^  Chiang^ 
•Chnn\  5^^  No.  866. 

.   744D.     For  details  as  to  the  S  M  f I  ^  ^  J^  ^  W^^'  I->i' 
Ya^  Su^  T'ai^  Chiang^  Chun\  see  No.  879. 

744e.  For  details  as  to  the  Chiang  Chiin  in  Manchuria 
■  see  Nos.  802  and  803. 

745.  ||J  |[^  ^  Fu*  Tui  T'ung^  Manchu  Brigade-General  ; 
2a ;  literary  designation,  ^  ^^  -$1]  Ta*  T'ung'  Chili*.  They  reside 
in  ten  provinces,  at  :  1.  ^  -ft  ^  Kuei^  Hua*  Ch'cng',  in 
Shansi,  2.  ^-  >>H  J^  Ch'ing^  Chou^  Fu^  in  Shantung,  3.  yX  ^l  M 
Chiang^  Ning^  Fu^,  and  il  VX  /#  Chen"*  Chiang^  Fu^  in  Kiangsu 
—so-called  i^  P  glj  |f,  $^  Ching^  K'ou='  Fu*  Tu^  T'ung^  4. 
:lfg  j\>\  ;^  Fu2  Chou>  FuS  in  Fukien,  5.  ^  j^  )^  Hang'  Chou> 
¥u\  and  ^  Ji  Ch'a*  P'u^  in  Chekiang,  6.  ^j  >}[\  J^-  Ching^ 
Chou^  BV,  in  Hupeh  (two  ;  one  ^  H  Tso^  I^  and  the  other  :^  ^ 
Yu*  I*),  7.  gg^/i^  Hsi^  An^  Fu^  in  Shensi  (two  ;  one  ^^  Tso^ 
I*  and  the  other  :^  ^  Yu*  10,  8.  ^^J|^  Ning'^  Hsia*  Fu^  and 
i^  #1  K^  Liang-  Chou^  Fu^  in  Kansu,  9.  f^  ^  J{^  Ch'eng^ 
Tu^  Fu",  in  Szechwan,  and  10.  ^  j>\]  ff^  Kuang^  Chou^  Fu=^,  in 
Kuangtung  (two;  one  J^  ji>\  glj  ^  ^  Man^  Chou^  Fu*  Tu^ 
T'ung^  and  the  other  ^  ^  g-]]  ^  ^^  Han*  Chiin^  Fu*  Tu' 
T'ung^j. 

745a.     The    g|J  ^p>  j^^  Fu*  Tu^  T'uiig^  o£  Chihli  province 
(one  at?^  m  1^  Mi*  Yun^  Hsien*  and  the  other  at  li]    f^  i| 

[     =334     ] 


PUKSENT     DAY     I'OLITICAL    OUGAMZATION    OF    CHINA 

Shan'   Hai^    Kuan*)   are    connected    with    the   garrisons    of    the      746b 
*'  military  cordon  "  (see  No.  743a).  ^q 

745 R.      For  details  as  to  the    p  ^  glj  S  tt  I'  Li'  1^'"*  Tu'       ^^^ 
T'ung',  and  the  i^  ^  G  n^  -^^  glj  ^]  -^  Ta^  Erh»  Pa'  Ha>  T'ai=^ 
Fu*  Tu'  T'ung^  see  No.  867. 

745r.      For  details  as  to  the  ^  fb  $5$  gij  ^j  3^f^  Knei'  Hiia* 
Ch'eng"  Fu'  Tu'  T'ung'  (sec  No.  745),  sec  No.  899. 

7451).      For  details  as   to   the    %  ^  ;^ij  ^j  %^  Ning^   Hsia^ 
Fu<  Tu'  T'ung^  (5^^  No.  745)-,  see  No.  900. 

745e.     For  details  as  to  the  ^^  ^^  ^f  ^Ij  ^^  ^  Ch'a^  Ha^ 
Erh^  Fu^  Tu'  T'ung^  see  No.  898. 

745 F.      For  details  as    to  the    Fu  Tu  T'ung  in  Manchuria, 
see  Nos.  802  and  804. 

746.  The  various  other  ranks  in  the  provincial  garrisons 
are  :  1 .  ft|  -i!F  Wi  ^'h'cng'^  Shoir"^  Yii^  Military  Commandant 
of  a  Minor  Manchu  Garrison  In  the  Provinces  (3a  ;  they  are 
found  in  such  cities  as  ;i^  JT^  )^  T'ai^  Yuan'  Fu^  ^  j]]  Te* 
Chou",  and  ^  J-^  ){.^  K'ai'  Feng'  Fu',  where  there  are  neither 
^  %  Chiang'  Chiin'  nor  ■'Ij  ^  ^  Fu*  Tu'  T'ung^),  2.  W,  ^ 
Ilsieh*  Ling',  Colonel  of  a  Regiment  of  the  Provincial  Manchu 
Oarrisons  ;  3b,  l\.  f£  "^  Tso'  Ling',  Major  Commander  of  a 
Company  of  the  Provincial  Manchu  Garrisons  (4a  ;  a  position 
a})prpcial>lv  higlu^r  than  that  of  -^  ^  Tso'  Ling'  of  the  Peking 
Banners  ;  see  No.  726),  4.  |5Jj  '^j-  LvJ  Fang'  Shou»  Yu*,  Military 
Commandant  of  the  2nd  Class  of  a  Minor  Provincial  Manchu 
Garrison  (tliey  reside  in  towns  of  the  garrisons  of  the  "military 
cordon,"  such  as  '^M  'Jx  Wi.  Tung'  An'  Hsicn',  S  ^.  ^  Liang' 
Hsiang'  Hsien',  illUj  ^/I'l  Pa'  Chou',  etc.;  see  No.  743a);  4a, 
''5-  ^)l  1^  Fang''  \'\\\  Captain  of  a  Platoon  of  the  ]*rovincial 
Manchu  (iarrisonw  ;  5a,  6.  ^  ^  f^  Hsiao'  ( 'h'i'  Hsiao*, 
Lieutenant;  5i'.,  7.  ^"^,^'Ii»i\^  Wei'  Shu'  Hsiao'  CJiM' 
Hsiao*,  Sub-Lieutenant  ;  8h,  8.  ^ji  }\  Ch'ien''  F(^ng',  Sergeant 
(alao,  JH  lit  iVj  ^    Nirio»   Ch'iang'    Ch'ien'    Feng',    Sergeant    of 

[     385     ] 


I'KESENT     DAY     POI.ITiCAl.    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


747       Musketry  ;'  compare  No.  735),  9.     ||  fg  Ling^  Ts'iii^   Corporal 

to        (also,    ,t  It  fl  fi    Niao^    Ch'iang-^    Lir.g^    Ts'iu\    Corporal    of 

^43       Musketry,  or  ^  ff  fg  P'ao*  Ling^  Ts'ui',  Corporal  of  Artillery), 

10.     IBM    Hsiaoi    Ch'P,    Private    (also,      ,^  |t  ^  H    ^^iao» 

Ch'iangi   Hsiao^    ( 'li'i-,    Musketeer,    or    ^  ^  |^    P'ao*    Hsiaoi 

•  Ch'i^,  Artillery-man  ;  compare  No.  737). 

747.  tI^  ^ijj  ^  Shui^  Shih'  Ying^  Marine  Battalion  of  the 
Banner  Forces.  This  does  river  service  in  provinces  where 
Manchu  Garrisons  are  stationed  (^sce  No.  743c),  for  instance, 
Fukien,  Kuangtung,  etc. 

748.  ^  ^  Wei2  Ch'ang%  The  Imperial  Hunting 
Preserves  :  in,  and  about,  1^  ynj  Je''  Ho'-  (^  {^  ^  Ch'eng^  Te^ 
Fu*).  For  guarduig  these  there  was  formed,  in  the  reign  of 
^    fSB    K'angi    ngji    (166 1-1 722 ^,    a    detachment     called     the 

-  ^M^^  Shou^  Wei==  Ch'angS  PingS  (Guards  of  the  Hunting 
Preserves.  At  the  head  of  these  Guards  there  are  the 
M  ^  jE  li  W  Wei^  Ch'ang^  Cheng^  Tsung=*  Kuan^  and  the 
M  ifel  M  M  ^  ^^'ei-  Ch'ang3  Fu*  Tsung=^  Kuair\  Chief 
Controller  ^3a)  and  Deputy  Chief  Controller  of  the  Hunting 
Preserves  (residing  at  Ch'cng^  Te"  Fu^ ;  sec  above).  The 
remaining  ranks  are  :  1.  M  ^  M  ^  Wei^  Ch'ajig^  P 
Cliang^  Brigadier  of  the  Hunting  Preserves  ;  4a  (two  in  all), 
2.  ^  ^  Fang^  Yd*,  Captain  ;  5a  (eight  in  all),  3.  ^  ^  :^ 
Hsiao^  Ch'i*  Hsiao^  Lieutenant ;  6a  (eight  in  all),  4.  -^  f-g 
Ling'  Ts'uii,  Corporal,  and  5.  |^  f^.  Hsiao^  (h'i^  Private 
(of  the  last  two  ranks  there  are  about  eight  hundred  and 
fifty  men). 

The  Imperial  Hunting  Presei-ves  are  under  the  general 
supervision  of  the  Military  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Jehol 
{see  No.  897),  in  which  district  it  is  situated  and 
where  it  forms  a  separate  su1>prefecture,  M  ^  M  Wei^ 
Ch'ang'  T'ing'  (see  No.  897). 

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rUESEXT     DAY    I'OLITICAL    OIIG  ANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


THE  OLD  CHINESE  ARMY. 

749.  ^  ^'  Lu*  Yiiig-,  The  Army  of  the  Green  Standard, 
or  old  Chinese  Arniv.  These  troops  are  divided  into  ^  ^  Lu^ 
Tju*,  I^and  Forces,  and  7j<  [llfi  Shui'^  Shih\  Marine  Forces,  and 
the  hulk  of  the  forces  of  this  category  in  any  jJl'ovince  are  under 
the  connuand  of  a  J^  ^  T'l^  Tu^  (sec  No.  ToO),  General-in- 
Chief,  and  are  styled  f^  ^W  T'i^  Tiao',  or  T'i  Tu's  Command. 
The  lesser  portion  of  these  forces — allotted  to  the  |]§  ^  Tsung^ 
Tu'  (srr  Xo.  820),  or  to  the  ]g  Jfffi  Hsiin^  Fu^  (5f<?  No.  821)— 
arc  called,  respectively,  -/f  ^  Tii^  ?iao',  and  ]M  ^  Fu^ 
Piao'. 

Under  the  orders  of  the  |pj  j^  |i^!  ^^  Ho"  Tao<  Tsung^  Tu^ 
(scr  No.  S20i)>  and  of  the  vf  j^  IS  #  Ts'ao^  Yun^  Tsnng'  Tu^ 
(see  No.  8.'}4)  there  were  formerly  separate  military  organizations 
styled  the  JpJ  ^^  Ho"  Fiao',  and  the  vf  ?fjg  Ts'ao"  Piao^. 

The  forces  under  the  command  of  the  General-in-Chief — 
tlie  Jlj'^  'I'i-  Piao' — an;  divided  into  1^^  Chen'  Piao',  ]^>rigades, 
these,  in  tinii,  being  suh-divided  into  \^  |i^  Ilsich"  I'iao*, 
Territorial  Regiments.  The  llsieh  are  made  up  of  ^  ^  i"sS 
Battalions  (of  about  JOO  infantry  and  2oO  cavalry  each),  M-hich 
are  com])Osed  of  two  P|lf  Shao",  Patrols,  each — a  Right  and  a 
Left.  'J  he  Patiols  are  distributed  throughout  two  or  four  ^ 
Ssu',  corresponding  to  the  ^]\^  Ilsiin'',  or  military  posts  of  diflerent 
districts. 

The  Army  of  tlic  (iiccu  Standard  is  distributed  thictughout 
tlie  I'mipire,  in  towns,  sL'tions  and  villages,  and,  in  addition  to 
doing  military  duty,  performs  various  other  services — in  connection 
with  policing,  the  po.~ts  and  tlie  cuslouis, 

7.j(>.  J;2  If  '^'■'^  '^"''  I'loviiH-inl  Coninia)i<hi-iii-('hief,  or 
(icneral-in-ChicC  :  in  (conunuu  th-.>iL;uatioii,  t'i  uf  ' ''"  l'^^''^ 
(•i)istolary  style,   'iji'  ["]  (  hiiii'  .Men').      This   ofHcer  is  in   comniand 

[      :5-7      J 
22 


749 

to 

750 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


750b 


750a      of  the  bulk  of  the  troops  of  the  Green   Standard  (sec  No.   749) 
to        stationed  in  a  particular  province. 

Provincial  Commanders-in-Chief  are  stationed  in  fourteen 
provinces,  i.e.  at  1.  jf  >ffl  T'ung^  ChouS  in  Chihli,  2.  ^  ]^  J{^ 
Sungi  Chiang^  Fu^  (one  ;  the  Jl  f^  fg  ^  Chiang^  Nan^  T'P  Tu^) 
and  Jf  fO  !^  Ch'ingi  Ho^  Hsien*,  in  the  prefecture  of  vf  ^  Jf 
Huai-^  Ani  Fu'  (one  ;  the  fX.  ^It  fl  #  Chiang^  Pei'  T'i^  Tu'),  in 
Kiangsu,  3.  M  P5  i^>  Hsia*  Men^  T'ing^,  in  the  prefecture  of 
^  #1  jfi  Ch'iian^'  Chou^  Fu^  in  Fxikien,  4.  ^  J;j^  ;f  Ning^  P'o^ 
FuS  in  Chekiang,  5.  |^  i^  J^  Ku^  Ch'eng^  Hsien*,  in  the 
prefecture  of  ^  @|  /j^  Hsiang^  Yang^  Fu',  in  Hupeh,  6.  "^  ^.  J^ 
Ch'ang'  Te»  Fu^  in  Hunan,  7.  [^  ^  ,Ij5f  Hsi^  An^  Fu^  in 
Shensi,  8.  -^  j^  J^  Kan^  Chou^  FuS  in  Kansu,  9.  Ji^  W^  J^ 
Ch'eng^  Tu^  Fu^,  in  Szechwan,  10.  ^  ^fj  /f  Hui'  Chou^  L^r^ 
in  Kuangtung — the  so-called  ^  ^  ^  1^  |§  '^  Kuang*  Tung^ 
Lu^.Lu^T'i^TuS  11.  ^:^j]^  Nan^  Ning"  Fu^  in  Kuangsi, 
12.  i^mj^  Ta^  Li'  Fu^,  in  Yunnan,  13.  ^  MM  ^^^ 
Shun*  Fu^  in  Kweichow,  and  14.  ^;^  Wl  J^  Su^  Le^  Fu^  or 
fi^  ft  Hi  W  Ka^  Shih-  Kai  Erh^  Kashgar,  in  Hsinkiang. 

750a.  In  the  provinces  of  Shansi,  Shantung,  Honan, 
Anhui  and  Kiangsi — there  being  no  ^i^  ^  T'P.  Tu^ — the 
Governors  are  invested  with  the  duties  of  Provincial  Commander- 
in-Chief.  Accordingly,  thej  are  styled  ^  tl  #  Chien^  T'i^  Tu^ 
Governors  and  Generals-in-Chief  (for  instance,  ^U  ^  i^l  }M  M 
tl  #  Shan^  Tungi  Hsiin^  Fu^  Chien^  T'i^  tu'.  Shantung 
Governor  and  General-in-Chief  of  the  Forces  in  Shantung 
Province). 

750R.  In  addition  to  J^  ^  T'i'^  Tui  (also  ^^  ]?§  ^^  ^  Lu* 
Lu*  T'i2  Tui),  Commanders-in-Chief  of  the  Land  Forces,  there 
are  also  7|\c  ^fp  $|  ^  Shui'  Shih^  T'i=^  Tu\  Naval  Commanders-in-. 
Chief.  There  are  two  for  the  provinces  -lying  along  the 
Yangtze—^  'tL  yk  M  t^  M  Ch'ang'  Chiang^  Shui'  Shilii  T'i^ 
Tu'  (at  X"^)^  T'ai*  P'ing^  FuS  in  Anhui)  and  #i|i|aK5^^:l: 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Hui*   Pan*   Ch'ang*  Chiang'  Fang"-  Shou'  Sliih*  I*  (at  J^  p  P'u'       751 
K'ou^,   or    ^  Jl^  J^    Chiang^    P'u'    Hsien*,   in  the  prefecture  of        ^q 
iL  ^  f(^    Chiang'    Ning'^    Fu'),    and    one    for    the    province    of      751 4 
Kuangtung— J^  -^  7^  M  t^  M    K«<^ng'  Tung'   fehui'  Shih'  T'i' 
Tu'  (at  J^  pg   Hu3  Men2,  in  the  })refecture  of  ^  j{l  jj^  Kuang' 
Chou'  Fu"). 

In  the  provinces  of  Chekiang  and  Fukien  the  Commanders- 
in-Chief  perform,  simultaneously  the  duties  of  Naval 
Commanders-in-Chief  and  are,  accordingly,  designated  ^  jX 
Tk^M^'M  ^^^*  Chiang'  Shui'  Lu*  Shih'  T'i^  Tu',  and 
9m  ]^  yk  ^  M  i^ -M  Fu'  Chien^  Shui^  Lu*  Shih'  T'i^  Tu', 
respectively. 

^^^-  ^  1^  Tsung^  Ping',  Brigade  (ieneral ;  2a  (common 
designation,  |jj|  -^  Chen*  T'ai' ;  literary  designation,  f^  ^ 
Tsung'  Jung' ;  ej)i.stolary  designation,  ;f;  ^g  f^lj  Ta*  Tsung' 
Chih*) ;  commanding  a  |j|  ^  Chen*  Piao^,  Brigade  (see  No. 
749),  of  which  there  are  from  two  to  seven  in  a.j)rovince. 

There"  are  seven  Brigade  Generals  in  (>hihli  province,  two  in 
Shansi,  ihree  in  vShantung,  five  in  Kiangsu,  two  in  Anhui,  three 
in  Kiangsi,  four  in  Fukien,  five  in  Chekiang,  three  in  Hupeh, 
three  in  Hunan,  three  in  Shensi,  five  in  Kansu,  four  in  Szechwan, 
seven  in-  Kiiangtung,  two  in  Kuangsi,  four  in  Kweichow,  six 
ill  "iTiiman,  four  in  Hsinkiang,  and  three  in  llonan — 75 
in  all. 

7.0 1  A.  In  the  ])rovince  of  Chihli  th(;  Brigade  (ienerals, 
^^^^^  'I'-'ii'  Ning^  (nien*  Ts.mg^  Ping',  at  ^  j^  I* 
Cho.i>,  and  };Pj  ^  |_j^  ^^  ^  Ma"*  l.an'  Chcu*  T.sung»  Ping',  at 
Mi^fl^  Ma'  J.an^  Yii^  in  the  ])refecture  of  ig  >ffc  j]>\  Tsun^ 
Ilua*  Chou' — Commanding  the  l)riga<les  stationed  at  tiio  Imperial 
MauKoIca  (Western  iind  Eastern;  see  Nos.  569  and  50910  bear 
the  title  of  minister  of  the  Household  and,  therefore,  are  oHicially 
designated  &a  ^  ^  ^  \K]  ^  Jf^  -}■  \]i  Chien'  Tsung'  Kuan» 
Kei*  VVu*  Fu'  Til*  Cli'rn-  (,rr  No.  76). 

[     :J3:i     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 


751b  75  1b.     Certain  o£  the  f§&  Tsung^  Pi"gS  Brigade  Generals 

to         {sec   ^0.    751),   are   in    command   of  naval    forces    and,   in  this 

752h     capacity,  are  directly  subordinated  to  the  Naval  Commanders- 

in-( 'hief — fom-  in  Kiangsu,  one  in  Kiangsi,  one  in  Hnpeh,  one  in 

Hunan,    three    in    Chekiang,    two    in    Fnkien     and     five     in 

Kiiano^tung'. 

752.  glj  J^  Fu*  Ching*,  Colonel;  2b  (connnon  designation, 
^  ^  Hsieh^  T'ai^;  literary  designation,  glj  ^  Fu*  Jung-);  in 
command  of  a  1^Jj  ^  Hsieh^  Piao^,  liegiment  {see  No.  749). 

752a.  ^  J^  Ts'a.i'  Chiang*,  Lieutenant-Colonel ;  lU 
(common  designation,  ^  f^  Ts'an'  Fu^;  literary  designation,  ^ 
^  Ts'an^  Jung^). 

The  Lieutenant-Colonel  acting  as  Commandant  of  a 
Governor's  Brigade  f^,^^  Fu^  Piao';  see  No.  749)  is  colloquially 
called  ±  r||  IV  T'ing^. 

752b,  vj|^  ^  Yu-  Chi^,  Major  ;  3b  (common  designation, 
^  /j^  Yu^  ¥n^ ;  literary  designation,  ^  ^  Yu^  Jung^) ;  in 
command  of  a  ^  Ying^,  Battalion  (^e^  No.  749). 

752c.  11^  ^  Tu^  Ssu\  First  Captain  ;  4a  (literary 
designation,  ^  ^  Tu^  K'un^)  ;  may  be  in  command  of  a  Batta- 
lion (see  No.  749). 

752d.  ^  ^  Shou^  Pei*,  Second  Captain ;  5b  (common 
designation,  ^  }{.^  Shou^  Fii^)  ;  may  he  in  command  of  a  l^atta- 
lion  (see  No.  749). 

752e.  ^  ■^f  Ch'Ien^  Tsung^  Lioitenant ;  6a  (common 
designation,  |§  |g  Tsung*  Yeh^;  literary  designation,  ^  ^ 
Ch'ien^  Jung^);  in  command  of  a  11^  Shao*,  Patrol  (see  No.  749). 

752 1'.  :fE|lg  Pa^  Tsung^  Sub-Lieutenant;  7 A  (common 
designation,  g|j  |g  Fu'  Yeh^) ;  in  command  of  a  ^  Ssu\  Squad, 
and  commanding  a  ^]{  Hsiin*,  Military  Post  (sec  No.  749). 

752G.     /'J>  ^  =f- 1|1  Wai*  Woi^  Ch'ieni  Tsung^  Ensign  ;  8a. 

75211.  ^(v  ^  j^  lU  Wai^  Wei^  Pa=^  Tsung%  Colour- 
Sergeant  ;  9a. 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    C!I1NA. 

7521.     §g  ^|>  ^[^  H  E^  Wui^  Wai^  WeP,  Sergeant ;  9b.  752i 

7o2.r.  pji  ^  ('huug^  ChUnS  Adjutant.  This  post  is  filled  to 
by  officers  of  the  rank  of  glj  ^'*  Fu^  Chiang*  (see  No.  752)  to  >yK± 
^  ^  Shou^  Pei*  (see  No.  752d)  and  one  adjutant  is  attached  to 
the  commandant  of  any  detachment  of  the  forces.  The  Officers 
acting  as  Adjutants  to  the  Governors-General  and  Governors  are, 
respectively,  the  Commandants  of  the  Governors-General's  ('^  ^ 
Tu^  Piao^)  and  Governors'  (^  ^  Fu^  Piao^)  Brigades  (see  Nos- 
749  and  824). 

703.  ^  ^  Ying''  Tsung^,  Commandant.  This  title  is  given 
to  officers  in  command  of  special  bodies  of  Troops.  This  post 
was  fomierly  found  in  the  Jji  ^  Chuang*  Yung',  or  Militia,  and 
in  the  ^  ^  Lien*  Chi'in^,  Disciplined  Forces  (which  were  the 
foundation  for  tlic  organization  of  the  present  [^  ^  Lu*  Chiin', 
Land  Forces  ;  see  No.  656). 

MILITARY    POST   STATIONS. 

704.  p^j!^  I*  Chan",  Military  Post  Stations.  These  are 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  Ministry  of  War  and  serve  for 
the  conveyance  of  government  despatches  between  metropolitan 
and  provincial  establishments,  and  vice  versa.  At  the  head  of 
the  p  P  or  f}\  ( 'lian*,  Post  Stations,  are  J|^:  gc  P  Ch'eng^  (see 
No.  850),  or  t^  ^  Chan*  Kuan',  Inspectors  of  Post  Stations, 
with  a  staff  of  ^?  ||ii  ^  Pi'  T'ielr  Shih',  Clerks,  Mt  M  -^''^'  1*°'' 
Mounted  Couriers,  and  ^  ^  l*ii*  Po',  Couriers  on  Foot,  attached 
to  them.  The  direct  management  of  the  Military  l*ost  Stations 
is  investcfi  in  the  local  iiuthorities  (compare  No.  850) ;  the 
general  management  throughout  a  province  is  invested  in  the 
tic  ^  i^   -\f''  ^ "''':''  •"^'•'•''  (see  No.  830  ;  cunii)are  No.  839). 

In  Mongolia  the  Post  Stages  are  called  i|f  -^  Chiui*  T'ui', 
and  are  found  along  the  three  main  roads — to  K'unui,  K'obdo 
and  Uliasutai — and,  in  addition   to   heing   postal  establishments, 

[     841     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

serve  as  a  place  of  banishment  o£  condemned  officials  (compare 
the  expression  M^i^'^WltlM^  Fa^  Wang^  Chiini  T'ai^ 
Hsiao*  Li"*  Shu^  Tsni*. 

The  General  control  OAer  the  jMilitarv  Post  Stations  in 
Mongolia  (sitnated  on  the  so:called  M  Wi  M  W  "^  -^*  ^'^^  '^''ai* 
Chiin^  T'ai^,  Military  Post  Road  of  Altai)  appertains  to 
the  Military  Lientenant^General  of  Cyh'ahar  (sec  No.  898). 
Officials  proceeding  on  dnty  hy  this  road  are  given  special 
posting-orders,  called  ^  '^  K'an'*  Ho^,  hv  the  Ministry 
of  War.  ^ 

In  Manchnria  the  Military  Post  Stations  (they  ai'O  now 
abolished  and  have  been  replaced  by  the  ^  $S  >^  Wen-  Pao* 
Chii-,  sre  below)  were  undei-  the  control  of  Jp  jj^  ^f  ^  I''  Cluin* 
Chien^  Tn^,  Inspectors  of  Military  Post  Stations  (in  the  province 
of  Kirin)  or  t||  ig  it  P  Hsiih"  TaoS  ^^lilitary  Intendant  of 
Conriers  (in  the  province  of  Fengtien). 

In  addition, to  the  Military  Post  Stations  there  were  (and, 
to  some  extent  still  ai*e,  for  instance,  in  the  ])ro\ince  of  Hsin- 
kiang)  j^  T'ang^,  Military  Conriers  Bnreanx,  imder  the  control 
of  $1  It  T'i-  T'ang-  (compare  Nos.  435a  and  435  lO. 

Of  late  there  has  been  manifested  a  tendency  of  gradiuil 
abolition  of  the  ]Military  Post  Stations,  as  well  as  ]Military 
Couriers  Bureaux,  and  the  establishment,  instead,  of  ^^l  f j|  ^ 
Wen''  Pao*  Chu^,  Offices  for  the  Transniission  of  Go\ernincnt 
Correspondence  (divided  into  ^  ^  |§  j^  Weu^  Pao^  Tsnng' 
Chli''  and  ^  IS  ^  ^  Wcn^  Pao^  Pen'  Chii-,  Head  and  Branch 
Offices),  with  ^  ii?  Tui  Pan-*,  or  f§  Jig  Tsnng^'  Li^  Superin- 
tendents, in  charge  (this  post,  for  instance  in  Manchiiiin,  is 
associated  with  that  of  local  \j^  \^  f>{f  :\Iin2  T'lieng*  Shih^ :  (see 
No.  807).  These  offices,  being  administered  on  more  ecoiM)iiiical 
lines  than  was  the  case  with  the  ^lilitary  Post  Stations,  some- 
times seive  several  provinces  sinudtaneously  (for  instance,  the 
IH^I^'^WlM  ^^'in'  Tfi'  Yang^  Wen^  Pao^  Chu^;  srr  report 

[     342     ] 


TKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


from  ?^  A  ?^  Chnno-^  Jt'n2-clnin^  and  i,%  :^  T.mni  Fang',  dated       753 
•iUth  November,  19()9). 

OFFICE  OF  GOVERNMENT  DROVES. 

T.3o.   m'^umm^mmmB  %t  <^'i^ang-^  chia^ 

K'ou-^  Liang^  P  Mn'  Cli'iin^  T'ung^*  Hsia"  Tsung'  Kuan^,  . 
^Superintendent  of  Government  Droves  of  Horses  and  Cattle 
in  tlie  two  Wings  of  the  Ch'ahar  Herdsmen  in  the  Territory 
snrrounding  Kalgan  :  under  the  control  of  the  Ministry  of 
War.  This  post  was  established  by  virtue  of  an  Imperial 
Edict  of  the  loth  December,  1909,  which  was  promulgated 
in  re])lv  to  a  Memorial,  from  the  ^Ministry  of  War,  pointing 
out  the  malpractices  in  breeding  of  horses,  and  cattle  in  the 
territory  of  the  left  and  right  wings  of  the  Ch'ahar  Herdsmen 
(the  duties  appertaining  to  this  post  were  previously  performed 
by  the  Ch'ahar  ^',  ^  Tn'  T'ung^  see  No.  898). 

The  herds  of  horses  and  cattle  (57  in  all)  under  the  control 
of  fbo  Supei'intendent  are  distributed,  according  to  the  general 
divi>ioii  of  the  Ch'ahar  territory  {see  No,  893),  into  p|^  ^ 
Liang'  P.  Two  Wings,  in  charge  of  which  are  the  ^M  ^^ 
Tso''  1'  Tsung'  Kuan^  Supervisor  of  the  f^eft  Wing,  and 
ti%V^^  "I'll'  I'  Tsung^  Knan',  Supervisor  ot  the  Kight 
Winu;.  Tlu*  dir(;ct  management  of  eat^li  diove  is  invested  in  a 
^  l^  Mil'  ('h:ing\  Sup(;rvisor  of  a  Drove,  and  a  ^  ,',ilj  M"' 
Fu',  .\ .-distant  Super\  isor  of  a  Diove. 

To  the  Superintendent  thci-e  are  attached  :  ^^  }l  'f','  I'i^ 
Shu'  Kuan',  Chi.l'  Secretary,  f^  {M  ^ti'  Tsung^*  1I<>-  Kuan', 
Chief  K<'vi>er,  and  f j-  |4  K'o'  Yiian',  Secretaries  (in  an 
indeHnite  number;,  arranged  in  I'nur  sections:  1.  ^  Wu  ^^ 
Weir  'ill'  K'o',  Section  of  Correspondence,  2.  ^  jT^  f!  M"' 
Yang=*    K'o',    llreeding    Section,   3.      ft  ul"  ^'l     ''"''    ^  ''''     ''^'"'» 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


766       Accounts  Section,  and  4.     ^  ^  f^    Shu*  Wu'^  K'o\    Section 
of  General  Aftairs. 

For  the  advancement  of  the  knowledge  of  breeding — a  very 
important  part  of  military  administration — there  are  to  be 
established  MR^*^^  Liang^  I*  Mu*  Ch'iin^  Hsiieh' 
T'ang^  Stud  Schools,  and  f^  |^  ^  Mu'^  Fan*  Ch'un^  Model 
Droves,  etc. 

NAVAL  FORCES  OF  CHINA. 

756.     Most   of  the    war   vessels   of   the  Chinese  fleet  are 

divided  into  the  following  four  squadrons  :  1 .      4fc  ?¥  7ic  ^jp  Pei' 

Yang2  Shui^  Shih^   Peiyang    Squadron,   2.      "^  if-  7}t$\^    Nan" 

Yang^    Shui^   Shih\    Nanyang  Squadron,   3.      jjfg  ^  7JC  ^ifj    Fu^ 

Chien*    Shui'    Shih\    Fukien    Squadron,    and    4.      ^  ^  yjX  ||0 

Kuang^   Tung^    Shui'    Shih\    Kuangtung    (Canton)    Squadron. 

In    addition    to    these   there    are    the    so-called    j^  S,  i^    Hai^ 

Ping^  Ying«,  Marine  Battalions  (Flotilla):      1.   M  M  ML  W  ^ 

Kuang'  Tung^   Yii*   Lei^  Ying',  Kuangtung  (Canton)   Torpedo 

Boat  Flotilla,  at  ^  Jf  Huang^  P'u^  (Whampoa),    2.     "^  :^  jS^ 

^  ^   Nan^   Ching^  Yii^   Lei^   Ying^,    Nanking    Torpedo    Boat 

Flotilla,  at  ^  ^  Nan^Ching^  (Nanking),-  and  S.     JM."^  ?#  ? 

M^  ^    Yen^  T'ai^   Hai^  Chiin^    Lien*    Hsi^    YingS    Training 

Battalion  of  Yenfa^i  (Chefoo),  at  ^  f^  Chih^  Fu*  (Chefoo). 

The  general  superintendency  of  all  the  naval  forces  of 
China  is  invested,  as  has  been  already  stated,  in  the  ^  ^  ^ 
Hai'  Chiin^  Ch'u*,  Naval  Council,  at  Peking  {see  Nos.  185c  and 
185d),  which,  in  its  turn,  is  subordinated  to  the  ^  fjf  f^  ^  :;^;  £ 
Ch'ou*  Pan*  Hai'  Chun^  Ta*  Ch'en^  Presidents  of  the 
Commission  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Navy  (see  No.  185a). 
The  direct  command  of  the  fleet  appertains  to  the  ^  ^  f§  ^ 
Hai^  Chun^  T'i^  Tu^  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Naval  Forces, 
to  whom  there  is  attached,  at  Shanghai,  the  ^  ^  ^  fM  ^ 
Hai=*  Chiin^   Shih*  Wu*  Ch'u*,  Staff  of  the  Commander-in-Chief 

[     344     ] 


TKESENT    DAY    rOLlTICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

of    the    Naval    Forces,   directed  by  the    #  ^  'g*   Ts'an'    Mou'      756a 
Kuan',  Chief  of  Staff.     Other  StafF-Officcrs  are  :    1.      glj  'g*  Fu*         tO 
Kuan',    Adjutant    (one),     2.      J^    P    Is     Chi'    Kuan^    (.'hien^      7573 
Engineer-Officer  (one),   ?>.     ^  ff^^    C-'lur^  Clii*  Chang',  Senior 
Councillor    (one),    4.      j^  ft  'ET    ^^^^"^    ^'1^^'*    Kuan',    Councillor 
(one),  5.     ^  ^  'g*  Pi'  Shu'  Kuan',  Secretary  (one),  6.     ^>  ^ 
"^  'fti   ^'''   '^'^"'    Kuan'    Pu',  Assistant  Secretaries    (three),  and 
7.       ^  '^  Chiin'  I',  Surgeon  (one). 

7j6a.  For  the  ranks  of  line  officers  of  the  fleet  see 
Iso.  6o9b;  for  the  corresponding  .lapanese  terms  sec  No.  6o9c. 

756 B.  For  particulars  as  to  the  7jC  ^  {^  '^  Shui'^  Shih^ 
T'i^  Tn',  Naval  (Jommanders-in-Chief,  see  No.  750b. 

7o6c.  For  particulars  as  to  the  ^  0[p  '^  Shui'  Shlh^ 
Ying*,  Marine  Battalion  of  tlie  Banner  Forces,  see  No.  747. 

757.  For  the  training  of  Naval  Officers,  ;!S  well  as  for 
the  huilding  and  repairing  of  vessels,  there  are  now  in  China  the 
following  estaUishments ;  1.  7KM^'^  ^^^'"'^  ^''''''  Ilsiieh^ 
T'ang-,  or  tU%^  '^  ^'^'^  ^^^""'  Hsiielr  T'ang^  Naval 
Schools  (see  No.  757a),  2.  5§  ^  p/f  Tsao^  Ch'uan-  So', 
Shipbuilding  Yards  (see  No.  757i5),  and  ^  |]|  C^h'uan-  Ch'Li', 
Docks  (see  No.  757c). 

757a.  At  ])resent  there  are  three  Naval  Schools  in  China  : 
1-  fL  iv'J  7K  HltJ  ^  ^  <"hiang'  Nan^  Shui'  Shih'  Ksiich^  T'ang^ 
Kiangnan   Naval    School,    at    (^  }^   Nan''^  Ching',  (Nanking),   2. 

^  -^  m  "M-  ^  'M  '^'^"'  'J^''^''  ^^'»''  ^''''"''  Ils''<-1''  '!'''«"«•', 
Yen'tai  Naval  Sciiool,  at  ^  ^^f  ( 'hefoo,  and  :i.  }(fi'}[i  ffjj  [i^^f^  'I'<^ 
Kuang'Tung'  llai'  Chiin'  Hsiieh"  T'ang*,  Kuangtung  (Canton) 
Naval  School,  at  ^  i]J\  Huang'  P'u'  (see  No.  756). 

757b.  For  the  construction  of  vessels  there  is  a  spi-cial 
shipbuilding  yaid  at  jj^  '){\  Foocrhow,  the  so-called  X^  H.  M\  i& 
Ma'  Wei'   Ch'nan'  Ch'ang'   (Mainoi    Arsenal).      Also,   ships  arc 

buil-  at  the;  O:  'rfl  ^  ?,S^  W  ^'J'i-"'K'  ^^^^  <^'"'  ^1''''  <--^^'''» 
Kiangnan  Arsenal  (at  J^  ^   Sliang*  Ilai^  Shanghai). 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 


757c  For  the  equipment  of  vessels  with  the  necessary  armaments — 

iQ        guns, , shells,   etc.— there  are   the  f^lowing   arsenals:  1.      MM 

768  JS  :^  ^  Kuang^  Tung^  Tsao^  Ping^  Ch'ang^,  Kuangtung 
(Qanton)  Arsenal,  2.  M 'M  ^  M  M  ^^  ^f\  K"nng^  Tnng^  Hno^ 
Yao*  Chih"  Tsao*  So^  Kuangtung  (Canton)  Powder  Mills,  and 
3.  M^^i^M  M  Han^  Yang'  Ch'iangi  P'ao^  Chii^,  Hanyang 
Arsenal,  at  ;^  j^  Hanyang,  in  Hupeh. 

757c.  For  repairing  vessels  there  are  the  following 
dockyards:  1.  M  M  ^  i^  Ivuang=^  Tung'  Ch'uan'  Wv\ 
Kuangtung  (Canton)  Dockyard,  at  ^  l^  Huang'  P'u^  ;  sec  No. 
756,  2]  K  "M  f^  ^M  Chiang'  Nan'  Ch'uan'  Wu^  Kiangnan 
Dockyard,  at  _b  j@  Shang^  Hai^  Shanghai,  and  3.  ,^  j^  ^  i.i 
Ma-^  Wei^  Ch'uan'  Wu^,  Mawei  Dockyard,  at  Foochow. 

JUDICIAL  ESTABLISHMENTS  AND  PRISONS. 

A.  Shell  P'-an  T^'ing  or  Judicial  EstuhUshments  : 
,758.  Until  lately  the  local  administrative  officials  in  China,, 
to  Avhom  were  attached  judges  and  prison  officials,  performed 
judicial  functions.  The  Imperial  Decree  of  the  6th  November, 
1906,  which  directed  a  general  revision  of  the  government ' 
organization,  also  affected  judicial  establishments — the  Board  of 
Punishments  {see  No.  438)  was  reorganized  as  the  Ministry  of 
Justice  {see  No.  440),  and  the  Court  of  Judicature  and  Kevision 
{see  No.  215)  was  reformed  as  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice 
{see  No.  215a),  specially  charged  with  the  siipervision  of  all 
judicial  matters  of  the  Empire.  At  the  same  time  the  Chinese 
Government  determined  to  shai-ply  define  the  scope  of  adminis- 
trative and  judicial  officials  and,  with  this  object  in  view,  began 
the  organization  of  quite  independent  judicial  establishments,  so- 
called  ^  ^jj  fgj  ptj  Shen^  P'an*  Ya'  Men',  free  from  any  control 
on  the  part  of  the  administrative  authorities  (compare  the 
expression  v\^%iL  Ssu'  Fa*  Tu'  Li"*).     These  began  to  function 


PRESENT     DAY     POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

first  at  Peking  ;  later  they  weiv  foiiiuled  in  Minicliuiia  and  at  758 
Tientsin.  Tlieir  establishment  thronghout  the  I-inipire  will  take 
place  accoitiiiig  to  the  following  schedule  :  in  1909-1910,  at 
provincial  capitals  and  ports  oj)cii  to  foreign  trade  ;  in  \911- 
1913,  at  the  chief  cities  of  prefect in-es,  sub-prefectures,  depart- 
ments and  districts  :  in  1  91.)-191.),  at  marts  and  villages. 

The  organization  of  judicial  establishments  is  based  on: 
1.  ^femorials  from  the  .Sui)reme  Court  of  Justice,  dated  the 
12th  Deceml)cr,  1900,  and  fi-om  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  dated 
the  4th  December,  1907,  and  the  2.3th  August,  1909,  and  2. 
Regulations  foi'  Judicial  establishments,  ;^  |^  ^|  fjilj  f]i  Fa* 
Yiian^  Pien'  (  hih^  Fa"*,  compiled  by  the  Committee  for  Drawing 
up  Regulations  for  Constitutional  (iovernment  and  sanctioned  by 
the  Kmpcror  on  the  7th  February,  1910,  with  the  enclosures: 
1  •  m  'IJ*  -^i  A^  fi  JTl  m  n  W-  ^  Fa^  Kuan^  K'ao^  Sliih^  Jen* 
Yung^  Chan*  Hsing^  Cluing^  Ch'cng^^  Provisional  Regulations 
for  Competitive  Kxamination  and  Appointment  of  Judicial 
Offic-ials.  2.  Sj  m  Ei  '^  ^  I'J  "^  ^i  iit  ^  Ssu'-  Fa^'Ch'ii* 
\ w^  Irn'  Hua*  Chan"*  Using"  Chang'  Ch'eng^  Provisional 
Rcguhitions  Defining  Judicial  Districts,  and  3.      j&J  M  ^  illi  [^ 

m  n  ^  ''^  %^  m  n-  m  n  ^^  ^^.  <  '''•"'  <  'l-!'-  ( "^'i'  TI'  Fang^  Shr.n' 
P-an*  T'lng'  Kuan^  Ilsia*  An*  Cliien*  Chan^ilsing^  Chang^  Ch'eng', 
Provisional    Regulatif)ns     Defining     the     Scojie     <»f    Local    and. 
District  Courts  according  to  the  (iravit)   and  Type  of  Chses. 

.liidicial  establishments  are  divided  into:  i^  ^  ^  ^ij  i® 
Km(,'  Tcng^  Shcn^  P'an*  TMng',  Courts  of  Assl/.es,  2.  J^lJ  ^j 
'it  ^'Ij  1^  Ti*  Fang'  Shen^  P'an*  TMng',  District  Courts,  and 
•5.  ^  t^'-S^  H  fiS  ('•''"'  <'•»»'  !^'"'"'  F'an-'  T'lng',  Local  Courts 
(for  di'tails  srr  Nos.  7.59  to  7(»1  ). 

I'or  particulars  as  to  the  fiuictions  ol  tlie'.^upirrMr  (  oiirl  o( 
•Justice  sec  No.'  21.'>A,  and  the  Suppletiient,  No.  21. >A. 

7r>H^.  f^f\]  ^^m}&  ^•"■"•■'  '•'""'  ''"''"f^''  ^''''""'  '*""' 
Ch'u',    Offices   for   tin;  Organization  oi  Judicial  JOstablishments  ; 

[     :^«:     ] 


I'KESENT    DAY    POLITICAL,    0KGA:«IZ.ATJ0N    OF    CHINA. 

758b      founded  in  all  provinces,  under  the  direction  of  the  Jl  ;^  f|^  Ti* 
to        Fa^    Shih^    {see    No.    831)    or   ^  ^  \^    An*    Ch'a'    Shih^    to 
758d      function  until  the   introduction  of  judicial  establishments  in  the 
provinces  has  been  completed. 

758b.  For  training  officials  for  service  in  judicial  establish- 
ments there  have  been  instituted  at  local  Colleges  of  Law  and 
■  Administration  {see  No.  623a),  or  at  the  ^HM%  il  J^ 
Shen^  r'an-i  T'ing-^  Ch'ou^  Pan*  Ch'u*  {see  No,  758  a), 
H  ^il  W  ^  Jfr  Shen^  P'an*  Yen^  Chiu^  So^  (also,  -^  ^W'MWX 
Shen^  P'an*  (^hiang^  Hsi=^  ^o\  %  mi^- ^  Wi  Ssu^  Fa*  Yen^ 
Chiu^  SoS  or  ^  ^  ^  ^  f4  Ssui  Y2L^  Chiang'  Hsi^  K'oi), 
Courses  in  Jurispi^udence,  covering  one  year,  and  providing  for 
an  enrollment  of  from  60  to  120  students  (dependent  on  1  cal 
conditions). 

758c.  ;^  ,11  ^  ^  Jfr  Ohien'  Yen^  Hsueh^  Hsi^  So', 
Courses  in  Medical  Jurisprudence ;  for  training  officials  s^killed 
in  questions  of  f^  ^  Fa*  I^,  Medical  Jurisprudence,  styled 
^  II 1^  Chien'  Yen*  Li*,  Medical  Inspectors,  who  are  to 
replace  the  >f^-  f)-  Wu'  Tso*,  Coroners,  men  quite  ignorant  and 
entirely  unacquainted  with  the  principles  of  medical  jurisprudence, 
who  have  long  functioned  in  China.  These  courses  ire  to  be 
founded  at  Judicial  Establishments  of  hiaher  grades  and  are  to 
extend  over  a  year  and  a  half. 

Coarses  of  Medical  Jxirisprudence  were  established  at 
Peking,  ;^  li  ji;  ^  J^  Chien'  Yen*  Ch'uan^  Hsi^  So',  in  June, 
1909,  at  the  himU^'^UM  <^'hingi  Shih^  Kao^  Teng' 
Chien'  Ch'a^  T'ing\ 

758i).  For  training  judicial  officials  of  lower  rank  (ushers 
and  clerks),  in  some  provmces  (for  instance  Kuangtung)  there 
^re  ^mm%t^U^W^%m.  L^*  Shih*  Shu^  Cln*  Ch'eng» 
Fa'  Li*  Hsiieh^  Hsi^  So',  Courses  for  Clerks  and  Ushers 
(extending  over  half  a  year). 

[     348     ] 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

758e.     The    new    scheme    for  judicial    establishments   (see      758= 
No.    758)    foi-eshadoAvs    the    appearance    of    ^  ^    Lii*    Shih\        tO 
Attorneys   (Advocates;   also  3^  ^  "i:    Pien*  Hii^  Shih*)  in  ci*'il       >yQQ 
and  criminal  cases.      Special  regulations  defining  their  rights  and 
duties    (^  ^ll;  ^  fr  ^    I^^i'   Siiih'    Tan^    Hsing'   Fa^)  are  to  be 
drawn  up   by   the   Committee  for  Revising  and  Compiling  Civil    . 
and  Criminal  Codes. 

758f.  Those  desiring  to  serve  in  judicial  establishments 
are  called  upon  to  pass  two  examinations.  On  the  s\iccessful 
completion  of  the  fir^t  examination  they  are  attached  to  Local 
and  District  Courts  for  practice  (Jp  ^  Hsiieh^  Hsi-,  Practising) 
for  two  years,  after  which  they  undergo  the  second  examination. 
( )n  successfully  passing  this  they  are  enrolled  as  Expectants  for 
posts  in  .Indicia]  Establishments  (so-called  1^  ^  ||^  S^^  Hou* 
l»u^  T'ui>  Shih^  and  fj^  ^  ^^it  ^  TT  Hon'  Pu'^  Chien^  Ch'a^ 
Kunn'  j. 

7.-,9.  ^  ^  ^  ^jj  ^.  Kao^  Teng^  Shen^  P'an^  T'ing', 
Coiuts  of  Assi/cs  (see  No.  758).  Within  the  scope  of  these 
Courts  come:  1.  Appeals  (^  |^  K'ung*  Su*)  against  judgments 
(not  Hii:'I,  ^Ij  f^  I'-an'  Chiieh')  of  District  Courts,  of  the  first 
hearing  (^J^^,  "  ^  Ti'  V  Shen^j,  2.  Appeals  ( J:  ^  Shang* 
Ivao*;  against  judgiiicuts  (not  final)  of  District  Courts,  of  the 
second  hearing  (^  H  ^  TV  Erh^  Shcn^),  3.  Cassations  (|j^  ^ 
K'ang'  KaoS  ol"  judguK-nts  (final,  <^  ^  Chiieh*  Ting')  of 
District  Courts,  and  4.  Cases  concerning  >^  ^  Tsung'  Shih* 
(srr  No.  39)  and  ^^  i^  Clinch^  Lo"  {see  No.  40),  not  within  the 
scope  of  I  lie  Supreme  Conrt  of  .lust  ice. 

(.'ou)-ts  of  Assizes  consist  (depending  on  [\n-  \ohuni'  of 
att'airs)  of  one  for  more-)  ^  ?Jf  j^  Mm'  Shil)'  T'ing',  Section  of 
Civil  Cases,  and  one  (or  more)  M  ''\t  l'^^  Using"  >hih^  T'ing', 
Secti<jn  of  Criminal  Cases. 

At  the  hca<i  of  a  Comt  of  Assizes  is  a  jj§  ./j^  T'ing'  Ch'cng', 
rivf.i(Jcnt    of  the    Court,   and   at    tli.-  hcjid  of  a  Section  there  arc 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

759a      ^  ^   T'ing^    Cliang"^,   Section  (Jhiefs,  appointed  from  tlie  ranks 

to        of  m  ^  T'ni^  Shih*,  Cjonrt  Members,  of  the  respective  Section. 

7fiO  Originally     Courts    of    Assizes   consisted   of  two   fij-    K'0'5 

Sections:    ^^     Min^     K'o\    Civil,    and    ^ij  ^jf    Hsing^   K'o', 

Criminal,  with  three   (six  at   Peking)   ^  fg  ||  ^  Ho=^  I^  T'ni' 

Shih*,  Collaborating  Members  of  the  Court. 

At  Courts  of  Assizes  there  are  found  :  tik  1^  Tien^  Pu*, 
Archivists,  ^  f^  Ohu^  Pu*,  Registrars,  f|^  ^  Lu*  Shih^  Writers 
and  (at  Peking  and  ports  open  to  foreign  trade)  |h  ^  W  Fan' 
I*  Kuan',  Interpreters  (Translators). 

Courts  of  Assizes  are  found  at :  1.  Peking,  ^  f f}j  1^  ^ 
Wf\JM  Ohing^  Shih'  Kaoi  Teng^  Shcn^  P'an^  T'ing',  and 
2.  Provincial  capitals.  For  details  see  the  Scheme  for  Judicial 
Establishipents  (see  No.  758),  section  4,  articles  25  to  32. 

759a.  For  particulars  as  to  the  i^  ^  ^  ^]J  ^  .^  Kao' 
Teng^  Shen^  P'an^  Fen'  T'iiig',  Branch  Courts  of  Assizes,  see 
No.  760b. 

759b.  P^:  Jf  ^  |i^  Ta-*  Li^  F^n'  Yuan*,  Brandies  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Justice  (see  Supplement  to  No.  21 5 a).  These 
may  be  established  in  provinces  distant  from  Peking,  at  the  local 
Courts  of  Assizes  (see  No.  759)  ;  composed  of  a  _f^  ^  @  ]Min 
Shih*  T'ing^,  Section  of  Civil  Cases,  and  a  ^Ij  ^  ^  Hsing' 
Shih*  T'ing^,  Section  of  Criminal  Cases. 

760.  it  :l^^  ^ij  m  Ti'  Fang'  Shen'  P'an^  T'ing',  District 
Courts  (see  No.  758).  Within  the  scope  of  these  are  :"1.  Cases 
without  the  scope  of  Local  Courts  or  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Justice  (for  the  first  hearing  ;  ^  —  ^  Ti"*  I'  Shen^)  and  2.  For 
a  second  hearing,  A.  Appeals  against  judgments  (not  final)  of  the 
Local  Courts  and  B.  Cassations  Of  judgments  (final)  of  Local 
Courts. 

District  Courts  are  composed  (dependent  on  the  volume  of 
affairs)  of  one  (or  more)  |^  ^  j^  Min'^  Shih*  T'ing',  Section  of 
Civil   Ca,:e9,   and   one   (or  more)    ^ij  ^  ^  Hsing^  Shih'  T'ing-, 

[     350     ] 


i 


FKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OUGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Section    of    diininal    Gases.     Also,    there    are    two    (or    more)      760a 
5S]  B:  Ifl  ^  Til-  Jen*  T'ni'   Shili*,   Independent  members   of  the         iq 
Conrt  (deciding^  cases  singly).  yan 

At  the  head  of  a  District  Court  is  a  |g  ;g  T'ing^  Chang' 
(at  the  Capital  ^^  T'ing-^  Ch'Ong'),  President  of  the  Court 
(holding,  at  the  same  time,  the  position  of  Chief  of  one  of  the 
Sections)  :  each  Section  is  under  a  ^  ;^  T'ing^  Chang',  Section 
( 'hief,  appointed  from  the  ranks  of  |^  ^  T'ui^  Shih'',  Members 
of  the  Court,  of  the  respective  Section. 

Formerly  the  District  Courts  were  divided  into  two  f4  K'0'5 
Sections  :  J^  ^-f  Min^  K'oS  (Hvil,  and  ^fij  ^  Ilsing^  K'o', 
Criminal,  with  three  (in  Peking  twelve)  a"  l§  ^ffi  ^  Ho'  I^*  T'ui^ 
Shih*,  Colhiborating  Members  of  the  Court,  in  each.  At  the 
head  of  the  Court  was  a  ^|  ^  ^  T'ui^  Shih*  Chang',  Senior 
Member  of  the  Court. 

At  District  Courts  there  are  found  :  |fe  ^  Tien'  Pu^ 
Archivists,  r^  ^  Chu'  PiiS  Registrars,  §|  ^  Lu^  Shih', 
Writers,  ;^  ^^  ^  Ch'eng'  Fa^  Li*,  Ushers,  and  (at  Peking  and 
})orts  open  to  foreign  trade)  ^  ^  'g*  Fan^  I*  Kuan\  Interpreters. 

District  Courts  are  established  at :  1.  Peking,  ^  ^  P3 
^  ^]]^  iili  '}J  ^  f 'J  M  Chiang'  Shih^  Nei*  Wai*  Ch'eng^  Ti* 
I'aii;,''  Sh.'-n'  P'an^  T'iiig',  Metropolitan  District  • 'ourt  of  the 
Inner  and  Outer  C'ity,  and  2.  Each  prefecture  and  independent 
<l<^partinent  (one). 

For  details  as  to  District  Courts  src  the  Scheme  for  Judicial 
I'.stablishmenU  (scf;  No.  7.38),  section  3,  articles  N09.  17  to  24. 

700  V.  I'or  particulars  as  to  tlie  M ':^  '^  ^\\  ^  M  '*'>* 
J  ang'  Shcn'  P'an^  Fen'  T'ing',  Branches  of  District  Conrts,  Avr 
No.  761a. 

■f'<"*-  i^  ':?-  ^  M  ^  M  ''^"•>'  'J^'-'iJ?'  ^'»"'  i*''^"'  ^'''"'"' 
T'ing',    liranclies  of  Coints  of  Assizes  («/"r   No.  759.v)  ;   may    lie 

established    at    places  di.stant  from    provincial    capitals,    at    the 

Local    Difttri«;t  (>)urts  {see  No.    7G()j.      TIk-sc  are  coinpo.sed  of  a 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CFIINA. 


761        S  ^  ^  ^^^^^  Shih*  T'ing^  Section  of  Civil  C'ases,  and  a  ^ij  ^^ 
^Q         Hsing-^  Shih^  T'ing^,  Section  of  Criminal  Cases. 

761a  ^^1-      ^  Wi^f^JM  <^'li'"'  <^'l^i'  ^^^^^^  P'a"'  T'ingS  Local 

Courts,  (sre  No.   758).     To    the    authority  of    these    appertain  : 

1.  Civil  cases  involving   a  sum  of  not  more  than  200  Taels,  and 

2.  By  the  present  Criminal  Code,  criminal  cases  p'unisliable  by  a 
fine  or  by  a  fine  (of  not  more  than  $200.00)  and  imprisonment 
(for  a  year  or  less),  or,  by  other  rules,  by  arrest. 

Local  Courts  are  made  up  of  one  or  two  (or  more)  |^  ^ 
T'ui^  Shih'*,  Members  of  the  Court,  who  judge  cases  quite 
independently  {%  f£  ffjij  TuMen^  Chih^). 

Local  Courts  (also  called  J^  |*f  j^j  Ch'eng^  Yen-  Chii'^,  City 
Justice  of  Peace,  and  ^  H^  ^  Hsiang^  Yen^  Chii^  Village 
Justice  of  Peace)  were  formerly  composed  of  from  one  to  two  (10 
at  Peking)  ^  5^j  |f  ^  Tan^  Tu^  T'ui^  Shih*,  Independent 
Members  of  the  Court. 

At  Local  Courts  there  are :  ^  '^  ~^  Ch'eng-  Fa'  Li*, 
Ushers,  and  §^  ^  Lu*  Shih*,  ^yritevs. 

Local  Courts  arc  established  at:  1.  Peking,  ^  ^flJ  i^  |S 
^  f\]  11  Chingi  Shih'  Ch'u^  Chi-  Shen^  P'an*  T'ingS  Metro- 
politan Local  Courts  (the  former  designation  was  jj{  fjjj  5)"  Im  -liSS 
iK  M  Cliing'  Shihi  Feni  Ch'u^  Ch'eng^  Yen^  Chii^),  2.  Admini- 
strative centres  of  departments  and  districts  of  the  Metropolitan 
Prefecture,  3.  Administrative  centres  of  sub-prefectures, 
departments  and  districts  of  the  provinces,  and  4.  Tluckly 
populated  towns  and  A'illages  important  by  their  ^cation.  For 
details  .sec  the  Scheme  for  Judicial  Establishments  {see  No. 
7.58),  section  2,  articles  14  to  16. 

761a.  iili^^^il^^  Ti*  Fangi  Shm^  P'an*  Fen'^ 
T'ing',  Lranches  of  District  Courts  (see  No.  760a)  ;  may  be 
established  at  Local  (.'ourts  (see  No.  70 1).  These  are  composed 
o^  a  ^^f£  Min^  Shih*  T'ing^  Section  of  (  ivil  Cases,  a 
M  ^  M   iisiugs  Shih*  T'ing2,   Section  of  Criminal    Cases,  and 

[     35'2.     ] 


PKESEN'T    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

two  (or  more)  ^  ff  |{|  ^  T.r  Jen*  Vm'   SliihS   Independent       762 
Memoer.s  of  the  Court.  ^q 

B.      Chicn  Ch''a  T^ing  or  Prosecuting  Attorneys'  Offices  :  >yf\/L 

762.  At  judicial  establii;hinents  of  the  various  fjrades  there 
are  found  1^^  M  Chien^  Ch'a^  T'ing^,  or  Prosecuting  Attorneys' 
Offices,  namely  :  1.  At  the  I'ourt  of  Assizes,  ^  ^  ti^  ^  ]^. 
Ka.)i  Tcncr^  Chicn*  Ch'a=^  T'ing^,  2.  At  the  District  Court, 
Wi  77  ^^  ^  ^.  Ti^  Fang>  Chien^  Ch'a'  T'ing\  and  3.  At  the 
Local  Coiu-t,  ;^j]  <:J5  1^^  M  C^'u^  Chi"  Chien^  Ch'a'  TMng'  (for 
details  see  Xos.  76.3  to  767). 

For  details  as  to  the  |,(g  fijj  ^  M  Tsnng^  Chien'  Ch'a^  T'ing\ 
attached  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  see  No.  222. 

Duties  appertaining  to  the  Prosecuting  Attorneys'  Offices 
include :  the  initiation  of  cases  of  criminal  prosecution,  the 
making  ot  searches,  tlie  enforcement  of  sentences,  etc. 

763.  ^  II  f^  ^  ^  Kao^  Teng^  Chien^  Ch'a=  T'ing', 
]*rosecuting  Attorney's  Office  at  the  (?ourt  of  Assizes  {see  Nos. 
7.39  and  762);  composed  of  a  ;^  ^  J^  Chien^  Ch'a"^  Chang^ 
Senior  Prosecuting  Attorney,  and  two  (or  more)  /^  ^  ^  Chien^ 
Ch'a*  Kuan',  Prosecuting  Attorneys.  Also,  at  this  office,  there 
are  found  m  f;|?  Tien^  Vx\\  Archivists,  ±  t^  Chu^'  \\i\ 
Kegistrars,  and  §'^  3jJ  Lu'  Shili^,  Writers. 

7(J3A.  LS 'fe^  ^  :y)' IS  Tsung'  Chien='  Ch'a''  Fen'  Ting', 
P>'-anche.s  of  Attorney-(icnerars  Office  {see  Supplement  to  No. 
*J22)  ;  establii-^hed  at  Hi-anehes  of  the  Suprenu;  Court  of  .histice 
{see  No.  7.'j9iij. 

"64.  illi  7;  ^  ^^  JS5  Ti'  Fang'  Chien^  Ch'a-  T'lng', 
J'rosecuting  Attorney's  Office  at  the  District  Court  (.vcv  Nos.  7(10 
and  762) ;  composed  of  a  |^  ^  i^  ('hien'  ('h'a*  Chang',  Senior 
l'rose<-uting  Attorney,  and  two  (or  more)  5^5t  ^  'tJ*  Chien'  Cli'a' 
Knan',  Pn  <ecuting  Attorneys.  Also,  at  this  office  there  are 
I"!:  W-  ''"'''"^  '*"*.  Archivists,  ^  fr^  Chu''  V\\\  Kegistrars,  and 
U  .'If   Lu^  S,.ih\  Writers. 

[    ;j5:j     ] 


'i!3 


I'KESENT     DAV    FOLITICAI.    OKGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

764a  764a.     M^^^^M  Kao^  Toiig^  Clueu'   Ch'a-    FOn 

to        T'iiig',  Prosecuting  Attorney's  Office  at  a  Branch  of  the  Court  o: 
766a      Assizes  {see  No.  760h). 

765.  W  M  ^  ^  ^  <^'1»'"'  ^^^'^'  ^'I^en^  Ch'a'  Tnng', 
Prosecuting  Attorney's  Office  at  the  Local  Court  {see  Nos.  761  and 
762)  ;  composed  of  from  one  to  two  (or  more)  :^  ^  'g'  Chien^ 
Ch'a"  Kuan\  Prosecuting  Attorneys  and  ||^.  ^.  Lu*  Shih^, 
Writers. 

T6oA.      M  ~^  ^  ^^  M     "^J'    Fangi    Chien^  Ch'a''   Fen^ 
T'ing\    Prosecuting     Attorney's     Office     at    a    Branch   of    the 
District  Court  {see  No.  761a). 
C.      I'risoiis  : 

766.  At  the  Capital,  for  the  imprisonment  of  offenders, 
there  are,  at  the  Ministry  of  .Justice,  two  prisons  :  ^  ^  Nan^ 
Chien',  Southern,  and  4fc  ^  Pei^  Chien\  Northern  {see  No.  457), 
formerly  under  the  supervision  of  the  J§^;^  'J 'i'"  Lao^  T'ing\ 
Prison  Office,  but,  shice  the  abolition  of  this  office  in  1907, 
administered  by  the  i^  ^  rJ  Tien^  Yii^  Ssu',  Department  of 
Prisons  {see  No.  ■449).  On  the  change  of  control  the  organiza- 
tion of  these  prisons  was  re\ised  {see  a  Memorial  from  the 
Ministry  of  Justice,  dated  the  17th  September,  1908),  in  that, 
instead  of  the  former  two  J^  ^  T'i-  Lao**,  Prison  Inspectors, 
posts  were  established  for  two  ^.^115^^  Tsung^  Kuan^  Shou^ 
Chang',  and,  instead  of  ^  ^  Ssu^  Yii"*,  Warders,  thei-e  were 
appointed  JE  W  45[  ^  Cheng^  Kuan'  Sliou^  Chang'  (two ;  from 

,  the  ranks  of   -t^'J^^'g*  Ch'i^  P'in'  Hsiao'  Ching^   Kuan^ ;  see 

No.  299).     Also,  there  were   appointed  glj  ^  J}$C  ^  F"*  Kuan* 
Shou^    Chang',    Assistant    Warders    (six ;    from    the    ranks    of 

A  ^a  li  *  Pa'  P'in'  Lu^  tShih*,  and  il   ^a^,m  ^^^^^'  P'i"' 
Lu*  Shih^;  see  No.  481;. 

766a.  In  the  provinces  the  prisons  are  at  the  offices  of  the 
local  authorities  and  are  under  the  control  of  Prison  Warders, 
styled :    in    prefectures,     g]  §^    »su^    Yii*    {see    No.    850),    ii^ 

[     354     } 


rUESKXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

departments,    |^  g    Li'   Mn''   (sec  No.  851a);  in  districts,  ^  ^      766^ 
Tien'  Shih'  {see  Xo.  857). 

7<)()H.  Ill  the  scheme  for  refoi-m  of  judicial  estahlishnients 
tliere  appears  a  measure  Mith  reoard  to  prison  affairs  providing 
for  the  institution,  at  the  Capital  (in  1909,  see  Memorials  from 
the  Ministry  of  .Justice,  dated  .lune,  1907,  and  31st  March^ 
1  909\  as  well  as  in  the  jjrovinces,  of  so-called  |^  $£  It  ^  Mu* 
Fan"*  Chieu'  Yii\  Model  Piisoiis.  At  present  these  prisons  are 
to  he  found  in  the  provinces  of  Kuangsi  (see  Men^iorial  from 
5i  ^M  It^  Chang'  Ming'-ch'i-',  dated  the  8th  December,  1909>» 
and  Viiunan  (see  report  from  ^^^^  Shen'  Ping^-k'un\  dated 
the  21st  Septeml)er,  1909). 

In  connection  with  the  prison  reform  it  is  proposed  to 
abolibh,  in  the  provinces,  the  [)0sts  of  -^  '§^  Ssu'  Vii^,  |^  g  Li* 
Mu^  and    JPI  ^  Tien'  Shih'  (see  Xo.  760a). 

licguUitions  referring  to  prisons  (g^  ]^  ^l  ||lj  Chien'  Yii* 
Kiiei'  Tx'*),  and  defining  jjenalties  to  1)0  iuHicted  on  piison 
udministracions  i^m'^^l^Wl^M  <  '''i^-'>'  Vii'  Kuan'  Li* 
Cheng'  Fa-  Knei'  Tsi'^),  were  thawn  iij)  in  1909,  to  be 
promulgated  in  l!)l().  and,  accordingly,  the  organization  of  the 
new  (niod(;lj  prisons,  treated  below,  has  been  arrived  at,  chiefly, 
from  the  al)0\('-mentioned  Memorial  from  ('hang  Ming-ch'i  (and, 
to  .some  extent,  on  the  report  of  Shcn  I'ing-k'un ). 

At  the  head  of  the  Model  I'li-son  (in  Kuangsi)  is  a 
IE  ll't  TiiX  'lY  '  h'ng'  Tien"  V'ii'  l\ii;iii'.  I'lison  lns|)cctor  ;  5 15  (in 
\  luuiaii,  JJl^  ^JX  B*  lieir  ViV  Kuan').  To  liiin  there  are  snb- 
ordiiiated  :  1.  JOight  ^  K^  l^  K':ui'  h^liou'  ('hang'.  Senior 
Warders:  Ha  (in  Vtinuan,  three  t^*  (^  i^i  Shou^  Wei'  Chang'), 
•^.  (iO  ^  y^  •^■:"''  Shou-',  Warders;  '.)\  (  ni  Vnnnan,  \y  ^ 
Shou'  Wei'),  ;i.  Two  ^jl.  \lf'i  \'.\\l  <  jiiao'  Ilni'  Shih',  Teachers  of 
Morality:  S  \,  \.  Two  '^  'lV  ''  Kuan',  I'hysician.s ;  9a  (in 
Viinnau,  one  ^  !';i|i  I'  •'^liili'i,  'i.  Ten  X  J''  Kung'  Shou', 
Workmen,   and   (i.      "JO    Jiji    f    Vm'    Ting',  Escorts  ( the  two  last- 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

767       mentioned  ranks   do    not   exist  in   Yiinnan,   biU   there   are   five 
^  la  ^  Shu^  Chi*  Sheng\  Clerks). 

The  general  supervision  over  the  aiFairs  of  the  prison  is 
invested  in  four  Sections:  1.  ^  ^  ^^  Wen^  Tu^  K'o\  Section 
of  Correspondence  (^  ^  p\  Wen^  Shu^  K'o^  in  Yunnan), 
2.  ^  s\  f}  Hui*  Chi*  K'o\  Section  of  Accounts,  3.  XM^^ 
Kung^  Yeh*  K'o^,  Section  of  Handicrafts,  and  4.  ^^  f^  jfJf  ^^"* 
Wu*  K'oS  Section  of  General  Affairs  (IJj  ^  ^  Tsung^  Wu* 
K'o^  in  Yunnan).  .  At  the  head  of  each  Section  are  Senior 
Warders,  as  j^  ;^  K'o^  Chang',  Section  Chiefs  (one  fif  ^ 
K'o^  Chang^  to  each  Section  in  Yunnan),  assisted  by  four  ^jf  ^ 
K'o'  Yiian^,  Secretaries ;  9a  (one  fif  j^  K'o^  Yiian^,  ih  Yunnan). 
.In  Yiinnan  province  there  is  also  the  ^  ^  |^  Shou^  Wei* 
K'o^,  Secret  Service  Section,  directed  by  a  ^i[  ;^  K'o^  Chang^. 

At  the  ModBl  Prison  in  Kuangsi,  in  the  Summer  of  1909, 
there  was  opened  a  ^  Dt  ^  ^  Chien^  Yii*  Hsu  eh''  T'ang-, 
Prison  School,  for  training  officials  for  service  in  prison 
administrations,  of  two  Sections:  1.  ^  ^  jf jf  Kao^  Teng^  K'o^ 
Higher  Section  (with  a  course  of  study  extending  over  one  year, 
an  enrollment  of  50  students  and  16  subjects  of  instruction),  and 
2.  ^  '^  jf jj-  K'an^  Shou^  K'o\  Section  of  Guarding  (prisoners) 
(with  a  course  of  study  of  half  a  year's  duration,  an  enrollment 
of  120  students  and  eight  subjects  of  instruction).  It  has  been 
arranged  that  this  school  be  reorganized,  in  September,  1910,  on 
the  lines  of  the  Japanese  ^  |^  p  ^  Ching'  Chien^  Hsiieh^ 
T'ang',  Police  and  Prison  Schools,  and  it  is  to  be^nnexed  to  the 
local  Higher  Police  School  (see  No.  522). 

In  the  province  of  Hunan,  in  connection  with  prison 
administration,  there  are  ^U^  H  ^  )^  Chien^  Yii*  Ch'uan^  Hsi» 
So',  Courses  in  Prison  Administration. 

767.  #  ^3^  Bf  K'ani  Shou'  So^  (also  ^  i^C  Ff  Kuan' 
Shou'  So'),  Houses  of  Detention;  established  at  District  Courts 
{see    No.    760)    and,    in    some    instances,   at  Local  Courts  (see 

[     356     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


No.  76 1\     These  are  administered  by  from  two  to  four  ^  tj*  ^      767a 
'g'  K'an^    iShou^   So^   Kuan'   (also   ^  If    So^   Kuan'),    Warders         ^q 
of  Houses  of  Detention;  8p..  yQQ 

At  the  ^  ft  it&  7^  1-  ^1P  Bf  .<^'l'ing'  Shih'  Ti'  Fang'  K'an^ 
Shou-'  ISo',  Hout>e  of  Detention  of  the  MetropoHtan  Distri'^t 
Court  {see  No.  760),  there  is  found  the  post  of  ^  ^*  ^  ;g  K'an^ 
Shou^  So^  Chang^  (also  J^  ^  So^  ("hang^),  Senior  Warder  of 
the  Hou.sc  of  Detention  ;  6i}. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  House  of  Detention  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  see  No.  221. 

767a.  ^  ^  M  f^'^i"  I^  So^  Workhouses  ;  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  {see  No.  514).  Here 
are  incarcerated,  and  employed  in  handicrafts,  otFenders 
condemned,  for  petty  crimes,  to  some  months  imurisonment. 

AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY  AND  COMMERCE. 

768.  The  direct  superintendence  over  all  measures  directed 
towards  the  development  of  agriculture,  industry  and  commerce, 
a.^  well  as  a  general  control  over  all  estahlishments  having 
reference  to  these,  appertains  to  the  Industrial  Taotai  (see  Nos. 
H.'ii)  and  H.'iOAj  who,  in  this  instance,  is  subordinated  to  the 
Ministrv  ol  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Conunerce,  from  which 
he  receives  all  necessary  instructions. 

769.  imXi^i^^  Nin.g'^  Kung'  Shang'  Tsung^  Chu>, 
H<ad  Bureaux  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  (oinmerce. 
Previous  to  the  establishment  of  ihe  \H)st  of  Industrial  TaOtai 
(gee  Nos.  768  and  839-839a)  these  bureaux  jjerfonned  duties 
which  now  upp(  rtain  to  thi.<i  ofiicial.  They  are  still  to  be  found 
in  pntvlnces  to  which  th<-  said  Taotai  has  as  yet  not  heen 
appointed  (compare  the  Menxjiial  from  liic  Mnustry  of 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  (Commerce,  referring  to  tli(!  provuicc 
of   Kweichow,  dated  the  2Ut  January,  1908),  and  are  composed 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


770     of  four  Sections :    1.      ^  ^  M    Nung^    Wu*    So',    Section   of 
Agriculture,  2.     X  ^  B'f  Kung^  Wu*  So^  Section  of  Industry, 

3.  ^  ^  B^    Shang^    Wu*    So*,    Section    of     Commerce,    and 

4.  B.B'^  Shu*  Wvf*  So^  Section  of  General  AiFairs. 

770.  M  ^  Nung^  Hui*,  Agricultural  Guilds.  In 
g,ccordance  with  a  report  from  the  Ministry  of  Agricxilture, 
Industry  and  Commerce,  dated  the  20th  October,  1907,  these 
are  established  :  at  provincial  capitals,  ^  ^  IJl  ^  Nung^  Wu* 
Tsung^  Hui*,  Central  Agricultural  Guilds  ;  at  the  chief  cities  of 
prefectvires,  sub-prefectures,  departments  and  districts,  J^  ^ 
^  ^  Nung^  Wu*  Fen^  Hui*,  Branch  Agricultural  Gviilds ;  at 
towns  and  villages,  M  f%  ^  ?Jl  Nung^  Wu*  Fen'  So^ 
Agricultural  Associations  (or  Sections  of  Agricultural  Guilds). 
The  establishment  of  these  .  Guilds,  Branches  and  Sections 
commenced  in  1908  and  it  was  provided  that  their  complete 
inauguration  be  finished  in  1910. 

Central  Agricultural  Guilds  have  a  |!|  J3l  Tsung^  Li', 
Chairman,  and  a  t^JH  Hsieh^  Li^,  Vice-Chairman,  elected  from 
the  ranks  of  ^  ^  Tung^  Shih*,  Members  (of  which  there  are 
from  20  to  50),  who  must  be  approved  by  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce. 

Branch  Agricultural  Guilds  consist  of  a  |^K  J||  Tsung^  Li^ 
and  from  10  to  30  g  ^  Tung*  Shih*,  Members,  while  Sections 
of  Agricultural  Guilds  are  composed  of  U  ^  Tung'  Shih* 
(the  maximum  is  5). 

At  Central  Agricultm-al  Guilds  there  are,  or  will  be, 
€stablished:  a  ^  ^  Jp  ^  Nung-  Yeh*  Hsueh^  T'angS 
Agricultural  School  (see  No.  600),  and  a  ft  ^  1^  1^  J^  Nung* 
Shih*  Shih*  Yen*  Ch'ang^  Botanical  Garden  (by  1910  this  is  to 
be  established  at  all  Central  Agricultural  Guilds). 

At  Branch  Agricultural  Guilds,  as  well  as  at  Sections  of 
Agricultural  Guilds,  there  are,  or  will  be,  established :  a  ^^ 
^   B  JP  ^  Nung^  Shih*  Pan*  Jih*  Hsueh=^  T'ang^,  Agricultural 

[     358     ] 


riiKSENT    DAY     rOLlTICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Scliool    \vitli    Tliilf-day    iSessions    (see   No.    61 7i'.:    ronipare  No.  770a 

579  ;  to  be  established  in  1912),  and  a  ]g  ^  ^q\  ^^  ^  i^  Nung"^  tO 

Sliih'    Ven^   8bno'    lliii'   Ch'ang%    Society   for    the    Diffusion   of  ^^q^ 
A^ririiltural  Knowiedo-e  (to  be  instituted  in  1912) 

Iliii^  Mctroj)olitan  Central  Agricnltural  Cinild  (sec  No.  770). 
This,  as  j)roposed  in  a  IMenioi'ial  from  .iic  Ministi-y  of 
Agriculture,  Industi-y  and  <  Vmiinerce,  saiictioned  by  the  Kniperor 
on  the  6rh  .luly,  1911,  is  a  development  of  the  former  ^  ^j  ^ 
T  ®  f^  Chi'  Vu"'  Nung^  Kung'  Ilsiieh^'  Hni^  Society  for  the 
Kn(!Otu'agernent  of  Agricultujal  :\nd  Industrial  I'Mucation  about 
Peking.  hi  the  ne^v  Society  the  designations  ^  j^  1'"'' 
Chang^  (Jhairman,  and  ^|J  ^  ^  Vu^  Ilui'  Chang--,  Vice- 
ChairniJ.n,  have  become  |,|l  J>g  Tsimg^  Li^  and  ])^  Jl  Hsieh'  T.i' 
(compare  No.  770),  nnd  there  have  been  instituted  31^  ^'  ^ 
ff\  ]\iuig'    Veil'   Yen-  Chin'  So',  C,ourses  in  Handicrafts. 

"On.  ■MmW:'m'^m^  ^'I'i'iM'  '^I'il''  ^'""ff'  '^I'i''^ 
Shih^  1  Cn'  (  h"ang\  Metropolitan  Botani<-nl  (iarden  ;  opened 
in  19().s.  Here  is  iound  a  i^  ^  ^  f#  ^  1:  Kao'  Teng^ 
Nung'  \\\\*  Ilsiieh'^  T'ang''^,  Higher  Agricultural  School  {see 
No.  6():iA;,  and  the  )^  f^  ^^  Nung-  Wn*  Chiil  Agricultural 
( )ftice  {sec  No.  463). 

770c.      Ill      Manchuria,     as     proposed     by    f;j^  |il-  ^     Ilsii' 

Shih*-<-h'ang'  {sec  his  Memorial  of  the  .")tli  l)i!cend)er,  19()H.   and 

the     re])lv     of     thi;     Ministiy     f»f     Agriculture,      Industry     anc/ 

(  omnien-e,  date<i  the  27th  December,  1908),   at    the   main    cities 

of  j)refectnres,   sidi-prcfectures,  de|)artments   and   districts   there 

are     established    H'^  if^  .Sg    Nung'    Cheng^    T'ing',    Agricultural 

OlHccs,     udminister"d     by     j|"  Vj*     Nung''    Ktiaii',    I'^xpericnccd 

Agri«-idturalist8    (.\griculliu-al    <)nicials)    of   the    sixth,   seventh, 

ei^^hth    and   ninth    ranks,  |^  J;    I'    Sliili%    Mechanical    Mngmcers, 

^  ^-  Chi*  Shou»,  Workmen,  ^f  .il!  -^l"''  ^"'''S  C'crks,  and    i;-^   ^f 

K;ni*  Shih<,  Altindantp. 

[     ;i.V..      1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


770d  770d.     In    addition    to    the  •  institutions    mentioned   above 

to        there  are  to  be  established  the  following,  having  as  their  object 
Mi^fi       the  facilitation  of  the  study,  and  the  assisting  of  the  develop- 
ment, of  agriculture,  forestry,  sericulture  and  tea  planting  : 

1-  i  f#  "^  ^  Bf  ^'""g'  Wu^  Chiang^*  Hsi'  So\ 
Agricultural  Courses  (see  No.  617b), 

2.  ^il^^^  Nung2  Lin^  Hsiielr  T'ang^,  Schools  of 
Agriculture  and  Forestry  (by  1910  these  are  to  be  established 
in  all  the  provinces;  see  No.  617b), 

3.  ^  ^  ^  ^  j^  Ts'an^  Yeh^  Chiang^  Hsi^  SoS  Courses 
in  Sericulture  (to  be  instituted  in  1909-1910;  sec^o.  617b),  and 

4.  ^^il^^r  Ch'a'  Yeh^  Chiang^  Hsi^  So^  (also 
^^M^  ¥t  Ch'a^  Wu*  Chiang^  Hsi"  So^^),  Courses  in  Tea 
Planting  (in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor 
oh  the  23rd  January,  1910,  these  must  be  established  in  all 
provinces  producing  tea — ^  ^  ^  ^  Ch'an^  Ch'a^  Sheng^Feii'; 
see  No.  617b). 

771.  For  the  encouragement  and  developrnent  of  industry 
there  are  (or  will  be  established)  at  Peking,  and  in  the  provinces, 
the  following : 

1.  rn  ^  ^j  Kung^  P  Chii^,  Industrial  Institutes  (one  has 
existed  at  Peking  for  many  years — see  No.  464^and  they  are 
to  be  established  at  ports  open  to  foreign  trdde  in  1911), 

2-  WiMW  Ch'uan^  Yeh^  Hul*,  Societies  for  the  Encour- 
agement of  Industry  (to  be  gradually  established;  in  all  provinces,. 
within  the  period  1912-1913), 

3.  -^.^^XMU^PJX  C'hing'  Shih^  Kungi  Yeli^  Shih* 
Yen*  So^  Metropolitan  Experimental  Workshop;  established  in 
accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture, 
Industry  and  Commerce,  sanctioned'by  the  Emperoron  the  23rd 
January,  1910,  at  the  Metropolitan  Exhibition  for  the  Encourage- 
ment of   Industry    (see  No.   771a),  with  two   fi|-  K'o\  Sections, 

[     360     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

i-e.  it  ^  f\  Hua^  Hsiieh-  K'o',   Chemical,  and  f||  ^  ^"l-   Chi'      771a 
Ch'i'  K'o\  Mechanical  (there  is  to  be  instituted  also  a    J'l!  f^;  ^        ^0 
^  ^f   Li''  Una"*   Yen'  rhiu'  So',  Bureau  of  Chemical  Kesearch  ,       „„q 
-i-     Wl  n:  pjli  ^Ij  Wi  Ch'iiaii'  Kimg^  (Jh'Oir  Lieh'  So',  Exhibitions 
for  the  Encouragement  of  Industry  ;  to  be  established  in  1911  at 
all  places  open  to  foreign  trade  (for  details  as  to  the  Metropolitan 
Exhil)ition  see   Xo.  771a.),  and   .1.      ^  X  P(  Hsiu*  Kimgi  K'o', 
Embroidery  Workshops  {see  No.  464). 

'7lA.  Tfr  g|f,  t!j  X  Pj^  ?'J  Ffr  ^'li"'g'  'Shih'  Ch'iian'  Kung^ 
CliV-n"  Lieh'  So\  Metropolitan  Exhll)ition  for  the  "  J'^neourage- 
.  nient  of  Industry  isce  Nos.  4G4  and  771);  founded  at  Peking  in 
1906  {see  ^Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Commerce,  coseiing 
Regulations).  The  Exhibition  is  administered  hy  two  J]^  J3I 
Tsnng"  Li",  Superintendents,  who  are  assisted  by  two  \i'^f  J^i 
ILich-  Li',  Assistants,  and  two  ]&  f^  ^  Shu^  Wu^  Chang', 
Stewards.  It  is  arnuigtd  in  four  Sections  :  1.  ^  ioC  ^  Chih^ 
She*  Ch'nS  Exhil)ition  Section,  2.  Ty  ^  ]&  J'^'"^'  Yen'  Ch'u^ 
Technical  Section,  .'i.  Wi  ^  }k  ^'i^'"'  ^''''=i'  ^''''iS  Information 
Section,  and  4.      ■![>(  ^  is^  Shou'  Chili'  Ch'n',  Treasury. 

To  each  Section  there  are  attached  two  i^l  ijf  £4  Li"'  Shih* 
Yiiaii-,  I'.xpositors. 

In  1908  the  Kxhibition  was  gutted  by  fire.  Repairs  were, 
liftwever,  effected  in  1909. 

At  ihc-  Metropolitan  l''xhibition  there  is  found  a  lljj  ^  ^ 
Cli'iirm'  Yeh^  (Jh'ang'',  Workshop  for  the  Encouragement  of 
IndiHtry. 

For  particidars  as  to  the  J^C  |]||J  X  ^j^  jj^)  ^  W\  <  1''".^'  ''^'''''' 
Kuiig'  Veh'  Shih*  Y i^w*  S<i\  Mel  i-oi»olit;ui  ICxper.imeutal 
Workshop,  established  at   the  j'ixhibition.  see  Xo.  771. 

""'•^-  ^]  h^  i\  ^  Shang'  Cjrnaii"  Kmig'  Iliii',  Mer- 
cantile .Marine  Societies  {see  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of 
Commerce,  dated  tlic  2ntli  .March,  1 90^1 )  :  established  at  com- 
mercial    towns     interested     in     the    mercantile     iii;iiiiie.      'I  hesc 


PRESENT    J)AY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION'    OF    CHINA. 


774 


773  Societies,  are  of  two  grades :  ||^,  ^  Tsuiig^  ll\u\  Central 
x_  Societies,  and  ^  ^  Fen^  Hiii^,  Branch  Societies.  The  former 
are  directed  by  a  |^f  Jg  Tsung^  T^i^,  Cliairinan,  and  a  ^Jj  ^ 
Hsieh"  Li^,  Yice-OhaiTman,  while  the  hitter  have  a  Cliairman 
alone.  The  establishment  of  jNIercantile  Marine  Societies 
throughout  the  Empire  must  be  completed  by  1913. 

773.  Conforming  to  regulations  drawn  up  ])y  the  Ministry 
of  Commerce  in  1'906,  whenever  China  participates  iu  ^  ^  Sai* 
Hui*,  Exhibitions,  abroad  provision  is  made  for  the  organization 
of  a  separate  Chinese  section  (^  |tH  ^  ^  Hua^  Shang^  Sai^ 
Hui*),  for  the  direction  of  which  there  is  appointed  a  |]f,  ^  ^  Sf 
Tsung'  Shih*  Wu*  So',  Committee,  under  the  direction  of  a  g^  ^ 
Cliien'  Tu',  Inspector  (the  duties  of  Inspector  are,  in  some 
instances,  carried  on  l)y  the  accredited  Di])lomatic  Repre- 
sentative). 

773a.  Til  Pa  ^  #  K"o2  Nei*  Sai*  Hui*,  Imperial  J^xhibi- 
tion.  In  accordance  with  the  sc-heme  of  constitutional  I'cforms, 
di'awn  up  by  the  Ministry  of  Agricultiu'e,  Industr}'  and  Com- 
merce, this  Exhibition  is  to  be  opened  in.  191  a  (prejiai'ations 
are  to  be  begun  in  1913). 

77315.  MM  ^  ^  Wan^  Kuo^  Sai^  Hui^  International 
Exhibition.  Confoi-ming  to  the  scheme  of  constitutional  reforms 
(compare  No.  773a),  this  Exhibition  isi  to  be  opened  in  191^ 
(preparations  are  to  be  started  in  1915). 

774.  i^  ^  Shang^  Hui"*,  Chamber?  of  Commerce.  Regula- 
tions drawn  up  by  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  (sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  11  th  January,  1904),  provide  for  the  establish- 
ment of  these,  in  the  place  of  jireviously  existing  commercial 
associations  of  various  kinds  ([§■]  ^  -^  B'?  Shang^  Yeh^  Kung^ 
So^  ^"  f^  S  ^'  Shang'  Wu"*  Knuig^  Hui%  etc.),  at  provincial 
capitals  and  important  commercial  (centres.  At  the  former,  as 
well  as  at  the  most  important  commercial  cities,  such  as  Tientsin, 
Chefoo,  Shnnghai,  Hankow,  (;himgking.  Canton  and  Amoy,  there 

[     1)02     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


are   found     j^^j    S    If.    fT    Shaiio:i    Wu"    Tsung'   Hui*,    General      774a 
Chambers  of  Commerce,  while  at  other  places  there  are  established        ^q 
ftn    ^   ^    a"    ^liangi    Wii*    Fen'    IIui^    Branch    Chambers    of       y^^ 
Commerce,    which     are,    to    some    extent,    subordinated    to    the 
Oeneral  Chambers  of  Conmierce. 

At  General  Chambers  of  Commerce  there  is  a  |jl  Jg  Tsung' 
Ll\  Chainnan,  and  a  IJi^  ^  Hsieh'-  Li^  Vice-Chairman,  who  are 
elected  from  the  ranks  ot  H  ^  Timg^  «hih%  Members  (20  to  50 
in  all),  while  Branch  Chambers  of  Commerce  are  composed  of  a 
Chaimian  and  from  10  to  30  members. 

The  scheme  of  constitutional  reforms  drawn  up  by  the 
Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  provides  for  the 
establishment  :  of  General  Chambers  of  Commerce,  in  1910  ;  of 
Chambers  of  Commerce  abroad  (so-called  1^  jl^  PhJ  "^  Hua' 
Shang'  Shang'  Hui^),  in  1911;  of  Branch  Chambers  of 
Commerce  in  China,  in  1911  ;  of  Branch  Chambers  of  Commerce 
abroad  (so-called  ^  i^\  M  ll  ^  ^  ^1"^"  Shang'  Ti^  Fang' 
Shang'  Hiii^),  in  1914. 

774a.  ith*  ^  ^  m  ^  ^^angi  LiV  Chiang»  Ming'^  SoS 
Associations  for  the  Study  and  Explanation  of  Commercial 
I^aws  ;  to  be  established  in   H)!."). 

774b.  [Vlj  ^n  1-^  ^,j  ^  shang'  P'iu'  Ch'en'  Lieh*  Kuan^, 
Commercial  Exhibitions  (Stores).  The  j)reliminary  organization 
of  these  is  to  be  started  in  1911  and  tiiey  will  be  gradually  opened  : 
ill  1912,  at  provincial  cajjitals  and  ports  open  to  foreign  trade; 
In  1914,  at  prefectural  capitals  and  important  conuucrcial  centres;- 
ill   1910,  at  the  rhicf  cities  of  departments  and  districts. 

77.0.      m^'iM^fi^i    '^'"'g'    <^'J'''"^''    'l^'""*    *'''''^'     ^'''"'' 
Alining  Committees  ;  organized,   in  accordanc*!  with  regulations 

framed  bv  tlie  Ministry  of  Cotnnu'rcc  (8an<-tioned  by  tlie  Emjuror 

on   the   27th    November,     1905),    for   the  general    supervision    of 

mining   afTairs,   in   all    provinces.      Eu-h   is  directed    l>\    a    ^'^  5^1 

Tsuni,-'    Li'\    President,    a    '/J,  JT?     llsi.li"'    Li'',    Vice-rresidcnt, 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


776a      and   a   number   o£    ^  §,  Ig  ft  Kung^    Wu^  I*  Yirnn^,   Mining 
^Q        Advisers. 

«-,/>  New  mining  regulations  (sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 

21st  September,  19a7),  left,  for  the  time  being,  the  Mining 
Committees  unchanged,  Avith  the  exception  that  there  were 
•  attached  to  them  a  number  of  ^M^^'  M,  Kung^  Wu^  Wei' 
Yuan^  Deputies  for  Mining  Affairs,  and  |/||^  H  TJJ  %'  Kung» 
Wu*  Ku*  Wen*  Kuan^,  Consulting  Experts  for  Mining  Affairs 
(see  No.  468). 

At  present  the  Mining  Committees  are  being  gradually 
abolished  (compare  a  Memorial  from  p^  ^  f|  Ch'en^  K'uei^- 
lung^  late  Governor-General  of  Hukuang,  dated  the  1st  July, 
1909),  and  their  functions  transferred  to  the  Industrial  Taotai 
(see  Nos.  839  and  839a  ;  %¥i  ^  ^^  Kung^  Wu"*  K'o\  Mining 
Section). 

775a.  Previous  to  the  establishment  of  Mining  Committees 
in  1905  {see  No.  775),  mining  affairs  were  supervised  in  the 
provinces  by  ^  |§  fjl  ^  Kung^  Wu^  Tsung^*  Chii^,  Central 
Mining  Offices,  and  ^  ^  S  M  ^^l^'^^  Kung^  Kung^  So^  Mining 
Offices. 

775b.     ^  ff  ^  ^   Kung3    Wu*    Hsiieh^    T'ang^,   Mining 

Schools  (see  No   617b)  ;  to  be  organized  in  all  provinces  in  1911. 

776.     ^     pj     Kung*     Ssu\     Companies     or    Associations. 

Conforming  to  commercial  laws,  drawn   up   l)y   the  Ministry  of 

Commerce   and   sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  21st  Januaiy, 

1904,  these  may  be  classed   in  four   groups:      1.      o"  ^  2t  ^ 

Ho^     Tzu^        Kung^     ?su^,        Co-partnerships,    2.      •^     ^i    ^ 

PMi^    »1     IIo'      'fzu'      Yu^'     Hslen*      Kung^       Ssu^,     Limited 

Liability  Co-partnerships,  3.      3x  ^  ^  nl  ^'^^^^  ^^^^^^  Xung'  Ssu', 

Joint-stock'  Companies,    and    4.      ^  ■^  ^  ^  ^  p\    Ku'   Fen^ 

Vu'  Hsien*  Kung"^  Ssu',  Ijimited  Liability  Joiiit-stock  (Companies. 

For  (the  direction  of)  the  business  of  any  company  there   is 

formed    a    H  ^  f;^    Tung^    Shih*    Chii^    Board    of    Directors, 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


consisting  of  from  three  to  thirteen  |g  ^  Tung'  Shih'',  Directors,      776a 
elected  at  a  general  meeting  of   shareholders  from  the  ranks   of        ^q 
holders  of  ten  shares  or  more  in  the  company  concerned.     At  the       mmm 
first  general  meeting  of,  the  shareholders  there  are  elected  at  least 
two  ^  |g  A  Ch'a^  Chang*  Jen',  Auditors. 

Companies  must  be  registered  at  the  Company  Registration 
Bureau,  ^  ^  B^  j^  ^  Kungi  Ssu^  Chu<  Ts'e*  (^hii^  (see  No. 
465b).  Temporary  regulations  as  to  registration  of  companies 
have  been  compiled  by  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  (consisting  of 
18  articles). 

776a.  Registration  of  trade  marks  is  done,  following  rules 
and  regulations  framed  by  the  Ministry  of  Conimerce  (originally 
in  1 904)  by  the  (^  ^  ^  Shang^  Piao^  Chii»  (also  U  ^  M 
Chu*  Ts'e*  ChiJ'),  Trade  ]\Iarks  Registration  Bureau  (see  No. 
465d),  and  by  the  jl^  ^  g  i|  ^  ^  Shangi  Piao^  Kua*  Hao* 
Fen^  Chii',  Branch  Trade  Marks  Registration  Bureaux,  at 
Tientsin  and  Shanghai. 

COLONIZATION. 

777.  Of  late  years  the  Chinese  Government  has  paid 
special  attention  to  the  question  of  colonization,  which  is  now 
being  carried  on  under  official  auspices  along  the  Northern 
])order  of  the  provinces  of  Shansi,  Cliihli,  Shctisi  and  Kansu,  in 
Manchm-ia,  in  frincr  Mongolia  (especially  in  the  C'herim  league), 
about  lisining  (on  the  luirder  of  KMik'nnor),  in  Szecliwan  (on  the 
Tibetan  border)  and  in  Viinnan  (on  tlie  border  of  Tongking). 

In  the  province  of  Shansi  (the  territory  of  tlic  T'lnnct  tribe, 
wlji<;h  occupies  the  region  adjacent  1o  Knci  II  ua  Ch'rng) 
colonization  was  started,  roughly  speaking,  in  1!'()'.\  .ind  tin- 
following  Colonization  Bureaux  have  been  fjradually  called  into 
activity  :  1.  U  il  ^l\  Vfi  ^  W  Knei'  Hua^  KSn^  Wu*  Tsung* 
Ch'i',   < 'e.itral  ("ol«»nization  iiurcaux   at    Knci    llua    ( 'liS'ng    (K'u 

[      .%0      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    I'OLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


778      K'H  Ho  To),   2.     ^MMB^  M  ^^''^S'   <^^'l'*''>^   K'en'  Wu^ 
Feu^  CluiS  Branch   Colonization    Bureau    at    Feng   Chen   T'ing, 
3.     ^Jili?^^^     ^'i"8'     ^'"'^"'    K'eu^    Wii^    Fen^    Chu% 
.Branch  Colonization  Bureau  at  Ning  Yiian  T'ing,  etc. 

Later,    colonization    penetrating    Chihli,    the   following   ^vus 

established  :  m  ^^  M  &  M  M  B  M  ^  l\  B  ^  ^^'l^'a^  Ha' 
Erh'  Tso-'  I'  K'en^  Wu^  (^hang^  Chia^  K'ou^  Tsung^  Chii'^,  Central 
Colonization  Bureau  of  the  Left  Wing  of  the  Ch'ahari:,  at 
Kalgan. 

In  the  province  of  Kansu  a  Colonization  Bureau  was 
established  (on  a  Memorial  from  the  ^  ^  C'hiang^  C-hiin',  -^  :^ 
T'ai"^  Pu*,  dated  the  14th  December,  1908),  in  1908,  styled 
mm^Mm^mi^  ^  ^  T.ou*  Pan^  Ning^  Hsia^  Ahur^ 
Ying^  K'en^  Wu'  Tsung^  Ch'i^,  Cential  Colonization  Buieau  of 
the  Manchu  Gari-ison  at  Ninghsia,  established  Avith  Imperia' 
sanction. 

In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned.  Colonization  Bureaux 
(Central  and  Branch)  ha\  e  been  called  into  ))eing  at  other  places 
in  the  Empire. 

778.  M^l^  MB  X^  Tn'  Pan^  Iv'cir*  Wu^  Ta^  Ch'en^ 
Superintendent  of  Colonization  Affairs.  This  title  is  held  by  the 
Chiang^  Chiin^  at  Sui^  Ynan^  Ch'eng^  (.see  Nos.  744,  744a. 
and  899). 

To  him  there  are  attached  the  following-  1.  One  |,f,  ^ 
Tsung3  Ch'a^,  Chief  Inspector,  2.  Six  ||  ^  Chi-  Ch'a'^ 
Inspectors,  3.  One  ^  r^^  }}|  WCm?  IIsun^  Pn--,  Civil  Orderly 
Officer,  4.  One  j^  ^  fj§  \Vir^  IL^.in^  Pu\  Military  Orderly 
Officer,  5.  One  ^  ^fj  ^  ^  Chieni  Yin"  Wei'  Yiian'-,  Keeper 
of  the  Seal,  6.  Two  ^  jf^  Han*  T'ung^  Shih^  Chinese 
Interpreters,  7.  Two  ^  j^^  ^r<-'-t.  T'ung^  Shih%  Mongolian 
Interpreters,  8.  Four  BI  ^  ^  1*  T'ou^  Tcng='  Ch'ai^  Kuan', 
Deputies  of  the  first  rank,  9.  Six  IZ  W'  M  %'  ^^i'^"  T^'"g^ 
Ch'ai^   Kuan^,   Deputies  of   the  second  rank,   10.     Ten  .H  ^  ^ 

[      86fi      ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL     ORQA^IIZATION    or    CHINA. 


'g*  Sail'  'lY'iisr'  Cli'ai'  Iviian'.  Deputies  of  the  third  niiik,  and 
11.     Twenty  ^  f^  Fu'  I^  Servants. 

In  addition  to  the  ottieials  mentioned  above,  for  the 
Superintendent  of  Colonization  Attairs,  there  is  a  :  1.  ^  ^  |^ 
Wen^  An'  Ch'u',  Chancery  (sec  No.  779),  and  2.  i{^  ^  |g 
Shou'  Chih'  Ch'u\  Treasury  (,sce  No.  780); 

^~^^-  X  ^  J^  Wen^  An'*  Cli'u^,  Chancery  (see  No.  77.8j; 
directed  by  a  -^  i^|-  Tsung-'  Pan\  Chief,  who  is  assisted  by  : 
1.     One    ^m    Hui^    ran\    Associate    Chief,    2.      Two    ^  |/jf 


e 


Pang'  Pan\  Assistants,  3.  Six  i,  1% '^  M.  ^'^''^^  Kao'  Wei^ 
yuan\  (Jhief  Kevisers,  4.  Two  M  M '^  M.  ('liani?'  An'  Wei' 
Yiian-,  Archivists,  5.  Two  i^  ^  ]^  f^  ^  ^  Shou'  Fa'  Wen^ 
Chien'  Wei'  Yiian^,  Kegistrars,  G.  Four  ^  f^  ^  ^  Fan'  P 
Wei^  Yiian^,  Interpreters,  7.  Four  p]  ^  Ssu'  Shih^,  Clerks, 
^.  Two  ig  ^  T'luig'  Shih',  Assistant  Interpreters,  9.  ^  =p- 
Shu'  Shou',  Writers,  10.  Four  ^'^  Cli'ai'  Kuan'  (..er  Xo. 
778),    11.      F(jur    g;-^;  ^   T-ing'    Shih\    Runners,    and    12.      Ten 

M  f^  it  IJ"'  <  I'ii'  1""'^S  r.uards. 

780.  4^  ^  ^  Shou'  Chih'  ChM^  Treasury  (j,<?<'  No.  778); 
dire<-ted  l)y  a  ,|J^  |/jj?  T->ung'  Pan',  to  whom  there  are  subordinatetl:. 
1.  One  ^  |/jj5  Hui^  I'an\  Associate  Chief,  2.  One  ^  U)^ 
Pang'  I'an',  Assistant,  6.  Fonv  ||g  ^4  ^  14  Tsimg'  He-  Wei' 
Yuan',  Auditors,  4.  Two  ^  j^^  ^  t|  Chu^  Kao'  Wei'  \  ian', 
.->.  One^  ^  i$  14  Chang'  An*  Wei'  Yuan^  6.  Tw..  ^  ;;^. 
^  ll  (  hih'  Ying*  Wei'  Yiian-,  Assistant  Treasurers,  7.  Fom- 
^  ^  Ssu'  Shih%  K.  Fourteen  |}  ^  Shu'  Shou',  D.  Foiu- 
;)|  '1^  Ch'ai'  Kuan',  10  Fom  i{*  '](  T^ing"  Shih'  and  11.  Ten 
if  li'j  Jt  Hu*  Chu^*  Fu'  (con.pare  No.  779;. 

781.  The  personnel  of  the  Central  Coloni/alion  liureau  at 
Kuei  Una  ( Ih'eiig  (  K'li  li'n  Ho  T'o  ;  s>e  No.  777)  is  as 
follows  :  1.  Two  liS  HjI  Tsung'  I'an-,  2.  Two  Q-  '^  lUn*  Pun', 
3.  Two  j/;  U?  I'angi  l'an\  1.  Two  ^  ^  '1 'i'  Tiao\  I'roctors, 
o.      Fom  -^  \fi^  f^  li  Chu'  Kao'  Wei'  Yuan"',  (i.      Four  fl^;»U  j^ 

[      ;;--      ] 


779 

to 

781 


TRESENT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA 


782a 


782        ^  Ch'eno-2  gj^g^s  ^yg^s  Yikn^  Judicial  Commissioners,  7.     Four 
to        ^^MWi'^M.  Chi'  Ho'  Ts'e*  Pao*  Wei'  Yiian^  Auditors  of 
Colonization  Accounts,  8.     Four  ^^M^^^  C^^'^^^'  C^^'^' 
Lii^  Chang*  Wei^  Yiian^,  Land  Surveyors,  9.  Two  jHjj  ff  ^'  R  '^s'e* 
Hui*   Wei*   Yuan^  Draftsmen,    10.     Two    ^^^1.   Chang^ 
An*  Wei^.Yuan^,    11.     Two    H  |i  m  M.  Fan^   P  Wei'  Yuan", 
12.     Two  ii  ^   T'ung^    Shih*,    13.     Four     ^  ^    Ssu^    ShihS 
14.     Fourteen  ^  ^  Shui  gi^Q^s^  15,      Four  H  'g*  Ch'ai^  KuanS 
16.     Four  ^  ^  T'ing^    ShihS  and    17.     Twelve    ^^  ^c   H^^* 
Chu^  Fu^  (compare  Nos.  779  and  780). 

The  personnel  of  the  other  (Colonization  Bureaux  mentioned 
above  (Central,  at  Kalgan  ;  Branches,  at  Feng  ChOn'  T'ing  and 
Ning  Hsia  T'iig)  is,  with  almost  no  exception,  similar  to  that 
just  expanded. 

782.  H  ^  H  ^  K'en'  Wu*  Tsmig'  Chu^,  Central  Coloni- 
zation Bureau  at  Tsitsihar  (in  the  province  of  Heilungchiang). 
This  superintends  colonization  affairs  and  the  selling  of  jiublic 
lands  to  immigrants.  At  its  head  is  a  H  |/jf  Tsung'  Pan*,  who 
has  subordinated  to  him  a  f^  |l^  T-i'  Tiao*,  Proctor.  It  is 
divided  into  three  $^  K'o\  Sections:  1.  ^  H  f ^  Wen^  Tu* 
K'o\  Section  of  Correspondence,  2.  #  ft  f ^  ^ni*  (K'uai*) 
Chi*  K'o\  Accounts  Section,  and  3.  }&  B  fr  S^u*  Wu*  K'oS 
Section  of  General  Affairs.  At  the  head  of  each  Section  there 
is  a^  ;g  K'o^  (^langS,  Section  Chief.  He  is  assisted  by  a  glj 
^  ^  Fu*  K'qI  (^hang3,  Assistant  Chief. 

782a.  M  fl  n:  W  ^  ^  tH  ff  ^  Hei'  Lung^  Chiang^ 
Sheng^  Pien'  K.'en'  Chao^  Tai*  Ch'u*,  Immigrant  Agencies  for 
the  Colonization  of  the  Frontier  of  Heilungchiang.  These  Avere 
established,  in  accordance  Avith  a  Memorial  from  the  Governor- 
General  of  Manchuria  (of  the  28th  January,  1909),  at  Haid<ow, 
Shanghai,  Tientsin,  Chef 00,  Y^ingkow  and  K'uangch'engtzu. 
They  furnish   information   and   endeavour  to   attract  people  for 

colonization  purposes. 

[     3G8     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

783 
RAILWAYS.  to 


783.  Railways,  all  under  the  supervision  of  the  Ministry 
of  Posts  and  Communications,  may  be  classed  under  four 
headings  :  1.  '^  Uc  '§*  ^?  Kuan'  K'uan^  Kuan'  Pan'',  Govern- 
ment Built  and  Operated  Railways,  2.  f h  ^  'g'  |i?  Chieh* 
K'uan^  Kuan'  Pan*,  Government  Operated  Railways  Built  with 
Loan  Funds,  3.  ^  |J^  p^"  p  Ghieh*  K'nan^  Shangi  PanS 
Private  Railways  Built  with  I^oan  Funds,  and  4,  j^  ^  Shani;' 
Pan^,  l^rivate  Railways  (built  with  private  funds). 

At  the  head  of  Government  Railways  there  is  a  |i|i  |;^ 
Tsung3  Pan*,  Chief,  and  a  ^  p  Ilui'  Pan*,  Assistant. 

At  the  head  of  Private  Railways  thei'e  is  a  ^Jg  jgi  Tsunp;' 
Li^  (niief  Manager  (may  be  ^  f/j?  |lg  Jf  Tso*Tan*  Tsung^  Li', 
Actual  Chief  Manager,  or  ^^  #  $^.  Jf  Ming^  Yu*  Tsung'  Li', 
Honorary  ('hief  Manager)  and  a  ^  JJ  Hsieh'^  Li',  Assistant 
Manager. 

During  the  construction  period,  on  important  railway  lines 
there  are  sometimes  appointed  a  ^  ^  Tu'  Pan*,  Superintendent, 
and  a  fg  Ul  Pang*"  Pan*,  Assistant.  Construction  work  is 
carried  on  in  [^  Tuan*,  Sections,  which  are  directed  by  ^  ^ji\ 
Tsung'  Pan*,  Chiefs,  and  f^^  Hg  ^J?  I'ang'  Tsung'  Pan*,  Assistant 
Chiefs. 

On  nil  Railways — (iovemmcnt  or  Private — there  are  found 
IS  X  ^   p1    Tsung'    Kung'    Ch'rng-   Ssu'   (also    ^  I;i|j  j^  Chi* 
Shili'    Chang'j,    Chief    Engineer,   and    ^Ij  X  ^i'    BJ    1''"'    K"";;' 
Ch'eno*  Sku'   (also   X  ^  lllfj  Kung'  Ch'eng'  Shih',  /.'jlj  \^  flip  Fu* 
("lii*  Shih',  or  ^  gfl  Chi'  Siiih'),  Fngincers. 

For  the    fi3g  Ki  j^  T'ieh'   Lu*  Chii',    Railway  Bureaux,  the 
personnel  has,  as  yd,  not  lio«n  (h'finefl. 

"^'*-       ^  Kl  ^ni  H  ""'  '^"'  '^«''"'  ^'''"J^^^  Hailway  Police; 
conforming    to    a     Mcnrorial     from    the    Ministry    of    Posts   and 

r     :m;'j     ] 

14 


784: 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL,    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


785      Communications,  dated  the  7tli  July,    1 909,  these  i)oHce  are  to 

to        l>e   organized    on  all   Railways — (xovei-ninent  or   ]*rivate.     The 

786a      Ministry  is  now  engaged  in  arranging  the  personnel  of  this  force 

and,  in  this  connection,  has  consulted  Avith   the   high  officials  of 

provinces  in  which  there  are  railways. 

785.  M^^^  T'ieh^  Lu^  Hsueh^  T'ang^,  Eailway 
Schools;  there  is  one  for  eacli  railway,  founded  with  the  object 
of  training  cmjiloycs  for  tlie  various  b)'anches  of  raihvay 
Avork. 

785a,  Tlie  scheme  of  constitutional  i-efoi-ras  drawn  up  by 
the  Ministry  of  Posts  and  C'ommuiu'cations,  sanctioned  bA'  the 
Emperor  on  the  ,48th  April,  1909,  en  lied  for  the  establishment 
at  Peking,  in  1909,  of:  1.  A  ^^^^  ShihM'eh*  Hsiieh' 
T'ang^  ProfessioMiil  School  (at  (he  Ministry),  and  2.  A 
MM>^?HW^^  Tien*  (ni'i*  .Ohuaii^  Mcn"^  Hsiieh^  T'aug-, 
School  of  Electrical  Engineeriu«. 

786.  ^  III  j^iM^^  T>ang2  Shan^ '  La^  Kiuvf  Ilsiieh^ 
T'ang-,  Railway  and  Mining  School  at.  T'angshan  (in  the 
province  of  Chihli ;  sec  No.  621  a). 

In  1909,  in  consequence  of  internal  dii^scnsions,  this  school 
was  reorganized  (see  report  fvoin  the  Ministries  of  !']ducation  and 
of  Posts  and  Communications,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 
6th  June,  1  909)-"  as  folloAvs  :  to  consist  of  two  Sections,  namely, 
1.  t}l  ^f^I-  Cl»^",^'  Teng^  K'o\  Middle  Section  (with  the 
curriciduin  of  a  Middle  School  and  a  course  of  study  covering 
three  years),  and  2.  ;^  ^  jfJj.  Kao^  Teng^  Iv'o\  Higher  P  -ction 
(with  the  rating  of  a  Higher  Professional  School  and  a  .oiu-se 
of  four  years).  The  head  of  the  school  is  now  a  1^|^  Chien'  Tu', 
Director  (instead  of  the  former  |§  fj|  Tsung=*  Pan* ;  see  No. 
635).  He  is  assisted  by  a  ^  |^  ;g  Chiao*  Wu*  Chang^*  (.sv^- 
No.  6.36)  and  a  ^  f^  J|-  Chai'  Wu*  Chang^  (see  No.  645). 

786a.     Previous  to  1909  the'  Railway  and  Mining  School 
at  T'angslian  (see    No.   786)    Avas    composed    of    two  Sections: 

[     370     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


789 


1-  ^^i^^  ^^  ^  ^"'  Kung=  Kungi  Kung*  K'oS  General,  and       787 

2-  !^  ^'^  W^  P^  li     I>"'     Kiing^    Chnan^    ]Men'    K'o',    Special.         tO 
The  course  of  study  in  each  covered  two  years. 

787.  ±fl$M^WM^^  Shang*  Hai'  Kao^  Teng^ 
Shili^  Yeh''  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  Higher  Professional  School  at 
Shanghai  {see  No.  598c).  Previous  to  1909  this  school  was 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry 
and  Commerce  :  in  that  year  it  was  placed  luider  the  control  of 
the  IVrinistry  of  Posts  and  Communications.  It  furnishes 
instruction  in  a  '^^^^  T'ieh:'  Jax*  KW,  Railway  Course, 
which  is  arranged  in  two  Sections:  a  5^  fij-  Yii*  K'o^,  Preparatory 
Section,  with  a  three  or  four  years'  course  of  study,  and  a  ;4^  fij- 
Pcir^  K'o',  Si)ecializing  iSection,  with  a  three  years'  tenn.  At 
tiic  last  mentioned  there  is  a  r|4  ^  Chung'  Hsiieh^,  Sub-section 
with  the  ciu-i-iculum  of  a  Middle  School. 

788.  ^iEiM^^f  <'1'''^«''  T'ung'  Ch'uan^  Hsi-  So^ 
/formerly  T^  ^^  ^  J31  f^  ^  fff  TMeh^  Lu^  Knan^  Li^  Ch'uan- 
Hsi^  So"^),  Courses  of  Instruction  at  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Communications.  These  arc  ananged  in  two  Sections:  1. 
Wc  li^  ?4  'I'-ieh^  Lu^  K'o',  Railway  Section,  and  2.  §JJ  '^  ^^ 
Yu'  Tien'  K'o',  Section  of  I'osts  and  Tclcgrajjhs.  lOach  Section 
is  sub-<livided  into  two  snlnsections  :  1.  i^  ^  JllSE  Kao'  Teng^ 
l*an\  Higher  (term  of  course  for  the  Railway  Se<;tion  is  three  years; 
for  the  Section  of  Posts  and  Telegraphs,  two  and  a  hall  years), 
and  2.  f,*ij  ^  ij£  ('hicir'  P  Pan'',  Abridged  ((covering  one 
year  for  the  Railway  Section  and  one  and  a  half  years  for  the 
Section  (»i   Posts  and  Telegraphs). 

78Ha.      XWl'f^^ffi    '<u"i;'    Chiang'    Ycli'   llsiieh'So?, 
Kvcning  Coni'scs  for   Workmen.      In  accordance  with  directions 
fron)  the  Ministry  <»f  Posts  and  Commtniications  (dated   August, 
1909  J,  tlicsc  are  to  })e  institulcji  at  all   Hailwiiy  Hurcuux. 

7«'J-       Ifife  ^ft  JS  ll\j  ;,^    I>«in'-'   ChN.an'    Clmo'     Shang'    Chii', 
China     Mcrcliants'    Steam    Navigation    ('«>.;    established   in    1872 

[      871      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

790  (and  imtiri909)  under  the  supenntendency  of  the  ^^  ^^ 
to        Pei^  Yang'  Ta'^  Oh'en^   (see  No.   820b).     In   1909,   as  directed 

791  ^y  Iii'^P^^'i^l  Edict,  dated  the  4th  May,  this  company  wa& 
transferred  to  the  control  of  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Communications  (see  report  of  the  latter,  sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  26th  August). 

TELEGRAPHS  AND  TELEPHONES. 

790.  In  1908  the  telegraph  lines  of  the  Empire  were 
redeemed  by  the  Government  and  their  administration  was 
invested  in  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications,  which 
directly  manages  telegraphic  affairs  tlu'ough  the  H  ^  "^  Tien* 
Cheng*  Ssu\  Department  of  Telegraphs  (see  No.  478),  and  the 
J:  ^  ^  i^  ^  Shang*  Hai'  Tien*  Cheng*  Chi^^  Bui-eau  of 
Telegra])hs  at  Shanghai.  The  latter  is  directed  by  a  ifj|  ^| 
T^ung'  Pan*,  Chief,  assisted  by  a  |i  *^  H  i|^  Tsung^  Kuan* 
Tien*  Cheng*,  Superintendent  of  Telegraphs. 

At  the  head  of  ^  ^  ^  Tien*  Pao*  Chii^,  Telegraph 
Offices,  are  |^|!  Uj^:  Tsung^  Pan*,  Chiefs.  To  them  are  attached 
JM  ^  M  I^i'  Shih*  Yiian^,  Managers,  f|  Jjf  Ling^  Pan',  Chiefs 
of  Reliefs,  and  «|J  ff  lj£  Fu*  Ling^  Pan\  Assistant  Chiefs  of 
Iveliefs. 

790a.  The  scheme  of  constitutional  reforms  drawn  up  by  the 
^Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications  pro^-ides  for  China's 
affiliation  with  the  M  M  M  WC  1i!i  ^  Wan*  Kuo"  Tien* 
Cheng*  Kungi  Hui*,  International  Telegraph  Union,  in 
191.3. 

791.  Telephony  is  also  under  the  supervision  of  the 
^Pniistry  of  Posts  and  Commimications  and,  in  the  latter's- 
scheme  of  constitutional  reforms,  it  is  arranged  that  telephone 
installation  throughout  the  Empire  shall  be  completed  in 
1916. 

[     372     1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

-  ^- 

Telephone  ^cations  are  divided  into:  1.      %W  ^  ^  '^ien*      792 
Hua^  TsnngVChii^  Central  Stations  and  2.      H  |^  ^  ^  Tien^ 
Hua^  Fen'  Chii^,  Branch  Stations. 

BANK    OF    COMMUNICATIONS. 

792.  ^  ii  i^  ^1  Chiao^  T'ung'  Yin'^  Hang',  Bank  of 
Communications  ;  established,  as  proposed  in  a  Memorial  from 
the  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications  (sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  7th  December,  1907),  with  the  object  of  assisting 
in  the  development  of  shipping,  railways,  telegraphs  and  posts. 
Of  the  total  number  of  shares  issued,  40%  were  taken  up  by  the 
Government  and  BO'^/V  were  issued  to  the  public.  The  %^  f^ 
Tsung^  Harig',  Head  Office,  of  the  Bank  is  in  Peking  ;  ^  ^^ 
Fen'  Hang',  Branch  Offices,  were  first  established  at  Tientsin, 
Shanghai,  Hankow,  Amoy,  Chinkiang  and  C'anton.  Later,  at 
important  commercial  centres  of  China,  as  well  as  abroad,  there 
are  to  be  opened  liranch  Offices  or  f^  %}.  ^7  Tai*  Pan^  Hang^ 
Agencies. 

Fur  tlie  Head  Office,  as  Avell  as  for  each  Branch 
Officf,  there  is  a  $^  |/(^  Tsnng'  Pan*,  Snpcrintendent, 
and  I0  this  official  there  is  attached  one  ^|J  ^jj\.  Vn*  Pan"*, 
Assistant. 

Atlhehcad  of  the  112^^1?^  Tsnng^'  Kuan'  Li' Ch'n\ 
Board  of  Directors  (at  Peking),  there  is  a  ^^^  Jf  Tsung'  Li'*, 
President,  and  a  ti[|f;  fn  I  Li<  li-  Li\  Vicc-l*residcnt.  To  render 
them  anv  assistance  thai  may  Ix;  rccinircd  there  are  deputed  a 
number  officials  from  the  ))ersomi(  I  of  the  Railway  Adniinistra- 
tinn.  'ihe  President,  and  Vice-President  are  appointed  by  the 
MinistM  ot"  Posts  and  (Joinnuuiicatioiis. 

Shareholders,  at  a  general  meeting,  ele<t  lour  ^  ^  Tung' 
Shiii*,    Supervisoi-s,    who    keep   a   watch    omt    the    actions  of  the 

[     :',7:j     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Board  of  Directors.  For  Branch  Offices  the  shareholders  elect 
two  ^  ^  Chien^  Shih^,  Inspectors.  Other  posts  in  the  Bank 
(for  instance,  pj  |g  Ssii^  Chang-'^,  Book-keepers,  and  others)  are 
held  by  persons  chosen  by  the  Superintendent. 

At  the  Branch  Office  at  Tientsin  the  post  of  ^  |l^ 
Tsung^  Pan"*,  Superintendent,  has  been  abolished  and  tlie 
management  of  affairs  there  placed  under  the  direct  control  of  the 
Head  Office  at  Peking  {ser  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of 
Posts  and  Communications,  dated  the  28th  April,  1909). 


[      374      ] 


PART     III. 

METROPOLITAN     PREFECTURE 

AND     MANCHURIA;     PROVINCIAL 

ADMINISTRATION     AN  I) 

DEPENDENCIES    OF   CHINA. 


PEKING  AND  THE  METROPOLITAN 
PREFECTURE. 


"93.      ^    ^     JM    Shun"    T'ien^     Fu»,     The     ]\retropolitan       793 
Prefecture.      In  charge  of  this  prefecture  is  the  }^  ^  Fu^    Yin^,        ^q 
Prefect  of  the  Metropolitan  Prefectui-e  (3a  :  literary  designation,       704. 
•^^  ^\i  Ta*  Ching'  Chao\  or  ^  ^^   Ching'  Chao^),  who  is,  at 
the  same  time.  Governor  of  Peking.     'J'his  official,  in  his  capacity 
of  I'refect,  is  not  subordinated  to  the   ^  ]^  f^  Pu^  Cheng^  Shih' 
(see  No.   826)  of   Chihli  province.      As   Governor  of  Peking  he 
has  subordinated  to  him  :    1 .     }^  ^  Fu'  Ch'eng',  Vice-Governor 
of  Poking  (4a  ;  literary  designation,  g|]  ^  :tf|c  Fu^  Ching^  Chao^), 
and  2.      ^  r|4   Chih'  Chung\  Sub-Prefect  of  Shun  T'ien  Fu  ;  5a. 

793a.  ^  f^  Chien'  Yin^  (or,  more  explicit,  M  ^  M^ 
f(^  H'f  P  ^B  ^'li'"i'  Kuan^  Shun'  T'ieni  Fu^  Fu^  Yin' 
Shih*  ^^'^u"),  Governor  Adjoint.  This  title  is  usually  borne  by 
one  of  the  Presidents  or  Vice-Presidents  of  the  various 
Ministries. 

7"J4.  'riie  personnel  of  the  staff  of  the  Prefect  of  the 
Mttiopolitan  Prefecture  includes  the  following  :  1.  One  ^  ^|j 
T'ung'  P'an"  (also  if,  //If  jg  ^jj  Ching'  Fu^  T'ung'  P'an\  or 
'^  Hii  '^  Liang^  Ma»  T'ung'  P'an")  6a  ;.  (see  No.  849),  2.  Two 
f^^  Chiao"  Shou"  (.-Also  M%}fi^!^i^'i  ^\iun'  'Men'  Fu' 
Hsiieh'  Chiao"  Shou*)  ;  7a  (sre  No.  850),  3.  Two  3|||  «|  Hsun* 
Tao*  (also  |l|^  ^  /f|  $  M  ^  ''^'"•"'  'i"''^'"'  ^^'"'  Hsiieh*-  ll.sun*  Tao*) ;  • 
7a  (jr.?^No.  850),  4.  One  ^  |g  Chiiig'  Li';  7n  {see  No.  850), 
5.  One  flR  fQ  Chao*  Mo';  \)iij^ee  No.  850),  and  6.  One  ,(j  f^ 
Ssu'  Yii";  9b  i.see  No.  850). 

794a.      Th<;    central     adminl«tration     of    the    Metropolitan 
Prefecture  is  concentrated  in  two  districts  :   ;/c  ^  S5S    ^'^^  Using' 

[     S77     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    rOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 


795       Hsieu^   (the    Eastern    Section   of  Pelving),   and    ^  Z|l  I^  Wan^^ 
to         P'ing"  IJsien*  (tlie  ^Yestel•n  Section  oP  i'eking).     At  the  liead  of 
796d      each    of  these   there  is  a  ^ij  ^^  ChlW    Tlsien^  (al.o  Tf,  H  ^U  ^ 
Chingi    Hsieu*    C'hih'    Hsien') ;    6a    {sec    No.    856).     To  these 
officials  there  are  attached  l^  yjc  Hsicn^  Ch'eng^  (also  ff^^^^m 
Ching'  Ilsien'*  Jrlsieu'  iJh'cng"-);  7a  {src  Xo.  8.37). 

795.  As  regards  territorial  aiitiiority,  to  the  Prefect 
of  the  Meh'opolitan  Prefecture  thei-e  are  subordinated  :  1.  Four 
^  T'lno;^  (sre  No.  S46),  2.  Five  jf]  Thou'  (.svy  No.  8-IG),  and 
3.      lU  ,^  Hsien^  (sre  No.  846). 

795a.  m  ]?•§  m  ^  M  m  ^a  'I'lnig^  Lu'  Pu^^  Tao^ 
T'ing'^  T'ung-^  ChihS  Sub-Prefect  for  Police  Att'airs  of  the 
Eastern  Section  of  the  Metropolitan  Prefecture  (coinpare  No. 
849);  resides  at  jg  >]>\>l  T'ung'  Cliou'.  Under  the  control  of  tin- 
official  there  are  two  departments  and  five  districts. 

795n.  ^  P^  Ji  'iS  a  Is]  m  Nan-^  Lu^  Pu^  Tao* 
T'ingi  TSnig^  Chih>,  8ul)-Prefect  for  Police  Affairs  of  the 
Southern  Section  of  the  Metropolitan  Prefecture  {coni))are  No. 
849);  resides  at  ^  ^  Huang-^  Ts'un\  in  the  district  of  J^  ^  j^ 
Ta*  Hsing^  Hsien"*.  This  official  has  a  department  and  six 
districts  under  his  conti-ol. 

795c.  m^m^^m.^m  HsI-  Lu*  Pu-^  Xao^  I'lng^  T'ung2 
Chih\  Sub-Prefect  for  Police  Affairs  of  the  Western  Section  of  the 
Metropolitan  Prefecture  (compare  No.  849);  resides  at  M  ?l^  'f^ 
Lu*  Kou^  Ch'iao^  in  the  district  of  p^  ^  ^  Waii^  P'ing^  Hsien"*.. 
Under  the  supervision  of  this  official  there  aie  a  department 
and  four  districts. 

795i>-  ^^m':^mM%\\  l^el^*  Lu-  Pu^  Tao*  Ting' 
T'ung2  Chih'.  Sub-Prefect  for  Police  Affairs  of  the  Northern 
Section  of  the  Metro])olitan  Prefecture  (compare  No.  849), 
resides  at  ^  |^  ^  Kung^*  Ifua"  Ch'cng^  to  the  South  of 
^  ^  ji>\  Ch'angi  P'ing^  Chou'.  The  authority  of  thi^  official 
extends  over  a  department  and  four  districts. 

[     ^578      ] 


rUKSEXT     DAY'     POJ.ITICAL    ORG  AxVlZ  ATION    OF    CHINA. 


■^"i-      111!:!  3^  fj^HlfjlS  ^^'    Slum'   Tien'  Fir  Pir^  T:.o*  Yin--,        796 
Pcilii'i-    <  'iiij)-    ol    tlic    .Motr(»|H)litaii    I'lel'cfturc.      This    (.'orps    is         to 
li\i(lc.l    into:     1.      A   fJ^  ^-    C'lunin^  Viuu',  Central  Detiichment,       7900 
iiiidcr   the  diioctio!)   <.l"   a   =f-  |;^!   rii'li'ii'  Tsimo-',  and  a  |E  |l5l  Pa- 
Tsiuiii-    {src    Nos.    7o2k  and    T-lLM-'.    2.      A    j^  jj^   Tiinj;'     Lll^ 
Ea>t('rii  Dotaclniu'iit.  ;;.      A    ^  J'^    Hsi'    Lu',    Wt'stcni   Detacli- 
meiit.    4.      A     j^    ji"-^    Xau''^     Lii\     Soiitlieni     Detaehmciit,    and 
•'>•      A    :jt  |i'|5     P<i''    I^^l^    Nortlieni     Detachment    (the    last    four 
detaelnnents   iiiciitioncd    are  each   under  the  direction  of  a  |[|J  |j^ 
Pa*  Tsnng%  4vv  No.  7.12F). 

7D(!.\.  Acc-ording  to  its  former  police-judicial  organization 
Peking  w:i.s  di\  idi'd  into  live  districts,  termed  5E  ^  ^Vii''  Ch'eng', 
or  "  Five  Citio.-.'"  uadrr  th.'  supervision  of  two  i  ftj^  ^]J  £  ^^  "^ 
C"h'«'ng-  \  ii'  Sliih^  Censors  of  the  Five  Districts  (Cities),  one 
Maniliii  and  one  Ciiinese  {sec  So.  214).  In  addition,  there  wai 
for  each  of  the  Hvr  districts,  one  official  of  each  of  the  following 
ranks:  1.  .F£  .fi  13  J5  I^R  J'i"g'  ^^'^^  ^•^"'  ^''''1'''  ""i'.  Police 
.Mai;i.stiatc     (<iA  :     coiniuon     designation,     pj  'y*     ^su^    Kuan'), 

•-'•  ^  .fS  p3  SliJtulT^  •'"'."■'  ^^=^'  *'^'"'  ^'"'  ^^^"^^'  ^'^"^^  Assistant 
Poller  Magi.-tiatc  (7  n  :  connnon  designation,  ij '§*  Fang' 
Kuan'),  a. id  .'i.       ^  fj    Li*  Mu',  Police-master  and  Jail-Warden. 

['nder  the  ^nperintendem  y  of  the  Police  (-'ensors  tlii-ic  was 
<•"•  rf?  iti /^  Chieh'  Tao'  T'ing',  Roadway  OtHce,  which  was  in 
«-harL,'e  of  the  icpair,  and  maintenance  in  good  ordci',  of  the 
".trecfs  of  the  <)iilt:r  (<'hinese)  City.  The  ]tresorvation  of  puhlic 
orthM-  was  also  inchidcd  In  the  duties  of  this  office. 

TOdu.  ^a\]&  T'lmg'  Chi'  Ch'u',  Statistical  Hunau  at 
the  Prcfccturai  (  Xlirc  (sfr  Memorial  from  llu-  rnr«(t.  <lalcd  the 
nth  August,   19()!n:  compare  Xc   lO'J. 

7?Ki<.  jK  BFJC  f^  Wi'l  fS  ll^"'"'  *''"^"-'  ^  '''""■■  ''^•''  ^'''"'^ 
Constitiitioii:d  {{.forms  Otli.c  ;it  the  IVefeclurai  O Hi ce  (•"■'*''  ^'^^• 
S22a,  ami  thf  Siipj)lcment,  No.  1  tjD)  :  estul)li.shod  in  accordan<-e 
with    a,  Mr'inorial    from    the    Prefect,   sanctioned  by  tiie  Iwnperut 

[    ;;79    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


798 


797  on  the  *20th  February,  1910,  and  composed  of  four  ^j[  K'o\ 
to  Sections:  1.  ^  gt  f ^  Min=^  Cheng*  KV,  Section  of  Civil 
Affairs,  2.  ^  ff  $|  Hsiieh^  Wu*  K'o\  Section  of  Educational 
AfFairs,  3.  Jg  ^  f  f  Tu*  Chih^  K'o',  Section  of  Financial 
Affairs,  and  4.  ^  ;^  ^ij-  Ssu^  Fa*  K'o',  Section  of  Judicial 
Affairs. 

At  the  head  of  each  Section  there  is  a  ^  i\l  Chih*  Chung^ 
{see  No.  793). 

The  Constitutional  Reforms  Office  assimilated  the  '^  ^  ^ 
ChingS  YVu*  (Jh'u*,  Office  of  FDlice  Affairs,  and  the  ^BMUM^ 
Hsiieh^  Wu*  Tsung'  Hui*  Ch'u*,  Head  Office  of  Educational 
Affairs,  both  of  which  were  formerly  at  the  Prefectural  Office. 

797.  ^  1^  ^  Pu*  Chiini  Ying^,  The  Division  of 
Oendai'merie  (see  No.  736).  With  the  new  Police  of  the 
Ministr}^  of  the  Interior  (sec  Nos.  500  to  518),  this  body 
performs  police  duty  in  the  cit}'  and  suburbs  of  Peking,  and 
maintains  public  order.  Members  of  the  Gendaimerie  patrol  the 
streets  day  and  night,  watch  the  city  gates  (for  details  see  No. 
801),  arrest  malefactors,  etc. 

At  the  head  of  the  Division  of  Gendarmerie  there  is  a 
^  W-  ^  ^  Pu*  Chiin'  T'ung'  Eing^,  General  Commandant  of 
the  Gendarmerie  (1b  ;  also  bears  the  designation  i^'Mil?^ 
MM^^  T'i2  Tui  Chiu^  Men*  Hsiin-  Pu^  Wu^  Ying^,  and, 
accordingly,  commonly  called  %  \'^  ^^  U  ^^^^^  ^^^^'  '^''^^  'i'^*^)- 
For  particulars  as  to  his  administration  see  No.  798. 

798.  ^'mm^'^  P'l  I^x'  Chiini  T'ung-  Ling^  Ya^ 
Men^  (see  No.  797),  also  ||  ^  f^  p^  T'i^  Tu^  Ya^  M6n^  Office 
of  the  Gendarmerie.  The  personnel  of  this  office  inchides : 
^'  ^MW^  Tso=^  I^  Tsung^'  Ping\  Senior  Police  Provost,  or 
Eieutenant-.General  of  the  Gendarmerie. (of  the  Eastern  section 
of  the  city)  ;  2a,  2.  :ti  M  ^  ^  Yu*  I*  Tsung^  Ping\  Junior 
Police  Provost,  or  Lieutenant-General  of  the  Gendarmerie  (of 
the  Western, seAjtion  of  the  city) ;  2a,  3.      ^  ^1  Tso'  Ssu',  First 

[     380     ] 


I'KESENT    DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CUINA. 

Department,  administered  by  a  §[$  f|i  Lang'  Chung',  Department       799 
Director,  a    ^  ^I"  fiI5  Yiian''  Wai^  Lang^,  Assistant  Department        Iq 
Director,  and  two   j^  ^  Cliu^  Shih"*,  Secretaries,  4.      /&  p]  Yu^      800 
Ssu',  (Second  Department,  administered  by  two   ^  ^»  g|^  Yiian'' 
Wai^   Lang-,  and  one    ^  ^   Chu^  Shih^  and  5.      ^J  ^  ^  Ssui 
Wu*     T'ingS     Chancery,    dix-ected    by     a     ^   f^     Ssu'     ^Vu', 
Supervisor.     At   the   Departments  and  the  Chancery  there   are 
also  found    ^  ijhS  X^    Pi'  T'ieh'  Shih^   Clerks,  and  ||  ^\>  ^]  ^ 
K^  \Yai'  Ssu'  Yijan^,  Supernumerary  Officials. 

799.  For  policing  purposes  Peking  is  divided  into  two 
districts:  L  SiM  ^so^"  I^  Eastern  and  ;^  ^  Yu^  1\  Western. 
At  the  head  of  each  there  is  a  -^  ^^  P  Yii*,  Deputy  Provost ; 
.iA,  to  whom  there  are  subordinated:  glj  ^  ^  Fii*  I*  \''u*  (also 
^  W  %  Wi  i'angi  Pan*  I*  Y^ii*),  Senior  Assistant  Deputy 
Provost;  3a,  and  ^WiWi  ^V"ei^  I*  Y'ii*,  .Iimior  Assistant 
Deputy  Provost;  4a.  At  the  head  of  the  '^  ^^  Kuan'  T'ing', 
Guard  Stations  (24  in  all,  three  to  each  of  the  eight  Banners), 
are  |^  ]|«|  Hsieh-  Y'ii'*,  Police  Majors  ;  4a,  who  have  subordinated 
to  them:  1.  glj  ^\  Fu*  YiH,  Police  Captain;  5a,  2.  ^  ||  ^ 
Pu*  Chiin'  Hsiao',  Police  Lieutenant;  5n,  3.  ~^^  '^'M-^t 
Wei^  Shu*  I'u*  Chun'  IIsiao\  Deputy  Police  Lieutenant;  ()A, 
4.  %.  {%  I^'i'S'  '^s,'xn\  Police  Sergeant,  and  5.  ^  %  Pu* 
Chlin',  Police  Privates  (Policemen). 

BOO.    :v,  n,ri  ^'^^m  '.«i  M  is:  ^  ^"»'ing'  shih'  p..* 

Chiin'  T'ung^  Ling'  lisim'^  l*u'  \V  ir*  Ying-,  Five  Battalions  of 
the  Police  of  the  General  Cormnandant  of  the  Gendarmerie. 
Th.-se  are-.ic^  M  '^l  '!^  Wsnn'  Pu'  ('hung'  Ying^  Central  Police 
Battalion,  '.f^  ||fj  [^j  -^  Hsun'^  Pu''  XanM'ing\  ^^outhern  Police 
liattalion,  •«(  JtS  ^b  "i^  "^'i"-'  ''"'  l^«i'  '^'ing*.  Northern  IN.Iicc 
P»attalion,  )f«  M  ^  ^  "^""'  ''"'  '^^8'^'*  ^'"'K*>  ^eft  (Eastern) 
l»olice  Battalion,  and  (g  jifi  ^i  'P:  Hsun^  Pu'  Yu*  Yiirg',  Right 
(Western)  Police  Battalion.  • 

[     8H1      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


801  The  general  supervision  of  the  five  pJittalions  appertains  to 

to         the  General  Commandant  of  the  Gendarmerie  and  his  assistants 

801a      ^*^^'   -^°'    798).     The   direct  control   is  the   duty  of  the    f\i  ^ 

Chung^  UhiinS  Adjxitant,  as  ^  M  S  #  ^  W- ^  M  Hsun='  Pu=^ 

Wu^  Ying2  Pu*  Chiin'  T'ung^  Ling^ 

Tlie  organization  of  the  Five  Battalions  of  Police  recalls 
that  of  the  Old  Chinese  Forces  of  the  Green  Standard  (see  No. 
749).  Each  battalion  is  headed  by  a  ^  f^  Ts'an^  Chiang^  {see 
No.  752a),  as  Conimandei-,  and  to  him  there  is  attached  a  J^  ^ 
Yu^  Chi^  {see  No.  752i5),  as  his  assistant.  Comnumding  a 
detachment  stationed  at  any  place  (for  instance,  at  the  I^  O/J  ^ 
Yiian*  Ming''  Yiian'-,  oi-  fj;  ^  jgj  Ch'ang*  Ch'un^  Yiian^ ;  see  No. 
90)  isa^l^  wl  Tu^  Ssui  {see  No.  752c),  or  a  "-0^  ^f  Shou^^  Pei* 
{see  No.  752n) ;  commanding  a  !lf|  .^hao''  {see  No.  749)  is  a  ^  fj 
Ch'ien^  Tsung'  {see  No.  752e)  ;  commanding  a  p]  Ssu^  {see  No. 
749)  is  a  JQ  |§  Pa'  Tsmig-^  {see  No.  752f). 

801.  }n  ^llJ  #P'3^j'ili^li  Ching'  Shih^  Ko*  Men' 
Shou^  Yii*  Ch'ien^  Tsmig'\  (late  Guards.  At  each  of  the  gates 
(of  which  there  are  sixteen,  i.e.  nine  in  the  Tartar,  and  seven  in 
the  Chines^  <^'ity  ;  .sve  No.  801  b)  there  are:  1.  Two  (one  in 
the  Chinese  City)  ij^  pt]  f|  Ch'eng'  Men'  Ling^  Captains  of  the 
Gate  ;  4b,  2.  Two  pfj  ^f-  H  Men'  Ch'ien^  Tsung^  Lieutenants 
of 'the  Gate  (more  explicit,  't^  ||S  ^  |I|I  Sliou'  Yii^  Ch'ien^  Tsung^, 
prefixed  by  the  designation  of  the  respective  gate  ;  for  instance, 
jEPif]  TJ-^Tlli  Cheng'  Yang'  Men'  .Shou'  Yii^  (^I'len^ 
Tsung') ;  6a,  3.  Two  (one  in  the  Chinese  City)  |d{  P1l^ 
Ch'eng'  Men'  Li^  Clerks  of  the  Gate  ;  7a,  and  4.  prj  ^^  Men' 
Chiin',  Gate  Guai'ds. 

801a.  Formerly,  on  the  towers  over  each  of  the  gates  of 
Peking  there  were  alarm  giuis  and  signal  masts.  From  the  hitter 
flags  were  flown  in  the  daytime  and  they  bore  a  lantern  at  night. 
Should  the  public  safety  be  threatened,'  the  neai-est  alarm-signal 
g"»  (fo'  %,  ^Jsin*  P'ao")  was  fired,  the  signal   guns  at  the  other 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


towevs  repeating  tlie  signal  given,  and  the  men  of  the  ^  jpl  ^  801b 
Pu*  Chiin^  Ying',  immediately  gatiiered  at  the  places  appointed 
for  each  guard  station.  At  present  there  are  no  signals  from  the 
gates,  nor  are  there  any  signal  guns.  Nevertheless,  posts 
appertaining  to  signalling  from  the  gates — now  sinecures — ^have 
been  retained,  namely;  1.  ff  fi^  fjg  W  I^sin*  P'ao^  Tsung' 
Kuan^  Contr^oller  of  Alarm-signal  Guns  ;  4a,  and  2.  g^  ^  fg 
Igj 'g*  Chien^  Shou*  Hsin^  P'ao*  Kuan^  Assistant  Controller  of 
Alarm-signal  Guns  ;  oa. 

801 R.  As  has  been  already  stated  (src  No.  801),  the  city 
of  Peking  has  16  gates,  nine  to  the  ^  ^  Nei^  Ch'eng^  Inner 
(Tartar)  City  falso  styled  ^fc.ftlc  l*ei^  C'ii'eng^  Northern  ('ity)  and 
seven  to  th.'  ^\*  i}]^  War*  Ch'eng^  Outer  (Chinese)  City  (also 
styled  ^[^  ^  ijj^  Wai'  Lo^  Ch'eng^  Surrounding  City,  or  pj^j  ^ 
Nan^  Ch'^•ng^  Southern  City). 

To  the  Tartar  Citv  there  are  three  gates  on  the  I:5outh — the 

central    one    is   the    j£  f^^  f"]   Cheng'   Yang-    Men'^  (colloquially, 

Qll  p^  Ch'ien*  Men-:i,  the  Eastern  is  the  ^  ^  ["J    Ch'mig-   Weir 

Mrn=  fcollo-iuially,   H^  ^  P"]    Ha'   'IV   Mnr,   or    vflHt  i'T    ^^^'^^ 

TaV  MC'n').  and  the  West(>rn  is  the  ^  |:^  P^  Hsiian>    \Vu^    i\Ion= 

(collo(iuial!y,     |l|i;[  ?j^   PT      Shun*    Chih*    Men',    in  '  place    of    the 

designation   ||(^^  ;(k  P']   Shun*  Ch'eng-  Men^  used  during  the  Yiian 

Dvnastv).      On  the  North  there  are   two  gates — the   one    to    the 

East  is  calleil  the    ^  '(g  P'J    An'   Ting'    M<'n'   (during   the    Yuan 

Dynastv  ^  l\  P^   An'  Clun'  Men^)  and  the  one  to  the    West   is 

tl'L'  f-*!  11^  PT     T('-    Slirng'     M<'-n'     fduritig     the     Yiian      Dynasty 

^  ^.  p'J  Cliirn*  Te-  Men*).      On  ihf  Ivist  there  arc  two   gates— 

the     Southern     is     rullcd     the  J^     f^j     PI     Ch'ao'^      Vang''     Mrt»'^ 

(nolUiuially,  'Jlf  fh  PI  Ch'i*   llua^    Mm'),   and    the    Northern    is 

the    }ji  iftn   '""^''    Chih'^    Men*.      On   the    West  there  are   two 

gates— that    to   the    South    is   the    J^  ijjs  PI     l*'"^    ChVng*    Men* 

(oollo<niially,    ^  ((ij  pfj    P'i'ig-  Ts.''^   M6n*),   and    the  one   U    the 

North  is  the   pf]    ]fi  p'J   llhi'  Chih-'  Men'. 

[     :J«3     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


802  To  the  Chinese  City,  on  the    South  there  are  three  gates — 

the  central  one  is  called  the  ^  ^  P^  Yung^  Ting^  Men^-  that  to- 
the  East  is  the  ^  ^  P^  Tso^  Au^  Men^  (collociinalh ,  J^  ^  p^ 
or  ?I  ^  P5  Chiang}  Ts'a^  MOn^)  and  that  to  the  West  is  the 
1^  ^  pij  Yu*  An^  Men^  (colloquially,  -^  M  P^  ^^n^  Hsi'  Men^). 
To  the  Chinese  City,  on  the  East  there  is  the  ^  ^  P^  Kuang* 
Ch'Lii  Men2  (colloquially,  f\^  ^  pi]  Sha^  Wo^  Men-),  and,  on  the 
West,  the  ^  ^  pf]  Kuang^  An'  Meji^  (colloquially,-  ^  ^  P^ 
Chang^  I"^  Men-).  At  the  North-eastern  corner  there  is  found 
the  ^  m  P^  Tung'  Pien^  Mpu^,  and,  at  Ihe  North-western  corner 
there  is  the  ^j  %  ^^  Hsi^  Pien^  ^len'l 

GOVERNMENT     OF     MANCHURIA. 

802.  The  government  of  Manchuria,  prior  to  1907,  was 
organized  on  a  purely  military  basis  and  headed  ty  ^f  j^ 
Chiang^  Chun\  ^Military  Governors,  who  were  assisted  by  glj  ^ 
3^  Fu*  Tu^  T'ung^,  Military  Deputy  Lieutenant-Governors. 
The  former  were  the  official  heads  of  provinces  and  resided  at 
the  provincial  capitals :  Moukden  (Chinese  designation,  ^  ^ 
Feng*  T'ien^,  or  \(<  '^  Sheng*  Ching^),  Kirin  (Chinese  designation, 
^  7^  Chi^  Lin^),  and  Tsitsihar  (Chinese  designation,  ^  ^  H^  |f 
(;.h'i2  ChM^  Ha'  Erh^).  The  latter  Avere  in  charge  of  Military 
Departments — called  "  Fu  Tn  Tungships" — of  the  ])rovlnces, 
of  which  there  were:  four  in  Feng  T'ien  province  {^^  Feng* 
T'ien',  .:^  >I.|.[  Chin'  ChoiiS  |f,  ^]  Chin'  Chou',  and  fl  ^  Hsing^ 
Ching'),  six  in  Kirin  province  (^  |f:  .^  ^  Chi'  Lin=^  Wu^  La', 
^  A'  if  ^^'i-8-'  Ku^'  Ta^  f|^  ^,  ^  ^^^  Tu'  Na',  H  l&  San^ 
Hsing*,  (^  %j]  *§.  p^  A^  Li-eh'  Ch'u^  K'aS  and  Jf  #  Hun^ 
Ch'iui' ),  :ukI  five  in  lieilungchiang  province  (M  g|  xL  HeiCLung* 
Chiang',  or  '^  J^  Ai'  Ilun',  ^  M  If^  ^^o"  f:rlr^  Keni,  ^  5^ 
'^^M  Ch'i^  Ch'i'=  lla'  Erh^  Df  M  U^'^  Ean^  and  Df-  i^  M  M 
Hu'  Lun^  Pei'  ^rh^).' 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZA  IlOV    OF    CHINA. 


For  the  city  of  Moiikden  tliere  was  a  civil  administration, 
similar  to  that  of  Pekintj,  headed  by  the  }^  ^'  Fn'  Yin'  and 
M  7^  ^'"^  ('h'ong',  and  including  five  Boards  (Ministries), 
corres])ondinp;  to  the  Boards  of  Revenue,  of  Ceremonies,  of  War, 
of  Punishments  and  of  Works  at  Peking. 

Following  a  tour  of  Manchui-ia  (in  the  winter  of  1906) 
made  hv  ^  "ftf"  ^  Hsti^  Shih''-ch'ang\  President  of  the  ^finistry 
of  the  Interior,  and  ^  fg  Tsai'  Chcn^,  President  of  the  Ministry 
of  Commerce,  and  in  conse(iuence  of  a  joint  Memorial  submitted 
by  them  with  regard  to  the  condition  of  affairs  there,  a  change 
was  effected  in  the  system  of  government  of  that  section  of  the 
Empire.  By  Iiuperial  Decree  of  the  20th  Apiil,  1907,  a  general 
refomi  of  the  government  of  ^ranclnuia  was  made,  by  which  the 
71*  i^  Chiang'  Chiin'  were  abolished  and  replaced  by  a  Ciovernor- 
General  and  tliree  Governor-.  The  officials  appointed  to  these 
new  posts  were  commanded  to  draw  u]>  a  detailed  scheme  for  the 
gf>vernment  of  the  Three  Fastern  Provinces. 

Tu  o))edience  to  the  Imperial  commands  of  tlie  Decree 
mentioned  above,  Ifsii  Shih-ch'ang,  at  the  l)egimiing  of  jNlay, 
1907,  submitted  a  Memorial  (which  received  Tm])erial  sanction) 
containing  the  scheme  called  for,  and  providing  foi*  a  system  of 
government  wliirli,  with  few  exceptions  (srr  a  Memorial  from 
Hsi  Liang,  dated  the  7th  August,  1909),  has  neen  in  operation 
since  that  time. 

Tho  main  idea  ttf  the  administrative  reforms  proposed  by 
Hsti  Shih-ch'ang  in  his  Meniorial,  as  well  as  that  grndually 
being  attained  l)y  the  Central  Government  sin<'c  |H7fi,  ha-*  Ixmii, 
on  tlw  one  hand,  the  ))ringing  of  tlic  syst(Mii  <•!'  govcrnnntit  into 
harnidriv  with  that  of  tlu;  rest  of  Cinna,  i.r.  tin'  al)olitiuii  of  the 
])0stR  (if  Militaiv  Depntv  Li<'\ilriiant-(  Jovernors  (Fu  'J'u 
T'ung)  and  their  replacement  by  llinse  of  Taofai'^,  Prefects, 
Department  Magistrates  ami  l>i>tricl  Magi-trates,  and.  on  llie 
Other,  the  introdu<ti/)n,  as  an  ex|)erimenlal      hd,  of  lb,.  >;\<fiin  of 

[     :iH',     ] 

23 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


803       provincial  g'overnmeiit  which  was  framed  by  the   Committee  of 
to         Coustitutlonal  Reforms    in    1906   and  which  will  eventually  be 

QQK       introduced  thi-oughout  the  Empire. 

During  the  three  3'ears  since  the  promulgation  of  the 
Imperial  Edict  of  the  20th  April,  1907,  many  reforms  have  been 
attainetl  in  Manchuria.  Almost  everywhere  (Moukden  and 
Hsing  Ching  excepted)  the  posts  of  Fn  Tu  T'ung  have  been 
abolished  and  in  their  place  are  found  those  of  Taotais.  IMany 
new  administrative  di^'^isions,  especially  in  the  provinces  of  Kirin 
and  Heihmgchiang,  have  been  made,  antl  many  posts  and 
government  establishments,  proved  worthless  by  experience,  have 
been  discarded  (for  details  see  })elow). 

803.  y^  B  1^  B  ^  'J'l^ng'  S«>i^  Shengs  Tsung^  Tu^,. 
(io^■ernor-General  of  the  Three  Eastern  Provinces.  This  official 
is  the  administrative  head  of  the  government  of  ^Manchuria  and 
has  his  residence  at  Moukden  (later  he  will  transfer  his  official 
residence  to  the  prefectural  city  of  Ch'ang  Ch'un).  As  regards 
the  Banner  Forces,  he  ranks  as  Chiang  Chiin,  this  title  being- 
accorded  to  his  ])Osition  (compare  Nos.  744  and  820). 

804.  j|2i  ^  HsUn''  Fu',  Governor  ;  one  for  each  province.. 
With  reference  to  the  Banner  Forces  this  official  has  the  authority 
"^  a  W|j  ^Y,  ^  Fu*  Tui  T'ung3,  xManchu  Brigadier-General 
(compare  Nos.  745,  745f  and  821). 

Governors  reside  at  the  provincial  capitals,  i.e.  Moiikden, 
Kirin,  and  Tsitsihar  (there  is  a  project  to  abolish  the  governorship 
at  Moukden  and  to  transfer  the  residence  of  the  Kirin  Governor 
to  Ninguta  and  that  of  the  Heihmgchiang  Governor  to  xiihun). 

805  2fe  ^  #  ^  Tso>  Yn*  Ts'an^  Tsan^  Senior  and 
.Iiiiiinr  Councillors  (attached  to  the  Governor-General).  These 
officials  superintended  :  the  first,  the  Chancery,  and  the  second,, 
the  Covincil  at  the  Governor-General's  Yamen. 

^  MM  Ch'eng2  Hsiian^  T'ing',  (Jhanccry.  Here  were 
cDiiBldered  :  the  most  impo'rtaut  and  most   confidential   affairs  of 

[     P>8(J     1 


PRESENT    DAY    J'OLITICAi-    OHGANIZATION    OF     ClIIXA. 

•■r      '-  ■  ■    I —  ■  ■  — - 

the  three  provinces,  report?  to  tlic  Ciovernor-General  niul  to  the  805a 
Governors,  and  the  selection,  appointment  and  transfer  of  officials 
of  lower  than  the  fourth  rank.  It  was  arranfj;ed  in  a  numher  of 
^  K-o',  Sections.  At  the  head  of  the  "^  $3f  Shoir  lv*o',  First 
Section,  there  was  a  ;^  ^  Ch'ien^  Shih*,  (Ihief  Sccretar\  ;  4b, 
while  at  the  head  of  the  other  Sections  there  were  -^  ^  CliMen' 
Shih*,  Secretaries  (5a  ;  one  for  each).  Also,  tlier^  was  a  definite 
nnmber  of  —  ^  jf^  j^  I'  Ten^:'  K'o'  Yiian'',  Assistant  Secre- 
taries of  tiie  first  rank  ;  .3  iv,  lH  ^  ^4  M  ^^'^i*  Tcn^-^  K'o'  Yiian", 
Assistant  Secretaries  of  the  second  rank  ;  6a,  aiitl  ^  ^  ^}\  ^ 
San^  Tcng^  K'o^  Yiian^.  Assistant  Secretaries  of  the  third 
rank  ;  7a. 

M  11  i^  '^7.u'  P  T'ino\  Council  (compare  Xo.  823).  This 
was  in  charge  of  the  examination  and  discussion  of  local 
legislation,  regulations  and  rules.  Tt  consisted  of  two  ^'j-  lv'o\ 
Sections,  headed  by  -^  ^  Cli'ien*  Shih*,  Secretaries;  ^  ii.  Its 
membership  was  made  uj)  of  specially  appomted  officials  and  well 
known  citizens  styled  |||  ^  P  Yijain'",  Members  of  the  Council, 
S'i  p^  L\.  ^"  "^  ^'  Yiian'-',  Assistant  ^Icmbers  of  the  Council, 
W,  ^h  piS  ^  ^'''  ^^  :'i^  l'  Yiian^,  Supernumerary  ^J embers  of  the 
Council,  au<l  ^  fH]   *£'  Kn'  Wrn'  Kuan',  .Vdvisei's. 

In  the  Summer  of  H)(>9  tlur  ])Osts  of  Senior  and  .luniur 
('ouncillor  were  abolished,  and  the  Clianccry  and  Coimcil  were 
reorganized.  For  managing  the  correspondence  of  the  (io\ei"nov- 
(fcnerai  a  C'haneery  ol  the  general  type,  headed  lt\  a  J[j£s  ,'J  [[^ 
\*\*  Shii'  \  iian'-,  was  instituted  ,it  the  same  time  (compare 
No.  822). 

80.5.^.  il^li/j^l^^^  llsinr  Fang-  Ying»  Wu^  Ch'ii', 
Statr  of  the  K(!serve  Force  DiviKions  (forces  of  the  calegory  of 
i(^  iV;  I'S  Hsini*  Fung'  'I'lii*;  srr  No.  7()G);  foiuid  in  eacli 
pro\  ince.  This  was  dc\  clipped  from  the  former  ^  ^j^  ^  Ving' 
\Vu'  (  li'u^  (Military  Secretarial  of  tlic  (jovcrnor-CJeneral  :ind 
(iovcrnors;  see  No.  824)  and   is   in  charge  of  the  reorgani/.ation 

L    -J^'    ] 


PKKSENT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF     CHINA. 


806      of  the  old  troops  (see  a  ]\remorial  from  Hsii  ISbih-ch'ang,  dated 
to        the  13th  January,  1908  ;  compare  No.  706). 

806a  ^*  the  head    of  the  Staff  there  is  a  |§  |//f    Tsnng^  Pan'', 

Chief  of  Staff,  wlio  is  assisted  by  two  Assistants — ^  ^   Pang^ 
Pan^  and  ^  ||||  Hui*  Pan^ 

For  carrying  on  the  affairs  of  the  Staff  there  are  four  ]^ 
Ku',  Sections:  1.  ^^^  WenV  Tu^  Ku^  Section  of 
Correspondence,  2.  ^  ff  i^  Hui'  (K'uai^)  Chi*  Ku^  Accounts 
Section,  3.  |^  J^  "g^  Chi*  Ts'ao^  Ku^  Instruction  Section,  and 
4-  ^  ^  S^  K'ao"^  Ch'a''  Ku^  Inspection  Section.  Each 
Section  is  in  charge  of  a  '^  ^  ^^  Jg  Wen''  An*  TsungS  j^is^ 
Chief  Secretary. 

"To  the  Staff  there  are  attached:  1.  ii  ^  ^  Chih'^  Shih* 
Kuan',  Adjutant  (one),  2.  ^  ^  Wei^  Ylian^  Orderly  Officers, 
and  3.     ^  ^  ^  ^   Chi^  Ch'a==  Wei^  Yiian'^  Revisers. 

In  tlie  province  of  Fengtien,  in  addition  to  the  above- 
mentioned,  to  the  Staff  there  is  attached  a  7J^  ^f|j  ^  ^  §•  ^  "g" 
Shui3  Shih^  Hsiin*  Ch'nan'  Kuan'  Tai*  Kuan',  Chief  of  the 
River  Police  (along  the  Liao  river).  His  permanent  residence 
is  at  il  JX  ?  T'ung-'  Chiang^  Tzu'  (also  if  01  P  T'ungi 
Chiang^  K'ou^). 

806.  ^  V'$  ^  Chiao^  She*  Ssu\  Bureau  of  Foreign 
Affairs;  headed  by  a  ^  ^  ^  i^  Chiao^  8he*  Ssu^  Shih^ 
Commissioner  for  Foreign  Aflfairs  (3a  ;  compare  No.-  832). 
This  Bureau  has  been  established  in  the  proviwces  of  Fengtien 
and  Kirin  for  dealing  with  affairs  concerning  foreigners.  To 
these  Bureaux  there. are  attached  — .  ^  ^.  'g*  I'  Teng^  I* 
Kuan\  Interpreters  of  the  first  ]-ank,  and  H  ^  ^  'g*  l^^'^i* 
Teng'  I*  Kuan^,  Interpreters  of  the  second  rank. 

806a.  ^  f$  III  ^  Chlao'  She*  Tsung^  Chii^,  Head  Office 
of  Foreign  Affairs ;  established  at  Tsitsihar  and  takes  the  jjlace 
of  a  Bureau  of  Foreign  Affairs    (compare    No.    806)  '  for    the 

[     388     ] 


PKESEXr    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOV    OF    CriINA. 


province  of   Hcilungchiano;.      At  the  head  of  this  Office  there  Is      806b 
i^  W.  IJ}^  '^''^""Jr'  PaM^  Chief.  to 

«06b.  m^fll^mm^^B  m  m  Hel^  Luno=  Chiang*  gQ^ 
Sheng'  T'ieh^  ].u^  Clnao^  She*  Tsung-'  rhi\\  Head  Office  of 
Railway  P'oreign  Affairs  of  Heihmgchiang  Province,  and  ^  ;^ 
iM  Wc^i^'^B  ^  ^  <^'Jii'  Lin''  Sheng3  T'ieh'  Lu*  Chiao'  She* 
Tsung^  Chii-,  Head  Office  of  Railway  Foreign  Affiiirs  of  Kirin 
Province.  These  were  established  in  1899  (reorganized  in  1901) 
at  Harbin  for  the  management  of  all  affairs  of  the  railway  zone, 
in  which  Chinese  are  concerned. 

To  sup})lement  the  work  of  the  Head  Offices  of  Railway 
Foreign  Affairs  there  are,  along  the  Chinese  Eastern  l^ailway,. 
a  number  of  Wl  ^^  ^X  B  ^  ^  T^'ieh^  Lu*  Chiao^  She*  Fen^ 
Chii^,  l^ranch  Offices  of  Railway  Foreign  Affairs — at  the 
stations,  }y^  {jW  jg  Man'  Chou'  Li'  ( Mancluula),  ^M  itM  Hai' 
La»  Erh'  (Hailar^,  ^,  ^,  ^  Ang'-^  Ang'  Ch'ii  (Tsitsihar),  fig  (PJ 
^  Po'  Ho'  To'  (Puhotu),  tL  H  »S  ^'I'a^  Lan*  T'ub*.  etc. 

806c.  ^  •^-  ^  <  'hiao'  She*  Chii',  Offices  of  Foreign 
Affairs  (compare  Iso.  8.32;;  established  at  the  Yamen  of  Taotais 
and  Trefccts,  of  cities  where  foreign  Consuls  are  in  residence, 
for  the  settlemont  of  (questions  between  foreigners  and  Chinese. 

807.     Si^  ^       ^•in'^    Cheng*    Ssu',    Rureau  of    Civil    or 

Internal    Aifairs.      This    is    under   tlie    direction    (if    l^  H^  p1  f^ 

Mill-   ('JK-ng*   Ssu'    Shili\    Commissioner  of    Civil    Affairs;    2m. 

The    main    object    of    its    estal)lishment    is   the   superintendency 

)f  ))olicc  affairs  of  .Manchinia  f (compare  Nos.  814  atid  HfOi. 

At  tlie  Rurcaii  of  Civil  Affairs  there  are  found  —  'JfH  'tf 
P  T-'nir^  P  Kuan',  Plivsicians  of  the  first  rank;  (Ia,  and 
H  ^  S  tr  '-'l'^  'I'«'";^:'  I'  Kuan',  Physicians  of  the  second 
rank  ;  7 a. 

In  Ilcilungchiang  pn)viMcc  tlic  post  of  (  onimissioner  of 
Finance  (see  No.  808)  lia.s  been  aboIislxMl  (in  the  Sumnier  (if  1909) 
and  luH  duties  handed  over  to  the  Conunissioncr  of  Civil  AlfairB. 

[     :JH9     ] 


PKESENt    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


808  808.     J^  ^  p3   Tu*  Chih^  Ssu\  Bureau  of  Finance;  headed 

to       ^y  ^^^^  W.  '^"^  Chih^  Ssu^  Skih^,  Commissioner  of  Finance; 

Qjj  3b.  This  is  found  in  the  provinces  of  Fengtien  and  Kirin 
(the  post  of  Commissioner  of  Finance,  formerly  existing,  for 
the  province  of  JHeihmgchiang,  was  abolished  in  the  Summer  of 
1909  and  the  duties  appertaining  to  it  were  transferred  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Civil  Affairs ;  compare  No.  807)  for  the 
superintendency  of  financial  affairs,  the  collection  of  taxes,  etc. 
At  the  Bureau  there  are  stationed  —  ^  j^  ^  I^  Teng*  K'u^, 
Kuan^,  Treasurers  of  the  first  rank  ;  6a,  and  Zl  ^  0- %'  Erh* 
Tcng^  K'u'*  Kuan^,  Treasurers  of  the  second  rank ;  7a. 

809.  ■^  ^  ^  T'i^  Ilsiieh^  Ssu'-,  Bm-eau  of  Edu-cation; 
supervised  by  a  J|  ^  ^  f^  T'i^  Hsiieh^  Ssu'^  Sllih^  Com- 
missioner of  Education ;  3a  (compare  Nos.  827  to  828a)  ; 
established  in  each  of  the  three  provinces  of  Manchuria  for  the 
superintendence  of  educational  affairs.  At  this  Bureau  there 
are  found  :  1.  — ^^ 'g'  1'  Teng^  I^  Kuan\  Interpreters  of 
the  first  rank;  6a,  and  H  ^  |g  'g*  Erh*  Teng^  I"*  Kuan', 
Interpreters  of  the  second  rank  (compare  No.  806),  and  2.  —  -^ 
Wi^  '^  ^^  Teng'  Pien^  Hsiao*'  Kuan\  Revisers  of  the  first  rank, 
and  Zl  ^  1^  ^  'i'  Erh*  Teng^*  Pien^  E[siao*  Kuan^  Revisers 
of  the  second  rank. 

810.  ^  ;£•  m  T'i»  Fa^   Ssu',  liureau  of  Judicial  Affairs; 
directed    by    a     J|  J^  "^  f^    T'i^     Fa*    Ssu^     Shih^    Commis-  i 
sioner  of    .Judicial    Affiiirs    (3a  ;    see    No.    831b);     established 
in     all     the      provinces     for     the      administration     of     judicial 
affairs. 

«11-  U^  Vi  Ch'i^  Wu"  Ssu',  Bureau  of  Baimer  Affairs; 
directed  by  a  /^;  J^  0]  f^  Ch'i^  Wu'  Ssu^  Shih^  Commissioner 
of  Banner  Affairs  ;  3a.  This  Bureau  Avas  foimded  for  Fengtien 
province  alone,  for  the  superintendency  of  the  affairs  of  Manchu  . 
Bannermen.  In  the  Summer  of  1909  it  was  abolished  and 
replaced  by  the  : 

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PRESENT    DAT    FOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

•"^ll-^-     M  f^  ^    ^•i''*    ^^'i'   ''l'''i',  DcpartuK-ut  of  Biiuncr      811a 
Affairs  ;  lu-aded  by  a  ^  Jjg  Tsiino-  Li',  Chief  Controller,  a^jM        tO 
llsiclr   Li"',    Controller,    ami    a    ^    ilJj)(:     ]*ana-^    Pan',    Assistant      q-^ 
Controller. 

In  1908  similar  Departments  were  cstahlishrd  for  tlie 
]ii'o\int'os  of  Kii'in  and  Ilcilunp-cliianii', 

The  Department  of  I'aniier  Affairs  of  Ilcilnnochian"- 
consists  of  three  ^}[  K-o\  Sections:  1.  jg  ■^-  f.=f  Chiin^  Sliih* 
K-o\  Section  of  Military  Affairs,  2.  JjJ  2jf.  f4  .Min-'  Shih'  K'o\ 
Section  of  Civil  Affairs,  and  3.  )&  f^  ^  Shn^  Wu'  K'o', 
Section  of  (jieneral  A  (fairs.  At  the  head  of  these  t^ertions  there 
ai'c  J^}\  ^  K'o'  ('hang',  J^ection  Chiefs,  wlio  are  assisted  hy 
glj  f4  ;g   Fn'  K'o'  Chano-^  Assistants. 

812.  ^  f^  1^  Mvu<x'  Wii^  Sbu',  Bnrean  of  Mongolian 
Affairs  ;  dire<-ted  hy  a  ^  f^  ^  f^'  ]\[r-n.o-^  Wu^  Ssn'  Shih', 
ConmiissioncM-  of  .Mongolian  ^Vffaii's  :  '.U\.  'fhis  Avas  ])rojected 
for  establishment  in  Fengticn  ])iovince  for  the  snpervisiiMi  of 
the  affairs  of  the  ten  Mon<rolian  iJaniicrs  of  the  Cherini  leaniie 
ap])ertainin!;  to  that  ])ro\  nice  (srr  .Vos.  SS6  and  S92).  Its 
].ropo<fd  -taff  inchide  1  —  ^  |!^  '^  I'  Trii,n'  |'  Kuan',  Infer- 
].retcrs  of  thn  first  rank  :  fiA,  and  Zl  ^  ti^,  "^  ^'-'l''  TOng' 
I^  ]\iiaii'.  lnlerpreter<  of  the  sr^-ond  rank  :  7a  fcompare  Nos.  8(1(> 
and  SO!;;, 

Til  the  Siimnx'i'  of  I  !)(>!>  tin'  ]i((>.t  of  ( 'onnnissioiier  of 
Mon;r<>lian  vMliiirs  was  dcHnitcly  abolisticil  :nid  the  duties 
appertaining  to  it  vested  in  thf 

>^1^-^-  IS  B  W.  AU  ■'^'•■■'if.^'  ^^'"'  Ts.mg'  (']iii%  Head  Office 
of  Mongolian  Affairs.  In  <hargc  of  thi-  oflicc  is  a  n^,'^!  ^i|f 
T>Mng'  l*an*,  Chief,  to  whom  ihei-e  a/r-  snbordinattd  a  f^'J  ^ 
T'i'  Tiao*,  Proctor,  and  a  ninnber  of  '§  ,^||  '^  Ts'an'  Mon-  Kuan', 
Councillors  (the  miinbcr  is  iiid(dinite}.  I'oniicily,  at  the  lu^ad  of 
tlie  Head  Office  of  ,N[ongolian  Afliiir-  there  was  n  ^  ^jj^.  'In'  Pan', 

[     3:)1      3 


FKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Superintendent,    but,    with   a    view   to   economy,   this   post   was, 
abolished. 

The  Head  Office  of  Mongolian  Affairs  is  divided  into  four 
f[  K'o',  Sections  :  1.  r^' M  ^^  Wcn^  IV  K'o',  Section  of 
Correspondence,  2.  ^  ft  fij-  Hai*  Chi*  K'o',  Accounts  Section, 
3-  it  11^4  Ch'u^  Pei^  K'o',  Section  of  Economy,  and  4. 
X  ^  ^-^  Kung'  Chu*  K'o\  Construction  Section.  Each  of  these 
is  headed  by  a  f ij-  ^  K'o^  Chang^,  Section  Chief,  to  whom  there 
are  attached  ^  ^  Wei^  Yiian^,  Deputies  of  the  first,  second  and 
third  ranks  (^  'fOng^),  and  from  two  to  four  n]  ^  Ssu'  Shih*, 
Clerks  (in  the  Section  of  Correspondence  styled  gj  H  Ssu^  Shn'). 
Also,  at  the  Section  of  Correspondence,  there  are  ^  |^  Fan'  I*, 
Interpreters  (in  an  indefinite  num})er)  and,  at  the  Construction 
Section  are  found  jAjj  H  ^   Ts'c''  Hu-^  Sheng',  Surveyors. 

For  the  judicial  examination  ol  questions  betAveen  jMongols, 
at  the  Head  Office  of  Mongolian  Aftiirs  there  has  been  organized 
^  ^  ^  -^0  ^^^  Slien*  Ch'u^,  Judi.nal  Department,  administered 
by  a  jE  #  'g*  Cheng*  Shen^  J.'uan',  Judge,  two  ^  ^  '^ 
P'ei"^  Shen'  Kuan',  Assessors,  two  ji  ^  T'ung'•I^  Interpreters, 
and  three  ^  ^  Ssu^  ShuS  Clerl.s. 

At  the  Head  Office  of  Mongolian  Affi\irs  there  is  a  ^  §j  ^ 
B  Hu*  Wei*  ]\]a3  Tui*,  Cavalry  Escort,  made  up  of  a  ^  ^ 
Kuan^  TaiS  Escort  Chief,  three  Df  1*  Shao*  Kuan',  Junior 
Officers,  12  ff  ;g  Shih^  Chang%  Sergeants,  108  jE  ^  ChOng* 
Ping',  Privates,  one  ^  gt!  :^  Shu'  Chi*  Chang^,  Clerks,  four  ^  ^ 
^  Ssui  Shu'  Shengi,  Writers,  one  skU  ^  ^^^^^  ^^o*  Mu\  Senior 
Signalman,  six  ^  |[||£  Ku^  Hao*  Ping',  Signalmen,  ten  ^  |£ 
Hu*  Pingi,  Guards,  and  12  ^  ^  Huo^Fu',  Cooks— in  all,  158 
men  and  131  horses.. 

The  Head  Office  of  Mongolian  Affairs  is  at  Moukden  {see 
No.  901),  and  thore  are  Branch  Offices  (^  ^  Fen'  Chii^),  in 
other  places  (for  instance,  at  j^^  ^  /[^  T'ao'  Nan^  Fu^). 

C     392     ] 


PltliSKM     DAY     roLlTlCAl^    OliG AMZ ATIOX    OF    ClUXA. 


81215.    -^  ^  M  B  iM  *'''•'  ^^''i'  ^i*^"^'  ^^'"'  *''»'"•. 

Bureau  ot"  Mongolian  .Vtlaiis  in  Kirin  Pi-u\  ince  ;  founded  in 
190S  and  headeil  by  a  |]g  ^I    Tsung'^  Ll^  Superintendent. 

813.  f;Ij  lil  pI  CliMian'  Yeh'  ;Ssu',  Bureaux  of  Industry; 
lieaded  l)y  ||ij  ;^  n]  f^Ch'iian'  Veh'  Ssu' 8hilr',  Commissioners  of 
Industrial  Atfairs  ;  8l5,  uitli  a  .^tati"  ineluding-  —  ^  ^  ^  l^ 
Teno;^  1*  vSliih\  l^ngineer.s  of  tlie  first  rank  ;  6a,  and  I^  ^  ^  it 
Krli^  Ten"'^  1^  Shih*,  Engineers  oF  the  seeond  rank  ;  7a. 

The  projected  establishment  of  Bureaux  of  Industrial 
Affairs  was  not  carried  out.  their  place  l)eing  taken  by  : 

813a.  10  ^  ill  <^li'ii:»»»'  Veh^  Tao\  Industrial  Taotais  ; 
4a  (eompare  Nos.  839  to  S39r.):  I'l*  ^•'  '^*'^^'  ^uund  only  in  the 
province^  of  Fengtien  and   Kiiin. 

«l-i-  i^i  W  jM.  l^*'i""'  ('l''>'r  'i'i^oS  i'^'li^'t'^  Taotai  ;  -4a 
(compare  Xos.  840  to  840 n)-  Thi>  post  was  established  bu-  the 
proxiiiceof  Fengtien  alone  and.  later—  in  the  Summer  »»t'  IDOU — 
it  was  abolished  and  the  duties  appcrtuining  to  the  Pdlice  Taotai 
wt.-re  iii\ested  in  the  Comm'ssioner  oF  Civil  Aflairs  (compare  No. 
807). 

8l.>.  At  each  of  the  Bureaux  under  the  admiidstration  of 
p]  f^  ^^"'  ''^l»i'»\  <'oimnissi()ners,  or  i?J  Tao',  faotais,  there  is 
one  ^  :Jf  Ch'ien'  Shih\  Secretary:  41;  or  OA.  Each  Ibueau 
consists  of  jf4  K'o',  Sections,  under  tin;  management  of  jf-j-  ^ 
K'(.'  Chang',  Section  Chief.-,  who  have  attached  to  them  a 
niurd)er  of  ^.^  £|  K'o'   Viian',    Secretaries. 

KKI.  -»  ^  i^  iilH  ig  Fen'  llsiin-  l»ing'  I'.-i'  Tao\ 
.Military-Administrative  Taotais;  \\  (compare  No.  .S44).  'I  her.; 
are  1  1  Taotai-^  of  this  categoiy  in  Manchuria  :  I'oui-  in  the 
province  of  l''eug(ieii  ^residing  at  Vingkow,  Anluug,  Liao  ^  iiaii 
Choii  and  Lin  Cliinng  Ilsien),  fom-  in  the  pro\  inee  of  Kirin  (at 
Ch'ang  (  h'un,  Umi  C|,'i,ii,  San  ll.-.ing  an.l  Harbin)  and 
three  in  IIiMlungchiang  province;  (at  T'o  Eo  Shan  IVi, 
Aihi"    and   1 1  urunpii,  or  Ilailai). 

[    at);;    ] 


812b 

to 

816 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

816a  816a.      E  ifl  3l  fg!  Pg   Ping^  Pel'  Tao*  Ya^  Men^  Office 

f^Q        of    the    Militai-y-AdministratiYe    Taotai    (compare    No.    844c) ; 

818  c'i'^'i'ied  into  jfj}-  K'o^,  Sections,  the  miniber  of  which  varies  in 
different  localities,  for  instance,  at  the  Office  of  the  Taotai  at 
Ch'ang  Ch'un  (see  No.  816)  there  are  four'Scetions :  1.  |§j^f^ 
Tsung^  Wn*  K'oS  Section  of  General  Affairs,  2.  pg  i^  f Jf  Nei' 
Chcng^  K'o^,  Section  of  Ciril  (Internal)  Affairs,  3.  ^|\  ^  fij- 
Wai*  Chiao*  K'o\  Section  of  Outer  (Diplomatic)  Relations,  and 
4.  i&^^  M  Shou^  Fa^  Ch'ii'*,  Registry.  At  other  places  there 
are  the  foJUnving  Sections :  ^  ^  7fJ{-  Pien^  Wu*  K'o\  Section  of 
Frontier  Affairs,  M'B  ^^  ^^'c"'  ^^'^i'  K'o\  Section  of 
Colonization  Affairs,  etc. 

817.  ^  i?  ^  #  ^^  B  :/c  E  Ti.i  Pan^  Chi^  Lin^  Pien^ 
AVn^  Ta*  (^h'(hr  and  ^  B  M  m  'j§  f^  ^  ^  P'-^ng'  P'^i^'  Yen^ 
Chi^  Pien'  Wn*  Ta*  (/h'en^,  Frontier  Commissioner  of  Kirin 
ProAince  and  Assistant  Frontier  •  Commissioner  residing  at 
Yenclii  (in  Kii-in  province).  P>oth  these  posts  were  established 
hecanse  of  th<^  dis])nte  which  cropped  u])  in  1907  between  Japan 
and  China  as  to  the  sovereignty  of  the  district  about  Chientao. 
The  Frontier  Commissioner,  havino-  military  and  civil  anthoritv 
in  his  guardianship  of  the  borders  of  Kirin  province,  is  sxd)- 
o'rdinnted  to  the  Governor-General  of  Manchuria  but,  at  the 
same  time,  has  the  ])rivilege  of  direct  rf-j)orts  to  the  Empei'or 
(compare  No.  84aA). 

•^~18-  -M^^^WmW  B  iv  E  T.mgi  San^  Sheng'  Tn^ 
Pan*  Yen"  Wu'  Ta*  C]l'on^  Controller-General  of  the  Salt 
Gabelle  of  the  Three  Eastern  Provinces:  residino- at  Moukden. 
This  Official  is  in  charge  of  the  I^  ^  IH  Wi  Yen^  Wu*  Tsmig^ 
Chii",  Head  Office  of  Salt  Affairs,  to  which  there  are 
snljordinnted  :  1.  'g*  ii^.  ^  Kuan'  Yiin^  Tsung''  Chu^  Head 
Offices  of  S:dt  Transport  (oiK'  fm-  each  province),  and 
2.  ML^  ^  ^  ">»'  ^Vn'  Pen'  Chii^  Branch  Offices  of  Salt 
Affairs  (found  .nt  most  of  the  large  commercial  centres). 

[     •'•04     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Administering   each    Head    Office   of    Salt    Transport   is    a       810 
^  ^J}^    Tij'  Pan%   Director,   to  whom   there   are  subordinated  a 
number  o£  Jg  |^  T'i'^  Tiao*,  Proctors,  and  other  officials. 

At  Yingkow  there  is  a  t  ^^M  M  K^'^n^  Yen'  Ts'ai^ 
Yiin'*  Chii",  Government  Agency  of  Salt  Transport. 

For  the  prevention  of  the  illegal  transport  of  salt,  at  Ch'ang 
Ch'un  and  other  ])laces,  there  arc  established  fj|  f^  ^i|  ^  Chi^ 
Ssu'  Tsung^  Chii^  Head  Offices  for  the  Prevention  of  Salt 
Smuggling,  with  a  corps  of  guards — mounted  and  foot. 

§1  IS  ^   Ch'u^  Yen'  Ts'ang',  Salt  Stores.     These  are  found 
at  the  principal  cities  of  Manchuria  and  are  divided  into  |i|  ^ 
Tsung^   Ts'ang',    Head   Stores  (for   instance,  at  Ch'ang   Ch'un) 
^"^^   5)"  J^    J^^'"^   Ts'ang',   Branch  Stores  (for  the  organization  of 
salt  affiiiis  in  other  provinces  sec  Nos.  835  to  83oC  and  841). 

PROVINCIAL    ADMINISTRATION. 

.1.      Hit/hrr   Administration  : 

«PJ.  n  +  H  fl  ^  Krh^  Shih"  f:rh\Hsiug«  ShcngS  The 
Twenty  Two  I'rovinces,  namely:  1.  '^^  Chilr  Li'  (literary 
d«isignation,  SK  1^  Yen^  Yim',  and  t^;  ^  Ching^  Chi'),  2.  rl  1^ 
Chiang'  Su'  (literary  designation,  i^  Wu^'),  8.  -^*  [|i[  ^Vn'  Hui' 
(literary  designation,  i\^  Waii\  or  Huan^),  4.  Jl  g§  Chiang^ 
Si'  (literary  designation,  f^  ijt  Vii*  Cliang'),  .3.  (Ij  ^i  Shan^ 
Tiuig'  (literary  designation,  ]\\  ^  Slian'  Tso',  "%  lung'), 
6.  UJ  ffi  Shan'  Si'  (literary  designation,  [\\  :(j  SIihm'  \n\  ^ 
Chin*).  7.  j-pj  1^  llo^  Xan^  (literary  designation,  Jg;  Yii*), 
H.  p^  gg  Shcn'  Si'  (literary  designation,  |Jg  rjf  Kuan'  Chung', 
^  Cl.'i..^  and  ^  L.mg-'),  9.  jj*  M  K.hm'  Su\  K).  jTf  iHI  Hsin' 
Ciiiang'  Cmore  complete  "{f  M  .t/f  M.  ?l  ''^""'  -^"^  "^'"'  <'hiang' 
Sheng»),  11.  1^  Jg  Kir  Chien'  (literary  designati«.n,  [J]  Mit.»), 
^--  ?!^  fn  'l""^  <'lii;uig'  (literary  designation,  ^  Che',  or  j^ 
Yiieh*).    I.'..      Ji^l  4[^    1 1,  r    rei»  (literary  designation,  jj5  4t:  Ch'u* 

[     :50.-,     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POMTICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


819        Pei^  or  fl^  Ao^),  14.     '^^  Hn^  Xau^  (literary  designation 

Ch'u^  Nan2,  or  ^  Hsiangi),  15.  ^  )\\  ^su*  Ck'nan^  (literary 
designation,  ^  Slm-^),  16.  }^  ^  Kuang^  Tiing^  (literary  de- 
signation, ^.  '^  Yiieli^  TnngO,  17.  ^  M  Kuang'  Si^  (literary 
designation,  -f .  ^  Yiieli*  Si'),  18.  g  ^  YiJn^  Nan-  (literary 
designation,  ^^  Tien'j,  19.  ^  ^'}'|  Knei"*  Clion^  (literary 
designation,  S/^  Ch'ieni),  20.  ^  ^  Feng^  T'ien^  rshorter,  1^ 
Feng*;  literary  designation,  fil^  ^  Sheng*  ('king',  3^.^  Liao^ 
TiingS  or  IIM  ^  Knan'  Tnng'),  21.  ^  #v  Chi'  Lin^  (shorter, 
^  Chii),  jind  22.  M  f I  ^  Hei'  I.ung-  Chiang'  (shorter,  -^X 
ChiangV). 

81  9a.  The  modern  division  of  the  Chinese  Em})ire  into  ^ 
Sheng',  Provinces,  dates  from  the  time  of  the  -Jjj  Yiian^ 
Dynasty  (the  14th  century)  when,  in  addition  to  the  departments 
of  the  Central  Government,  styled  4*  fi  ^^  Chung'  Shu'  Sheng^, 
thirteen  Provincial  Governorsl^ips  were  established,  under  the 
title  of  Fft  ^  ^7  ^  Chungi  Shn^  Hsing-  Shengl  'J'he  INIing 
Dynasty  (1368  to  1644)  inherited  this  system  and,  with  some 
slight  changes,  retained  it — the  title  of  the  Pro^■incial  (iovernors, 
in  the  first  instance,  was  altered  to  ^  ^  ^i  ]^  f|i  Ch'cng* 
Hsiian'  Pu^  Cheng*  Shih^,  and,  later,  this  was  superseded  by 
^  Jfe  Hsiin'  Fu^,  Provincial  Governor  (the  present  designation; 
tiee  No.  821).  Also,  in  the  16th  century,  the  appointment  of 
llg  ^  Tsung^  Tu',  Governors-General  {sec  No.  820),  was 
conrmenced. 

The  fifteen  provinces  of  the  ^liiig  Dynasty  were:  Shan^ 
Tung',  IShan'  Si',  Ho'  Nan'"',  Shen^  Si^  Fu-  Chien*,  Che'  Chiang', 
Chiang'  Si',  Hu^  Kuang',  Ssn*  Ch'uan',  Kuang'  Tung',  Kuang^^ 
Si',  Yiin^  Nan',  Kuei*  Chon',  4fc  ]f  *|  P.-l^  Chih^'  Li*  (Chih 
Li),  and  Jl  ^  Chiang^  Nan^  (or  ^  it  ||^  Nan^  Chih'  Li*). 

In  the  reign  of  K'ang  Hi  (1662-1722)  the  province  of  An 
Ilui  was  formed  from  a  portion  of  Kiang^  Nan',  the  latter  then 
becoming   Chiang'    Su' ;    similarly,   Kan'   Su*  was  formed  by  the 

[    3!)(;    ] 


820 


PKK8KVT    DaY    political    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA 

partition   of   Sh«*n'    Hsi',   and    Hu"   Kuang'  was  divided  into  two      SlQu 
provinces  wliicli  received   the  dt-sitjnations  of  Hu^  Peli'  and  Hu^         to 
Nan".      At    the    same    time    the   provinces    were   entitled    j^  ^^ 
Chih*   Sheng',   a   desiijnation  by  Avhicli  tliey    are    still   cfenerallv 
recognized  (compare  above). 

The  province  of  Kan'  Sii'*  Hsin'  Chiang^  was  called  into 
l)cing  hy  an  ]">dict  of  the  17th  November,  1884,  absorbing 
Eastern  Turkestan  and  the  De])artments  of  Kami,  Pali  K'un  and 
Urnmtsi  (later  Hi  and  Tarbagatai)  :  compai-e  Nos.  862  to  867. 

For  the  government  of  the  three  ]\ranrhurian  provinces  ■•ire 
No.  802. 

For  sub-divisions  of  the  jirovinces,  as  regards  administration, 
see  No.  846. 

819iJ.  A  reform  of  the  system  of  j)rovineial  government,  in 
the  sense  of  enlarging,  or  more  exactly  defining,  the  scope  of 
authority  of  the  existing  organs  of  local  administration,  as  well 
as  of  new  establishments,  in  connection  >vith  the  gradual 
abolition  of  various  posts  recognized  as  not  answering  the  ])ur])ose 
of  their  inaugui-atiou,  has  l)een  going  forward  since  1906.  Since 
th»,'ir  promulgation,  ;ill  changes  in  the  ])rovin(ial  gov cnuiuMil 
systetn  have  been,  and  will  coiitinue  to  be,  made  according  to 
"  regulatiotis  regarding  the  reform  of  the  otlicial  svstem  of  the 
]»rovince>  "'  drawn  up  hy  a  s|)eci:i]  coniuiiftee  C^^  j^  "j*/  {jjlj  -^^  [^ 
Tsnng'  IIo^  Kuan'  ('hih'  'I'm'  ('h'<'u';,  sanctioned  l)y  the  lOinperoi- 
u  the  7th  didy,  1907.  'i'liese  iro-ul.-itioii-;  are  refilled  fn  I..  I.mv 
ill  vai'ious  instances. 

«2^-  )^  ^?  Tsung--  'i'u',  (iovenior-(i(Mu.|al  :  lit,  olli(i:ii 
designation,  {jjlJ  i|i:  (  hih^  ('luin':  collo.|uiidIy  called  \\\\\  >^i  ("hih' 
T'ai';  liteiiiry  designation,  {|ilj  ;i(  <  hih*    Ilsieii^  [jjlj  ){.l  Cliih*    lii\ 

■MmM  '1^='^  '''^•"'.tr'  <"l'il'S  y^ffiSft  'J'a'  Shu'-t'ai^  and  \]\\l 
SiniaiV  l»cing,  e\  officio,  invested  with  the  title  ol  l'i-esident 
"f  flu;  .Ministry  of  Wai'  and  being,  ajho,  e\  ofheio.  an 
As.soci«te  President  of  the  Court  of  Censors   ({.'^  'x^  |lf[J  fAj  ,IJ:  ^, 

[     ■•597     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


820a     m^^^^W^'il^iM    Lu^  Chiini  Yn^  Shang^  Shu^  Chien^  IV 
tQ        ChV    Yiian^    Yu^    IV  Yii*    Shili^  ;   5^6^   No.   207b),   he   styles 
820b     himself  §15  .^  Pu^  T'ang^ 

Foi  the  date  of  the  establisiliment  of  the  post  of  Governor- 
General  see  No.  819a. 

To   the   Governor-General,  within   the  territory   luicler    his* 
jurisdiction,  appertains  the  supreme  control  over  civil  affairs  and 
the  military  forces,  and  he  has  the  right  of  direct  reports  to  the 
Throne. 

820a.  At  preseit  there  are  nine  Governors-General  : 
1-  Hilli  #  ^^-'ih'  I^i'  Tsm)g3  Tui,  Governor-General  of 
Chihli  province,  residing  at  ^  ^  ^  T'ien^  Ching^  Fu^,  Tientsin, 
2.  •  M  U.  Ill  "M  I^iang^  Chiang^  Tsung'  Tu^,  Governor-General 
of  Kiangsu,  Kiangsi  and  Anhui  provinces,  residing  at  0;  ^  ^ 
Chiangi  Ning2-  Fu^,  Nanking,  3.  ^  >ijf  !§  ^  Min^  Che*  Tsung* 
Tu\  Governor-General  of  Fukien  and  Chekiang  provinces, 
residing  at  ^  j^  jff  Fu^'  Chou^  Fn^  Foochow,  4.  ji  ^  H  # 
Hu*  Kuang'  Tsung^  Tu^,  Governor-General  of  Hupeh  and 
Hunan  provinces,  residing  at  JE^  ^  ^  Wu'  Cb'ang^  Fu^, 
Wuch'a«g,  5.  ^  -y-  ^i  ^  Shen^  Kan^  Tsung^  Tn^,  Governor- 
General  of  Shensi,  Kansu  and  Hsinchiang,  residing  at  ^  j>l>\  f{^ 
Lan^  Choui  Fu^  Lanchou,  6.  pjg  ^  |f|j  ^  Liang^  Kuang^ 
Tsung*  Tu^,  Governor-General  of  Kuangtung  and  Kuangsi 
provinces,  residing  at  ^  j^lj  /j^  Kuang'  C'hou^  Fu^,  Canton, 
7.  ffi  III  If,  §  Ssu*  Ch'nani  TsnngS  Tu^,  Governor-General  of 
Szechwan  pro\dnce,  residing  at  J^  |[^  Jfj  Ch'eng^  Tii^  Fu% 
8-  ^  *  ^  #  Yiin^  Kuei^  Tsung^  Tu^,  Governor-General  of 
Yunnan  and  KueichoAv,  residing  at  ^  ^  fff  Yiin^  Nan-  Fn^,  and 
9.  The  Governor-General  of  j\Ianchm-ia  (for  particulars  see  No- 
803). 

820b.  H  P  ii  f®  i;  E  Sani  K'ou^  T'ung^  Shangi  Xa* 
Ch'cn^  Minister-Superintendent  of  Trade  for  the  Three  Ports 
(i.e.     Tientsin,     Chef 00     and     Newchwang).     This   'post     was 

[     398     ] 


PKESiiXT     DAY     I'OJ.ITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

cstiiblislied  in  1861    and   exist(:;d   until    1870,   wUlmi  the  functions      820o 
apiieitaining  to  it  wtMv  handed  over  to  the  Govenioi-lieneral  of         ^q 
(Jhildi  who,  thei'efore,   now   bears   the   title  of    4fc  '^  ;^  S    1^^"''      S^^On 
Yanu;'   Ta"*   ClrOn"-,   JSuperinicndent  of   Trade   for    the   Nortiiern 
Forts.      Similarly   the    (iovernor-Creneral    of    the    Lian*;    Kianc" 
provinces  is   referred    to  as  the     [^  '{^^  ;/<  E     ^^an-'    \'ang'-    Ta* 
Cii'en*,  Superintendent  of  Tiadc  for  the  Southern  Ports  (compare 
No.  476). 

«20c.  M^  MM^  '^'l"^"'  Kuan^  Hsiiir  ha'  ^\uU\. 
Associate  Governor.  This  title  is  borne  by  the  (Tovernurs- 
Oeneral  of  Manchuria.  Chihli,  Minche,  Huknang,  Shcnkan, 
Liang  Kuang,  Szechwan  and  Viin  Kuei  {see  No.  820a  ),  there 
being  no  po.'^t  of  Governoi-  in  ihe  provinces  of  Fengtien.  ( 'hildi, 
Fnkieu,  liupeh.  KiiU.-u,  Iviiangtnng,  Szechwan  and  Yiinnan 
(see  No.  821a). 

820D.  jnj  iL  jpj  ig  ,^i|  ^  Ho-  Tungi  Ho^  Tao'  Tsung^ 
Tu',  Director-General  of  the  Conservation  of  the  Yellow  River- 
and  the  Grand  Canal;  2a:  ordinary  designation,  M  i2l  IfS  "^ 
Ho' Tao'  Tsung' Tu',  and  JflJ  =J^  Ho^  Tu^ ;  literary  designation, 
^\  7K  ^  Tu'  Shni^"  Chien',  and  :;^:  ^  jpJ  Ta'  Tu^  Ho'^  jpJ  ^ 
Ho''  Tnng^  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  names  ol  the  two  i)roviuce.- 
of  Honan  and  Shantung. 

The  duties  oT  tin  Director-General  con-i>t  ui  the 
.-iiperintendency  o\ei  the  endiankment  of  the  |i(  j-nj  Huang'  Ho', 
Yellow  River,  and  th<i  maintenance  of  tiie  sluices  along  the  1^  fS]" 
Yiin'  llo*,  (iraud  or  Imperial  Canal. 

The  Yellow  Riv.-i-.  and  the  (irand  Canal  as  uell  are  divided 
into  three  Sections  .  1.  |^"  inj  S-.wr  llo',  Soidhern  River  (that 
part  m  the  province  ot  Kiangsu),  2.  )j|  JpJ  I'ung'  Ho',  Kasfeni 
iiivcr  (that  |K)rtion  in  ilic  provinces  of  Shantung  and  Honan), 
and  :{.  :lt:  ^nj  l\.i'  Ibr.  Northern  River  (that  portion  in  the 
provitu-e  of  Chihli)  l-'ollowing  this  division  then-  were  fonnerly 
throe  otlicial-  called    JpJ  -^  Ho-  Tu'  :       1.     One  m  charge  of  liie 

[     r:-..;.     1 


ritESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


821a 


'821  ^  ypj  Nan''  Ho^  residing  at  '^  ft  fi  Ch'ing'  Cliiang-^  P'u^  (in 
to  the  prefecture  of  J^  ^  J^  Huai"  An^  Fu^  of  Kiangsu  province), 
whose  duties  Avere  transferi-ed  to  tlie  Liang  Kiang  GoAernor- 
General,  2.  One  in  charge  of  tlie  ^  ;TiI  Tnng^  Ho",  n-siding  at 
^  ^  ^'J'l  (.-hi*  Ning^  C'hou',  Sliaritung  province,  Avhose  duties 
wei-e  handed  over  (in  Fel)i'uary,  1902),  to  the  Governors  of 
Honaii  and  Shantung,  the  latter,  according]}-,  being  styled 
M  JM  M  it  '^^i^"'  Li'  Ho'  Tao*,  ^  ^  ipj  it  Chien^  Kuan^  Ho^ 
Tao*,  or  MMX^B  ^''''^'"^  Ho'  Kung'  Shih«  Wu^  and 
3.  One  in  charge  of  the  4t  fpj  ^*^'i^  Ho',  whose  duties  are  now 
performed  by  the  GoA'ernor-fieneral  of  Chihli. 

For  ])articulars  as  to  the  military  division  under  the  orders 
■of  the  Director-General  (as  &  *[5  ff  gjt  Ping^  Pu-*  Shih*  Lang', 
Yi(;e-President  of  the  JNIinistry  of  War),  designated  the  vnj  ^ 
Ho'  Piao\  see  No.  749. 

^2L  5i^  ^  Hsiiir  Fu',  Governor  ;  2b  ;  official  designation, 
^  1^  Fu='  Yiian-*,  colloquially  called,  ^5  ^  Fu*  T'ai?,  epistolary 
style,  rff  ^  Chungi  Oh'eng',  and  :^  t\t  ^  la'  Chung'  Ch'cng' ; 
literary  designation,  ^S  ^  Fli^  Chiin',  ^  ^  Fu^  Hsien*,  and  ^f|l 
Shuai*.  This  official,  ex  officio,  bears  the  titles  of  f?i|  ^  m|5  '^ 
M  LuVChiini  Pn^  Shih*  Lang-,  Vice-President  of  the  ^Ministry 
of  War,  and  |p  ^  f*  f,]\  ^{  f]  ^  Tu'  Ch'a^  Yiian^  Fu*  Tu' 
Yii*  Shih',  Yice-President  of  the  Censorate  (see  No.  209),  and, 
accordingly,  styles  himself  §p  ^^  Pn*  Yiian*.  For  the  date  of 
origin  of  the  post  of  (liovernoi-  see  No.  819a. 

The  Governor,  within  the  territory  under  his  jurisdiction, 
enjoys  the  same  power  and  authority  as  the  Governor-General 
(see  No.  820),  i.e.  to  him  appertains  the  highest  control  over  all 
sections  of  the  provincial  administration. 

821  A.  There  are  noAv  fourteen  (4overnors  :  1.  iCMMM 
Chiang'  Su'  Hsiin'  Fu',  Gov(!)-n()r  of  Kiangsu  province,  residing 
at  M  'M  f^  Su'  Chou'  FlI^  SoochoAv,  2.  ^-  fj^  j^  |jt  An'  Hui' 
Hsiin'   Fu',   Governor  of  Anhui   province,  residing  at  ^  ^  /j^ 

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PRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Ani  Ch'ino''  Yn\  Ankino:,  3.  CC  09  jj^  IjE  (  hing^  Hsi'  Hsun» 
Fu',  Governor  of  Kiangsi  ]>roviiu'e,  residing  at  ^  -^  ^  Nan* 
Ch'ang:  Fu',  Nanch'ang,  4.  J;^  CC  ii«  SS  '  he^  Chiang^  Hsiin* 
Fu^,  Governor  of  Chekiang  province,  residing  at  i^  j^  jjff  Hang* 
Choui  FuS  Hangchow,  5.  M  ^  MM  Hu*  Nan^  Hsiin*  Fu', 
Governor  of  Hunan  province,  residing  at  ^  ^^  }^  < 'h'ang-  Sha^ 
Fu^  Cliangsha,  G.  fpl  ^-  J^  i!^  Ho"^  Nan'  Hsiin*  Fn^  Governor 
of  Honan  province,  residing  at  ^  ^  )f^  K'ai^  Feng^  Fu\  7,  (Jj 
1^1^  M  ^l^an'  Tiing^»  Cluin'  Fu^  Governor  of  Hhantung 
province,  residing  ai  ^  "^  f^  ('\n^  Nan-'  Fu^,  8.  ^  IS  J^  || 
Slicn^  Hsi'  Hs'in'  Fu"-,  Governor  of  Shensi  province,  residing  at 
m^  J^  Hsi'  An^  Fu3,  9.  llj  M  i5S  i^  ^^vani  Hsi'  Hsiin'  Fu', 
(iovernor  of  Shansi  province,  residing  at  ;jji^  |^  /j^  T'ai^  Yiian* 
Fu',  10.  ^fM.MM  Hsin^  Chiang'  Hs^in'  Fu^,  Governor  of 
Hsindiiang  province,  residing  at  i^  f ^  J]^  Ti'  Hiia*  Fu', 
Urunitsi,  11.  ,^  ®  }(«  31  Kuang'  Hsi'  Hsiin^  Fii',  Governor  of 
Kiiangsi  province,  residing  at  ^  fv|c  /f!f  Kiiei'  Liu^  Fu',  12.  -^ 
'H'\  y^  1^  Kuei*  Chou'  Hsiin"  Fu\  Governor  of  Kueichow 
province,  residing  at  ^  f^-  }{.f  Kuei'  Yang*  Fu^  13.  ^  ^  j^ 
Jtt  Chi^  Lin*  Hsiin"  Fn^,  Governor  of  Kiriii  province,  residing  at 
■^n  fCf  <'»ii'  Lin*  FuS  Kirin,  and  14.  M  §Q  ft  M  M  "ci' 
Lung^  r'liiang'  Hsiin*  Fu',  (iovernor  of  Heiliingcliiang  j)r()vince, 
residing  at  ^  '^  n;^  fH  Cli'i*  Gh'i-  Ha'  Krli',  Tsit<iliar  i  srr  No. 
H()4). 

The  Governors  of  the  pro\incesof  Kiangan,  Anhui,  Kiaiigsi, 
Chekiang,  Hunan,  Shensi,  Hsinchiang,  Kuangsi,  Kueichow, 
Kirin  and  Heihingchiang  are,  to  some  extent,  Buhordiiiated  to  the 
respective  (lOvernors-General  {i.e.  uf  Liang  Kiarig,  Minchr 
Hukuang,  Shenkan,  Liang  Kuaiig,  Yiiii  Kueiand  Manchuria;; 
see  No.820a),  for  instance,  tin-  more  iinpoi-tant  rq)ortR  from  these 
Governors,  to  the  Tlirone,  must  pass  through  the  hntuis  nt'  th 
Governor-Cieneral  concenutd  and  the  latter  presents  them  as  j(»i» 
Memorials,  ^  ^   Hui^  T.st)u*,  from  himself  niid  the  (iovernor. 


2i; 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


g22  The  Governors  of  Shansi,  Shantung  and  Honan  govern  their 

respective  provinces  quite  independentlA'. 

In  the  provinces  of  Fengtien,  Chihli,  Fukien,  Hupeh,  Kansu, 
Kuangtung,  Szechwan  and  Yunnan,  provinces  in  Avhich  the  post 
of  Governor  is  not  found,  the  respective  Governors-General 
(namely,  of  Manchuria,  Chihli,  ]\Iinclie,  Hukuang,  Shenkan, 
Liang  Kuang,  Szechwan  and  Yiin  Kuei),  perform  duties 
appertaining "  to  a  Governor  and,  in  virtue  of  this,  bear  the 
title  of  1^  ^  j;^  |Et  ^  (Jhien^  Kuan'  ifsiin^  Fu^  Shih*,  Associate 
Governor  (see  No.  820c). 

The  Governor-General  and  Governor  are  jointly  spoken  of 
as  #  Ji  Tui  Fu^  or  H  ^  Liang'  Yuan*. 

822.  ^  J&  '^  pf]  ^  ^  Tu^  Fu^  Ya2  "Men^  ]\Iu*  Chih*, 
Chancery  of  tlie  Governor-General  (or  Governor);  directed  by 
one  (or  two)  ^ '^  ^  Pi*  Shu^  Yiian"-^,  Chief  Secretaries,  Avho 
superintend  the  more  confidential  affairs  and  the  correspondence. 
The  Chancery  (compare  also  No.  805)  is  composed  of  10 
Sections:  1.  ^ 'S /^^  Chiao^  She*  K'o^,  Section  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  2.  |^  f^  Li*  K'o^  Section  of  Personnel,  3.  '  ^^  Min^ 
K'o^  (also  ^  1^  f?l-  Mln^  Cheng*  K'o'),  Section  of  Civil  Affiiirs, 
4.  M^^  Tu*  Chihi  K'o',  Section  of  Finance,  5.  ^  ^ 
Li^  K'o^  Section  of  Ceremonies,  6.  p  fif  Hsiieh^  K*o\  Section 
of  Education,  7.  ^  ij^Jt  |3[  Chiin^  Cheng*  K'o^  (in  the  province 
of  Szechwan,  |^  ?g  ^t[  Lu*  Chun^  KV),  Section  of  Military 
Affairs,  8.  f^  ^  Fa*  K'o\  Judicial  Section,  9.  M  X  i^]  f4 
Nung'  Kung^  Shangi  K'o\  Section  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and 
Commerce,  and  10.  %  ^  P(  Yu^  Ch'uan^  K'o\  Section  of 
Posts  and  Communications  (in  Szechwan  there  is-:,  in  addition,  a 
^  ^  f 4  Pien^  Tsang*  K'o',  Section  of  Tibetan  Frontier  Affairs ; 
at  Monkden,  a  j|E  f^  fif  Ch'i*  Wu*  [C'o\  Section  of  Banner 
Affairs,  and  a  ^  ^  ^i[  Pien^  Wu*  K'o^  Section  of  Frontier 
Affairs;  and  at  Tsitsihar,  a  j^  ^  ^if  Ch'i"  Meng^   K'o^   Section 

[     402     ] 


rUESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

of  Banni'v  and    ^Mongolian    AHairs,  and   a   ^  (■^  ^^    I'ien'    Wii^      822a 
K'o\  Section  of  Frontier  AiTairs). 

At  the  head  of  one,  or  more,  Sections  (not  moi'C  tlian 
three)  there  is  a  p  ^  ^  'iVan^  Sliili*  Yiian^,  Secretary, 
to  Avhoni  there  are  attaelied  an  indefinite  nnniber  of  ]]J[/  Ji{!  ^ 
Chu"'  Li^  Viian-  (in  Knangtnng  ])rovince,  ^Ij  ^  Fii^ 
Yiian-),  Assistants,  and  |5f  ^  ^  Shun''  llsieh'  Yiian",  Clerks  (in 
S/echwan  province  called  ^  12  '^  Shu'  Chi*  Kuan^,  of  the  first, 
■second  and  third  ranks;  re])lacing'  the  forniei'  ^/f  f^  Shan*  Che^, 
Writers  of  Memorials,  ^  '^  T^  Tien'',  Clerks  in  charge  of 
Ciphering  of  Telegrams,  and  |^  ^  Shan*  Iisiao%  Wi-itcrs).  In 
S/.echwan  jirovince,  in  addition  to  the  officials  mentioned,  there 
are  two  ij^  ff  ^  Shoi;'  Fa'  Yiian'-,  Kegistrars,  and  ^  |||  Shu^ 
Shih%  Writers.. 

Prior  to  the  j-eform,  foi'cshadowed  by  articles  Xos.  4  and  3 
of  the;  ''regulations  regarding  the  reform  of  the  official  system 
of  the  provinces  '  (compare  Xo.  Siyu),  attached  to  the 
(jiovernor-General  or  Govciiioi*  Avcre  f»ffieials  of  the  following 
ranks:  1.  'ft'  'B  '^  M  Yang'  Wu^  \Xru-  ^n\  Secretary  of 
Foreign  Afi'airs,  '1.  ^fl]  :^  Using"  Ming',  Secretary  for  . Indicia! 
A  Hairs,  o.  -5^  '^  CliMen-  Ku*,  Secretary  of  Finances  and 
Supplies.  -I.  ^  f^  -^  ^  Hsiieh^  \Vn^  Wen'  An%  Secretary  for 
ivlucutional  Affairs,  and  .5.  (t^  ffj  jfl]  ^  Ving"  Wu^  llsing- 
Ming',  Secretary  for  Military  Affairs. 

H22A.  Jg'ilif  #lifeg  llsien^  Cheng'  Chw  Fei*  Th'l,^, 
Bureaiix  of  ( 'onstitntional  Reforms;  established,  in  accordance 
with  a  McMuorial  fi-oni  the  Conuniltee,  for  Drawing  uj) 
Kegnlations  for  Constitutional  (lovermnenl,  sanctioned  hy  the 
Emperor  on  the  ;50th  dannars,  liJlO,  at  ihi-  Chanceries  of  the 
various  Governors-Cioneral  and  (iovornor:;  (vrc  No.  K22).  Their 
obje<-.t  is  the  same  as  that  of  ihe  ji(  1^  ^  \i\\\  IjSj  Hsien'  (  hcng^ 
Ch'ou'^  Pei^  Cli'u\  Bureaux  of  Con>t  it  ul  ional  Peftirnis,  instituted 
at   til'-    Mini.slricK  and  i»riu<-ipal  (iov.rnincnl   I-'^lablishments  {srr 

[      i03     J 


824 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

823       Supplement,  No.  160),  i.e.  to  arrange  for  the  timely  carrying  out 
A  of  the  proposed  constitutional  reforms  in  the  provinces  concerned, 

and  to  present,  twice  a  year,  reports  regarding  the  activity  in 
regard  to  these  reforms  to  the  ^  ^  ^  f^  K'-ao'  Ho^  Chuan^ 
K'o\  Investigation  Bureau  of  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up 
Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government  {see  No.  160). 

On  the  establishment  of  the  Bureaux  of  Constitutional 
Reforms,  other  institutions,  having  the  same  object,  but 
differently  designated,  were  abolished,  for  instance^  the  ^  -^  ^ 
f^M  iUM  Ch'ou^  Pei*  Hsien*  Cheng"  Tu^  Ts'ui^  Ch'u*,  of 
Szechwan  province,  the  ^l^  ^  i^  ^  M  ^  Hsien*  Cheng* 
Ch'ou^  Pei"  K'ao^  Ho'^  C  h'u*,  of  Manchuria,  the  ^  H  ^  iC  ^ 
^^  Ch'ou^  Pei*  Hsien^  <  'heng*  K'ao^  Ho^  Chhr ,  of  Honan  and 
Shensi,  etc. 

823.  #  ^  ^  Hui*  I"  T'ing\  Council  of  the  Governor- 
General  (or  Governor).  These  are  established  in  all  the 
provinces,  in  accordance  with  article  six  of  the  "regulations 
regarding  the  reform  of  the  oflBcial  system  of  the  provinces"  {see 
No.  819b),  for^ie  periodical  discussion  of  the  most  important 
questions.  At  meetings  of  this  Council,  in  addition  to  the 
provincial  officials,  there  may  be  representatives  of  the  people, 
chosen  by  the  authorities. 

823a.  fl  g^  ^  li  i^  Hsing2  Cheng"  Hui"  P  Ch'uS 
Administrative  Council.  Thus  is  designated  the  Council  of  the 
Governor  of  Kirin  province  (compare  No.  823)  which  was 
foi-med  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  ^  f^  r^'  Ch'en* 
Chao'-ch'ang'',  dated  the  16th  August,  1909.  This  is  made  up 
of  members  of  two  types,  i.e.  jE  ^  ^  Cheng'*  I^  Yiian^,  Active 
Members  (drawn  from  local  Commissioners  and  Taotais),  and 
ill  nS  M  ^^1*  I*  Yiian^,  Associate  Members  (drawn  from  the 
ranks  of  citizens  experienced  in  judicial-administrative  matters). 

824.  ^-?^  J^  Ying2  Wu"  Ch'u",  Military  Secretariat  of 
the    Governor-General    (or    Governor) — The    Staft*  of    the    Old 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Tioo])s.     Tills  is  headed  by  a  tf*  ^  Chung^   (>luin\  Adjutant,      824a 
wlio,   being  the  Colonel  (glj  J^  Fu'  Chiang*;  see  No,  752),  is  in         ^q 
active   coniniand  of  the   ^  i^   Tu^   Piao*,  or  ^^  ^  Fu^  Piao',       Q,oa 
brigade  attached  to  the  Governoi'-General  or  Governor  {see  Nos. 
749    and    752j).     Also,   this  official  is  entitled  to  employ  a  staff 
of  civil  and  military  orderly  officers,  designated  ^  J^  |^  Wen' 
Hsun'   Pu'^  (iisually   officials  of   the  rank  of  Expectant  District 
^lagistrate ;    ^  1^    Chih^    Hsien* ;    see   No.   856),  and  |§^  ^{^  If 
Wu^  Ilsiin^  Pu^  (military  officers  of  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  ^'^ 
Cli'icn^  Tsiuig*;  sec  No.  752e). 

824a.  ^  151/  'g  ^  Jl  ll-siin^  Fang^  Ying'  \Vu*  Ch'u*, 
Staff  of  the  Reserve  Forces  in  Manchuria  {i.e.  forces  of  the 
category  of  J^  |5§  fq(c  Hsiin^  Fang"  Tui* ;  see  No.  706).  For 
details  see  No.  805a. 

825.  /HI  i^  fs^  P""  Cheng*  Shili^  Lieutenant-Governor  or 
Financial  Commissioner  (connnonly  called  Treasurer);  2i5; 
official  designation,  '^  p]  Fan'  Ssu' ;  collo(|ulally  called,  ^  ^ 
Fan'  T'ai* ;  epistolary  designation,  )^  f|5  Fang'  Po",  ;/\;  j^  ^ 
Ta*  Fan'  Hou^  X  ')j  ^^  Ta'  Fang'  Yuch*,  and  'X  iO  M  Ta* 
Ilsiin'  Hsiian'.     For  the  dat">  of  origin  of  this  post  see  No.  819a. 

The  I^ieutenant-Governor  is  the  head  of  the  civil  service  of 
tlie  province  and  is  also  treasuj-er  of  the  provincial  cxcluMpier  and 
rci)re8ents  i^  fj  \^  Jl  Chan*  Using'  \W  Li'j  the  Chief  of  the 
provincial  adminlstiation  (Governor-CJeneral  or  Governor)  should 
he  be  absent  from  his  province.  There  is  one  Llcutenant- 
Ciovcrnor  for  each  of  the  jtrovint^es,  with  the  exception  of  the 
three  Manchurian  provinces,  where  this  j)ost  is  non-exist(nit,  and 
the  pr  >viric  •  of  Kiangsu,  whcie  there  are  two:  XX.^^\^\^ 
Chiang'  Niiig'  I'u'  Chrng'  Shih'',  residing  al  jX  '|f>  /l^f  '  "''':"'g' 
Ning'  Fu'S  Nanking,  and  fl  ;^  ^J  fifJC  fill  <'lii:»"g'  Su'  Pu* 
Cheng*  Shih*,  n-Hiding  at  ^  j\\  }{,[  Su'  Chou'   Fu\  Soochow. 

826.  ^j  i^  fHf  Pu*  Ch.'iig*  Ssu',  Office  of  the  l^icutcnant- 
Governor    {scr    No.   825).      This     Office     is     administercil    by: 

[     »o:>     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POI.ITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


»    r 


826a  1.  M.%.  Ching^  Li*  (colloquially  called,  |^  j^;  Cliing^  T'ing' 
+0  epistolary  designation,  ^  ^  Ts'an^  Chiin^;  literary  designation, 
QO'T  ')^^M  '^^^  Tsan^Fu^"),  Commissaries  o£  Records,  or  Secretaries 
(6b  ;  17  for  the  Empire),  2.  JJ  fJ^J  Li"  Wen*,  Law  Secretaries 
(6b  ;  seven  for  the  Empii-e),  3.  ^  ^  Tii^  Shih*  (colloquially. 
%'^M>  T"^  Shih*  T'ingO,  Assistant  Secretary  (7b  ;  found 
only  in  the  province  of  Fnkien),  4.  ^  ^  Chao'*  Mo^ 
(colloquially,  ^  ^  Chao^  T'ing'),  Commissaries  of  the  t^eal,  or 
Correspondence  Secretaries  (8b  :  seven  for  the  Empire),  o 
%  'h  ^  K'u*  Ta*  Shih^  (colloquial  designation,  j$  ^  K'u'' 
T'iuoM,  Treasury  Keepers  (8a  ;  20  for  the  Empire),  and  6. 
^  ;/c  f^  Ts'ang^  Ta''  Shih^,  Granary  Keepers  (9b  ;  two  only, 
in  the  provinces  of  Kiangsu  and  Shensi). 

826a.  Article  No.  9  of  the  "  regulations  regarding  the 
reform  of  the  official  system  of  the  provinces"  (^ec  No.  819b) 
calls  for  the  future  reorganization  of  the  Office  of  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  {see  No.  826)  and  its  administration  by  a  staff  similar 
to.  that  of  the  J|  ^  ^  T'i-  Hsueh^-  Ssu^  {see  No.  828)  and  the 
ii  V£   p]  T'i=  iV  8su^  {see  No.  831a). 

827.  II  Jp  f^  T'i^  Hsiieh^  ,Shih»,  Commissioner  of  Educa- 
tion ;  3a,  This  offi(;ial  superintends  the  educational  affairs  of  the 
province  to  which  he  is  accredited,  including  schools  and  literary 
societies.  Though  subordinated  to  the  Governor-General  (or 
Governor),  at  the  same  time  he  receives  instructions  from  the 
Ministry  of  Education.  Kiangsu  province  excepted,  there  is  one 
Commissioner  of  Education  for  each  province.  For  the  province 
mentioned  there  are  two  (compare  No.  825)  :  one  at  j^  ^  /j^ 
Chiang^  Ning'  Fu',  Nanking,  and  the  other  at  ^  jlfj 
Su^  Chou^  Fu^,  Soochow. 

The  post  of  Commissioner  of  Education  was  established  to 
replace  the  formei-  ipi^  Hsiieh^  Cheng''  {see  No.  827  a  ),  on  a  Memorial 
from  the  Ministry  of  Education  and  the  Committee  of  ^Ministers, 
dated  the  25th  April,  1906.     Regulations  regarding,  i .     f^  ^  f^ 

[     -^OG     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    PUJ.lTieAJL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


T'i^  Hsiieh''  Shih'  and  their  Offices,  and  2.     The  authority  of  the      827a 
IS  ^  f ^  T'i-   Hsiieh-    Shih%    were  framed  by   the   Ministry  of        ^ 
Education   and    received    Imperial   sanction,    the  former   on    the       Qoa 
13th  May,  1906,  and  the  ktter  on  the  28th  July,  1906. 

Under  the  reign  of  the  Ming  ( ^^  Ming-;  1368-1614),  as 
well  as  at  the  ])eginning  of  the  reign  of  the  present  dynasty  the 
superintcndency  over  provincial  educational  affairs  was  vested  in 
^  ^  jj^  '  'i  Hsiieh-  Tao^,  Taotais  of  Education,  whose  title  was 
changed  (in  tke  I'eign  of  |^.  IE  Vung'  Cheng^;  1723-1735)  to 
!i  M  ^  4SC  'J^'i'  Tui  Hsiieh-  Cheng^  {see  No.  827a). 

827a.  ^  1^  Hsiieh^  Cht-ng^  Provincial  Director  of 
Education,  'or  Literaiy  Chancellor  (official  designation,  ^  ^ 
Hsiieh'  Yiian^;  colloquially  called,  ^  g  Hsueh*  T'ai^;  literary 
designation,  ^  tj^  Wcn^  Tsung^  i^  ^  '^  Ta'  Wen'  Tsungi, 
;A:  ^  ^  Ta^  Wet-  Hei)g2,  and  ^  ^Jj  Tsungi  Shih'  ;  sometimes 
styled  '^p  i^^  Tui  Hsiieh^  Shih'  ("ho').  The  full  official 
titk-  nf  this  official  was  i^  M  ^  ^^  T'i"  Tu^  Hsiieh^  YiianS  or 
tS  ^^  ^  ©C  'J^^'i'  '^u'  Hsiieh^  Chcng^  For  the  date  of  origin  of 
the  post  of  Litei'ar}-  Chancellor  see  No.  827. 

The  appointment  as  Provincial  Director  of  Education,  or 
Literary  Chancellor,  was  a  special  one  and  was  usually  held  by 
officials  witli  high  literary  degrees,  who  left  Peking  for  three 
years  to  serve  in  this  capacity.  In  addition  to  the  duties  of 
general  superintcndency  over  the  educational  affairs  of  their 
respective  provinces  they  piesidcd  at  prefectural  examinations 
and  }}est(jwcd  the  degree  of  ^  y^'  Hsiu'  Ts'ai"  (see  No.  629a). 

828.  tg^p]  T-i^  Hsiieh-  Ssu',  Office  of  the  (Commissioner 
of  Education  (also  ^  fi^  ^  ^f  Hsiieh=  Wu*  Kung'  So'').  This 
was  developed,  simultaneously  with  the  institution  of  the  i)0st  of 
('oiiiiiiissiorier  of  Education  (.svr  No.  827),  fioni  the  foi'mer 
^  f ^  J^  Hsiieh*  Wu'  ('h'u\  wiii<h  was  under  the  direclioii  of  a 
feg  ^/ii?  Tsuiig='  l'au\  Chief.  To  this  Office  there  are  attached: 
'•      pH    i><    '*    <'hang',     Senior     ( 'ouneillor    (appointed    by    th(} 

[      «<.7      ] 


rUESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


828^      ]\Jiiiistry  o£  Education,  on  the  recoinmendation  of  the  (Jovcrnor- 

to         General  or  Governorj,^  and   four  |§  |^  I*  Shen\  or  ^  f^  f||  |^ 

goQ       Hsiieh^  Wu*  I*  Shcn',   Advisers   (for  educational  affairs),  chosen 

by  the  Commissioner  of  Education  from   the  ranks  of  the  local 

gentry. 

The  Office  of  the  (/ommissioner  of  Education  is  divided  into 
six  jfjj-  K'o\  Sections  (altered,  from  ^-  K'C* ;  see  instructions  from 
the  Ministi-y  of  Education,  dated  the  14th  Septemhei,  1908):  1. 
i^.  ^  P(  Tsung^'  Wu*  K'oS  Section  of  General  Affairs,  2. 
3^  ii  P(  l"u'  T'ungi  K'o\  Section  of  Common  Schools,  3. 
M'  F"]  Pi  Clman^  Men-  K'o\  Section  of  Special  Schools,  4. 
K  ii  f4  Shilr  Yeh^  K'o\  Section  of  Professional  Schools,  5. 
E^  ^  ^4  '^ '"^  Shu'  K'o\  Section  of  Schoolbooks  and  Manuals, 
and  6.     ^  f  f  f\  Hui'^  Chi"  K'o\  Accounts  Section. 

At  the  head  of  each  Section  there  is  a  fij-  ^  K'o^  Chang^, 
Section  Chief;  5  a.  He  is"  assisted  by  a  filj  >f;^  ^  Fn'*  K'o^ 
Chang^;  Ga.  To  the  officials  just  mentioned  there  are  attached 
an  indefinite  number  of  f  •{•  ^  K'o^  Yiian^  Chief  Secretaries  (not 
more  than  three  to  a  Section),  pfj  ^  Ssu^  Shih*,  Secretai-ies,  and 
^  IE  Sim'  ChiS  Clerks. 

To  the  Commissioner  of  Education  there  are  attached  six 
^W,W^  Shcng-^  Shih*  Hsitelr,  Provincial  Inspectors  of  Educa- 
tion;  6  a.  They  are  Charged  with  the  reorganization  of  educational 
affairs  of  prefectm-es,  sid:»-prefectm'es,  departments  and  districts,- 

828a.  For  the  t|  ^  Ij  T'i^  Ilsiieh^  Ssu'  in  Manchuria 
sec.  No.  809. 

829.  Under  the  control  of  the  Comnnissioner  of  Education 
{sec  No.'  827)  there  are  also:  1.  fj  ^  p/f  Ch'iJan"  Hsiieh^  So^. 
Associations  for  the  Fostering  of-  Public  I'^ducation  {see '  No. 
829a),  and  2.  |^  ^  ^  Chiao^  Yti*  Hui^  Pubhc  Education 
Societies  (see  No.  829b),  the  establishment  of  Avhich  was 
foreshaflowed  l)y  the  regulations  refei-ring  to  the  J^  ^  f^  T'i=^ 
Hsiieh'  Shih',  and  to  his  Office  {see  No.  827). 

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PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    UF    CHINA. 


829a.     Wl  ^  ¥(    Olriinn^    Ilsiicli-    ^o',     Associations     for      829a 
the   FosterinjT  of   Public    Education    {srr   No.   ^29);    these    are         tO 
€stal)lished,     in.    conformity     ^^ith     i-eguhition;*     framed    In     tlie      829b 
Ministry  of  Education  and  sanctioned   l)v    tlie   Emperor   on   the 
13th     May,     1906,     at     tlie     main     citifcs     of     snb-prefectures, 
departments  and  districts,  for  the  su])erintendcncy  of  educational 
affjtirs"  of     their     respective     administrative     units,     and     are 
under     the    general    control    of    the    local    authorities    Avho,    ex 
ot^eio,  act  as   ^  ^  Chien^  Tu',   Honorary   Curators  of    Public 
Education.     Each  district  under  the  supervision  of  an  Association 
for  the  Fostering  of    Public  Education   is  divided  into  a  certain 
number  of  ips  [^  Ilsiieh-  C/h'ii',  Educational  Sections. 

At  the  head  of  an  Association  for  the  Eosterinir  of  j*ublic 
Education  there  is  a  ^j^  3^  "^J'sung^  Tung',  Director;  the  local 
M  M  ^  H>^ien'  Shih*  Hsiielr,  Disl-ict  Inspector  of  Education, 
i-  ap])ointed  to  this  position. 

Supervising  any  Educational  Section  are  |^|j  ^  ^  Ch'iian^ 
Ilsiieh'  Viian'^,  ]\Iem})ers  of  (he  Association  for  the  Fostci'Ing  of 
Pidilic  lvlu<'ation,  who  aie  aj)pointed  by  the  Director. 

Throughout  the  Empire  there  aie  found  ^  |^f  J5^  llsiian' 
Chiang"'  So^,  I^ecture  <'ourses,  the  object  of  whli-h  Is  to  spread 
education  among  the  people  as  much  as  possible.  These 
Courses  are  under  the  direct  managi'uient  of  the  Director  of  the- 
Association  for  the  Fostering  of  Pii])lli-  I'Mncallon  and  are 
controlled  by  ihc  local  authorities  and  the  police. 

H2!)i;.  IS:  ff  3"  Chiao^  Vil'  Ihii'.  Public  Kdiuatlou 
Societies  (.sec  So.  H'lU).  Conforming  to  i  ronl.it  Inns  framed 
by  the  Ministrv  of  lultication,  which  rccci\cd  Impcn'Ial  sanction 
on  the  2Hth  July,  1900,  these  arc  established:  at  j)ro\inciaI 
capita's,  caile.l  ^  T^  fig  tT  <hiao^  \  U'  Tmh)-''  Iliil*  (i.r. 
(.'entralj,  and  at  tlu-  main  cities  of  j>refi;ctur(s,  (bparluuMits  and 
districts,  dcsignat«?(l  ^  ^  Fen'  Hiii',  Ibanches.  Their  aim  is 
to  disseminate  <'du(;ation    by    means   of  scIkhjIs,   pul<llc   lectures, 

[     40y      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


830  libraries,  pedagogic  museums,  etc.  Eacli  Society  consists  of : 
to  1-  One  ^  -M  Hiii*  Chang^  President,  2.  glj  ^  ^  Fu^  Hni* 
830b  Chang^,  Vice-President,  3.  ^  ^  Hui*  Ynan^,  Members 
(number  indefinite),  4.  §  f fi  Shn^  Clii\  Clerks  (number 
indefinite),  5.  ■^  ff  Hui*  Chi',  Accountants  (number  indefinite), 
and  6.  ^t  9  ^  ^  -^J^i'ig"^  Yii^  liiii^  Yiian',  Honorary  INfembers 
(number  indefinite). 

830.  ^  ^  [^  An*  Ch'a-  Sluh^  Provincial  Judge,  or 
Judicial  Commissioner  (more  explicit,  ^  JflJ  f^  ^  fUj  W 
T'i^  Hsing'  An"  C'h'a-  Sbib'  SsuS  official  designation, 
^  WJ  Nieh''  Ssui;  colloquially,  ^  g  ^^ieb^  T'ai^;  epistolary 
designation,  ^  |j^  Lien^*  Fang^  and  :)^  |f{i-  ,^  Ta"  Lien^ 
Hsien'*);  3a.  This  official  is  in  charge  of  the  judicial  afi^airs  of 
the  province  and  the  militaiy  post  stations  (sec  No.  754).  Also, 
he  considers  questions  of  administrative  and  financial  character 
with  the  Lieutenant-Governor  (see  No.  825). 

Each  province  has  one  Judicial  Commissioner,  with  the 
exception  of  Mancluiria  where,  already,  there  is  found  the  post 
of  ^  ?i  f^  T'i2  Fa"  Shih^  (see  Nos.  810  and  83  1b). 

For  particulars  as  to  the  5^  ^  f^  An*  Ch'a"  Shih^  in 
Manchuria,  under  the  old  regime,  see  No,  830b. 

830a.  }^  ^  S  tii  ?^  An"  Ch'a'  Ssu^  Ya'  Men",  Office 
of  the  Provincial  Judge  (see  No.  830).  The  staif  includes: 
W.B  <^'lii"g'  I-i'  (^^^  ^o.  826);  7a,  2.  ^Q  ^P  Chih^  Shih*,, 
Archivists ;  8a,  3.  ^  ]§  Chao"  Mo"  (see  No.  826);  9a,  and 
4.      p1  M  ^'^^i'  Yii*,  Jail  Wardens  ;  9b. 

830i5.  In  Manchuria,  prior  to  the  establishment  of  the 
post  of  ^  '^^  fl^  T'i^  Fa"  S.hih'  (see  Nos.  810  and  831  i{),  the 
title  of  Judicial  Commissioner,  ^  ^  ^^  j^  ij  Chien^  An"  C'h'a^ 
Sliih' Ilsien^  (see  No.  830),  was  borne:  1.  In  the  province  of 
Fengtien,  by  the  ^  i|f,  Uj  ig  it  Feng"  Chin^  Shan'  Hai^  Tao^ 
Taotai  of  the  prefectures  of  Chin  Choi:  Fu  and  Fr-ug  T'ien  Fu, 
residing  at  ^-  p  J^   Ying*   K'ou^  T'ingS    Yingkow,  2.      In  the 

[     410      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 

province  of  Kiiin,  by  the  ^  #  ^  ^  aI  ^^hi'   I-in^  FOu^   Hsiiir      830c 
Tao\    Taotai    o£  the   Kirin   Circuit,   residing  at    ^  ^  Jf>f   Chi'         ^q 
Lin'  Fu',  Kirin,  and   .'>.      In  the  province  of   Heihuigchiang,  by      «'5i  * 
the  ^.M^jf  MM    ^If'i'    I^ung'  Chiang'    Fen'   Hsiin^    TaoS 
Taotai  of  the  lleihingchiang  Circuit,  residing  at   ^  ;i^  j^   Iloi' 
Shui^  T'ing',  Tsitsihar. 

H30c.  The  Financial  Commissioner  (sec  No.  825)  and 
tlie  l*rovincial  Judge  (see  No.  830)  arc  frequently  spoken  of 
together  a>  the  ^  ^M  p]  ^'^"'  Nieh''  Liang^  Ssu',  Two 
Chief  Commissioners  of  the  Provincial  Government. 

«31.  i^  fii  f^  T'i-  Fa-*  Shih^  Commissioner  for  .ludicial 
Affairs  ;  o\  ;  superintends  the  judicial  affairs  of  the  province  and 
has  control  over  .Judicial  Establishments,  Prosecuting  Attorneys^ 
Offices  and  Prisons.  lie  is  su])ordinated  to  tlie  Ciovcrnor- 
Cieneral  (or  (jovernor). 

At  the  present  time  the  post  of  (Commissioner  for  .ludicial 
Affairs  is  found  in  Manchuria  alone  {sec  Nos.  810,  830  and 
831nj.  A  Memoiial  from  the  Minis! ly  of  .Justice,  dated  the 
17th  April,  1009,  (;alle(l  for  the  appointment  in  1910  of  officials 
hearing  this  title  to  all  the  j)r()vinces,  replacing  the  existing 
.fudicial  Commissioners  {sec  No.  830). 

liegulations  referring  to  the  Jg  fj^  f^'  TM"  Fa*  Shih'  and 
liis  Ortice  (srr  No.  S3  1a)  were  compiled  by  the  Comn.ittee  for 
Drawing  up  Uegulations  for  Constitutional  Government  and 
received  Im[»crial  sanction  on  th«;  2Gth,  November,  1909  (tjui 
original  scheme  in  this  connection  was  submitted  by  the  Ministry 
of  .[iistici'  in  ;i  Memorial  dated  the  *J7th  .lanuary,  1908). 

«'51  ^-  iJi  U:  n)  '!''''•'  J-'ii'  ''^•'^"'^  OHicc  of  the  Commissioner 
for  .ITidieiiil  Allan-.  This  is  arranged  in  three  Sections: 
^-  ^(^  ff  'i'^"'ig'  Wu'  K'o',  Section  of  General  Affairs;  iti 
•  harge  of  th<'  personnel  of  the  office  itself,  antl  tii:it  of  .ludicial 
Establijihmcnt.s,  Proseeuting  ..VttorncNs"  ( )fli<'es  and  Pri.sons, 
conespondcnco    and    matters    of    economy,   *J.      ^flj  j^-  ^-f  Using* 

[      411      ] 


882 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

881b  Mill''  K'o',  Section  of  Criminal  and  Civil  Cases,  and  3.  ^  Dt  ^ 
to        Tien^  Yii*  K'o\  Section  o£  Prison  Affairs. 

At  the  head  of  each  Section  there  is  a  jfjj.  ^  K'o^  Chang^, 
Section  Chief  ;  5 A.  This  official,  undei-  the  general  control  of 
the  Commissioner  (5^e  No.  831),  superintends  the  affairs  of  his 
Section.  He  has  as  his  assistants  :  One  "—  ^  f^  M.  -'^^  Teng' 
K'o'  Yiian^,  Secretary  of  the  first  rank  ;  6a,  and  from  pne  to  foin- 
H  ^  fjf  ^  Er¥  Teng*  K'o^  Yiian',  Secretaries  of  the  second 
rank  ;  7a.  At  each  Section  there  are  also  a  numher  (depending 
on  the  volume  of  affairs  ;  not  more  than  five)  ^  fg,  Shu^  Chi*, 
Clerks  (of  the  eighth  and  ninth  ranks). 

831b.  The  organization  of  the  Office  of  the  Commissioner 
for  Judicial  Affairs  iti  Manchuria  (see  No.  810)  is  somewhat 
different  from  that  given  above  (compare  No.  831  a),  namch-,  it 
has  four  Sections:  1.  |i  i^  f 4  Tsung^  Wu"  K'o^ -(.s-^e  No. 
831  A),  2.  ?f-lj  ^  ^3|  Hsing'  Shih*  K'o\  Section  of  Cri-uinal 
Cases,  3.  ^  ^  ^jj  Min"  Shih*  K'o^,  Section  of  Civil  Cases,  and 
4.     :*?  It  5^  Tien'  Yii*  K'o^  (see  No.  831  a). 

At  the  head  of  each  Section,  as  Section  '^hief ,  there  is  a 
j^  ^  Ch'ien'  Shih^  Chief  Secretary,  5  a  (see  No.  815;  in  the 
first  Section  this  official  is  styled  ^  f?J-  -^  ^  Shou'  K'o^  Ch'ien* 
Shih'*,  and  his  rank  is  4b).  To  him  there  are  subordinated  one 
"-  ^  ft  M  f'  Teng^  K'o^  Yiian^,  Secretary  of  the  first  rank, 
one  i:  ^  $4  M  ^1*^^''  T«nig'  K'o'  Yiian^,  Secreta)-y  of  the  second 
rank,  and  two  ^  ^  jfjj.  ^  San'  Tcng^  K'o'  Yiian^  Secretaries 
of  the  third  rank.  For  each  Section  there  aro  also  IE  p]  #  '^ 
Cheng*  Ssu'  Shu'  KuanS  Senior  Clerks,  gl]  oj  ^  f  Fu*  Ssu' 
Shu^  Kuan',  Junior  Clerks,  and  '  .p]  §  ^  Ssu'  Shu'  Sheng', 
AVriters.  ' 

832.  ^  >;$  f^  Qhiao^  She^'Shih^  Commissioner  for  Foreign 
Affairs ;  3a  ;  charged  with  dealing  with  affairs  in  which 
foreigners  are  interested.  Following  the  inauguration  of  this 
post  in  Manchuria  (see  No.   806)  it    was  instituted    in   Yunnan 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


334^ 


province  (in  Aug-ust,  lUOO").      Later  this  official   will   be  found  in       833 
all  the  provinces.  ^.^ 

At  present  the  duties  appertaining  to  the  Coninussioner  of 
Foreign  Affairs  are  pcrfoniied  by  the  i^  ^  ^  Yang''  Wu*  Chii^, 
Office  of  Foreign  Affairs  (srr  No.  859),  attached  to  the 
Goveraor-General  (or  Governor).  Heilungchiang  ])rovince  has 
:i^t$I^J^  ^:^l^ia<>'  '"^'i^*'  Tsung*  Chii'  {see  No.  806a  )  for 
similar  duties. 

833.  fg  gj^  ^  ^  Ilui-'  Kuaa^  Chien^  Tu',  Superintendent 
of  Customs.  The  duties  appertaining  to  this  official  are  usually 
associated  iivith  those  of  the  Military  Circuit  Taotai  {srr  No. 
844). 

833a.  -f-  ^  II  ^  ^'ueh^  Hai^  Kuan'  Pu"*,  Superintendent 
of  Customs  for  the  Province  of  Kuangtung  ;  appointed  from 
members  of  the  Imperial  Household.  Europeans  commonly 
styled  this  official  "lIojtjK)"  and,  so  long  as  the  entire  foreign 
trnde  was  concentrated  at  Canton,  he  enjoyed  imn)cnse  power, 
'Ihis  othcial  no  long(!r  exists. 

H33B.  ^.^mm  \t^  ^  ^  B  ^'J'icn'  Kxv.m'  .Min-='  llai'^ 
Kuan'  Shui*  !Shih^  Wu',  \N  itii  Associate  Duties  as  Superintendent 
of  Customs  at  Foochow.  This  title  is  l)orno  by  the  I'^uUicn 
Viceroy.  \ 

H:53r.  Foi-  partieul:!i-.s  as  to  the  s])ecial  t^jf  EM  jH  ^'^'''^ 
Kuan'  Tao',  (.'ustonis  Tacitai,  ciiiiying  on  the  functions  of 
Suj)printendcnt  of  (-usl«)iris  at  Tientsin  ( foi-nicilv .  likewise,  at 
Ilarbln)  srr  No.  S42. 

■^•il-  VW  M  t'^  B  'J's':<"'  ">""'  Tsnng"  Tu',  Director- 
(ieneral    of    (iiaiii    Tran^juut    (2a;    literary    designation,    J^  ^ 

T^'ao-Tn',  ;HlU^jriE  pJ  '1'''   ^'''"=^"-'  Y*'"'  ^'''''"S  ••""'    :>^^  nl  W 
Ta*     Shu'     Ts'ao").      This    offit  ial     lia.l     the     honorary     rank    of 

?<  *15  Vf  UI>  1^'";?'  t*"'  •'^I'i'''  '>«'>.U'%  and  resld.d  at  f,?;  fr.  Wl 
('h'ing'  Chiang'  P'u'  (in  the  J^  'i;  l'"ai'"An',  prefeclure  of 
Kiangpu).      He  superintended  the  ><ysti'ni  of  transpoit  of  grain  by 

[    ur.    ] 


niESENT    DAY    rOl.ITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


835  the  j^  j'fij  Yiin'*  Ho^,  Grand  Canal,  which  Avas  constnicted  for 
the  conveyance  of  rice  from  the  Southern  provinces  to  Peking. 
The  post  is  now  non-existent. 

Under  ,the  control  of  the  Director-General  of  (irrain 
Transport  there  was  a  special  military  organization  styled  y^  ;^ 
Ts'ao'^  Piao^  (src  No.  749),  detachments  of  Avhich  Avere  stationed 
at  the  f^  Wei"*,  and  J^  So^,  First  and  Second  ( 'las?  Transport 
Stations,  which  were  located  along  the  Grand  T'anal,  by  Avhich 
the  grain  transport  was  eiFected.  At  the  head  of  these  -stations 
there  were  ^  f/|  Shou'  Pei^  (see  No.  752t)),  and  ^  |f  Ch'ien' 
Tsung^  (see  No.  7.52e),  designated,  according  to  their  duties,  as 
^  ^  Shon^  Yii*,  First  Lieutenant  on  Garrison  Duty,. and  fg  j^ 
Ling'  Yiin',  Lieutenant  Charged  with  the  Conduct  of  Grain 
Squadrons. 

Of  late  years  the  grain  transport  hy  sea,  •/§  5^  Hai^  Yiin*, 
carried  on  hy  steaniers  of  the  Jg  j>^  ^  Chao^  »Shang^  Chii-  (see 
No.  789),  is  gradually  putting  an  end  to  tluit  by  the  Grand 
Canal. 

83o.  ^3lf^  Yen^  Yun"  Shih^,  Salt  (otitroller  (3  b  ; 
official  designation,  3^  fj]  Yiin*  Ssu^ ;  epistolary  designation, 
^  ^  Tu^  Chuan^  and  ^fj  5^  Tu^  Yiin* ;  literary  designation, 
:^  ll  .^  'la'  Ts'o^  Hsien*,  :^  ^  ^  Ta*  Ts'o''  ITou'.  and  :^  ^ 
^1^  Ta*  Ssu^  Fu'').  This  official  is  the  Chief  Conniiissioner  of 
the  revenue  derived  from  the  provincial  salt  gabelle,  .or  salt 
monopoly.  There  are  five  for  the  Avhole  Em])ire  :  I.  M'M.^ 
M^MW  '^  M  Ch'ang2  Lu^  Yen^  Yiin*  .Shih  =  (^hien^  Yen^ 
Fa*  Tao*,  Ch'anglu  Salt  Controller  AAitii  associate  duties  as  Salt 
Intendant,  residing  at  Tientsin,  2.  U|  ^  ^  M  i^  ^  ^  Vi  $1 
Shani  Tung^  Yen^  Yiin*  Shih^  Chien^  Yen"  Fa^  Tao*,  Shantung 
Salt  Controller  with  associate  duties  as  Salt  Intendant,    residing 

at  Chinanfu,  3.  M 'M  ^  M  iM  M  ^  iM  m  ^^^^^S'  ^f"^'' 
Yen'  Yiin*  Shih^  Chien^  Ping^  Pei^  Ilsien',  Lianghuai  .^alt 
Controller,  with  the  rank  of  MiHtary  Circuit    Taotai,  residing  at 

[     ^H     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


m  m  f^  Vanj,-  Chou^   Fu',   Yano-chow,  4.     ^  if  Jl  ^  ll  JlHsl!      835a 
Liang;*     Che*     (^hiang^     Nair      Yen^      Yiin*      Shih^,      Liangclie 
(<'hekiang)  Salt  Controller,   residing  at   Hangcliow,   and   5.     ^ 
^  ^  jM  M  Knang^  Tung'    Y'en^  Yiin*   Shih',   Kuangtung    Salt 
Controller,  residing  at  Canton, 

835a.  Under  the  supervision  of  the  Salt  Controller  (whose 
office  is  designated  ^  jM  "^  l^  f nj  P^  Y'en^  Yiia"'  Shih'  Ssu*  Ya^ 
Men'j  there  are  the  following  officials:  1.  5^.  |p]  Yiin*  T'ung^, 
Assistant  Salt  Controller  (full  designation,  ^  3^  ^  5^  fp]  Yen' 
Yiin*  Sfsu'  Yiin^  T'ung- ;  literarv  designation,  fpj  ^  T'ung^ 
ChuanS  and  ^  ^$  Fu'  Chuan^  ^  ^  Ts'o'  Erh^  and  ±  f^  ^ 
Til'  Tso'*  Fu',  also  ^  "p]  Fen'  Ssu');  4ii;  one  in  Shantung, 
Chihli  and  Kuangtung  provinces,  2.  ^  :|y  [p]  ^U  Chie«'  Ch'c* 
T'ung-  Chih'  (also  ^  ^  Xi^  Chien'  Ch'c^  Kuan'),  Inspector  of 
Salt  Distribution  ;  5a.  ;  two  in  Kian;:su  province  and  one  in 
Shansi,  .'i.  J^  glj  Y'iin*  Fu^  Deputy  Assistant  Salt  Controller 
(full  designation,  ^  Jl  f ^  glj  i§l  Ycn^  Yun'  Shih'  Fu^  Shih^;  also 
styled  5^  nl  1^'en'  vSsu';  compare  the  above  Yiin'  T'ung'^)  ;  oB  : 
one  in  rjickiang  province,  4,  JS  Iji  J 'i'  Chli',  Salt  lusjiector 
(also  f^m  ^  V.-n^'  T'i'  Chii^  full  designation,  H  ^  ^^  ^  Yen' 
K*o*  T'i-  Clui^  or  P^  |5}»  ^  1^-  1^  Yen'  K'o"  Ssu'  T'i''  Chii^);  5h; 
three  in  Yiinnan  j)rovince,  5.  jij?  f\]  Yun*  F'an*,  Sub-Assistant 
Salt  Controller  (full  designation,  1^  ]'<^  1]  3^1?.  ^\]  Yen'  Yiin*  Ssu' 
Yiin*  P'an*:  also  51J  Pj,  Ku'  Chuan^  and  ^  p]  Fen'  vSsu' ;  compare 
the  above  5^  |S]  Ynn'  T'ung',  and  5^  glJ  Yiin^  Fu^)  ;  Git;  one  in 
Chihli,  oncj  in  Chekiang  and  three  in  Kiangsu  j)rovince,  fi.  jf^ 
Igc  Ching'  Li*  (correctly,  H^  ^,R1  M  Yiir  Ching'  LiO ;  7n  (.syy- 
No.  82C.),  7.  ij^;^  A:  iU  Yen'  KW  'IV  Shilr'  (more  explicit, 
WM^Xi'^  Ven'  K'o*  S.SU'  Ta^  Shilr',  or  1,^  J^  X  fOl  Ven' 
Ch'ang*  Ta*  Shih^  (literary  designation,  0»  p-  T.s'o'  Yin'),  Salt 
Receiver  ;  Sa,  H.  ^^  Ij,^  X  fill  J"''  '^'••"'  '''^'  ^^'''^'^  ^"'<jre 
explicit,  at  ^k  m  ^^  f^  «"i'  Ven*  So^  Ta*  Shlh',  or  If?  ^I  ^t  |& 
f^k\^   Ven'  Yin'    l"i'    Yen*    So»  IV   Shih'),   SaH    Kxaminer; 

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PRESENT    DA.Y    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


885b  8a  ;  superintends  the  registration  of  bags  of  salt  isMied,  9.  ]^ 
±  i^  K'u*  Ta^  Shih^  (properly,  M  W- i<  i^  Yiin^  K'u*  Ta* 
Shih');  8a  (see  No.  826),  10.  ^W  ^  Chihi  Shih'  (-,>roperly 
^^n  ^  Yen2  Chihi  Shih*;  8b  (see  No.  830a),  and  11.  ^  i(« 
^  Yen^  Ilsiin'  (Jliin^  Salt  Watchers  ;  9b. 

835b.  f  P  ^  I^  :^  E  Hui^  Pan*  Yen^^  Cheng*  Ta* 
Oh'tn^,  Associate  Controller-General  of  the  Salt  (iahelle 
(compare  No,  369).  The  duties  appertaining  to  this  post  are 
associated  with  those  of  the  (lovernors-General  of  Manchuria, 
Chihli,  Liang  Kiang,  Liang  Kuang,  Minche,  iSzechwan,  Yiin  Kuei 
and  Shenkan  (5^^  No.  820a)  and  with  those  of  the  Governors  of 
Shantung,  Shansi  and  Chekiang  (see  No.  821a) — see  a  Memorial 
from  the  Contrbller-(7eneral  of  the  Salt  (iabelle,  sanctioned  by 
the  Emperor  on  the  25th  February,  1910,  covering  regulations, 
concerning  the  Salt  Administration,  in  35  articles. 

Prior  to  the  promulgation  of  the  Imperial  Edict  qf  31st 
December,  1909  (compare  No.  369),  the  mentioned  Governors- 
General  and  Governors  Avere  entitled  ||}  JiH  ^  i^  Tsung^  1^1' 
Yen^  Cheng*. 

The  title  M^  mWi^±^.^  <^'hie»'  H"i'  I''i»'  ^'en' 
Cheng^  Ta*  Ch'cn^  flsien"^.  With  Associate  Duties  as  Associate 
Controller-General  of  the  Salt  Gabelle,  is  borne  by  the  Governor- 
Oencral  of,Hukuang  and  by  the  Governors  of  Kirin,  Heilung- 
chiang,  Kiangsu,  Anhui,  Kiangsi,  Honan,  Hunan,  Kuangsi, 
Kueichow,  ^hensi  and  Hsinchiang  (see  the  above-mentioned 
Memorial  from  the  (■ontroller-General  of  the  Salt  Gabelle). 

At  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  the  present  dynasty,  at  the 
head  of  the  six  Salt  Departments  (namely,  (Mi'anglu,  Hotung, 
Lianghnai,  Liang('hc,  Kuang'tuug  and  Fukien  ;  see  below) 
there  were  special  officials,  ap}>ointed  from  the  ranks  of  ^lanchus, 
style(i  MWAW^M^  Hsun'  Shih*  Yen^  Ch^.ng*  Yii*  Shih' 
(also  i^  ^  ^fl  tji  Hsun''  Yen^  Yu*■Shih^  or  M  ^  W.  ia  ^^^^' 
Yen'  Chiir  Chih'^),  Salt  Censors. 

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PKESEXT    DAY    FOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

There     are    now      thirteen      Departments     producing    salt.      835c 
Accordinijly,  from    its   place  of  origin,  salt  bears  the  following-        ^q 
designations  :  1.     'J^  ^^  Sheno-'  Ching>  Yen^  (salt  from  Fengtien       qqq 
province,  where   there  arc'  20  ^  j^   Yen''ClVang^  Salt  Works), 
-•      M  M^  Ch'ang'  Lir  Yen-  (salt  from  Chihli  province,  where 
there  are  ten  Salt   \Yorks),   :5.     M  1^  ^  Meng^   Ku»  Yen-  (salt 
from    Mongolia),    4.      (Ij   ^    ^'   Shan^    Tung^    Yen^    (salt   from 
Shantung),  .5.      ^}^^    Liang'   Huai'  Yen"  (salt  from  Kiangsn 
province),   6.      ^  ^|Ji  ^    Liang-   ("lie*    Yen"-  (salt  from  Chekiang 
])rovince,   where   there   are    32    Salt   \Yorks),    7.     ^  jH  |^    1'"'' 
C'hien''  Yen'  (salt  frfm)  Fukien  province,  where  there  are  14  Salt 
Works),  8.     ^-  ^  ^    Kuang^   Tung^    Yen-   (salt  from   Kuang- 
tung   province,   where   there  arc    12    Salt    Works),  9.     ^  W.  ^ 
Ho'  Tung'    Yen-   (salt    from    Shansi   province,    where   there    are 
three   Salt   Works),  10.     f^  ®  ^     SluV    Hsi'    Yen^  (salt   fi'om 

Shensi  province).  11.  \t  M  W  ^"^^"^  ^"*  ^'<^"'  f^'^''^*  ^^'^'" 
Kan>n  province),  12.  gg  jll  IS  ^^"^  Ch'uan^  Yen^  (salt  from 
S/echwan  province,  where  there  are  8,882  Salt  \\  ells),  and 
13.  M'M  ^  "^  ""'  ^^"'  Yen-  (salt  from  Yunnan  province,, 
where  there  aie  10  Salt   Wells). 

8.3-3 (.  For  particnlar>  a.-  to  the  Salt  Intendant,  which 
title  is  sometimes  :ipj)lied  to  the  Salt  Controller,  srr  Nos.  835 
and  H4 1. 

^30.      f.Jj^  i^      Liang-      Tao-*,      Grain      Intendant     (liturarv 

doignation,   ilfilj,  5^1  f^"    (  Iiikim     \  iin'  Shih^ :  4a  ;  Chief  C'ontroliei- 

ot    tJic   provincial   i(?v('iin<'   from   the  giain  \a\,  whether  collected 

in  money  or  in  kind.      At  present  there  are  six  (irain  Intcndants 

HatfT   they  will  he  i'<'taincd  imU    in  the  provinces  of  Kiang.sn  and 

Chekiang)  :   1.      jX  ^4'  $M  Irili  ifi  Clnang'  An'  Liang*  (  h'u'  Tao\ 

(irain  Intendant    of     Kiangnan,    residing    at     fH  %i^  //^f    (  hiang' 

.\mg'     Fu\   Nanking.    2.      g^  ^y^^  B  ^X  ^  \^  HI    ^"'    ^""^'' 

Ch'angM  hrn'  T'ai'  LiangM  Ini^  Tno',  ( irain    Intendant    of  thr 

Prefecturea    of    Sixtchun    Fit.    Snngkiang    I'n.    Clrunjrcliow    Fu, 

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PKESEXT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

837  Clienkiang  Fu  and  T'ai  Ts'ang-  Clilh  Li  Chow,  residing  at 
Soochow,  3.  )tlf  tC  #  H  it  <-'he^  Chiang^  Tu^  Liang'  Tao\ 
Grain  Intendant  of  Chekiang,  residing  at  Hangehow,  4.  fg  ^ 
^  )^  jg  Fu"-^  Chien*  Tn^  Liang^  Tao*,  Grain  Intendant  o£ 
Fukien,  residing  at  Fooclum,  5.  S  ^  )M  111,  M  ^  ^  ji^ 
Yon'  Nan2  Liang^  Ch'n^  Tao^  Chien'  Fen^  Hsiin^  Grain 
Intendant  of  Yiinnan,  with  Associate  Dnties  as  Intendant  of  a 
Circuit  (.9^«?  No.  844),  residing  at  Yunnan  Fu,  and  6.  lift  j^ 
ffi  B  M  Chen*  Ti-^  I^iang^  Wu*  Tao*,  Grain  Intendant,  with 
Associate  Duties  as  Intendant  of  the  MiHtarv  Circuit  of  the 
Prefecture  of  Tihua  Fu  and  the  Department  of  Chen  Hsi  Chili 
Li  Chow,  residing  at  ^g  f[;  f^  Ti^  Hua''  Fu^  Urumtsi. 

Formerly    there    were    Grain    Intendants   in    the   foUowins: 

provinces:    L      lU  1^  H  xt    Shan^   Tung^    Liang^    Tao"*,   Grain 

Intendant  of  Shantung,  residing  at  Chinan  Fu,  2.      pi  Bi'  pj^  ^ 

W  iii  11  B  M   K'ai^  K^ei^  Ch'eu^  Hsii^  Yen^  Fa^  Liang^  Wu^ 

Tao*,  Salt  and  Grain  Intendant  of  the   Prefectures   of   Kaifeng 

Fu,    Kueite   Fu   and   Chcnchow   Fu,   and  of  the  Department  of 

Hsu  Chow  Chih  Li  Chow,  residing  at  ^^|if  /^  K'ai^  Fcng^  Fu^. 

'^-     ?Xt^#ll3l      Chiang^     Hsi^     Tu'^     Liang^    Tao^     Grain 

Intendant  of  Kiangsi,  residing  at  Xanch'ang,  and  4.      g;  j>\>\  ^ 

)|f  it    Kuei*    Chou^    Tu-     Liang^    Tao^     Grain     Intendant    of 

Kueichow,  residing  at    ;§;  [^  /f  Kuei*  Yang'  Fu^  Kueiyang  Fu. 

^37.     '^  i^  fl  5l  Tii^  Fu3  Ssui  Tao^,   this  is  the  common 

designation  of  the  Governor-General  (ire  No.  820),  the  Governor 

(see    No.    821),    the    Lieutenant-Governor    (iyr    No.    825),    the 

Judicial    Commissioner   (see  No,  830),    the   Salt    Controller  (see 

No.  833),  and  the  Grain   Intendant   {.see   No.   83G),   the   officials 

constituting   the   "Provincial   Government."      These  officials   in 

many   })rovinces   form  a  peciiliar  committee  styled   M  f^  |!|  ^ 

Shani   Ilout  Tsung''   C'hu*,   Supreme   Board   of   Keorganization. 

During  the  T'ai  P'ing  reliellion,  when  this  committee  began   to 

function    generally,   it  was   called    the   !^  ^  ^f ,  ^    Chiin^    Hsn^ 

[     -ll.S     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATIOJf    OF    C!IINA. 


Tsnn:J;^  Chii-.  Supreme   .Military    Hoard.      It    was   the  custom   tu  838 

iji^titiite    the    committee    after    rebellious^,    warfare    or    ])hy:<i.cal  to 

calamities,  when  the  couiitrv  needeil  pacification,  ov  order  had    to  QgQ^ 
be  restored. 

838.  -^  ^  Tao-*  T'ai^,  Taotai  (Intendant);  4a  ;  placed  in 
administrative  control  over  various  sections  oi"  the  provincial 
ifovernment ;  official  desig'nation,  ^  Tao"* ;  epistolary  desig:nat!on, 
|g  ^  Kuan'  nv:\\  and  ^  ^  Chien^  Ssu^. 

There  are  the  follonin!^  catcii^ories  of  Taotais  :  I.  H!]  ^  jM 
Ch'iian^  Veh*  Tao',  Industrial  'Paotai  (see  Nos.  S39  ami  8oUa), 
-^-  M  %  i&  ^^'^i'"'  ^''^'''r  '^'=i'>S  I't.lice  Taotai  (srr  Nos.  840 
.and  840a),  '.].  1^ >^  i^  Yen-  Fa'  Tao',  Salt  Taotai  (srr  No. 
841),  4.  tS  P3  ^  Hai''  Kuan'  Tao',  Customs  Taotai  {see  N'o. 
«42),    .5.      jpf  ^    Ho-   Tao'.    !{ivcr  Taotai    (see    No.    843),  and 

6-      5>  5^  it  l''<'"'  I'^'"'"'  "!':">',  Intendant  of  a  (""ircuit,  or  £  f^ 
^  I'inu'  Pci'  Tao',  :Militarv  Taotai  ( s-r  No.  S44). 

\'\u-  j)articulars  a<  to  (he  |g  ^'  Lia)ig-  Tao"*,  (ii-ain 
Intendant,  .srr  No.  SliiJ. 

N38A.  hJ  ji;  Ssir  Tao',  Taoti'i  Holding  lirevet  Hank 
of  Judicial  ( "omn)issioner  (.svr  No.  830).  Oi  this  type  arc  the 
Taotais:  at  Tihna  and  (heuhsi  In  lisinchiaii^-  tiili  j^l  Jii!l  ^  1$ 
^<  fl'  if  '  ''<"'  '^"''  "•'='"'  <'l''*'"'  An'  Ch^r  Shih'  llsien-,  Taotai 
of  the  prefecture  of  Tiiiua  and  the  de])artn)ent  of  (hen  Hsi 
riiih  Li  (how.  holdiii''  hrexet  rank  a>.ludieial  (Commissioner'): 
ui  HM:ii-;ni,  Yanu'chnw  and  llaii-how  in  Kian^su  '  vf^  j!!^  "/^  ill 
M  ^U  ^i  Wi  fix  ''"i'i-  Van--'  llai'  Tao^  Chieu'  An'  (Ira*  Shili» 
ll-i<ii'.  Taofai  of  the  prefect urc-' of  lln:ii-an  I'li  and  ^'an;i•cllow 
'•'m  :ind  of  the  .lepaitinr  lit  (»f  llai  <  liow  Chih  Li  Chow,  hoklinpr 
o|i\ct   l;iid<   :i-  .liidicin!    ( '(lUiiinssionM' I 

For  paniiiihii--  :i-    lo    t!ie    Taotai-    ui     Manehmia,    to    whom 
then."  was    furnieiK    applied   a    brexet   rank    as   Judicial   ( 'ommi'^- 

Sioner,  srr   No.   ^'.'^Oc.. 

r      4  1^      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


839a 


839  ^'^^-      WlMi^    Cli'iian*    Yeli^    THO^     Industrial    Taotai 

4.Q  (sec  No,  838);  4a.  This  official  is  subordinated  directly  to  the 
Governor-General  or  Governor  ot  the  ])rovince  to  which  he  is 
acoi-edited  but,  in  addition,  receives  instructions  from  the 
Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce  (aec  No.  768). 
He  superintends,  within  his  district,  all  questions  concerning 
ao-i-iculture,  industrv,  commerce  and  wa^s  and  means  o£ 
communication.  Also,  on  the  establishment  of  the  post  of  {§ 
m  PJ  T'i«  Fa^  Shih^  (replacing-  the  }^  ^  f|^  An^  Ch'a-  Shih^ 
see  No.  830),  he  will  be  in  charge  of  the  military  post  stations, 
(see  No.  754). 

The  "  regulations  regarding  the  reform  of  the  official  systemi 
of  the  provinces,"  articles  Nos.  14  and  15  (sec  No.  819ii),  call 
for  the  gradual  appointment  of  Industrial  Taotais  for  all  the 
provinces.  At  present  they  are  found  in  all  provinces  with  the 
exception  of  Heihmgchiang  and  the  New  Dominion. 

Regulations  referring  to  the  Industrial  Taotai  were  dra\vn  uj> 
originally,  by  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and 
Commerce  (sanctioned  ))y  the  Emperor  ou  the  7th  June,  1908; 
14  articles)  and,  latei-,  by  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up 
Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government  (with  supplements 
and  amendments;  sanctioned  l)y  the  Emperor  on  the  1st  August,. 
1908;  18  articles). 

For  the  organization  of  the  Office  of  the  Industrial  Taotai 
see  No.  839a. 

839a.  For  the  Industrial  Taotai  thei-e  h  a  ^  ^  Kung' 
So',  Office,  composed  of  six  Sections  :  1.  ||  -^  fjf  Tsung^  Wu" 
K'o',  Section  of  (Tcneral  Affairs,  2.  ^  #  ff  Nung'^  Wu^  K'o', 
Section  of  Agriculture,.  3.  X  ^  f ^  Kungi  I^  K'o',  l^ectioii  of 
Handicraft.s,  4.  P^  f^  ^f  Shang'  W.i"  K'oi,  Section  of  Com- 
merce, ,3.  5^f^  jfjf  Kung'  Wn^  K'o',  Section  of  Mining,  and 
^'-  M  fi  '^  V.t2  Oh'uan^  K'oS  Section  of  Posts  and  Com- 
munications.    Each  Section  is  directed  by  a  f^  ^  K^o^  Chang^ 

C     420     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Section    C'liiff  ;    t)A.     He   is  assisted    by    a  glj  frf  ^  Fii^    K'oi      839b 


Cliang',  Assistant  Section  Chief  ;  7a.  Also,  there  are  a  nuni})er 
(from  two  to  throe  in  the  Section  of  Post^  and  Coniniiini<'ations 
and  from  four  to  five  in  the  Section  of  Ceneral  Affairs)  of  ^  ^ 
K'o^  Yiian',  Secretaries  ;  8a. 

In  all  sub-prefectures,  de})artments  and  districts  there  are 
found  Wl  ^  ^  Ch'iian*  Veh^  Yiian^  Tndusti-ial  Deputies,  who 
are  under  the  control  of  the  Taotai  and  local  authorities  (see  No. 
8.51k). 

839iJ.  For  particulars  as  to  the  Tndustiial  Taotais  in 
^lanchuria  sw  Xos.  813  to  8  13a. 

840.  >{«  ^  it  Hsun'  Chino-  Tao',  Police  Taotai  (src  No. 
838)  ;  4a.  Although  directh*  subordinated  to  the  Governor- 
(icneral  (or  Governoi")  this  official  receive  instructions  fi-om  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior  (srr  No.  ;148).  He  superintends  the 
police  alfairs  of  the  province  to  which  he  is  accredited. 

liy  the  "  reoulations  regardin<^-  the  reform  of  the  othcial 
system  of  the  provinces"  (articles  Nos.  14  and  15;  sn-  No. 
819r)  it  is  arranged  that  Police  Taotais  be  gradually  appointed 
to  all  the  prov  inces.  At  present  they  are  found  in  all  provinces, 
Fengtien,  Kirin,  Heilungchiang  and  the  New  Donu'nion 
excepted. 

Regulations  refei'ring  to  the  Police  Taotai  were  drawn  up, 
first  by  the  .Ministry  of  tli(>  Interior  (sanctioned  on  the  3rd  April, 
1908;  in  15  articles),  and,  later,  by  the  Committee  for  Drawing 
n|)  Regulations  for  Constitutional  (iovernment  (with  sii})plements 
and  amendments  :  15  articles;  sanctioned  by  tin-  liinperoi  nn  the 
25tli  .May,  190H). 

For  parti(;nlais  as  to  the  organization  of  the  Othce  of  tlu- 
Police  Taotai  srr  No.  840a. 

H)Oa.  1' ni  tlic  Police  Taotai  ihcrc  ha-  l>cfii  instituted  a 
f9?  f;JJ  ^  J^  Cliiiig'  Wii^  Knng'  So",  OHic.^  of  the  Police  Taotai, 
(f)n'Ni^fing   of    four    Soctions  :     1.       i^  fjj  1^  '''s*""^'    Ww*     K'o', 


to 

840a 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CRINA 

840b  Section  of  General  Aliuiiv-,  2.  ^7  g^  fij-  Ilsino-  Clienj^-'  Kx.^, 
to  Section  of  Administration,  o.  ^J  ;i^J;  ^l\  Ssu^  Fa^  K'o^,  Sectioiii 
Q41  of  Judicial  Affairs  (superintending,  amongst  other  things,  the 
Judicial  Police  ;  sec  Nos.  ol9  to  519a),  and  4.  j^  ±  ^^  Wei' 
Slieug'  K'o\  Section  of  Sanitary  Affairs.  Also,  in  many  ])lace&, 
the  Section  of  (iencral  xVffiiirs  is  sub-divided  into  :  ^  at  ^4 
Ilui'  Chi-*  K'o\  Section  of  Accounts,  ^  ^  pfj}  Chiao^  ]Jen'  K'o', 
Section  of  Instruction,  and  ^  ^  f^  Wcn^  Tu-''  K'o",  Corres- 
pondence Section. 

x\t  the  head  of  each  Section  tliere  is  a  ^ij-  ^  K'o'  Chang'', 
Section  Chief;  5a.  He  is  assisted  by  a  glj  ^}\  ^  Vu^  K'o' 
Chang',  Assistant  Section  Chief ;  Ga.  Also,  there  is  a  fixed 
nnniber  (three  to  four)  of  ^jj-  ^  K'o'  Yiiau",  Secretaries  ;  7a. 

In  all  sub-prefectures,  departments  and  districts  there  have 
l>een  instituted  posts  iis  ^  :^  ;^  Ching'"  Ww*  Chang^,  Chiefs  of 
Police,  under  whose  authorit}  there  are  placed  a  number  of 
jtolico  divisions,  directed  by  |g  'g*  Ch'ii'  'Kuan',  Police  Captains 
(ifv'  Nos.  851 15  and  85 7u). 

84()i;.  For  particidars  as  to  the  Police  Taotais  of 
Alanchuria  srr  T\o.  814., 

«-il-  ^  ^  it  Yen-  Fn'  Tao%  Salt  Taotai  ;  4a  ;  perform- 
ing duties  simiiai'  to  those  of  the  Salt  Controller  Ucc  No.  8o5) 
whu,  in  virtue  of  this,  is  soinctin)es  styled  »Salt  Taotai  {see  No. 
8351$). 

There  are  Salt  Taotais  in  nine  ])rovmces  :  1.  ilf^^j^j^ 
Chiang'  Tsan^  Veir  Tlsiin-  Tao',  Kiangnan  Salt  Taotai,  residing 
at  Nanking,  2.  01  "©  ^  '^  it  Chiang'  Hsi^  Yen"  Fa'  Tao', 
Kiangsi  Salt  Taotai,  residing  at  Nanclraiig,  .'?.  M  M  ^  iJi  M 
Ho*  Tung'  Yen-  Fa-*  Tao',  IIotu)ig  Salt  Taotai,  residing  at 
P'ui-how  Fu,  4.  ^  ^^M^ihW  Ui  it  l*'ii»S'-'  Ch-ing-*  Ching* 
Ku^  Hua'  Yen^  Fa'  Tao',  Salt  Taotai  of  the  Prefectures  of  P'ing 
J^iang  Fu  and  (Jh'ing  Yen  Fii  and  of  tlie  De])artments  oE  Clang 
Clunv    Chih    Li    Chow,    Ku    Yuan    Chili    Li    Chow    and    Hua 

[     422    ■] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OT    CHINA. 


I'ing  riilh  I.i  Chow,  residing  at    2^  t^  j^f    P'ing-  Liang''  Fu^       842 
^-      ^MW^^M   ^^^^~    Cliien'    Yen-    Fa^    Tao\    Fukien    Salt         to 
Taotai,  residing  at  Fooehow,  6.      Jg^  4t:  IS  fJ;  ^    Hu'  Fei'^  Yen^       344^ 
Fa'     Tao',     Hupeli     Salt     Taotai,     residing    at    Wuch'ang,    7. 
WtkSc^M  "^'^n'  !"'»'  Ch'ii'ng'  Pao'  Tao^  Salt  Taotai  of  the 
Prefectures  of  Ch'ang  Sh'a    Fii    and    Pao  Ch'ing  Fu,  residing  at 
Ch'angslui.    8.      03  JH  !l  ^  iS   ^^^i'    Ch'uan^  Yen-   VAi'a'    TaoS 
Salt  and  Tea  Taotai  of   Szerhwan,  residing  at  Ch'ente  Fn,  and 

9-  S  ^  ^  tt^  5I  "^^'"i'  ^^«"'  ^^^^'  ^'«'  ^^^'^  Yiinnan  Salt 
Taotai,  residing  at  Yiiinian  Fu.  Also,  in  the  province  of  Shensi, 
the  duties  of  Salt  Taotai  are  performed  by  the  Police  Taotai 
{see  No.  840),  who  is  styled  ^  ^  ^  ;^  Chien^  Kuan'  Yen-  Fa* 
'fomierlv  the  Taotai  of  the  Military  Circuit  performed  these 
luties,  §.  ^/^  Kg  it  it  Feng^  Pin^  Yen^  Fa^  Tao^). 

The  majority  of  the  Salt  Taotais  mentioned  above  act 
simultaneously  as  Military  Circuit  Taotais  (see  No.  844). 

^"^--  ^i  ^  jM  ^^^^^  Kuan'  Tao',  Customs  Taotai  (literary 
designation,  i^  f|^  Ch'iieh^  Shih\  and  |g  ^  Kuan'  Tn')  ; 
performing  the  duties  of  Superintendent  of  Customs  {see  No. 
H33).  This  is  an  indejtendent  post  at  Tientsin  alone  (J^  }j^  ^  i^ 
Cliin'  Hiii'  Kuan'  Tao'  ;  sec  No.  833c.  Formerly  there  was  an 
indej>endent  Customs  Taotai  at  Harbin  (^  Jx  S^  xS  '''"'  C'hiang' 
Kuan'  Tao^j. 

^43.  ^  ig  Ho-  Tao',  Kivcr  Taotai;  4a.  As  an 
independent  official  this  'Jaotai  is  found  in  the  province  of  Chihli 
alone  and  is  stylod  7jc  ^  fpj  3^1  Vung^  Ting^  Ho-  Tao\  He 
resides  at  [^]  '^-  ^  Kii'  An'  llsicn'.  The  similar  otHcial  lor 
Shantung   ( (L|  >ji  5^"  M  {^   Shan'  Tung'  Yun''  llo^   Tao',  rt-siding 

:i^  'i^  %  '}{\  (■»'''  ^i"^^'  <^'''^^"'^  =>"•'  '"'■  i^<"'^"  ( 1)11  iJ'.if  [5ft  lilr- M i?i 

K-ai=    Kuei'    ChS'-n'   Hsii'    Ilo'  T;i..'.   residing  at  [JH  Ji-j /{.J-  K'ai' 
I'^'-ng'  Fu')  no  longer  exists. 

M4  L  5>  jK;  iK  F.-n'  Hs.in-  Tao',  and  5>  \)'  \^  Fen'  Shon* 
'i'a(»',  Taotai      1  iitcmltTitj   of  a  Circuit;  4a;  literary  designation. 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

844a  ^  p\  Chien^  Ssu'  ;  official  detjiguation,  ^  ^  Kuan'  Ch'a'-,  and 
to  it  M  ^^^o'  T'ai^  Also  &iMM  I'ing'  Pei^  TaoS  ]\Iilitar.v- 
344b  Administrative  Taotai ;  4a  (sonuitimcs  ^  ^  ^  iJm  jM,  ^' ''"^ 
Hsiin^  Ping^  Pel*  TaoS  Militai-y  Circnit  Taotai).  This  official 
is  charged  with  the  administration  of  tAvo,  or  more,  prefectures, 
independent  sub-prefectures  oi-  de]:)artments,  the  names  of  which- 
are  prefixed  to  his  title  (for  instance,  the  Shanghai  Taotai  is 
designated  f^  ^^  :JiC  !!  ^"^  ^""g^  Tai*  Tao^  Taotai  of  the 
prefectures  of  Soochow  Fu  and  Sung  Chiang  Fu  and  of  the 
sub-prefecture  of  T'ai  Ts'ang  Chili  Li  Chow,  the  Taotai  of 
Chef 00  is  styled  ^M^MM.  'J^'engi  Lai^  Ch'ing^  Chiaoi  Tao\ 
Taotai  of  the  prefectures  of  Tengchow  Fu,  Laichow  Fu,  and 
Ch'ingclio\>-  Fu  and  the  sub-jirefecture  of  Chiao  Chow  Chili  Li 
Chow,  etc).  At  ports  open  to  foreign  t^-ade  he  performs  diplomatic 
functions,  being  intermedlarv  in  all  intercourse  with  foreigners. 
With  very  few '  exceptions  (compare  Xos.  '833a  and  833c)  he 
is  also  the  Superintendent  of  Customs  (compare  No.  833) 

At  present  there  are  tlie  following  Taotais :  six  in  Chihli 
province,  three  in  Shantung  jirovince,  two  in  Sliansi  province, 
four  in  Honan  province,  four  in  Kiangsu  province,  tAvo  in  Anhui 
province,  two  in  Kiangsi  province,  three  in  Fukien  province, 
four  in  Cliekiang  province,  four  in  Hupeli  province,  three  in 
Hunan  province,  three  in  Sliensi  province,  six  in  Kansu  province, 
four  in  Szechwan  province,  six  in  Kuangtung  province,  four  in 
Kuangsi  province,  one  in  Kueichow  province,  four  in  Yunnan 
province  and  three  in  H.^inchiang  province.  Thus  there  are  68 
Taotais  for  China  proper  and,  witli  Manchuria  (there  are  1 1  Taotais 
here  ;  see  No.  816),  there  are  79  for  the  Empire  as  a  whole. 

844a.  The  jmsts  of  ^  g-,  ^  Cii^a^  Ma^  Tao%  Taotai  of 
the  Tea  and  Horse  Jtevenue,  and  t£  03  il  1''""'  "^^'i^""  T=^<j'' 
Taotai  of  Agi-icultural  Settlements,  ai-e  now  abolished. 

844 15.  The  "regulations  regarding  the  reform  of  the  official 
system  of  the  provinces'*  (article  No.  17  ;  sec  No.  819iJ)  call  for 

[     424     ]    ■ 


NT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

the   abolition   of   the  post  of  Taotiii  of  a  Circuit  (tJ^  -^  jg  Sliou'      844c 
Hsiin-    Tuo').      For   each    ]>r()\iiicc    tlieie    will    ])0    retained    the         to 
^  fig  j^   Ping'   Pei*  Tao*,  ^Military  Circuit  Taotais  (from  one  to       g^g 
three),    wliu    will    be   specially   charged   Avith    the   capturing    of 
criminals    and    the   moving   of   militarv    forces.      Simultaneously 
there   will  be  abolished  the  posts  of  ]^  ;:^  o]  K''i*  Ta^  Shih'  (sec 
Ko.   H26)    and   #  ;^:  f|^"   Ts'ang'  Ta*  Shih^  (.sw  Xo.  826)  which 
are  found  at  the  Taotai's  Office. 

H44c.  For  particulars  as  to  the  Otiice  of  a  Taotai  in 
Manchuria  src  No.  H16a. 

845.  3^  Jo;  Chill'  Tsao\  Superintendents  of  the  Imperial 
^[aiiul'acteiies- (at  Nanking,  Soochow  and  Hangchow);  appointed 
from  the  Manchu  members  of  the  Imperial  Household  ;  literary 
designation,  fA^  ^  Shang*  I',  n\  Wi  ^^«"'  Fu^  and  ;/c  11  M  ^a' 
Fu'  Fu').  Tliey  superintend  the  manufacture  and  despatch  of 
the  silk  textiles  and  other  leipiisites  for  the  use  of  the 
Court. 

H4.5A.  "MM  )\\l^'S^:k^  Tni  Pan^  Ch'uani  Tien' 
]*icn'  Wu'  Ta''  <  li'i'ii'.  Border  Commissioner  of  the  Provinces  (tf 
Szechwaii  and  Yiinnan  ;  subordinated  to  the  Governor-General 
of  S/cchwau  but  with  the  ])ri\ilego  of  direct  reports  to  the 
Kmporor.  This  official  superintends  the  military  and  civil  afiiiirs 
of  till  \V<-t('rii  portion  of  S/.echwan  and  the  section  of  Tibet 
adjacent  to  this  province  (compan;  No.  HlTj. 

//.  /.oral  Adtiiiiiist  ration  (  of  I  Prefectures,  St/b-prefertitres, 
Depurtmcnts  and  Districts )  : 

846.  I'.iirji  province,  as  regards  administrative  authority, 
is  di\  ide<l  into  a  niunber  (ten  to  a  pi'ovincc  <»ii  an  average)  of  ^ 
Fii^  Trefecturcs,  IJ^  ^  'j'H  Chih*  Ci*  Chou',  In(h'peiiilent 
Deparlm.  iits,  and  ]?i  ^  ^  Cliih'-'  l/i^  T'ing',  independent  Siili- 
prefectm-es.  There  i>  a  further  di\isioii  into  j\\  ('hoii'. 
Departments,      |g     'I'ing',     Siib-prefeeturcs,     and     f^      IMeii', 

District.s. 

[     4-'.'     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


347  Indej)eudent  Departnieiits  and  Independent  Sub-prefeetnres 

diiFer  from  ordinary  Deptirtments  and  Sub-prefectures  in  that, 
they  enjoy  a  government  independent  of  the  Prefect  (compare 
No.  848)  and  are  subjected  directly  to  the  Taotai  (compare  No. 
844)  and  other  officials  of  the  higher  pi'ovincial  administration. 

Prefectures  differ  from  Inde])endent  Departments  and 
Independent  Sub-prefectures  (the  numlber  of  the  latter,  as 
compared  with  that  of  prefectu]-es,  is  small)  in  that  they  are 
completely  organized  administrative  iniits  and  contain  within 
their  borders  a  niunber  of  departments,  sub-prefectures  and 
districts.  Independent  De])artments,-  by  their  form  of  govern- 
ment, approach  prefe(;tures  (in  the  majority  of  cases  they  have 
been  organized  from  ordinary  departments  which  ha\e  been 
removed  from  the  prefectural  authority)  in  that  they  may  include 
districts,  though  ordinary  departments  are  never  subordinated  to 
them. 

[ndependent  Sub-prefectures  represent  a  lower  form  of  local 
government  and  are  in  themselves  administrative  de])artments 
A\hich  have  been  made  independent  of  the  prefectural  government 
because  of  their  importance  or  territorial  magnitude. 

Tndei^endent  Departments  and  Sub-prefectures  represent 
intermediate  stages  in. the  transformation  of  ordinary  departments 
and  sub-prefectures  into  prefectures.  For  this  reason  they  are 
obsei-ved  to  be  most  mmierous  on  the  borders  of  the  Empii-e. 

The  whole  Empire  includes  214  Prefectures,  75  Independent 
Departments,  54  Independent  Sub-prefectures,  139  De{)artments, 
57  Sub-prefectures  and  1,381  Districts. 

847.  The  appointments  of  officials  heading  the  administra- 
tion of  Prefectures,  Departments  and  Sub-prefectures 
(independent  or  otheiAvise)  and  Districts,  as  well  as  of  Taotais 
(see  No.  844)  are  arranged,  in  dej)endence  on  their  im[)ortance 
and  \ohime  of  affiiirs,  into  foiu-  categories:  1.  M.  ^  Tsui^ 
Yao\    Most    Important,    2.      ^  ^    Yao'     Ch'iieh',    Important 

[     42G      J 


rKE.HKNT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION     OT    CHINA. 

;         -J-      4*  'ik    rlmns:^    Clriieh',     Medium,    and     4.      ^  ^     Ch.ieir       848 
C"h'ueli\    Ordinary.      They  are    pojuilarly  called  "  four-character,         tO 

I         three  character,  two.  character  and  one  character  posts,"  the  first       849 
Ijcing  distinguished    li\    having  tin-  four   characters  ^  ^  ^)^  fj^ 
Ch'iuig^  Fair  Pi^  Nan*,  "Frequented,  Troublesome,  Wearisome 
and  Difficult,"  attached  to  it,   the  second  has  any  three  of  these, 
the  third  has  any  two  and  the  fourth  has  any  one. 

*^^^-  ^11  M  Chih'  Fu",  Prefect;  4ij  ;  official  designation, 
^  Shou^  ;  e[)istola)-\  designation,  >{i^  ^  T'ai'  Shou'  or  j^  Q| 
T'ai*  Tsun'.  This  post  originated  in  the  Ilan  Dynasty.  The 
Prefect  styles  himself,  when  enumerating  his  titles,  jE  ^  Cheng'' 
T-ang^  or,  in  the  literary  style,  '^  ^  Huang^  T'ang^,  ^  ^  Wu^ 
Ma^  or  -  ^  ;5  Erh*  (;h'ien»  Tan'. 

In  ])rinciple  the  Prefect's  authority  extends  to  all  branches 
of  the  administration  of  his  })refecture  but  latterly  the  Government 
lias  endea^oured  to  remove  certain  sections  of  governmental 
activity  from  his  control,  for  instance,  police  and  judicial  atfiiiiT 
education,  etc.,  and  leave  to  him  merely  the  general  guidance  of 
the  administration. 

ill  the  \ery  early  days  the  I'rcfect  \\as  styled  ^J  ^  Chiin* 
Shou'  (als.)  gji  fl^  <  him-*  IV,  X  ti>  i^  '^^■'''  ^'li'"'  i''»%  '^"^^ 
'X  ^i  Ifi.  '^«i''  ^  ''iJ>'*  Hou^),  from  gjj  ("hiin%  Prefecture,  the  then 
aflministrative  unit  (during  the  time  of  ^  $^  ^-  ^fi  Lh'in-  She^ 
Huang*  Ti\V,.('.  221). 

The  Prefect  of  the  j))cf<(t  urc  in  which  the  proN  iiici.il  (Mpital 
is  situated  is  designated  ^  f(^  Shou^  Fu'. 

^•^'J.  \u\  %\\  T'ung''^  Chih'.  First  Class  Sub-pnfr.t  {.srr  No. 
848)  ;  JA  ;  colloquially  called,  ]^  }{.f  KiW  Vn\  and  J^  '0^  Krh^ 
Siiou';  epistolary  designation,  jij  j^  Ssu'  .Ma\  and  ^  }{>f  F<'n' 
Fu»;  literary  dcsignati*)!!.  ^'i  yil  ^'^ui*  Cl.Vng',  A  Jrt^  (5^ '1'=^' 
Krh'  Il(.u-,  and  X  ^  Yii  '^''^^^  '''•^:'"'  ''''i''':  dming  the  T';iMg 
l)_\nast\  called  ^  ^  Shao'  Vin''. 

(       '■-'-      ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAI,    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


840A  Being-  direct  assistants  of  the  Pi-efcct  iti  the  various  bi-anches 

of  the  prefectm-al  g-overnment,  [rJ  ^D  T'uug^  Chih^  are  divided, 
depending  on  thei)-  functions,  into  several  classes,  for  instance  : 
1.  Assistant  Prefects  <'ha]'ge.d  with  the  control  of  certani 
classes  of.  offenders  are  designated  ^  ^  Chi*  Pu^,  ^  Jf  Ho* 
P"^  m  ^  l'^'-'  Tao^  m  m  Tsnng^-  PuS  §  m  Tn^  Pu^  ^  ^ 
Yen2  PuS  ^  Jf  Chiin'  Fu\  and  )g  Jf  T.iang*  Pu';  2.  Assistant 
"^refects  with  military  jurisdiction  are  styled  ^  ^  ( li'ingH'^hun^ 
^  ^  Chim'  Liangs  M  ^  Ho*  OhiinS  and  Jf  ^  Li^  Shih*, 
3.  Assistant  Prefects  in  charge  of  naval  construction  are  called 
^  1^  Ch'uan*  Cheng'';  4.  Assistant  Prefects  in  charge  of  water 
commnnications  are  styled  jUj  ^  Ho*  Wn*,  ^  j'fij  Kuan^  Ho-, 
and  :^  ^1]  Shui^  Li*;  5.  Assistant  Prefects  having  control  over 
.the  coast  and  river  defences  are  designated  ff^  j?§  Chiang^  Fang*, 
^  I5§  Fen^  Fang*,  ^PJ[;  Hai^  Fang^  and  ^W  Ho*  Fang*; 
6.  Assistant  Prefects  with  jnrisdiction  over  the  poptilation  of 
turbulent  districts  and  savage  tribes  are  styled  ^  j^  Fu^  Mia*, 
it  ^  Fu'  I*,  Ji  ^  Li3  Yao*,  ^  -^  Li'  Miao*,  Jl  ^  Li'  FanS 

The  foregoing  qualifying  characters  are  prefixed  to  the  title 
IPJ  ^D  T'ung*  Chih^  for  instance,  J|  }§  fpj  ^D  Chi*  Fu'  T'ungS 
'   Chihi. 

For  particulars  as  to  Sub-prefects  in  charge  of  a  sub- 
prefectni-e,  whether  independent  or  othei'wise,  see  Nos.  852  and 
854. 

849a.  ii  f\j  T'nng^  P'an*,  Se(;ond  Class  Siib-prefect  (see 
No.  848  ;  compare  also  No.  849)  ;  6a  ;  colloquially  called,  ^  ^ 
San'  Fu';  epistolary  designation,  ^ij  ^  Pieh*  Chia* ;  literary 
designation,  jg  ^^  T'ung^  Shou',  ^  Ts'ui*,  |j5  f^  Chun*  Ts'ui*, 
:^  ^iTB  ^  Ta*  Tuan'  Tso',  or  ;^  ^  ^  Ta^  Tsan*  Chih*. 

As  is  the  case  with  pj  ^n  T'ung*  Chih^  (see  No.  849),  5§  ^jj 
T'ung^  P'an*  are  also  distinguished,  according  to  their  fiuictions, 
by  various  designations,   namely:  1.      ^  }g  Chi*  Pu',  2.      JJ  JpJ 

[     ^-2^     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Pu^  Ho^  3.  fi  !§  Pn^  TaoS  4.  M  M  '^^^^^S'  ^'<  •^-  ^  M  85a 
Yen^  Pu',  6.  ^  '^  riiMngi  Ch'in',  7.  3g  ^  h?  ;S_luh^  8. 
^  ^  FOn^  Fang-.  9.  7j\:  ^Ij  Shui^  Li%  10.  =^  J^'  7jt  ^Ij 
Tu'  LP  Shui^  Li^  11.  i^  jg  Kuan^  Lia.ig.',  12.  'i  )^  Tu^ 
Liang^  13.  ^  jf  Yen-  Ts'ao'^  14.  gtt  ^  ¥u'  Min",  15. 
^  ^  Fu^  IS  and  16.     i^'^  LP  Miao'^. 

For  paitioiilais  as  to  Second  Class  Sxib-prefects  administer- 
ing the  government  of  sul)-})refectures,  wlicther  independent,  or 
otherwise,  5^^  Nos.  852  and  854. 

850.  For  cavrving  on  the  prefectural  goverunient  there  are, 
in  a '  litiun  to  the  Prefect  (^lee  Xo.  848),  the  First  Class  Sub- 
l)refC"t  and  Second  Chiss  Sub-prefect  (sec  Nos.  849  and 
s49a),  the  following  officials:  1.  ^g  M  <  hing'  Li^  {sre 
No.  826);  8a;  (in  the  Metropolitan  Prefecture,  7b  ;  (see 
No.  794),  2.  ^  ^  Chao<  Mo^  (sec  No.  826)  ;  9ji,  3.  ^ 
j^  i^  K'u*  Ta*  Shih'  (see  No.  826)  ;  of  nnclassed  rank, 
'4.  ^11  ^  t'hih^  Shili'  (scr  No.  830a);  9a,  5.  M  :k  iM 
Ts'ang'  Ta'  Sliih^"  (sre  No.  826)  ;  of  nnclassed  rank,  6.  ^ 
Tilt  Ssu'  Yii*  (sec  No.  830a);  9h,  7.  ^^  Chiao"  Shou\ 
J*refectural  Director  of  Schools  ;  7a;  (literarv  designation,  |^'  ^ 
Ju^  Hsiieh-,  ^  >$C  Kuang'  ^Ven^  jr^  ^  Wei'  l^an^  ^^  j;|'  ^ 
Ta^  Wai'  Ifaii',  ^  fi^5  Ils.ieh-  Po^,  and  ;;^  filj  ^^.  IV  Cli'uan' 
Cliing'),  8.  ^IJI  a£^  11. mm'  Tao',  I*refe(;tural  Sub-Director  of 
Schools  (for  details  see  No.  857),  9.  ^^  ^  'u\  X  iM  ^'^'"^  ^^'o* 
Ssu'  Ta*  Sliil)-',  l*refeitural  Iteceiver  of  Duties  anil  Taxes  ;  9b, 
lO-  M-MulJEMi^  li.siian'  KV  Ssu'  Cheng'  IV  ShilP, 
Fxarniner  of  Taxe.s  ;  !>u,  11.  ^  |^  "p1  SlJ  >^^  f^t'  Hsuan'  K'a^ 
S^ii'  Fu'  T:i^  SliilP.  Deputy  JCxaminer  of  Taxes:  9b,  12. 
M  ^i  "f^  »-]  X  fjlf  Shiii*  K'o'  Fen'  Ssu'  Ta'  ShihS  Deputy 
Fxaminer  of  Taxe.<^,  nnclassed,  13.  ^  '^  'J<.  i^  Ven^  ('li'a'''  Ta* 
ShilP,  Tea  and  Salt  Fxaminer,  imclasiied,  11  \^\^  'X.  i'M  Kuan' 
Ta'  ShilP,  Custom.-.  ICxaminer,  uncla.sscil,  15.  ^\\\  \(\  f^f  Ho*  Po* 
So*,  Kivcr  Police  In.>,pccU.r  (cojlo<juially  called,  fpJJ||  Ho-  T'ing'), 

[    »-'y   J 


PRKSENT    DAY    POLlTICAf.    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


850a  imclassed,  16.  ,lp  ^  I'  Cli'cng^  Postmaster  (see  No.  754), 
imclassed,  17.  ^  '^  Clia^'Kuan^,  Sluicekeeper,  nnclassed, 
18.  ^  ^  Chieii'  Hsiao*,  Prefectural  Police  Inspector, 
unclassed,  19.  jg  fjf  (1ieng^  KV  (also  g  ^  "g-  I^  Hsueh^ 
Kuan';  i^M^^  'J^a*  Liang-^  Hsiang*,  and  ^^  ^  ^  Ta*  Kno* 
I^,  Prefectural  Physician :  9b,  and  20.  jE  f tj  Oheng*  Sim* 
(also  ^  ^  ^  'B'  Yin^  Yang==  Hsueh^  KnanS  and  ^^  ^  ftj  Ta* 
"Cliang^  Shu*),  Prefectural  Inspector  of  Petty  Professions  (or 
Himihle  Professions). 

Coming  into  the  category  of  followers  of  l-aimble  professions 
are  the  following:  1.  ^  pn  Suan*  ]Ming*,  Fortune-tellers, 
2.  tg  M  Hsiang*  Mien^  Physiognomists,  3.  ti  ^  Ts'c*  Tzu*, 
Chirographists,  4.  nlj  ^  Chan*  K'o*,  Divinei-s,  o.  10^,7]^ 
Hsiang*  Feng*  Shui^  (Jeomancers,  6.  M  ^1  Wu,^  Chi\ 
Jugglers,  7.  tLMMW  < '''iang*  Ilu^  Mai*  I',  Conjurers, 
8.  i^  ^  Hsi*  Tzu^  Actors,  9.  ^  ^  Mai*  PIsi*,  Jesters, 
10.  ^^  Mai*  Ch'nanl  Street  Wrestlers,  11.  '^^  Shuo' 
Shu',  Story-tellers,  12.  M  M  iU  W.  Yu'  Chiao^  Seng.'  Tao*, 
and  m^ftal  Yu''  Fant^'  Seng'  TaoS  Wandering  Buddhist 
and    Taoist    Priests,     13.      ^^    IV    P'o^,    Women    Dentists, 


14.      ^i 


W 


en'' 


I 


><r 


Mid 


wives. 


lo.      TEJ 


K'ai*    T'ou2, 


Beggar  Chiefs  and  16.  >^  -g  Liu*  Se*,  or  :^  ^  J  An'  Ch^i^  i.e. 
those  helonging  to  the  following  six  groups:  A.  il^;  ^  Ch'ui' 
Shou',  and  ]^  ^  Ku'  ('h'ui',  l^ipeis  and  Dnunmeis  (so-called 
M  ^  Ts'u'  Yueh*,  (hoarse  or  Noisy  :\Iusic),  B.  jf  ^  Ch'ing' 
Yin',  Flute  players  (so-called  im  ^  Hsi*  Yueli*,  Soft  or 
Melodious  :\rusic),  C.  ^^  P'ao*  Shou^,  Fire-cracker  Makers, 
D.     ^  jfig  Chang^  Li^  Managers  of  Cei'emonies,  1]. 


'l.t.,2 


Ch': 


TanS  Tea   B-earers,   F.      \^  ^  T'ai^  P'an^,  and    Jf.  ^   K'ang=^ 
Chiao*,  Chair-bearers. 

8oOa.  Although  the  "regulations  regarding  the  reform  of 
the  official  system  of  the  provinces,"  articles  Nos.  21  and  27 
(sfie    No.    819b),   ])rovide   that    the  Prefects  (see  No.   S4«)    he 

[     430      ] 


PKKSKXT     DAY     POLITICAL    OKG  AN'IZ  A  TIOX    OF    CHINA. 


suboi-dinated    to    the    Goveinor-General  or   Governor  (see   Nos.       851 
S20    to    821),    nevertheless,    in    addition,    they    are    to    receive         tO 
instructions  from   the    Lieutenant-Governor   (see   No,   825),    the      35^ 
Commissioner  o;E  Education  (see  No,  827),  tlie  Industrial  Taotai 
{see  No.  839),  and  the  Police  Taotai  {see  No,  840), 

As  regards  First  and  Second  Class  Sub -prefects  (sec  Nos. 
849  to  849a),  those  who  are  placed  in  independent  control  of  any 
district  (see  Nos.  852  and  854)  will  be  appointed  as  Department 
Magistrates  {see  No,  855)  and  District  Magistrates  {sec  No, 
856).  The  others,  acting  as  Sub-prefects  in  various  branches  of 
the  administration  {see  Nos.  849  to  849a),  will  remain  as  before, 
with  the  exception  that  their  designation  i§  ^]J  T'unjj;'  P'an^ 
{see  No,  849a),  will  become  fq]  ^D  T'ung*  Chihi  {see  No.  849). 

«51.  It  II  #1  ^n  Ji]  Ohih2  Li*  Choni  Qi^|]ji  CAxou\  ^Nlagis- 
trate  of  an  Independent  Department  (see  No.  846);  5a  ;  official 
designation,  ^  Mu^  >>H  ^  Choui  :\[u<  and  i^  #f  l^^  Ta^  Ohou^ 
Mu*;  epistolary  desig»^ation,  ^Ij  ^  Tz/u*  Shih^  When  design- 
ating himself  thr  Magistrate  uses  the  expression  j£  1^,  Cheng'' 
T'ang2. 

The  duties  and  authority  of  a  Magistrate  of  an  Indej)en(1cnt 
Department  are  siiriilar  to  those  of  a  Prefect  (compare  Nos.  846 
and  848). 

H')\.\.  Vov  the  administration  of  an  Iiidejiendent  Dc])art- 
ment,  in  addition  to  the  Magistrate  (see  No,  851),  there  are  the 
following:  1.  ^j'l  fti]  <'lioii'  T'ung^  First  Class  Assistant 
Department   Magistrate;  6b  (e])istolary  designation,   |jlj  ^il^  I'ieh"^ 

Shou'),  2.  j\]  ^^Ij  (Jhou'  P'an\  Second  Class  Assistant 
Department  Magistrate;  7n  (epistolary  designation,  'j'I'f  Jjlj  |S 
Choii'  I'ieir-'  ChiaV  and  ^^  Ts'an*  Ch.in'),  3.  5£  g  Li* 
Mu\  Departmental  I'oliito-master  and  .)ail  Warden;  9h  (literary 
designation,  ^  J}]  ®  Ta*  Kung'  Ts'ao',  and  ^  '}\\  '^  'Wi*  C"hou' 
Mu*),    4.      fiKjfcfJJb'    K'-'*   Ta*   Shih»  (see   No.    826);  unclasscd, 

[     A?A      ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    OP-GANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


852 


861b  5.  -^  ^^  ^  Ts'angi  Ta*  Sliih^  {see  No.  826);  imclassed, 
to  6.  J^  jE  Hsueh^  Cheiig%  Departmental  Director  of  Schools; 
8a,  7.  gjll  ^  Hsiin*  Tao*,  Departmental  Sub-director  of 
Schools;  8b  (for  details  sec  No.  857),  8.  ^  ?g^  (Jhien^  Hsiao* 
{see  No.  850),  imclassed,  9.  i|  ;/c  fi  Kuan^  Ta^  Shih'  {see 
No.  850),  imclassed,  10.  H  |3^  Tien^  K'o\  Departmental! 
Physician,  unclassed,  and  11.  ^ ''^^  Tien^  Shu*,  Departmental 
Inspector  of  Petty  Professions  (or  Humble  Professions), 
unclassed. 

851b.  The  "  reoulations  regarding-  the  reform  of  the 
official  system  in  the  provinces  "  (ai'ticles  Nos.  22  and  28  ;  see 
No.  819b)  rule  that  Magistrates  of  Independent  Departments 
{sec  No.  851),  although  subordinated  to  the  Governor-General 
or  Governor  {see  Nos.  820  and  821),  are  to  receive  instructions 
also  from  the  Lieutenant-Governor  (5^^  No.  825),  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Education  (5^^  No.  827),  the  Industrial  Taotai  {see  No. 
839),  and  the  Police  Taotai  {sec  No.  840),  compare  No.  850a. 

Conforming  to  the  regulations  mentioned  above,  the  officials 
carrying  on  the  administration  of  Independent  Departments  and 
Sub-prefectures,  Departments  and  Districts  {see  Nos.  851a,  853, 
855a  and  857)— the  so-called  ^  fC  Tso'  Erh*,  and  ^  ||  Tso^ 
Tsa^  {see  Nos.  858  and  858a) — are  later  to  be  done  away  with 
and  replaced  by  the  following  :  1.  ^  ^  ^-  Ching^  Wu^ 
•Change  Chief  of  Police  {see  No.  840a),  'I.'  ^^^^  Shih* 
Hsiieh^  Yuan^,  Inspector  of  Education,  3.  ^J  ^  ^  C'h'iian* 
Yeh*  Y'uan",  Industrial  Deputies  {see  No.  839a),  4.  ik  ^j^  j^ 
Tien^  Yu*  Yiian^,  Prison  Waideii  (compare  Nos.  766a  to  766 r.), 
and  5.      i  ff  ^  Chu'  C'hi'  Yiian",  Inspector  of  Pevenue. 

852.  1:  H  M  IsJ  ^D  <^'l'ili'  T-i'  T'ingi  T'lmg^  Chih',  First 
(Jlass  Sub-prefect  in  charge  of  an  Independent  sub-prefecture 
(properly  .Sub-prefect  :  sec  No.  849;  5a),  and  ]g  :|-^  j^.  jg  fj 
Chih^  Li^  T'ing^  T'ung^  P'anS  Second  Class  Sub-pietect  in  charge 
of  an  Independent  Sub-prefecture  (properly  Assistant  ISiib-pi-ofect ;. 

[     432     J 


PRESENT     DAY     POLITICAL    OIIGAXIZATIOX    OF    CHIXA. 


see    No.   849a  ;    6a).     Tlicse   officials  are  found  in  Independent.       853 
Siil)-prefectin"es    {see    No.    84())    and    have    similar  functions  to        ^o 
Prefects    {sec    No.    848)  and  Department  ^Magistrates   {see  No.       qkk 
851). 

853.  In  addition  to  the  Sub-prefect  {see  No.  852),  the 
administration  of  an  Independent  Sub-prefecture  is  carried  on  by 
officials  almost  similar  to  those  of  the  ])rofcctural  administration, 
namely:  1.  ^g  Jg  Chino-i  JA\  2.  ^^  (liao*  Mo^  3.  j^ 
i^  \^  Kmi^  Ta^  Shih%  4.  ^D  ^  ^'hih'  Shih^  5.  #:^  fi  Ts'ang^ 
Ta*  8hih\  G.  ^  i^  Ssui  Yii*,  7.  |^  ^  Chiao^  Shou%  8. 
Ill  ig  Hsun'  Tao\  y.  -J^  i^  (;hien^  HsiaoS  etc.  (for  details 
sec  No.  850). 

853a.  The  "regulations  regarding  the  reform  of  the 
official  system  in  the  provinces"  (articles  Nos.  23  and  28;  see 
No.  819i5)  call  for  the  later  reorganization  of  those  Independent 
Sub-prefectures  which  include  Districts  as  Independent 
Departments.  The  remainder  will  be  left  unchanged  administered 
by  the  \^  ^[J  T'ung-  (  liili'  (sec  No.  852),  who  will  be  subordinated 
to  the  Governors-General  or  '.Tovernors  (.9^^  Nos.  820  and  821  ; 
com]»are  Nos.  850a  and  851  n). 

For  ])articulars  as  t(»  the  f^  ^^  ^  Tso'  ('hih''  Yuan% 
Auxiliary  lianks,  which  will  be  found  in  the  personnel  of  the 
admini.stration  of  an  Independent  Sub-prefecture  see  No.  851 B, 

854.  At  the  head  of  Sub-prefectures  which  are  subject 
to  Prefectures  (the  so-called  [^  0g  Shu^*  T'ing',  or  }f^  j^  San* 
T'ing^  ;  sec  No.  846)  there  are  Assistant  Prefects  (compare  No. 
852),  i.e.  lijj  ).ll  T'lmg-  Cliih',  First  Class  Sub-prefect  (5a; 
sec  No.  849^,  and  Second  Class  Snb-j)rcfect  (6a  ;  sec  No. 
H49a). 

855.  At  the  head  <»f  Departments  subject  to  Prefectures 
(see  No  846)  there  are  (compare  No.  854)  ^^  *]{\  Chili'  Chou', 
Department  Magistrates  (also  ^  j\\  Shu'  <'hou',  an. I  /jj^  >].(•{  San^* 
Chou' ;  epistolai-y   dcsignati(»n,   'jilj  ^    T/'u'    Shih');   5i».      These 

[     4:JS     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


866b 


855a      are    under    the    authority  ,  of    the    Prefects    of    the    respective 
^0        Prefectures. 

855a.  For  carrying  on  the  govei-nment  of  a  Department 
there  are,  in  addition  to  the  Department  Magistrate  (see  No. 
855),  almost  similar  officials  as  for  an  Independent  Department 
{see  No.  851a),  namely  :  1.  ^]  [gj  Chou^  T'ung^ ;  6b,  2.  iffj  ^J 
Ohou^  P'an^;  7b,  3.  ^  §  Li*  Mu'*;  9b,  4.  ^  ]E  Hsueh" 
Cheng*;  8a,  5.  fH  ^  Hsun*  Tao* ;  8b,  6.  .;^  ;^  Chien' 
Hsiao*;  unclassed,  7.  1^  M  "^  :k  iM  Shui*  K'o*  Ssu^  Ta* 
Shih';  9b  (^^e  No.  850),  8.  ^.  ^  I*  Ch'eng^^;  unclassed  {see 
No.  850),  etc. 

855b.  For  particulars  as  to  the  i&  Ta  ^  "^^^^  Chih* 
Yuan',  Auxiliary  Panks,  which  will  be  found  in  the  departmental 
administration  see  No.  851b. 

856.  ^n  llf,  Chih^  Hsien*,  District  Magistrate;  7b  ; 
official  designation,  ^  Ling*,  ^  -^^  Hsien*  Ling*,  ;/»;  -^  Ta* 
Ling*,  and  -^  ^  Ling*  Yin',  (replacing  the  former  -^  ^  Ling* 
Chang');  epistolary  designation,  5/3  J^  Ming^  Fu',  ^  Lien', 
g,  ^  II  Tsai^  ic  g.  ^  Ta*  I^  Tsai',  g  g  I^  Tsun\  and  ^^  ^ 
Ta*  Yin' ;  styles  himself  j£  ^  Cheng*  T'ang',  when  enumerating 
his  titles. 

This  official  holds  office  under  a  Prefect  {see  No.  848)  or  an 
Independent  Department  {see  No.  851).  The  Magistrate  of  the 
District  in  which  the  provincial  capital  is  situated  receives  the 
title  of  "i'  j^  Shou'  Hsien*. 

856 A.  Conforming  to  the  "regulations  regarding  the 
reform  of  the  official  system  in  the '  provinces "  (article  No.  26; 
see  No.  819b),  the  rank  of  the  District  Magistrate  is  to  be 
raised  from  7  b  to  6  a  (it  will  thus  be  on  a  par  with  that  of  the 
two  District  Magistrates  of  a  Metropolitan  Prefecture  ;  compare 
No.  794a). 

856  b.  ^f^'^  Fu*  Mu'  Kuan>  (literally,  officials  who 
are  the  "father  and   mother").   Thus   are  commonly  styled   the 

[     434     J 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


^  Jii  M  ^^  "^  ^'^'O"'  Hsien^,  Prefects  and  Magistrates,  of  857 
the  Aaiiuus  classes  (colloquially  spoken  of  •  and  addressed  as 
;^  ^  ^  Ta^  Lao^  Yeh^),  who,  in  the  execution  of  the'iv  varied 
and  very  coni]jlicated  duties,  are  the  nearest  to  the  people  (they 
ai-e  in  direct  coninuniication  with  them).  The  same  officials  ai-e 
known  under  the  general  designation  of  ilfi  ^  "^  ^  i*  Fang' 
Kuftn',  ]^ocal  (Territorial)  Officials. 

857.  For  carrying  on  the  administration  of  a  District 
there  ai'e,  in  addition  to  the  District  Magistrate  (see  No.  856), 
the  following:  1.  ^  3s  Hsien''  Ch'eng-,  Assistant  District 
^lagistrate ;  8a  (collocjuially  called,  ^  ^  Tso'T'ang'^;  epistolary 
designation,  j^  ^  Ei'h'  Yin';  literary  designation,  ^  J^  Tsan* 
Fu3,  and  ^""^^  Ta'  Tsan^  llou^),  2.  ^^  Chu^  Pu^ 
Registrar  ;  Da  (epistolary  designation,  ^  ^  San'  Yin' ;  literary 
•designation,  (Ji  §  Cli'ou^  Hsiang'),  3.  i^  ^  Hsun"  Chien', 
Sub-district  Magistrate;  Uj5  (epistolary  designation,  ^  p]  Fen' 
Ssii',  a  Sul)-disti'ict  is  called  pj  Ssn';  sec  No.  857b,  ^  ^  Shao* 
Yin^  )(«i^Ii.  Ilsini^  Cheng^  T'ing\  'S.  p]  Hsiin^  Ssu',  and 
i:  o\  ^(«  Ta'  iSsu'  Hsiui^),  4.  iBi  ^  Tien^  iShih',  Jail  Warden 
(collo(juially  called,  f^  ^  Pu'  T'ing' ;  literary  designation,  ;:^  ^ 
Yu^  T'ang= ;  epistolary  designation,  ^J^  ^^  Shao^  Yii'*,  ^  fS* 
Shao<  Yin',  JM  M  I^i*^'"'  Pivs  ^  /ff  Shao*  Fu',  ~X  'J>  }^  "^^^ 
Shao*  Fu\  {r^ll>\  V  \i\\  and  'X  ^  l|!^  Ta'  Tsan^  Cheng*) ; 
unclassed,  5.  ^j^  |k  ('hiao*  Yii*,  District  Director  of  Schools; 
8a  (literary  designation,  ^^  I' ii*  Yii';  fruni  the  full  official 
ti'-J^  ^F^fXim  F»'  ^^^^'  Chiao*  Yii',  which  indicates  "the 
rest(jrat»  jii  of  the  office  after  its  temimrary  abolition  in  the  last 
century";  epistolary  designation,  p\  ^  ^hu'  Chiao*,  and  j£  |jf 
Cheng*  Chai'),  (5.  mi  ^  Usiin*  Tao*,  Sub-director  of  Schools; 
8b  (litiM-ary  designation,  ^  ,^i|  I'n'  llhiin',  Irom  the  full  official 
title!  t^  fiJC  pjll  ^  1'"'  ^fi^*  Ilsiui*  Tao*,  srr  above;  epistolary 
desigiiation,  ii]  j|||  Ssu'  Hsiin*,  and  g(j  ||[:  Fu'  (  hai'),  7.  J^  ;/!; 
IS^lVang'  Ta*  Shih'  (see  No.  826j;   unclassed,   8.      |.'i'i]  'g'    l^lm' 

[      185     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POI.ITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CUINA. 

857a      Kuan^    {s&e.    No.     850);     unclassed,     9.     -^1"     Ch'ia"    Kuan^ 

to         Keeper  of  a  Customs  Barrier;  unclassed,  10.      g|||  ?fj[  Hsiin*  KV, 

gKQ       District     Physician;     unclassed,    and    11.     p|  |f^     Hsiin^    Shu*, 

District  Inspector  of  Petty  Professions  (or  Humble  Professions). 

857a.  For  particulars  as  to  the  ^  '/§  ft  Tso'  Ohih*  Yiian^ 
Auxiliary  Ranks,  which  will  later  be  found  in  the  district 
administration,  see  No.  85 Ib. 

857b.  The  "regulations  regarding  the  reform  of  the 
official  system  in  the  provinces"  (article  No.  31  ;  see  No.  819b) 
define  that  all  Independent  Departments  and  Sub-prefectures,  as 
well  as  Departments  and  Districts,  be  later  divided  into  a  certain 
number  of  j^  Ch'ii^,  Divisions,  which  will  be  under  j^  ^  C'h'ii^ 
Kxian^,  Police  Captains  {see  No.  840a),  who  will  be  in  full 
control  of  all  police  affairs  in  their  respective  divisions. 
Simultaneously,  the  post  oi  )^i^  Hslin^  Chien^,'  Sub-district 
Magistrate  {see  No.  857)  will  be  abolished. 

858.  '^  It  Tso'^  Erh*,  Assistant  Magistrate:  of  Prefectures,. 
Departments  and  Districts;  literary  designation,  ^  -^  Ch'eng^ 
Ts'ui^ 

858a.      ^  II  Tso-^  Tsa^  Petty  Officials.      In  this  category  ^ 
come  Assistant  Magistrates,   Secretaries  to  the  Prefect,  etc.,  of 
the   eighth   rank,   Avho  are  styled  ^  Tso',  and  minor  officials,  of 
the  ninth  rank  and  of  unclassed  i-ank,  who  are  styled  ^  Tsa-. 

Later  the  ^  -^  Tso=^  Erh*  {see  No.  &58)  and  the  -g  |f 
Tso^  Tsa^  are  to  be  abolished,  being  replaced  by  i^  '/§  ft  Tso* 
Chih*  Yiian^,  Auxiliary  Ranks  (for  details  see  No.  851b). 

859.  To  the  number  of  government  establishments  common 
to  nearly  all  the  provinces,  and  performing  special  functions, 
there  may  be  added  the  folloAving :  1.  ?^  f#  j^  Yang^  Wu^ 
ChiiS  Office  of  Foreign  Affiiirs  (^  j^  ^  Chiao'  She-*  ChiT^  in 
Manchiu'ia ;  see  No.  806c),  charged  with  the  negotiation  of  all 
questions  concerning  foreigners  at  places  where  there  is  no 
special  official  for  this  purpose  (compare  No.  832),  2.      ^%  J^  ^. 

C     436     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

T'ung^  Cliiian'  Chii",  Office  for  the  Collection  of  Consolidated  860 
Duties  (under  ^  f^  T'-ung'  Cluian',  Consolidated  Duties,  is 
meant  the  simultaneous  collection  of  ^  ^  C/h'i^  Shui*,  Import 
Duty,  and  -^  ^  I^o''  Shui*,  Duty  at  the  Place  of  Sale — 
^  ^"  3e  tiE  Ch'i^  Lo^  Ping^  Cheng^),  3.  ^  \^  ^  Li'^  Chuan^ 
Chii'^  ,Likin  Station,  4.  '^^  ^  Kuan^  Pao*  Chu^  Government 
Newspaper  OtHce  (found  in  provinces  where  a  Government 
Newspaper  is  published,  for  instance,  at  Tientsin,  where  the 
4fc  ^  T/  ^  I*ei^  Yang--  Kuan'  Pao-*  is  published),  5.  1*  ^  ^ 
Kuan'  T'  Yiian^,  Public  Dispensary  (see  No.  517) ;  supplying 
free  medical  advice  and  having  a  ^|^  ^  ^  Niu'^  Tou*  Chii^ 
Vaccination  Office,  6.  ^M^  Chihi  Ying^  Chii',  Treasury ; 
for  the  issue  of  money  for  public  use,  7.  ^  ^  ^  Wei*  Sheng^ 
Chii^,  Sanitary  Office;  superintending  sanitary  conditions  of 
cities,  8.  X  5g  ^  Kungi  Ch'eng^  (Jhiis,  Building  Office; 
superintending  the  constniction  c'  pavements  and  roads,  the 
macadamizing  of  roads  and  their  maintenance  in  repair, 
^-  Is  ^  i^  Pien^  P  Chii*,  Book  Compilation  and  Translation 
Office ;  charged  with  the  translation  of  foreign  books  and  the 
compilation  of  Chinese  books,  10.  ^§  tC  ^  Yin'  Y^iian-  Chir, 
and  H^  x  ^  T'ung'  Yiian^  ('hii',  Mint;  formerly  minting  silver 
(^  Tt;  Yin'  Yiian')  and  copper  (||q|  tC  T'ung-  Yiian")  coins; 
now  being  gradually  replaced  by  the  j§  ^  ^  JfR  Tsao*  Pi^  Fen' 
Ch'ang'  (see  No.  551b),  11.  H  gg  ji  Ch'ou'  Chen*  Ch'u^ 
Relief  Committee  ;  established  at  those  places  where  the  people 
need  relief  because  of  natural  calamities,  and  12.  'if  ^  ^ 
Kuan'  Shu'  Chii',  Provincial  Goverinnent  Printing-Office ;  found 
in  the  majority  of  tlie  provinces. 

«^>^-  6CM^iii\L%(  ^^'en'  Miao*  Feng'  Ssu*  Kuan', 
Pi-iest  at  the  Temple  of  Confucius  (7a  to  8b;  compare  No.  572). 
Tills  official  supervises  the  sacrificial  attributes  and  maintains  the 
temple  in  good  condition.  The  "regulations  regarding  the 
refonn  of   the  official  system   in  the  provinces"  (article  No.  32; 

[     *^7     1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


86lA 


861       ^^^   ■^®*   819b)   call  for  the  appointment  of   this  official   to   all 
4.Q        prefectures,  sub-prefectures,  departments  and  districts  to  replace 
the  so-called  ^  §1  Chiao*  Chih^  H.e.  ^  j^  Chlao^  Shou^  ^  j£ 
Hsiieh^  Cheng*,  |x:  |^   Chiao*  Yii*,  and  ||J  ^   Hsiin*  Tao'^;  5^^ 
Nos.  850,  85lA,  853,  855a  and  857). 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  "NATIVE"  DISTRICTS. 

861.  ± 'g*  T'u=^  Kuan',  Administrators  of  "Native" 
Districts. 

The  sections  of  the  provinces  of  Kuangsi,  Kueichow,. 
Yunnan  and  Szechwan  which  are  inhabited  exclusively  by  the 
pa  ^  Miao^  Tzu^,  and  other  aboriginal  tribes,  are,  in  some 
cases,  organized  into  prefectures,  departments  or  districts  ruled 
by  hereditary  Prefect^,  Department  Magistrates  or  District 
Magistrates,  Avho  bear  the  ordinary  Chinese  official  titles  with 
the  character  ;f;  T'u',  prefixed,  for  instance,  i  jjvf  T'u*  Fu% 
±  ji>\  T'u^  Chou\  and  i:  ^  T'u^  Hsien^ 

The  process  of  changing  the  status  of  a  tribe,  i.e.  introducing 
the  ordinary  system  of  government  in  place  of  the  direct 
government  by  an  hereditary  chieftain,  is  denoted  by  the  phrase 
^±mm  Kai^  T'u^  Wei^  Liu^  (or  ^±Mm  Kai^  T'u^ 
Kuei'  Liu^). 

86lA.  -t  fj  T'u='  SsuS  The  Native  Tribes;  and  their 
Chieftains.  This  is  the  designation  applied  to  the  pg  ^  Miao^ 
Tzu',  of  Kuangsi,  Kueichow  and  Szechwan,  to  the  ^  ^|C#  I^ 
Lo^  Lo^,  of  Szechwan  and  Yunnan,  and  to  the  Shans  occupying 
the  Southern  and  Western  parts  of  Yunnan.  The  last-named 
are  the  descendants  of  the  people  of  j^  ^  Yiieh"*  Shang*,  and 
are  styled  in  Chinese  literature  ^  f^  Lao'*  Chua\  The  Shans 
of  the  borderland  of  Yunnan  and  Burmah  style  themselves,  and 
are  commonly  known  as,  |^  ^  Pai'  I^. 

[     438     ] 


863 


I'KESENT    DAY     POLITICAL,    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

The  chieftains  of  the  above-mentioned  and  other  tribes  are  862 
invested  with  rank?  of  different  grades,  as  ^hown  in  the  following  ^q 
schedule:  1.  m.  M  i^  m  Hsiian^  Wei^  Shih='  Ssii^  3b, 
MW^,\^m  Hsiian^  Fu^  Shih^  Ssn^ ;  4r,  3.  tEMi^^ 
Chao'  'i\io*  Shih^  8su^;  oB,  4.  ^  ^E  f ^  ^  An''  ¥u'  Sliih' 
Ssu^;  OB,  5.  fg]  ^  T'ung-  Chih';  with  rank  varying  from  3b  to 
6a.  0.  glj  (^  V\i^  Shih^;  with  rank  varying  from  4b  to  6b,  and 
7.      ;^  y   ('li'ien'  Shih^;  with  rank  varying  from  4a  to  7a. 

Another  type  of  tribal,  government  show^s  the  following 
ranks:  1.  ^  J^  Ch'ien^  Hu^  (chieftain  of  one  thousand;  oa), 
-•  fill  ^  ^  ^"^^*  Ch'ien^  Hu^  (assi^tant  chieftain  of  one 
thousand  :  OB),  3.  HP  ^^^^  H^^  (centurion  ;  6  a), -4.  ;^  'g'  p] 
^  ^  Chang'  Kuan^  Ssu'  ("hang*  Kuan\;  6a,  o.  g|J  ^  'g  Fu* 
Chang-  Kuan';  7a.  and  6.  ;^  '^  p]  |li  @  Chang^  Kuan'  Ssu' 
Tii^  Mu^:  uuclassed. 

EASTERN  TURKESTAN 

862.  The  province  of  ^  ^  Ilsin'  Chiang'  (full  designa- 
tion, -^  M  WW^  ^''^'  Su<  Hsin'  Chiang'  Sheng'),  New 
Dominion  of  Kansu  (see  Nos.  819  to  819a  ;  also  called  Eastern 
or  T'liiiicse  Turkestan),  formerly  called  ^  JtnJ;  Plsi'  Yii*,  Western 
Border,  was  formed  in  1884  from  the  territory  situated  on  the 
two  slopes  of  the  T'ien  Shan  (^  jU  M  4t  W]  '^  'J^'ien'  Shan' 
Nan*  Pei'  Liang'  Lu'')  and  is  governed  on  lines  similar  to  those 
of  the  remaining  IH  provinces  of  China  j)ro})(M-,  and  those  of 
Manchuria,  in  that  the  administrative  head  is  the  Governor  (see 
No.  821  a).  Sonu!  peculiarities,  however,  exist  in  its  governmental 
.s\stcni,  which  are  exj)laincd  by  its  ])Opulation  by  Ttu-kish, 
Mongolian  and   Manchurian  races  (see  Nos.  863  to  865). 

XI',:',.  'llic  Mussuhnan  population  of  Hsinchiang  (in  Chinese;, 
[g]  jvj;  IIm,'  Mil,-;  :ilso  |l^  yXi  b'l  [»\  Cli'Jin'  T'ou'  llui'  llui-, 
Twrl)an-woaniiL'-    Mus<idiiHii;    i-    ruled    by    its  generic  chieftains,, 

[      «:5'.>     ] 


PKE8ENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


868a  the  so-called  Begs  (in  Chinese  f|§  "^  Po'  K'o*),  who  are  graded 
%0  according  to  their  importance  in  six  classes  :  1. '  M  ^  ^  f^  ^ 
gg4  A*  Ch'i'  Mu'*  Po^  K'o'',  Ak'im  Beg;  Local  Governor,  2. 
P  if-  ^  i^^  1^  Shih^  Han^  Po^  K'o^  Ishhan  Beg ;  Assistant 
Governor,  3.  ^  i^  %  Shang^  "  Po^'  K'o*,  Shang  Beg ; 
Collector  of  Kevenues,  4.  Pi  ^  ^^  ^  i^  ^  Ka^  Tsa^  Na*^ 
Ch'i^  Po^  K'o*,  Katsonatch'i  Beg  (as  above),  5.  P^J^fj^;^  Ha^ 
Tzv}  Po2  K'o*,  Hatsze  Beg  ;  Judge,  and  6.  ^  M  M  i1^  %  ^^i^ 
La^  Pu*  Po''  K'o"*,  Mirabu  Beg ;  iSuperintendent  of  Agriculture. 

The  Mussuliiian  tribes  in  the  departments  of  Hami  (H^  ^ 
j^  Ha^  Mi*  T'ingS  Hamul)  and  T'urfan  (PJ:  %  ^  ^T'u^  Lu' 
Fan^  T'ingS  or  ^  §g  jf^  Kuang^  An^  Ch'eng^,  Kunia-T'hrfan) 
have  a  type  of  administration  approaching  the  Mongolian,  i.e. 
they  are  arranged  in  Princedoms  (Banners)  ruled  by  generic 
chieftains — Dzassaks — who  often  receive  Princely  titles  (3£ 
Wang=,  ^  Wl  Pei^  LeS  etc.). 

863a.  The  Kirghis  (B^  gi  ^  Ha^  Sa^  KV),  nomadizing 
in  the  T'arbagatai  region,  and  under  the  control  of  the  local 
Amban,  {see  No.  867),  are  ruled  by  their  generic  chieftains, 
"f-p  ^  Ch'ieni  Hu*  Chang',  Chiefs  of  One  Thousand,  and 
W  ^  ;^  Po^'  Hu*  Chang^  Centui-ions  (compare  No.  $7 7a). 
There  are  no  bearers  of  Princely  titles  (Sultan  ;  2  Wang^) 
amongst  them ;  the  only  title  found  is  that  of  ^  /|i(  -^  ^ 
Hsieu^  San'  T'ai^  Chi^,  Daidji  with  no  definite  rank  (see  No. 
«73>. 

864.  The  Mongolian,  or  properly,  Oelot  (in  C'hinese 
tl  ^  jHf  %  I^u^  T'e*;,  tribes  of  the  old  Tourgouth  (in  Chinese 
■k±M  E  Ji#  Chiu'  T'u'  Erh'  Hu*  T'e")  ana  Khoshoit  (in 
Chinese  |D  5i|  ^  Ho*  Sho*  T'6*)  divisions,  residing  in  the  Hi 
district  (in  the  valleys  of  the  Yuldoos,  K'obuk  and  K'ur-K'ara- 
usu  rivers,  and  about  Kuldja),  are  divided,  as  are  all  Mongols, 
into  Khoshuns  under  generic  Prince-chieftains,  and  form  two 
leagues  :  1 .     Unen-Sutzukt'u  (in  Chinese  ,%^!§MM^M"^ 

[     440     ] 


PKKSIONT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA.   - 

Wu>  Na^  En^  Su^  Chu^  K'o*  T'u^  Meng=),  of   10   Khoshuns,  and       866 
2.     Pafu-Set'khilt'u    (in    Chinese    Ei^fe^-^fjIiM        to 
Pa»T'u'  Se*  T'6^  Ch'i»   Le*  T'u2  Meng'),  of  three  Khoshuns.      ggg 
They  are  under  the  control   of  the   Military   Governor  of  Hi  {see 
Ko.  866). 

865.  ^  ^  :K^  Ling-3  Tui*  Ta<  Ch'en^  Commandant  of 
the  Forces.  Thus  are  styled  the  officials  at  the  head  of  the 
military  colonists,  found  in  the  Hi  and  T'arbagatai  regions,  drawn 
from  the  ^  f{^  Si^  Be^,  Mongols,  from  the  neighbourhood  of 
of  Jehol,  ^  -^  So'  Lun',  Manchus,  from  the  region  of  the 
Amui*,  Ch'akhars,  and  Oeliits.  There  are  four  in  the  Hi  region 
and  one  for  the  Tarbagatai  region. 

866.  p  ^  ^  ^  I'  Li=  Chiang^  Chiin',  The  Tartar 
General  and  Military  Governor  of  Hi  (see  No.  744c),  residing 
at  ^  ^  Sui'  Ting*,  Suitun.  He  is  in  command  of  the  military 
forces  of  Hsinchiang  province  in  general  and,  to  some  extent,  is 
the  head  of  the  Manchu  Garrison  and  the  two  Mongolian  leagues 
{sec  No.  864).  The  first  official  of  .this  category  was  appointed 
in  1764. 

867.  As  assistants  to  the  Military  Governor  of  Hi  (see  No. 
866),  for  military  affairs,  there  are  two  glj  ^  ^  Vu^  Tu^  T'ung', 
Brigade-Generals  or  Assistant  Military  Governors,  (see  No. 
745b),  residing,  respectively,  at  Kuldja  and  Ch'ukuch'ak  (in 
"^'hiiK'sc  j^  ^^  Ta'  Ch'cng*).  His  assistants  for  civil  affairs  are 
two  ^^i^^  Ts'an'  Tsan*  .'IV  C'h'en',  Councillors,  or  Ambans, 
re."<iding,  respectively,  at  Kuldja  and  Ch'ukuch'ak.  To  the 
lattfr  there  is  given  a  great  amount  of  independence  in  the 
government  of  the  T'arbagatai  region. 

THH  Dr.PHNDFNCIRS  OF  THE    RMPIRK. 

86K.      Inchided  in   the   Dependencies  of  ('hitia  governed  on 
peculiar  lin»'s — with  a  govornment  differing  from  tiint  of  the   19 

[     *n     ] 


I'KESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


869      provinces  of  China  proper,  and  the  provinces  of  Manchuria — are  : 
to         I-      ^    'S    Meng'    Ku^    Mongolia,    2.      ^    ^    Ch'ingi    Hai% 
870a     K'uk'unor,  and  ^  ^  Hsi^  Tsang*,  Tibet. 

The  Gentral  Government  Establishment  invested  with  the 
superintendency  over  the  Dependencies  is  the  Ministry  of 
Dependencies  at  Peking  (see  No.  491a  ;  formerly  the  Court  of 
Colonial  Affairs,  see  No.  491). 

A'.     Mongolia : 

^69.  ^  "^  Meng'  Ku^  Mongolia  {see  No.  868)  is  divided 
into:  1.  ^\  M  '^  ^ai*  Meng'  Ku',  Outer,  or  Northern, 
Mongolia,  and  2.  ^  ^  '^  Nei*  Meng^  KuV  Inner,  or 
Southern,  Mongolia. 

869a.  Outer,  or  Northern,  Mongolia(see  No.  869)  comprise^: 
1.  Khalkha  (in  Chinese  Bg  H  1^  K'a^  Erh^  K'a^),  2.  The 
region  of  K'obdo  (in  Chinese  fJ[  :^  ^  K'o^  Pu*  To^),  3.  The 
region  of  Altai  (in  Chinese  PPI  if  ^  ^'  ^rh^  T'ai^  and  4. 
The  territory  of  T'annu-Urianghai  (in  Chinese  M^  ^'^M 
T'ang2  Nu^  Wu^  Liang^  Hai'). 

870.  The  Khalkhas  {see  No.  86f)A)  consist  of  four  ^[5 
Pu%  Tribes  (Mongolian,  Aimak)  (formerly  administrative  units): 
1.  The  T'ushet'ix-Khanate  (in  Chinese  ±  1^  H  vf  ^15  T'u' 
Hsieh^  T'u^  Han*   Pu'),   2.     The   Tsetsen-Khanate    (in   Chinese 

M  £  '^*  oB  ^-^^  ^'^^'*^""'  H^"'  P"')'  ^-  ^^®  Saln-noln  (in 
Chinese  ^  ^-  l§  ®  |{B  Bal*  Yin^  No*  Yen^  Pu^),  and  4.  The 
Dzassakt'u-Khanate  (in  Chinese  %  ^  '^  M  f^  oH  *^^'i^'  ^^^ 
K'o^  T'u2:Han*  IV). 

870a.  Aimak  is  the  old  Mongolian  designation  of  a 
Princely  appanage — grou])  of  Banners  forming  the  inheritance  of 
one  Banner  line.  Thus  the  Aimak  is  a  consolidation  of  a  number 
of  Banners,  bound  together  by  ties  of  race,  past  history  and  the 
former  dominion  of  a  common  Prince  (ruler),  an  ancestor 
of  its  present  ruling  Princes. 

[     442     ] 


TKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


During  the  lapse  of  time  the  Aimaks  have  been  divided  into       SVl 
independent  Banners,  but  the  ties  of  relationship  have  never  been        ^q 
forgotten  and  the  eldest  Prince  is  still  considered   as  the  chief  of       070 
his  respective  Aimak. 

After  the  submission  of  Mongolia  to  the  Manchu  Dynasty 
now  reigning  in  China  the  significance  of  Aimaks  and  their 
rulers  declined.  The  Aimaks  of  Khalkha,  as  administrative 
units,  are  replaced  by  the  Leagues  {see  No.  872)  and  the  power 
of  the  Khaus  {see  No.  873)  by  the  authority  of  the  Captains- 
General  of  the  Leagues  {see  No.  872).  Throughout  the 
remainder  of  Mongolia  the  appurtenance  of  various  Banners  to 
one  Aimak  is  shown  by  their  common  designation. 

871.  Each  Aimak,  for  military  piuposes,  is  a  division, 
composed  of  |^  Ch'i',  Khoshun,  or  Banners,  .which  are  divided 
into  f^  ^  Tso^  Ling^  Sumung,  or  Squadrons,  of  150  horsemen 
each.  Six  Squadrons  form  one  ^  10\  ('hia^  La^  Tsalang,  or 
Regiment  (compare  No.  874). 

871a.  In  the  Khalkhas  there  are  86  Khoshun  (Banners), 
i.e.  20  in  the  T'usUet'u-Khanate  Aimak,  23  in  the  Tsetsen- 
Khanate,  24  in  the  Sain-noin  and  19  in  the  Dzassakt'u,  supplying 
169  Sriuadrons  {see  No.  871). 

872.  The  general  administration  of  Mongolia,  and  the 
dispensing  of  justice,  ai)pertains,  as  will  be  described  below 
(Nos.  879  to  880),  to  specially  appointed  Chinese  officials.  hi 
Khalkha  these  officials  are  invested,  also,  with  a  peculiar  supreme 
autlioiity. 

As  regards  local  government,  this  is  carried  on  by  the 
Monf'ols  themselves  with  almost  no  interference  Trom  the  Chinese 
higlior  authorities. 

The  hio-hcr  indicial-adniinistrativo  institution  of  the  Aimak 
(sec  No.  870;  '^  i%  -^  A\*  Ma"  K'o*)  is  the  Sfl  Meng»,  League 
(Mongolian,  Chogolgan),  which  irieets  once  in  three  years,  and 
ii    Httendcd    by    all    the    Prince-rulers   of  tin-    Banners    {see    No. 

[     4t:'.    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


872a  873),  for  the  discussion  of  :  1.  Judicial  affairs  in  wliicli 
members  of  the  various  Banners  are  imphcated,  2.  Affairs  of 
economy  affecting  tlie  Ainiak  aS  a  whole,  3.  Administrative 
questions  concerning  the  Aimak  as  a  whole,  and  4.  Questions 
relating  to  the  taking  of  the  census. 

The  Chinese  officials  do  not  interfere  with  the  deliberations 
of  the  League. 

At  the  head  of  a  League  there  is  a  ^  ^  Meng'^  Chang', 
T^eague  Captain-General  (^Mongolian,  Chogolganu  Tarnga ;  at 
the  same  time  Commander  of  a  Division).  He  is  assisted  by  a 
glj  ^  ^  Fu^  Aleng"  C'hang',  League  Deputy  Captain-General 
Orongolian,  Ted  Chogolganu  Tarnga). 

/  Formerly  the  Captain-CTieneral  of  a  League  was  the  Khan 
of  the  Aimak  ;  the  ^Nlanchus,  after  their  conquest,  made  this  post 
elective.  At  the  present  time  the  League  Captain-General  is 
elected  from  the  ranks  of  Pi-ince-rulers  of  the  Banners  of  the 
respective  Aimak  and  must  be  ajiproved  by  the  Emperor. 

As  Commander  of  a  Division  the  League  (yaptain-General 
has  as  his  assistant,  for  military  affairs,  one  gl]  J}f  ^  Fu^  Chiang^ 
Chiiii\  Assistant  Commander  of  a  Division  (Mongolian, 
T'usalakch'ih  ('hiang  Chiin),  to  whom  there  is  attached  a  Hopei 
Amban,  Adviser.  The  two  last-mentionod  posts  are  elective 
(membei-s  of  the  League  being  eligible)  and  subject  to  Imperial 
approval.  The  Chinese  authorities  often  exert  strong  pressure 
to  ensure  the  election  of  this,  or  that,  pei-son. 

872a.  The  first  Khalkha  Division  (the  T'ushet'u-Khanatc 
Aimak  ;  src  No.  870)  is  styled  Ilan-ula  (in  Chinese  f(^  M  M  ^ 
Ilan'*  A*  I^iin^  JVfeng^),  fi-om  the  name  of  the  mountain,  near 
Urga,  where  the  Prince-rulers  of  this  Division  meet. 

The  second  Khalkha  Division  (the  Tsetscn-Khanate  Aimak) 
is  styled  Kerulen-bars-hoto  (in  (Chinese  ^  #  f{^  G  M  f D  ^E  .§1 
K'o*  Lu'  Lun2  Pa^  Erh^  Ho'  T'un^  Mcng^),  from  the  name  of  the 
place  where  its  Prince-rnlers  meet. 

[     -t44      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

The  third  Klialkha  Division  (the  Siiiu-noin  Aimak)  is  called       873 
Ts'ets'erlikh  (in  Chinese    ^  ^  I?  M  1^  ^   ^'l''i'  ^^^^'i'  J'-i'l''  Li^        tO 
K'o*  Meng'),  from  the  meeting  place  of   the  Prince-nders  of  this      070. 
division. 

The  fonrth  Khalkha  Division  (the  Dzassakt'n  Aimak)  is 
designated  Tsak-gol  (in  Chinese  ^l  ^  i^>  gl]  ^  fc  C'lia'  K'o* 
Pi*  La^  Se^  Ch'in'),  or  Pindnriya-nor  (in  Chinese  H  ^^  M  ?| 
^  TjII  SI  Pi'  Tui  Li^  Ya'  No^  Erh^  Meng'),  from  the  name  of  a 
tributar\-  river  of  the  Paidarik,  where  the  Prince-nders  of  this 
division  gather. 

S73.  tL  il  "^  <-'hai  Sa^  K'o*,  Dznssak,  or  Chieftain  (in 
Chinese  J^  ^  Cli'i"  Chang^).  This  official  is  at  the  head- 
of  a  Banner  (sec  No.  871)  and  must  l)e  api^roved  hy  the 
Emperor. 

The  Dzassak  arc  arranged  in  the  following  hereditary  ranks: 
1-  ^i\^^^^  Ho'  iShc"  Ch'in'  Wang^  Prince  of  the  First 
Degree,  2.  ^  M  1?1>  I  To'  Lo*  Chi  in*  Wang^,  Prince  of  the 
Second  Degive,  3.  ^  M  H  f  J  To'  Lo^  Pei'  LeS  Prince  of 
the  Third  Degree,  4.  \^  l[\  R  ^  Ku'  Shan^  Pei'  Tzu^  Prince 
of  the  Fourth  Degree,  o.  ^  /£  |^  ^  ^^  Frng«  ]W  Chen^ 
Kuo'''  Kung',  Prince  of  the  Fifth  Degree  (Mongolian,  Ulusnng 
T'ushe  Kung),  G.  ^  /^.  "1  [^  ^  Fcng^  En^  Fu^  Kno-  Kung', 
Prince  of  the  Sixth  Degree  (Mongolian,  Ulus-t'in-  T'ussalakh- 
ch'ih  Kung),  and  7.  -^  '§  T'ai^  Chi^  Daidji  (Iloreditary 
Nohle),  There  are  four  classes    (^    Ti'-ng')  tf  the   last    rank 

hut    the   first   alone   carries    with    it    cligihility     for    election    a- 
Commandant,  or  Chief,  of  a  Banner. 

Ill  aildition  to  the  titles  mentioned  there  is  that  of  j^  Han', 
Khan,  held  hy  descendants  of  the  Khans  of  the  four  Aimiiks  {see 
No.  870;,  wliich  is  hio-lwr  rvru  than  tli;it  of  f;^  ^  (  liMii'  Waiig'^ 
(srr  al>OVe). 

H7.'5v.  '^  ^  Tsai'  Sang',  Tsaisang,  (the  Mongolian  \M)id 
ineatis  "  a  stock  '*;  "  chief  of  a  generation.")      Thi>   title  rt'places 

[     nr.    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


873b     that  of    -^  ^   T'ai^   Chi^  (sec   No,   873)   in  distinguisliing  the 
to         Hereditary  Nohles  of  the  Oelot  tribes. 

QiMA  873b.      ^  ^  No''   i'^en^,  Noyen,  or  ISoin;   Kuling  Piiiice. 

This  is  an  old  Mongolian  Princely  title  and  was  heretofore  in  use 
for  speaking  of,  or  addressing,  Princes. 

873c.  ^^iM  T'a^  l"*"'  Nang-,  Tabnnang  (the  Mongolian 
^vord  means  "  hnsbaud  of  an  Imperial,  or  Koyal,  Princess.") 
This  title  corresponds  to  the  Chinese  ^,  |f^  E\¥u*  (sec  No.  15). 
8731).  ^  M  ^  Ta^  l^i'li^  l^:i"^  Tarkhan  (the  :Mongolian 
word  means  "  master.")  This  is  an  old  iNIongolian  title  which  is 
a})pended  to  the  name  of  Pi-inces  who  hav(^  distinguished  them- 
sehes  in  .some  Avay.  It  lias  })een  left  by  the  ^lanchn  Dynasty 
uncharged  and  (-onferred  as  a  hereditar)'  title  on  certain  l-*rinces 
(for  instance  on  one  of  the  Khorch'in  Princes).  It  carries  with  it 
an  increased  allowance  as  compared  with  the  other  Princes. 

873E.  -^  jf  I'f]  ^  ^  (^h'ien==  Ch'ingi  Men'  Hsing^  Tsou^ 
Attache  to  the  Palace  Gate,  f£  J^-  f^  Ch'ien^  Ch^ingi  Men2 
(compare  N OS.  99  and  ]04c):  a  title  bestowed  on  ]M(mgoliaii 
Princes. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  ^p  "gy  ^7  ^  Yii*  Ch'ien'  Hsing- 
Tsou^,  sec  No.  101a. 

874.  I'he  Chieftain  of  a  Banner  (Dzassak;  sec  No.  873)  is  the 
absohite  master  of  all  its  aftairs.  He  may  present  to  the  Gegens 
(Living  Buddahs)  persons  belonging  to  him  or  he  may  gi\  e  them 
as  part  of  his  daughters'  Avedding  j)0)'tions.  He  examines  into 
all  laAvsuits,  allots  duties,  etc. 

The  system  of  inheritance  of  the  post  of  Dzassak,  thanks  to 
Avhich  men  of  no  capacity  have  been,  and  are,  appointed  as  Banner 
Chieftains  as  well  as  the  multitude  and  complexity  of  Banner  aftairs, 
liave  called  into  existence  the  Bannei-  posts  of  :  1 .  Wt  ^ '^  "^ 
Hsieh^  Li^  T'ai^  Chi^,  Administrator  (Mongolian,  T'ussalakch'ih- 
Taidji),  assistant  to  the  Dzassak  in  the  administration  of  the 
affairs  of  his  Banner,  and  2.      ^MM^  Kuan'  Ch'i'"^  Ohang^ 

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I'KKSENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION     OF    CHINA. 

Ching*,  Adjutant  (Mongolian,  Tzahurukch'ih-Changguin).  As 
practice  shows,  practically  the  whole  of  the  management  of  the 
a&irs  of  the  Banners  falls  on  the  shoulders  of  these  assistants, 
owing  to  the  incapacity  of  the  Dzassak  or  because  of  his  absence, 
either  at  Peking  (on  duty)  or  at  meetings  of  the  League. 

As  a  general  rule  all  questions  discussed  at  a  League 
meeting  are  i-eported  direct  to  the  Administrator  (it  may  be 
mentioned  here  that  this  post  and  that  of  Adjutant  are  not 
hereditary  ;  appointment  to  them  is  dependent  on  the  will  of  the 
Banner  Chieftain).  For  this  reason  his  post  is  practically  that  of 
the  first  importance  in  the  Banner. 

The  Adjutant  plays  a  secondary  role  to  the  Administrator. 
He  reviews  the  forces  of  the  Banner  to  which  he  is  attached, 
auperintends  education,  arranges  that  the- horses  and  arms  are  in 
order,  appoints  men  for  various  services,  etc. 

To  the  Adjutant  of  a  Banner  Chieftain  there  are  attached 
one  (two  when  there  are  more  than  10  squadrons  to  the  Banner  ; 
tee  No.  871)  If  J^C  3l!  ^  ^  I^^an^  Ch'i^  Fu^  Chang^  Ching', 
Deputy  Adjutant  (Mongolian,  Meirenu  Changguing). 

In  command  of  a  regiment  (Tsa-lang ;  see  No.  871)  there  is 
a  ^  ^  Ts'an'  Ling^  Colonel  (Mongolian,  Tsalangu  Changguing. 
A  squadron  (Sumung;  sec  No.  871)  is  commanded  by  a 
fe  ^  "^""^  ^-^'"f?N  Lieutenant-Colonel  (Mongolian,  Sumungu 
Changguingj,  to  whom  there  are  subordinated  tour  J^  |^  ^ 
Hsiao'  Ch'i'  Hsiao'',  Subalterns  (Mongolian,  Huntui  or  Kuntui), 
and  six  ^  fjl-  Ling'  Ts'ui',  Sergeants  (Mongolian,  Hukekch'ih, 
Poshk'o  ;  Mancliu,  Poshok'u). 

Under  the  command  of  a  -ft  ®  l'^"^  I-i>>g*  there  are  six 
^\%  Ling'  Ts'ui',  50  jl^  ^  Ma»  Chia*,  Cavalrymen,  and  100 
I^  HjC   'Isien'  San',  Miscellaneous  (compare  No.  871). 

In    tiun-    (;f    peace   the  officials  of  the  niiiitary  organization 
•frform,   as  a   rule,  police-administrative  duties,  being  occupied 

[      447      1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

875       with   the   collection   of   revenues,    apprehension  of  criminals  and 
deserters,  etc. 

Appointment  to  the  Banner  posts  above-mentioned  is  not 
dependent  on  heredit}-.  They  are  filled  by  persons  chosen  by 
the  Banner  Chieftain. 

The  bulk  of  the  Mongolian  population  is  st}'led  §i^  M  G  111 
Ao*  Erh^  Pa^  T'u^  (Mongolian,  Alba,  meaning  "tribute;" 
"requisition  in  kind.")  The  various  families-  are  arranged  in 
groups  of  ten,  imder  ff  J^  Shih^  Chang^,  Decurions. 

875.  [^  ^  #  E  ^  P']  Shangi  Oho'  T'e*  Pa^  IV  Mcn^^ 
Office  of  the  Shabis.  To  this  office  belong  those  who  have  been 
given  as  presents  at  various  times,  by  the  Mongol  Princes,  to  the 
Cheptsum  Damba  Hut'ukht'u  (in  Chinese  *§  ^  S  ^  G  tlf  1® 
%  ^  Che2  Pu*  Tsun^  Tan>  Pa^  Hu^  T'u^  K'o^  T'u'^;  see  No.  91 6 a), 
the  Gegen  of  Urga.  These  people,  designated  J^  ij^  Sha'  Pi"^, 
or  f}>  ^MM  Sha^  Pi^  Na^  Erh^,  Shabinar,  or  Novice  of  the 
Prelate  (Gegen),  make  tip  a  very  large  portion  of  the  population. 
They  number  100,000  and,  having  no  land  of  their  own,  wander 
over  the  lands  of  the  various  Khalkha  Banners. 

•  At  the  head  of  the  Office  of  the  Shabis  there  is  the  ]^"  ^ 
^  2  Shangi  Cho'  T'e*  PaS  Shang  Chodba,  or  Treasurer,  whose 
rank  was  made  equal  to  that  of  a  League  Captain-General  in 
1822  {see  No.  872).  To  him  there  are  attached  two  ^  PjiJ  gjc 
Ta'^  La*  ]\Ia'*,  Da  Lamas — Assistants,  whose  rank  has  been  made 
equal  to  that  of  Councillors  (.?f^  No.  872).  From  the  two  latter 
officials  the  Shang  Chodba  is.  usually  chosen,  the  appointment 
being  subject  to  Imperial  approval.  The  full  title  of  the 
Ti-easin-er  is  Erdeni-setsen-dalai-chindamani-t'oin-shang  Chodba. 

As  a  controller  over  the  actions  of  '^he  Shang  Chodba  and 
his  Assistants'  there  is  selected  one  of  the  generic  Khalkha 
Princes,  who  serves  for  three  years. 

The  Shabis  are  exempt  from  militaiy  service  and  arc 
arranged    in    clans    (j\Iongolian,    Ot'ok)    headed     by     Darugui, 

r     448     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


or    Dargiii — Generic    Elders — who   must    be    approved    by    the       876 
Emperor  (12    in    all).     To  these   Elders  there   are  subordinated         iq 
9  to  10  .Junior  Darugui,  Assistant  Generic  Elders,  "who  receive      876a 
their  appointments  from  the  Shang  (.hodba. 

At  the  office  of  the  Shang  Chodba  there  are  found  ^  ^ 
Tsiii'  Sang',  Captains  (20  to  30  in  nimiber),  performing  police 
duties,  to  whom  there  are  subordinated  Hia,  Sergeants,  (numbering 
about  100),  who  perform  duty  as  runners. 

876.  The  region  of  K'obdo  (in  ('hinese  f ^  ^  ^  K'o'  Pn^ 
To';  see  No.  869a)  is  occupied  bv  Hie  ^longol,  properly  Oelot 
(in  Chinese  ^.  ^  ^|  K'  Lu'^  T'eS  and  ^  Uj  ^.  #  ff^  Chin'  Shan' 
E*  Lu3  T'e^  Altai  Oelr.ts)  clans  of  Durbets  (in  Chinese  ^i  ^  fj^ 
^  Tu*  Erh^  Po2  T'e^),  and  Kiioits  (in  Chinese  f^  ^  Hui'  T'-?), 
I'nder  the  control  of  the  K'obdo  Hebei-Amban  (see  No.  880). 
Divided,  us  are  all  Mongols,  into  various  Banners  nnder  the 
direction  of  the  generic  Piinces,  the  K'obdo  Oelots  make  up  one 
League  (there  were  two  Leaj^nes  formerly;  compare  No.  876  a)^ 
the  Sain-Tsayagat'u  (in  Chinese  ^  =^^i'lnM^aM^  Sal*  I'm^ 
Chi"*  Ya^  Ha'  T'u^  Meng-),  comprising  sixteen  Banners,  i.e. 
two  Banners  of  Khoits  and  14  Banners  of  Turbets — 11  of  the 
Right  Wing  and  three  of  the  Left  Wing. 

The  K'obdo  Hebei-Amban,  in  addition  to  the  above,  has 
authority  over :  1.  The  Dzakhach'in  Aimak  (in  Chinese  tL ''a 
iij  oK  ^  I'i^'  Ha'  Ch'in^  P'«*)i  of  one  Banner,  which  foiynerly  was 
affiliated  with  the  Ch'ing  Setkhilt'ii  League  (see  No,  876a), 
2.  The  Mingat  Ain.;.k  (in  Chinese  Pj)]  {)|ij  f^  ^{  Ming^  A^  T'e* 
I'll*,  or  nj]  CiS  t^  '^i  Ming^  K'a'  T'l-*  Pu^),  of  one  Banner  with 
no  generic  I'niict; — D/.assak,  and  'A.  (^ne  Baimer  of  the  Oelots 
(in  Chinese  W.  ^  ^  M  •'-'  '^"'  '^'^*  ^ '•»''''),  having  no  generic 
Prince — D/.assuk. 

876a.  Prif.r  to  1907  ((•oiii|)iirc  No.  877)  the  following 
were  under  the  jinisdiction  of  the  K'obdo  Heboi-AmlKin  {sec 
No.   880 j:    1.      One   Aimak   of  the  New  Tonrgoutlis  (in  Chinese 

[       IIU      ] 
29 


I'KESEXT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


877a 


377      fr  ±  M  ii  ^  oH  Il^^i"'  '^'"'  ^^'^''  ^^"'  ^^'""^  ^"'''^'  '"'''^^  "^  *'^ 
to        two  Banners,  2.      One  Aimak  ol;  the  Xew  Klioslioits  (In  Chinese 

if  W  '^  ^  rtl5  Hsin^  llo^  Sho*  T'e^  Pii*),  of  one  Bannei-, 
3.  One  Ainiak  of  the  Altai  Urianghais  (,in  Chinese  M  WM 
^  ^  'M  rtii  -^*  ^^^'^^^  '^ '=^^*  "^"^^'^^  Liang'-'  liai''  Pn*),  of  sevesi 
Banners,  4.  The  Mihtai-_v-Ag-ricnltu]'al  Settlements  (In  (Jhinese 
r^  03  &)  at  Piilnnt'o-lvhoi  (in  Chliie>e  Xfl  im  1^  M  ^^^^  Lini^ 
T'o^  Hai^),  and  5.  The  lands  of  KIrghis  (in  Chinese  %  ^  '^ 
Ha^  Sa'  K'o^). 

Two  Banners  of  the  New  Toio'goiiths  form  the  Ch'ing 
Setkhilt'u  League  (in  Chhvse  ^  ^  '^  'M '^)l  M  .^  ChMng'  Se:' 
T'e"*  ChS-^  Le*  T'u^  Meng-).  This  League  formerly  included  one 
Banner  of  Khoshoits  and  one  Baimer  of  Djakch'ins  also  [srr 
No.  876). 

877.  The  district  of  Altai  (in  Chinese  pnj  S|  ^  A-*  Erh^ 
T'ai^  or  ^  ^]  Chin^  Shan':  ^ee  X<).  8()i)A)  was  made  distinct 
from  that  of  K'obdo  {see  Xo.  876)  in  1!)07  {src  an  Imperial 
Decree  of  the  20th  January,  19^7.  issued  in  consequence  of 
representations  hy  3^  ^  Lieu^  K'uei",  riie  Hebei-Aml)an  of 
K'obdo,  and  his  Assistant,  |^  'jg  Hsi^  Heiig*)  and  wa>  allotted  to 
two  Banners  of  the  2sew  Tourgouths.  one  Baimer  of  the  New 
Khoshoits,  seven  Banners  of  the  Altai  Urianghais,  the  Military- 
Agricultural  Settlements  at  Buhmt'okhoi  and  a  se<;tion  of  the 
Kirghis  (src  Memorials  from  the  Ministries  of  Dependencies  and 
of  Finance,  dated  the  7th  Fcl)ruary,  1907,  and  from  the  Ministry 
of  War,  dated  the  9th  ^farch  of  the  same  year).  For  details  as 
to  its  admin isti'ation  srr  Xo.  <s77a. 

877a.  "o  i^  ^  Ha'  Sa^  K'o^  Kirghis.  Iidiabiting  Altai, 
they  coiisist  of  12  fj^  ^  ;^  Ao^  T'o^  KV,  Ot'oks,  Clans  (11,516 
families  in  all),  fn  addition  to  a  ^  Kung\  Pi'ince,  a)id  three 
■^  ^  T'ai»  (•hi^  Daidjis,  their  rulers  Include  12  it  M  ^a  ^A 
^  '0  Pi'  A*  Ha'  La'  K'o*  Ch'i"  (J:t;  Pi^  is  identiiied  as  the 
e(pii\alentof  f|^  '^  Fcr  K^o^;  compare  No.  86.3)  l^ihahalakhch'ih, 

[     4-.0     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 

Genei'ic  Chieftains,  or  Kulers  (in  Monofolian,  Ukherid  ;  among  878 
the  Kirirhis,  Uknrdai ;  formerly  |§  ^  Tsmio-^  Knan',  or  ^  J^ 
An*  Pan\  in  Chinese),  .or  ^  p  -g  Ch'ien^  Hu*  Chancj^  (Chiefs 
of  One  Thousand  ;  3a.  Attached  to  them  there  are:  1.  g|J  ^ 
"a  ^  "^  ^  f'"'  A*  Ha^  La^  K'o'  Ch'i-',  Fu-Ahalaklich'ih. 
Assistant  Generic  Chieftains,  or  gl]  ^  ^  ^  Vn*  Ch'ien^  Hu* 
Chanpr^,  Assistant  Chiefs  of  One  Thousand  (5  in  all),  2.  ^[^  |^ 
Cha'  Lan»,  Chiefs  of  a  e^olnmn,  or  %  ~^  p  ^  Wu*  Po-  lln* 
Chan«r3^  Chiefs  of  500  (4a  ;  28  in  all),  3.  1^  ^  Chanj?'  Kai% 
oi"  TT  ^  :^  1^0^  Hu*  Chang',  Centm-ions  (oa  ;  78  in  all),  and 
•*•  M  M  K'nn'  Tui  (Kimdui),  or  S  +  p  ;!  Wu^  Shih^  Hu^ 
<'hang'.  Chiefs  of  50  (78  in  all).  For  details  as  to  the  last- 
mentioned  ranks  ^ee  a  memorial  from  ^  'fg  Hsi-  Hen.g*,  dated 
the  22nd  October,  1909. 

878.      The     territory     of     Tannn-Urianghai     (in     Chinese 
^J^U^M    T'ang2  Nu2  Wn^  Liang"  Hai')  is  situated  on   the 
sloj).'s  of  the   Tannu-ula   Mountains  (in   Chinese   /§  ^  f  R  Ji  IS 
T'ang'  Nn-   Ao*   La'    l^ing').      Five   -Siiuadrons    of    the   Tannu- 
Urianghais  are  luider  the  su))ervisioii  of  the  Dzassakt'u-Khanate 
Aimak    (srr    No.    872a),    13    are    undei-    the    Sain-Noin   Aimak 
(see  No.  872a)  and  three  are  under  the  control  of  the   Chcptsun- 
Damha-Hnt'ukht'u,  a  Lama  dignitary   at  Urga  (scr   No.    91  (i). 
The     remainder     (26      s([uadrons)     are      sultordinated      to      the 
administration  of  the   Military   (lovernoi-  of    Uliasut'ai    (srr   No. 
879)    :ind    are   divided    into   H-^(;   sections    (similar   to    Uanners), 
und(>  special  ruhrs — Ukherids  (in  Chinese  ^  ^  Tsung^  Knan^), 
who  enjoy  the    authorit\    of    D/.assaks    hut    whose    ))osts    are    not 
hcreditarv.      They  are  elc«'ted  su])ject  to  the  Military  Co\(  rtiors 
approval.      liach  section,   in    it<   turn,   is  divided    into   a    nuuihi-r 
"of     Sumiuig,     S(juadroiis:     I.        Kossogol     ffour     Sinnuiig),     2. 
Khemcli'ihk      (10     Sunning),     3.      T'Mchih     (found     along     tlu* 
river     T'ersek  ;     four     Sunning),     1.      S:ilcliilik    (foni     Siniiuiig), 
and  5.      T'iuuiu  (^foiir  Smining). 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


879  879.      ^mmmMBW  Wu^  LI^  Ya»  Su^  T'ai^  Chiang^ 

Chun',  Military  Governor  o£  Uliasut'ai  (compare  No.  744d); 
invested  with  the  title  of  ^  ^  *  SH  J^  ^  Ting-*  Pien^  Tso^ 
Fix*  Chiang^  Chun\  Representative  .of  Chinese  Authority  in 
Northern  Mongolia  over  the  Civil  and  Military  Administration. 

This  post  was  instituted  in  the  18  th  centiuy,  while  the  wars 
against  the  Dzumgars  were  in  pi'Ogress,  and  originally  bore 
exclusively  a  military  character.  For  this  reason,  up  to  the 
present,  the  Military  Governor  of  Uliasut'ai,  as  Commander  of 
the  Forces  in  Northern  Mongolia,  has  subordinated  to  him 
S!i  7^  M  Fu*  Chiang^  ChlinS  Deputy  ^lilitary  Governors 
(fllongolian,  T'usalakch'ih  Chiang  Chiin ;  see  No.  872),  in  the 
persons  of  a  Prince  of  each  of  the  Khalkha  tribes. 

On  the  completion  of  the  wars  mentioned  the  Chinese 
Government  not  only  considered  it  necessary  to  maintain  the  post 
but,  in  addition,  directed  that  the  occupant  of  this  position,, 
besides  directing  military  affairs,  should  also  have  control  over 
the  civil  affairs  of  Mongolia. 

In  the  lapse  of  time  the  authority  of  the  Military  Governor 
of  Uliasut'ai,  which  once  extended  over  the  fonr  tribes  of  the 
Khalkhas  greatly  declined  and,  on  the  appointment  of  Imperial 
Agents  at  Urga  (see  No.  879a),  K'obdo  and  Altai  {see  No.  880) 
and,  more  especially,  when  their  authority  was  extended,  nothing 
was  left  to  him  but  the  control  over  two  Khalkha  tribes — the 
Sain-noin  and  the  Dzassakt'u-Khanate  (see  No.  872a) — and  26 
S([ua(lrons  of  the  Tannu-Urianghais  (sec  No.  878) 

The  Military  GoAernor  of  Uliasut'ai  Is  assisted  by  two 
subordinates  styled  ^  ^  ;/^  g  Ts'an^  Tsan*  Ta''  Ch'en^,  Assistant 
Military  Governors,  or  Councillors  (one  of  them  is  designated 
SI  ^  Ting''  Pien^  Warden  of  the  Marches  ;  see  aboveV 

As  proposed  in  a  Memorial  from  the  Chiang  Chiui,  ^'  jl]^ 
Lv'uni  Hsiu*,  dated  the  15th  February,  1910,  at  the  Chancery 
of  the   Militai-y  Governor  there  has  been  instituted  a  ^  j|Sf  ^ 

[     ^52     ] 


PKKSEXT    DAY    TOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

M  IM  JI-'"'  Cheng^  Ling=^  Pan^   Cli'u',   Bureau  of  (Constitutional  879a 
Ixetoijiis  (coniparc  Xo.  822a  and  the  Sup])lenient  to  No.  160).  4.q 

879a.     it  f^  if  I?  :/c  E  Ivm.'  Lun^  Pan^  Shili*  Ta^  Ch'cn',  ^^^ 
Impoi'ial  Agent  at  K'uitni   (Urga)  ;   also    Ilebei-Amban.     /$  fm 

^  fi?  ;^v  E  Jc^'"'  I^""i'  l*a"g"'  I'-i"'  ^-^^^  ^'ll'^""^  Assistant 
Imperial  Agent  at  Jvurun  (IJrga).  These  two  officials,  in 
Moni>()lian.  are  called  Dzarlikh-vierh-dzarukhsanor  Hurienfj-du)- 
-aglnii-lui-lierekli-shitkliekch'ih-sait,  i.e.  "officials  deputed  h\ 
Lnpei-ial  Avill  and  directing  affiiirs  at  Urga." 

The  Imperial  Agent  at  Urga  and  his  assistant  are  charged 
uith  the  conti'ol  of  two  Khalkha  tribes,  i.e.  the  T'ushet'u-Khanate 
and  the  Tsetsen-Khanate  {see  No.  872a),  and  the  Office  of  the 
Shabis  {see  No.  87o). 

()i"iginally  the  Imperial  Agent  at  Urga  acti-'d  a«>  the 
Assistant  Military  Governor  of  Uliasut'ai,  whose  authority,  as 
lias  been  mentioned  above  {see  No.  879),  once  extended  over  all 
four  tribes  of  the  Khalkhas.  Later  he  received  the  privilege  ot" 
direct  )-e])orts  to  the  Throve  and  his  dependence  on  the  said 
Governor  became  nominal  (it  consists  merely  in  supplying  him 
with  coj)ies  of  lejiorts  to  Peking). 

Lately  there  lia>  been  attached  to  tlie  Imperial  Age'ut  an 
official  Myle<i  Jl  ^flj  ^  ^  Li=  H>in.u^  Ssii'  YiianS  Judicial 
Connnissioner  (compare  No.  H>.) ),  whose  duties  consist  in 
asfisting  in  the  settlement  of  allairs  in  vviiich  foreigners  ai-c 
interested  and  in  the  administiation  of  justice  (sre  a  rejtoi-t  from 
the  Imperial  Agent  at  Urga,  ^  fjf;  Yen-  Chili-',  dated  the  2!)th 
March,   l'J(»9  ;  compare  ;dso  No.  S97  ). 

«>^<'.  f!  Vli  ^  ^  Xt  k  E  K'o'  Pm'  To>  T>'an'  T<au« 
Ta*  Ch'eii',  Assistant  M  ilitar\  t  Jo\  crnur  ( lo  the  M  ilitary  ( 'in\  einor 
of  I  lin^nfai )  re-iding  ;it  K'tilxln.  This  post  was  estalilished 
m  17.''.I.  wjiiii  (Hie  (if  the  Assistant  Mililiiiv  (lovernoi's  of 
LliaHnfai  (.sr/"  No.  879)  was  deputed  tu  K'olidd.  In  1 S.')  i  this 
official    »vas    ordered    lo    reside    ]»»  rmaninllv     ;it     K'obdo.       Inder 

[     4.-.:!     1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


882 


881  his  j  urisdiction  are  the  Mongol  and  Oelot  tribes  occupying  the 
+Q         so-called  K'obdo  region  (see  No.'S76). 

After  the  removal  (in  1907  ;  see  Ko.  876a)  of  the  Altai 
region  (see  No.  877)  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Hebei-Amban 
of  K'obdo,  for  the  administration  of  the  former,  there  was  appointed 
a  special  p^  ^  ^  ^  ^  :K  ^  K'o^  Pu*  To^  Pan^  Shih'' 
Ta*  Ch'en^  Imperial  Agent  at  K'obdo  (also  M  "M  ^  M  ^  ^<.  ^ 
A^  Erh^  T'ai*  Pan*  Shih*  Ta*  Ch'en^,  Imperial  Agent  at  Altai), 
who  resided  at  first  at  K'obdo,  later  removing  to  Shara-sume  (in 
Chinese  j^  i\^  t^  Ch'eng'^  Hua^  Ssu*),  near  the  BJack  Irtish 
river. 

The  Imperial  Agent,  like  the  Assistant  Military  Governor, 
was  originally  subordinated  to  the  Military  Governor  of 
Uliasut'ai  {see  No.  879).  Since  these  officials  received  the 
privilege  of  direct  reports  to  the  Tlirone  they  have  enjoyed  a 
great  measure  of  independence,  the  Amban  at  Shara-smne  being- 
considered  as  the  senior. 

881.  The  Hebei-Ambans  (the  Assistant  Military  Governors 
and  Imperial  Agents  ;  see  Nos.  879,.  879a  and  880)  represent 
the  High  Government  authority  over  Mongolia,  according  to 
which  the  most  complex  affairs  are  decided  and  to  which  all 
subjects  of  the  Bogdokhan  residing  in  Mongolia,  i.e.  Chinese, 
Manchus  and  Mongols,  must  conform. 

For  the  consideration  of  affairs  of  \  arious  types  there  are 
found  at  the  office  of  each  Hebei-Amban  two  inferior  establish- 
ments :  1.  Office  of  the  Dzarghuch'ih,  presided  over  by  a 
Dzarghuch'ih  (see  No.  882),  and  2.  Chihsa,  or  Office  of  Appeal, 
for  the  discussion  of  purely  Mongolian  affairs  {see  No.  883). 

882.  ^  ^  Ssu'  Ynan'2  (also  p  #  fj  ^  Pan"*  Shih*  Ssui 
Yiian'^  and  g]  '^  Ssu^  Kuan' ;  designated  in  treaties,  ^jj  ^  Pu* 
YUan^';  also  5§  f\j  T'ungi  P'.an*)---Dzarohuch'ih  (in  Mongolian), 
or  Judicial  Commissioner  for  Chinese  Affairs.  All  Chinese  and 
Manchus  in  Mongolia  come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  this  officiaL 

[     154     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

There   are   four   Dzarglmch'ilis   in-  tlie   Khalklia  region,  i.e.       883 
two  attached  to  the  Hebei-Ambans  at   Urga   {sec  Ko.  879a  ;  one        ^q 
at  ITrga  and  one  at  Kiakhta),  one  attached  to  the  Hebei-Amban       0Q4. 
at    UHasut'ai    {see    No.    879),    residing;    at    Uliasut'ai,  and  one 
attached  to  the  Hebei-Amban  at  K'obdo  {see  No.   880)^  residing: 
at  K'obdo. 

Any  Chinese  workman  or  trader  coming-  into  the  Khalkha 
region  must  present  his  passport  to  the  Dzarglnich'ih  of  the  town 
in  whicli  he  Avishes  to  settle  :  he  then  receives  authority  to  do  so. 
Should  he  wii^h  to  journey  to  any  of  the  various  Khalkha 
Banners  it  is  necessary  that  he  apply  to  the  Dzarghnch'ih,  and 
the  latter,  simultaneoit^ly  with  the  granting  of  permission, 
notiHes  the  office  of  the  T3anners   concerned   of  his  contemplated 

All  questions  raised  by,  or  against,  niiiiiese  in  the  Khalkha 
district  are  examined  into  by  the  Dzarglnich'ih  and,  conforming 
to  their  importance,  arc  either  settled  by  him  or  referred  to  the 
Hebei-Amban. 

883.  Chihsa,  oi-  Office  of  Appeal  (the  Mongolian  word 
Chihshiyang,  or  C'hihsang,  means  "turn").  This  office  examines 
into  (juestions  raised  by,  or  against,  ^Mongols  exclusively.  For 
attendance  at,  and  the  discussion  of  affiiirs  of,  liie  Chihsang  there 
is  yearly  ap))oint('d  one  Dzassak  (sfe  No.  873)  from  each  of  the 
Khalkha  tribes.  Thus  each  Chihsang  is  made  up  of  four 
members  and  any  Mongol  may  there  find  his  Prince,  or. tribal 
representative,  at  whose  hands  he  is  suie  of  protection  and 
jUBticc.  ill  .-.niall  iiiatlcrs  the  Chihsang  delivers  judgnuMit  ;  in 
more  inijiortant  alliiirs  it  sends  the  Mongol  (•ou(;erned  to  Iiis 
Baruier,  at  the  Han»e  time  forwarding  particulars  of  the  matter, 
and  the  irupiiries  made,  for  th(;  judgment  of  the  iidors  of  the 
Bani-er. 

8H4.  T<»  Innei-,  or  Soutliern,  Mongolia  {see  No.  HG9)  there 
ap|)ertain  :    1.      Six    Leagues  of    the    Inner  Mongols  (in  Chinese 

[    -ir.r,    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


885  p^M'f^^^M  Nei'  Meng^  Ku'  Liu*  :Sleng^),  2.  The  Ch'aldiars 
to        and    T'umets    of    Kuei    Hua    Ch'eng    (in    Chinese   '^  H*-  |g  ^ 

887  Bih^M±  Wi  ^  Ch'a2  Ha^  ifcrh^  Chi^  Kuei^  Hua*  C^h'cng' 
T'u*  Mo*  T'e*),  3.  The  Mongols  of  Alashan  (properly  Oelot 
tribes;  in  Chinese  MMlhM^-^MI^  Ho*  Lan^  Shan^  E* 
Lu=*  T'e*  Meng3  Ku'),  and  4.  The  Old  Tourgouths  of  the  river 
Edsine,  or  Edsinei  (in  Chinese  $|  '^- WiW  ±M  M  'W  ^*  Chi* 
Na*  Chiu*  T'u'  Erh^  Hu*  T'e*). 

885.  The  Southern,  or  Iimer,  Mongols  are,  in  administi-ative 
and  military  reference,  divided  into  six  divisions,  with  six 
separate  Princely  Leagues  : 

L  Cherim  League  (in  Chinese  ^  M  ^  ^  Che'  Li^  :Mu* 
Meng^), 

2.  Chosot'n  League  (in  Chinese  ^  ^  Bi  ^  Cho^  So^ 
T'u2  Mcng^), 

3.  Chao  Uda  League  (in  Chinese  ^  B  ^  ^  '^^^^^'  ^^^"' 
Ta'  Meng'^), 

4.  Silinghol  League  (in  Chinese  1^  #  |^  III  ^  Hsl"  Lin^ 
Kuo^  Lo*  Meng"), 

o.  Ulan  Ch'ap  League  (in  Chinese  j^  M  ^  ^  ^  ^^'^^^' 
Lan^  Ch'a^  Pu*  Meng^),  and 

6.  Ikh  Chao  League  (in  Chinese  ^  ^  jig  ^  I^  K'o* 
Chao^  Meno2;. 

886.  The  Cherim  League  is  composed  of  the  following 
tribes:  L  Khorch'in  tribe  (in  Chinese  f 4  M  ^^ll^  ri|5  KV  Erh^ 
Ch'in*  Pu*),  of  six  Banners,  2.  Djalait  tribe  (in  (Chinese 
^LS^nlJ  ^'ha^  Lai*  T'e*  Pu*),  of  one  Banner,  3.  Durbet 
tribe  (in  (Jhinese  ^±  ^  fi^  -tJ  %  '^^"''  l^^rh^  Po^  T'e*  Pu*),  of  one 
Banner,  and  4.  Ghorlos  tribe  (in  Chinese  |5  ^  M  ^  oR  I^^'o' 
Erh^  Lo^  Ssu'  Pii*),  of  two  Banners.  Thus  it  includes  ten 
Banners,  supplying  204  squadrons. 

887.  The  ('hosot'u  League  {see  No.  885)  consists  of  the 
following  tribes:    1.     Kharach'in  tribe  (in  Chinese  R§  in>liv  ^[5 

[     45G     ] 


PKESEN'T    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANMZATION    OF    CHINA. 

K'a'   T.a'   Ch'in*  Pu*),  of  three   Banners,    2.      T'nmet   tribe  (in       888 
Chinese  ±  MJi  tl  oR  T'u'  Mo'  T'o^  Pii^),  of  two  Banners.      As  a         tO 
whole,  it  has  five  Banners,  ofi\  intj  223  s(ina(lrons.  890 

888.  The  Chao  Vda  League  (see  No.  HSo"^  is  made  up  of: 
1.  The  Ao-Khan  tribe  (in  Chinese  ^  iJ|  *jj  Ao'  Ilan^  Pn^),  of 
one  Bainier,  2.  The  Nainian  tribe  y\n  <  'hinese  ^  ^  *[5  Nai* 
Man^  Pu^),  of  one  Banner,  3.  The  Barin  tril)e  (in  < 'hincse 
G  #  oH  ^a'  I^i"*  !""')»  <if  t^vo  Banners,  4.  The  Djarud  tribe 
(in  Clhinese  ^L  P||  ^.J  nf)  <^'''a'  T^u'  T'e*  Pii*),  of  two  Banners, 
5.  The  Aru-Khorch'in  (in  (Chinese  j5,if  |I^  f 4  ^  V.(i^  *(J  A^  Lu' 
K'o'  Krh^  Ch'in*  PuM,  of  one  Banner,  6.  The  Ongnio.l  tribe 
(in  Chinese  H  t'  ^  oB  W'''"g'  ^'in'  T'e^  Pu^),  of  two  Banners, 
7.  The  Keshikliteng  tribe  (in  Cliinose  ^  ft  ;^  ^  ^R  K'e* 
Sl.ih-  K'e*  T'eng^  Pn^),  of  one  Banner,  8.  The  Khalkha  (one 
tribe  from  the  Left  Wing ;  in  Chinese  P^  U^  P:^  ^  -^  K'a^  Erh=^ 
K'a'  Tso^  P),  of  one  Banner.  It  has  1 1  Banners  in  all, 
<;uj)|)lving  298  S(|uadrons. 

889.  The  Silinghol  League  {see  No.  885)  has  the  following 
tribes:  1.  Uehmnueh'in  tribe  (in  Chinese  ,^  j^  ^^  J>li»  A|5  Wu^ 
(.'Im'  Mu'  (h'in*  Pn'j,  of  two  Jiamiers,  2.  Kliaoehit  tri))c  (in 
Chinese  ^u  5^  tj'-  ol5  Hao"  Ch'i^  T'e'  Pn^).  of  two  Banners, 
3.  Sniiit  tribe  (in  Chinese  M  J^  '^^  a\i  ^"'  ^'''  'i''^"'  Bn')»  of 
twu  I5.'umers,  4.  Abaga  tribe  (in  Chinese  ^  [^  P^^  *f5  A"  Pa' 
i\:i'  I'uM,  f)f  two  Baimers,  and  5.  Abaganar  tribt;  (in  (  Miinese 
PPl  13  "u  ^  Kl  tiI5  A'  Pa'  Ha'  Na^  Krlr'  Pu'),  of  two  Banners. 
IIjiis  it   i-fdisi^ts  of  ten  Banners,  fiuj)|)lviiig  11  I  stiuadrons. 

890.  The  Ulan  ('li'ap  League  {see  No.  885)  consists  of  the 
following  tribes:  1.  Durban-Kenket  tribe  fin  Cliinose  |5|  ip- )\|5  ^ 
bsii*  Tzii'  Pu*  Lf»^),  of  (iiie  liaiUHM-,  2.  Mao  .Mingan  liil)e  (in 
Chinese  ^  \]j]  'H  A|J  Mao*  Ming^  An'  I^l^,  of  one  lianner, 
3.  L'rat  tribe  (in  Cl.inese  ^  %\ii^  %  W  u'  La^  TS-'  Pn'),  ..f 
thrc<'  lianners,  and  J.  Khalkha  (one  trilx"  from  the  Right 
Wing;    in     Chinese    R^  fjjf  IT^  ;:f,-  K     '<'=''     l'^'''*     '\'''''     ^o'     P), 

[      t-      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


891  of   one   Banner.      In  all    it  includes   six   Banners,  supplying    62 
to         squadrons. 

892  ^^^-  '^^^^  ■'-^'■^^  Chao  League  {see  No.  885)  is  made  up  of 
seven  Banners"  of  the  Ordos  tribe  (in  Chinese  f  15  M  ^  Iff  ^5 
Ao"*  Erh^  To^  Ssu^  P^i*)?  which  supply  274  squadrons 

892.  As  has  been  seen  above,  Nos.  886  to  891,  the 
Leagues  of  Southern  IMongolia  are  not  arranged  to  include 
people  of  one  gtock  alone,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Khalkhas 
(compai-e  No.  870),  but  are  composite  organizations  of  various 
Mongol"  tribes  (Mongolian,  Aimak;  Chinese,  §[$  ^  '^n*  Lo*),  of 
which  there  are  24  in  Southern  Mongolia.  Each  tribe  consists 
of  one,  or  more.  Banners  (Khoshuns).  There  are  49  Ijanners  in 
the  Six  Leagues,  and  they  supply  1,172  squadrons. 

The  government  of  Southerji  Mongolia  differs  from  that  of 
Khalkha  in  that  the  (Jhieftains  of  the  Banners — Dzassaks  (see 
No.  873). — are  subject  to  much  more  control  on  the  part  of  the 
Chinese  Government.  The  Captains-General,  being  deprived  of 
personal  initiative,  simply  supervise  the  execution  of  resolutions 
of  the  League  meetings.  These  meetings  are  called  at  the  Avill 
of  the  Peking  authorities  and  for  opening  them  there  are 
a])pointed  Chinese  officials^ who,  in  fact,  act  as  their  Presidents. 
The  expedition  of  affairs  is  in  the  hands  of  Chinese  Secretaries. 

It  a})])ears  that  Southern  Mongolia  is  destined  to  be 
gradually  converted  into  an  ordinary  Chinese  province,  under  a 
government  common  to  China  proper.  The  three  Eastern 
Leagues  have  already  been  almost  subordinated  to  the  provincial 
administration  of  Chihli  (the  Chosot'u  League,  part  of  the  Chuo 
Uda  League,  the  prefecture  of  ^^  f^  /fj-  Ch'eng^  Te^'  Fu^  and 
that  of  pj]  \^  j/f  (ni'ao"^  Yang=^  Fu^)  and  Fcngtien  (the  Cherim 
League,  part  of  the  Chao  Uda  League,  the  prefecture  oif}^'^]^ 
T'ao'^  Nan^  -Fu^,  entirely,  and  the  Western  parts  of  the 
prefectures  of  ^^  )^  Ch'ang^  Ch'un^  Fu\  ^  il  )^  Ch'ang^ 
T'u2  Fu'  and  0f  .R  il^  Hsin^  Min^  Fu^). 


PKliSEXT     DAY     POLITICAL    OIIGAXIZATIOX    l)F    CHINA, 

The  (•ul<.)iiiz;itioii  of  tlie  IuirU  of  the  Lt'a^ut.'s  iiientioneJ,  l)y  893 
Chinese  emigrants,  is  going  forward  wvy  ra}iidl\  {see  Nos.  777 
and  782)  and  the  (.'hinese  are  more  and  mure  extending  their 
authority  over  the  ]\Iongol  Prinees,  ])reviouslv  I'ather  independent, 
and  thi'ir  subjects.  At  places  where  the  Chinese  influence 
becomes  [u-edoniinant,  but  which  are  not  annexed  to  one  of  the 
adjacent  provinces,  there  is  first  estabUshed  the  post  of  jj  ^j] 
T'lmg'  l**an'  (see  So.  849a).  This  official  not  only  takes  over 
control  of  judicial  affairs  and  collection  of  i-e venue  from  the 
IJanner  jK)j)ulation  but  also  has  authority  to  supervise  the 
transaction  of  biisiue.-s  at  the  office  of  the  Banner  <  "hieftain. 

89;}.  ^  n^  ^  Ch-A-  Ha-  I*:^h^  The  drahar  Mongols  (sec 
No.  884).  Tiiese  are  distinguished  from  the  other  Mongol  tribes 
in  that  thev  have  lost  their  generic  govermuent.  Their  camps 
( in  Chinese  j^  f^  Yu-  ^Iii')  lie  in  iunuediate  ])roximity  to  the 
Great  Wall  i  l^  i^J^  Ch'ang'  Ch'ciig-),  beyond  the  borders  of  th6 
prefectmcs  of  m.  i^  Ji'f  H^nii"'  Uim  Yu\  of  Chihli,  and  i^  |^  Jff 
Ta*  T'ung^  Fu^  uf  Shansi.  For  administrative  and  military 
purpo>es  thev  are  organized  under  eight  Banners  (on  the  same 
footing  as  the  Manchu  military  forces)  which,  in  tiuii,  are 
arranged  in  two  Wings, '^  %  Tso^  1',  Left,  or  Eastern,  Wing, 
and  ;f4  5^  \'u^  \\  Ivight,  or  Western,  Wing. 

I'lireh  lianuer  allUlrs  of  the  Ch'ahars  are  discussed  by  the 
Militarv  Licutenant-(  Jovernor  (»f  (  h'ahar  {see  Nos.  7 )  !•  v  and 
898;.  In  civil  (lUC'tious  rehiting  to  Chinese  aflairs  within  the 
Lieutcnant-(  iu\cniorsliip  the  ( iovernor-Cicneral  •  ol  ChihU 
exerciHos  a  superior  juriMlietion,  through  an  Inlemhuit  bearing 
the  title  of  U  :jl:  aS  K'ou»  Tei'  Tao\  residing  at  Ilsuan-hna  l"u. 
For  assist  in"  the    latter    with    regard    to   control    of    (ioserunienl 

lands,     the     examination     of     (luestions    concerning     co lere- 

relations  between  the  Clrahars  and  (  hinese,  and  the  administratio:- 
of  civil  and  criminal  allairs,  there  are  tluee  Civil  Conunissioners, 
styhd  Iflft  ]vV  (,i]  %\\   Fu-   Min-  Tung-   Chili'   (compare   No.   849), 

[     4:.9     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

894  stationed,,- respectively,  at  ^  ■^  |§  ^^^  To'  Liin^  No^  Erh^ 
T'ing',  Dolon-nor  (also  Lama-miao),  5^  ^  P  ^  Change  Chia^ 
K'ou'  T'ingS  Kalgan,  and  ^^  :0  P  ^  Tn^  Shih^  K'ou^  T'ing'. 

Within  the  Ch'ahar  territory  there  are  situated  the  Imperial 
pasturages,  or  ^  j^  Mu*  Ch'ang^,  the  superintendence  over 
which Jias  lately  been  invested  in  a  special  official  (see  No.  755). 
Fornierlv  thev  were  under  the  control  of  the  Military  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Ch'ahar  (see  No.  8 §8). 

894.  Miti^±U^  Ki^ei'  Hua*  Ch'eng^  T'u^  Mo* 
T'e*,  The  T'umet  Tribe  of  Kuei  Hua  Ch'eng  (K'u  K'u  Ho  T'o  ; 
see  No.  884). 

The  T'umet  are  divided  into  two  Banners  which,  in  turn, 
are  arranged  in  two  Wings,  ^  ^  Tso^  I*,  Left,  or  Eastern, 
Wing,  and  "^  ^  Yu*  I*,  Right,  or  Western,  Wing.  Their 
camps  lie  to  the  North  of  Kuei  Hua  Ch'eng,  or  K'u  K'u  Ho 
T'o,  of  Shansi  province. 

The  Banner  affairs  of  the  T'umet  tribe  are  attended  to  by 
the  Manchu  General-in-Chief  of ,  Sui-yiian-ch'eng  (see  Nos.  744a 
and  899)  and  the  Manchu  Brigade-General  of  Kuei  Hua  Ch'eng 
{see  Nos.  745b  and  899). 

For  the  examination  of  lawsuits  and  judicial  affairs,  as  well 
as  questions  concerning  taxes  collected  from  Chinese  and  Mongols 
in  the  camps  of  the  T'umet  tribe,  there  is  an  Intendant  bearing 
the  title  M  ^^iBM  K"ei'  Sui^  Ping^  Pei*  Tao^  residing  at 
^  j1  ^  Sui^  Yvian^  Ch'eng^.  He  has  as  his  assistant  Civil 
Commissioners  styled  li  ^  (fij  ^[i  Li^  Shih-*  T'ung'^  Chih\ 
M^m%]^  Fu'  Min^  T'ung^'  ChihS  or  ^fe  J^  ji  ^jj  Fu^  Min' 
T'ung'  P'un'*  (sec  Nos.  849  and  849a),  who  are  stationed  at 
Mih^  Knei'  Hua*  T'ing\  (Kuei  Hua  Ch'eng— K'u  K'u 
Ho  T'o),  fQ  #  Ig.  ^  ,^  Ho^  Lin^  Ko*  Erh^  T'ing',  Harin-kor- 
t'inj?,  ft  ^  r5  ^  To'  K'o"  T'o'  T'ing',  -/f  ^K  fo^  ^  t;h'ing' 
Shui^  Ho2  T'ing',  M1&WB  Sa'  La^  Ch'i^  'Ting'— Sarach'ih- 
t'ing,  1^  ii  j^  Ning2  Yuan=*  T'ing',    ^  Jt  j^  Sui'  Yiian'  T'ing', 

[     460     ] 


PRESENT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


897 


3Lf^.m  ^Vu'  Yuan'  T'ing\  P^  ^  ^  T'ao^'  Lin'  T'ing',  ^  }\\  M      895 
Wu'  Ch'uan'  T'ing\  and  ij  ffi  ^  Hsing-^  Ho'  T'ingi.  ^^ 

895.  MWUhM^^M-^  Ho'  Lan'  Slmn^  E*  Lu'  T'g* 
Meng^  Ku*,  Tlie  Mongols  of  Alashan  (belonging  properly  to  the 
Oirad  or  Oeldt  tribes  ;  see  No.  884)  ;  deriving  their  name  from 
the  region  oi  ^  ^  ^^  A*  ha'  Shau^  (also  ^  M  Ul  Ho'  Lan' 
Shan'';  compare  above),  lying  North  of  Ninghia,  in  the  province 
of  Ivansu,  ^vhere  they  have  settled.  They  form  one  Banner 
which  is  ruled  by  generic  Princes  (tracing  their  genealogy  from 
Khabut'u  Khasar,  In-other  of  Kinghis  Khan),  entitled  ^  3E 
Ch'in^  Wang'  {sec  No.  873),  who  reside  at  the  small  town  of 
&  'M  '^  Ting*  Yiian^  Ying'.  They  are  divided  into  eight 
p([iiadrons. 

The  higher  supervision  over  the  affairs  of  the  Alashan 
Banner  is  invested  in  the  Manchu  General-in-Chief  at  ^  ^ 
Ning^  Hsia*,  in  the  province  of  Kansu  (see  Nos.  746b  and  900), 
for  which  reason  the  Mongols  of  Alashan  are  also  designated  as 
the  "  Mongols  of  the  Ninghia  Department." 

896.  M  i^  ^  ^  ±  ^  M  If#  ^'  Chi*  Na*  Chill*  T'u^ 
Krh'  Hu*  T'e*,  The  Old  Tourgouths  of  the  Edsine,  or  Edsinei, 
River  (see  No.  H84).  They  consist  of  one  Bamier,  occupying 
land  lying  to  tin-  W  ej-t  of  the  camps  of  the  Alashan  Mongols 
(see  No.  KO.j),  and  are  subject  to  the  superior  jurisdiction  of  the 
Miiiiciiu  (ieiierul-in-Cliicf  at  Ninghia  (compare  No.  895  ;  see 
also  Nos.  744b  and  900). 

896a.  i^I  gg  $H  ^  ^  1'"'  Hsi'  K*  Lu»  T'6*,  Oirad  to  the 
West  of  the  River  (/.r.  the  ||  ^pj  Huang'  Uo\  Yellow  River). 
This  is  the  general  designation  of  the  .Mongols  of  Alashan  and 
tlic  Old  Tour-outh-  of  the  Edsine  (see  Nos.  H95  to  896). 

897.  ^  im  ^'i^  .W*  Ho'  Tui  T'ung^  Manchu  General-in- 
(  liief,  or  Military  Eioiilcnant-fiovernor  of  .Irliol  (ser  No.  719a), 
residing  at  ^  JjjJ  .Ir'  Ho'  (.lehol  ;  also  called  jfi  ^  fff  Ch'eng* 
T**  Fu»;  ser  No.  lOHo)  :   in  charge  of  the  Cliosot'u  (srr  No.  887) 

[      Ki'      J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


898  and    Chao   Uda   (see   No.    888)    Leagvies   and   the    g  ^    Wei^ 
to         Ch'ang',    Imperial    Hunting   Preserves   (also   called    tJc  M    Mu* 

899  Tjan^,  or  Muran  ;  see  No.  748). 

The  civil  administration  of  the  Jehol  teri-itoiy  is  carried  on, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Military  Lieutenant-Governor,  by 
Commissioners  styled  ^  ^  "PI  ^  Ivi^  Shih*  Ssu^  Yiian^,  Civil 
(commissioners,  and  JJ  If*]  wl  Jp.  ^-^i*  Hsing^.  Ssu^  Yiiaii^,  Judicial 
Commissioners  (compare  No.  879a). 

The  tract  in  which  tlie  Imperial  Hunting  Pi-eserves  (see 
above)  are  situated  forms  a  separate  Sub-prefectm-e,  the  so-called 
M^M  Wei^  Ch'ang^  T'ing',  lieaded  by  a  Jte  |^  [^  %\i  Fii^ 
Min^*  T'ung2  Chih^  (compare  No.  849). 

898.  M^^W  U  U  Cli'a^  Hal  ^^.j^s  Tu^  T'nng^  Manchu 
General-in-Chief  of  Ch'ahai-,  or  Military  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
Ch'ahar  (see  No.  719a).  This  official,  residing  at  5M  ^  P 
Changi  Chia^  K'ou^,  Kalgan,  conducts  the  government  of  the 
Mongols  of  Ch'ahar  (sec  No.  893)  and  also  supervises  the  actions 
of  the  Silinghol  League  (see  No.  889).  He  is  assisted  l)y  the 
^  t^n  If  S!l  M  M  Ch'a^  Ha^  Erlr^  Fu^  Tu^  T'ung%  Deputy 
Lieutenant-Governor  (see  No.  74.5 e),  residing  at  Ivalgan. 

Formerly  tlie  ^  j^  Mu*  Ch'ang',  Imperial  Pasturages  {■■er 
No.  893),  were  under  the  sujiervision  of  the  Military  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Ch'ahar  ;  since  I  908  they  have  been  managed  by  a 
special  Superintendent  (see  No.  755), 

The  Military  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Ch'ahar  is,  ex  officio. 
Controller  of  the  so-called  fW  Wj  ^  1^  a"  A"  Le'  1''ai*  Chiin' 
T'ai',  Military  Post  Koads  of  Altai  (foi-  d(>tails  see  No.  754). 

899.  ^^J^Htll  Sui'  Yiian^  (  ],',>ng2  (^hiang^  Chun', 
Manchu  Gcnci-al-in-Chief  at  Sui-viian-ch'cno-  oi-  Military- 
Lieutenant  Governor  of  Sui-yiian-ch'eng  (see  No.  744a).  Under 
the  supervision  of  this  official  are  the  affiiirs  of  the  T'unict  tril)e 
of  Kxiei  Hua  Ch'eng  (see  No.  894).  In  a(hHtion,  he  keeps  a 
watch  over  tlie  actions  of  the   Ulan  Cli'ap  League  (see   No.  890). 

[     ^C>2     ] 


903 


PRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Also,  he   bears   the  title  of    M  M  M  f^  :^^  ^  Tn^  Pnn^  K'en'       900 
Wu*  Ta'  Cli'cn^,  Superintendent  of   Colonization  Affairs  {sre  No.         to 
778).     As  his  assistant   there  i;*   the     ^  fj^  Jij^  glj  ^  ;^^    Ivuei^ 
Hua^   Ch'eno-   Fu^    Tn'    T'ung%    Deputy    Lieutenant-Governor, 
residing  at  Ig  f[^  J^  Kuei^  Hua*  Ch'eng'^  (K'u  K'u  Ho  T^o). 

900.  ?^  W.  )}§  i:  Ning'  Hsia^  Chiang'  ChiinS  ^fanohu 
General-in-Chief  of  Ninghia.  or  IMilitary  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
Xinghia  (see  No.  744b)  ;  superintending  the  affairs  of  the 
Mongols  of  Alasharj  {scr  No.  895)  and  the  Old  tourgouths  of 
the  Edsine  {see  No.  89G).  He  is  assisted  by  the  ^  g  g|j  ^\{  i^ 
Ning*  Hsia*  Fu*  Tu^  T'ung',  Deputy  Ivieutenant-Governor  (see 
No,  74  J  I)),  residing  at  Ninghia. 

90L  ^  f^  1^1  ]g  M(--ng3  \yu'  Tsung^  Chii*,  Head  Bureau 
of  Mongolian  Affairs,  headed  by  a  |g  |^  Tsung'  Pan*,  Chief. 
This-  Bureau  is  found  at  the  Governor-General's  office  at 
Monkdon  and  superintends  the  affairs  ol  the  Mongols  of  the 
Cherini  League  (see  No.  886)  ^vhich,  as  has  been  mentioned  (see 
No.  892),  is  subordinated  to  Fengtien  province. 

lOv  the  detailed  organization  of  the  He:ul  liureau  of 
Mongolitui  Affairs  sec  No.  812a. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  post  of  ^  ffj  ^  (^  Mi-ng^  \Vu* 
Ssu'  Shili^,  Connnissionor  of  Mongolian  Alfiiirs  f^abolishod  in 
1909),  srp  No.  812. 

/y.       I\'i(l<^iin(ir  (  Kokoiior  )  : 

902.  ^  yg  Ch'ing'  Hai-',  K'ukNuior  (sre  No.  8(58).  Its 
jKipiilatioh  I'ousists  of  various  Mongolian  tribes  (sre  No.  903)  and 
Tangouths  (designated  by  the  Cliincse  as  j^l^  ^'  Hsi'  Fan', 
Western  Tribesmen;  51?^  No.  904),  imiIimI  by  gciwric  cliirftains 
who  are  nu'lcr  the  swav  of  the  ('hinesc  Amban  :it  Si-nincj 
(see  No.  !)(;.'>). 

903.  'ii^  fAf.  >\}f  i-/  Lti--  Ts-',  Oclots.  llwst-  are  under 
the  control  f)f  the  Impciriid  ( 'oiitrollor-nen('r:il  (/mban)  at 
Si-ning  ^ser  N'o.  !M).'>).      Their  local  goveiiuiient  is  invested  in  the 

f      l'-:5     1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


905 


904       hands  of  their  generic    Princes,   as  Avith   the   Khalkhas  (see  No. 
IQ         870)  and  the  Inner  Mongols  (see  No.  884). 

The  Mongols  of  K'uk'unor,  as  is  the  case  Avith  the  Mongols 
of  Khalkha  and  Inner  iSIongolia,  are  divided  into  29  Banners, 
the  chieftains  of  which  meet  yearly  at  the  (/h'aghang-T'ologhoi 
(one  of  the  islands  in  Lake  K'nk'nnor)  for  a  Leagne  meeting 
(see  No.  872),  at  which  affairs  concerning  the  internal  piiblic 
administration  are  discussed. 

Since  the  time  of  the  mutiny' of  Lubsang  Tan-ching  (in 
1723)  the  President  of  the  League  meeting  is  not  an  elected 
Prince  (compare  No.  872)  but,  at  the  ruling  of  the  Peking- 
Government,  is  either  the  Imperial  Controller-General  at  Si-ning 
or  an  official  chosen  by  him  (compare  No.  892). 

The  following  are  the  tribes  of  K'uk'unor  : 

L  Khosholt  (in  Chinese  fQ  16^  '^^  §0  Ho*  ^J»>'  T'e'^  Pu^), 
21  Banners, 

2.  Khalkha  (in  Chinese    I^  M  Bt  all   K'a'  J^^h'  R'a^  Pu*), 

1  Banner. 

3.  Ch'oros  (in  Chinese   ^,  H  Ijr  ^R  Ch'o^   Lo^   Ssu^  Pu^), 

2  Banners, 

4.  Khoit  (in  Chinese  )^'  if^  §|5  Hui^  T'e^  Pu^),  1  Banner,  and 

5.  Tourgouth  (in  Chinese  ±  M  M  #'  all  'i''"'  ^^i''"^  ^^^ 
T'e*  PuO,  4  Banners. 

904.  ^  1^  l^  T'ang*  Ku^*  Te*,  langouth  ;  also  ®  '^  Us? 
Fan^,  Western  Tribesmen  (see  No.  902). 

The  Tangouths  number  40  ^  Tsu^,  Tribes,  ruleu  by  ^  "^ 
T'u^  Ssu',  Generic  CHiieftains,  avIio  are,  in  turn,  placed  imder  the 
control  of  the  Imperial  (Jontrollcr-General  at  Si-ning  (see  No. 
905).  In  addition  to  these  there  uvc  39  Tangouth  tribes  under 
the  Dalai  Lama  (see  Nos.  906  and  914). 

905.  ^  ^  p  i^  -).  g  Hsi^  Ning'  Pan*  Shih^  Ta*  Ch'en^ 
The  Imperial  Controller-General  at  Si-ning,  or  Amban  (full  title 
la  fl  W  ri  ^  ^  ;/C  E    Tsung"  Li^   Ch'ing'    Ilai'   Shih*    Wu' 

[     4C4     J 


I'KKSEXT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Ta"*  Ch'eir)  ;  representative  of  the  higher  Chinese   authority   and       906 
invested  with   the   control   of    the    29   Mongol    (properly   Oeliit) 
and    the    40   Tangouth    tribes   mentioned   above    {see    Nos.   90;> 
and  904). 

C      Tibet  and  the  Lamaist  Hierarchy  : 

906.  ^  ^  Hsi^  Tsang*,  Tibet;  known  during  the  Vim<g 
Dynasty  as  ^  Ifr  gl  Wu'  Ssu^  KuoS  or  %^M  Wn^  Ssu^ 
Tsang^  The  Mongol  designation  is  Parung-t'ala  {i.e.  Western 
Country),  or  T'udbod  (H  f|^  {{#  T'u^  Po*  Te"').  By  the  Tibetans 
themselves  ( Pf  ^  T'u=  Fan',  or  tZg  ^  Hsi^  Fan^  ;  also  0  -^  ^ 
T'ang^  Ku^  T'e%  or  ^  -^  :|#  T'ang'^  Ku^  T'c*)  it  is  called  Bot, 
or  Bod,  and  15nd-jul  (the  land  of  Bod).  The  last-mentioned  term 
€OiTesponds,  so  it  seems,  to  the  old  Chinese  designation  f^f;  ^ 
Fo-  Kuo',  the  Land  of  r)uddha. 

Tlierc  are  two  main  divisions  of  Tibet,  i.e.  Large  Tibet  and 
Small  Til)et,  the  first  of  which,  called  by  the  Chinese  ~^\  ^ 
('li'ien-  Tsang',  Anterior,  or  Eastern,  Til)et,  consists  of  the 
provinces  (§j5  Pu^)  ^  Wei^  (Yi  or  Yii  in  Til)etan  ;  also  called 
r|l  j|5  Chnngi  Tsang',  Central  Tibet),  and  J^  K'ang'  (in  Tibetan 
Khani  ;  also  called  ^  %  ^  Ch'a*  Mu^  To\  Chamdo),  while  the 
second,  called  by  the  C^'hinese  f^  ^  Hou^  Tsang"*,  Ulterior,  or 
Western,  Tibet,  emljraces  the  ])ro\  inces  of  ^  Tsang',  and  Pnf  M 
A'  lii',  2sari  (Ngarij,  or  Nari-Kliorsnng. 

As  regards  political  status,  Tibet,  in  olden  times,  was  as  a 
large  independent  iState  including  the  whole  of  K'ldc'uuor  and  a 
great  ])ortion  of  tlu;  present  provinces  of  S/echwan  and  Viinnan. 
Its  relation-  with  <  liina  began  in  the  7tii  c(;ntin-y  A.D.  when 
(in  641  j  p  (^  i^  ^  ;JIj  Su'  Lung-  Tsang"'  Kan'  Pu*,  Strojigtsan 
Ganibi),  became  allied  with  the  Kmporor  ;^  7^  T'ai*  Tsnng',  of 
the  T'ang  Dynasty,  thiough  taking  as  his  wile  the  i'linccss 
^JC  /jK  ^V<^'"  L'h'eng,  daughter  of  the  latter.  I'or  many  centuries 
hi>  descendants,  under  the  title  of  (iialbo  (in  Chinese  ^  ^  Tsan* 
Pu^),  continiierl  to  rule  over  Tibet  altlionLrli,  as  time   passed,  the 

•'.0 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF     CHINA.. 


temporal  authority  to  a  great  extent  was  eucroaclied  upon  by 
the  superiors  of  a  religious  association — the  Sakja,  (Chinese 
^  ^   Sa'  Chia^)  known  at  that  period  by  the  name  of   Brugbay 

written  in  Chinese  ^ffi  # ^  G  P"*  ^^^'  ^^'e''  Pa^ 

Based  on  the  doctrines  of  Buddhism,  which  penetrated  Tibet 
already  largely  corrupted  by  Hindoo,  and  especially  Sivaitic, 
forms  of  worship,  the  doctrine  of  the  Sakya  (also  called  j^j^  ^ 
Hung^  Chiao*,  Red  Doctrine,  from  the  colour  of  the  vestments 
and  head-dress  of  the  Sakya  priesthood)  became  in  the  course  of 
time  so  perverted  from  the  original  dogmas  of  Buddhism  that  it 
brought  upon  itself  a  strong  revolt,  under  the  leadershi})  of  a 
reformer  named  Tsongkhab'a  (lo57-1420),  in  Chinese  ?^  D^  Q. 
Tsung^  K'a^  Pa^,  who  founded  a  new  doctrhie  (^  ^  Huang' 
Chiao*,  Yellow  Doctrine).  His  nephevr,  Gegen-Dub,  succeeded 
in  1439  in  attaining  the  predominant  position  in  the  Hierarchy  of 
Tibetan  Buddhism  (Lamaism)  and  from  him  there  started  a  line 
of  clerical  rulers  of  Tibet  (Dalai  Lamas  ;  src  No.  914). 

In  the  13th  century  (dui'ing  the  'tc  Yiian  Dynasty)  Tibet 
became  a  vassal  of  China  and  in  1260  A.D.  the  Emperor  ^  jjj^ 
Shih*  Tsu^  (Khubilai)  bestowed  on  the  famous  Paghba  Lama 
(A  ,^>  G  P^i  Ssu^  Pal)  the  title  ^  gR  ;^  ^  ^  2  Kuo^  Shih^ 
Ta*  Pao=*  Fa^  Wang^,  State  Teacher  and  Prince  of  the  Precious 
Doctrine,  giving  him,  conjointly  with  the  secular  authorities, 
authority  over  Tibet.  The  dependence  was  again  confirmed  at 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  the  Manchu  Dynasty  when,  in 
1642  A.D.,  the  Emperor,  known  from  his  reign  as  ^  ^^  Ch'ung^ 
Tc^,  received  at  Moukden  envoys  carrying  presents  from  the 
Tibetan  rulers.  At  the  same  period  (1643)  the  Dalai  Lama, 
oppressed  by  the  temporal  authorities,  applied  to  Gushi  Khan,  in 
Chinese  styled  g  ^^  vT  K^^^  Shih'  Han^  the  reigning  Prince  of 
the  Khoshoit  Mongols,  for  assistance.  For  his  assistance  the 
latter  annexed  the  district  of  K'uk'unor  to  his  dominions  and 
levied  taxes  on  the  Kham  province.     The  Dalai   Lama  rewarded 

[     46G     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

hiiri  for  his  fidelity  with   the  title  of  |§  f ^  JT  No'  Mcir  Han^       907 
Nomen  Han,  or  Prince  (Khan)  of  the  Church,  tho   equivalent  of 
the  Sanskrit  "  Dharma  Raja," 

In  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  J|  ^,^  K'^ng^  Hsi^  in  1694 
A.D.,  the  teniporal  administrator  who.  as  Regent  for  the  Dalai 
Lama,  hac^  long  conducted  the  government  of  Tibet  under  the 
title  of  ^  E  Ti*  Pa',  or  ,1^  Q  '^^i^h^  ^''•^'  (compare  No.  912), 
was  invested  with  the  title  of  [g  fg  !\^  ^  I  T'u'^  Po'^  T'c"  Kuo-* 
Wang-,  King  of  Tibet.  Xot  long  after,  however,  the  continual 
intrigues  of  the  temporal  authorities  against  the  secidar  powci'S, 
and  also  their  inclination  to  throw  off  the  Chinese  yoke,  incited 
the  Chinese  Government  to  take  steps  to  strengthen  its  hold  over 
Tibet.  Accordingly,  in  1727,  a  large  part  of  the  border 
territory  of  the'  Kham  province  was  annexed  to  the  interior 
dominions  of  China.  At  about  the  same  time  two  Residents  (see 
No.  907)  were  appointed  for  the  supervision  of  actions  of  the 
temporal  administrators. 

In  1751  A.D.  the  temporal  sovereignty  in  Tibet  was 
entirely  suppressed,  the  rule  of  that  region  being  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  Dalai  Lama,  aided  by  a  council  of  four  laymen, 
called  Kalun,  or  Kablon,  i.e.  Ministers  of  State  (see  No.  910), 
under  the  superior  direction  of  the  two  Chinese  Residents.  The 
last-mentioned  have,  since  1792  A.D.,  been  autliorized  to  take 
a  direct  part  in  the  government  of  Tibet,  conjointly  with  the 
Dalai  Lama. 

907.  JIJ  i?  ;^  S  Ciui^  Tsang^  Ta*  ChV'nS  Imperial 
Resident  of  Tibet;  aided  by  a  colleague,  or  Assistant  Resident, 
styled  ^  |/j5?  :k  S  i'-^ng'  i*an*  Ta^  C^h'cn'  (this  post  was 
instituted  in  1727  ;  .'lee  No.  906). 

Both  the  Resident  and  Assistant  Resident  of  Tibet  are 
usualh  rliOHcn  from  the  ranks  of  luglier  Chinese  ofKcials  anil  are 
under  the  dire*eti()n  <>l  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies  (a<»^No.  491  a); 
charged,    however,    witli   memorializing   the   Throne  direct  on  ail 

[     i<;7    1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZAT^  OF    CHINA. 


909 


gQ3  important  questions.  Among  other  duties,  they  act  as  the  medium 
fQ  of  communication  between  the  Chinese  Government  and  tlie 
Court  of  Nepal,  which  is  known  in  Chinese  as  J^  |^  ^  j^  Kuo^ 
Erh^  K'a^  Kiio^  or  Q  ;fQ  Pai^  Pu%  and  g  ^^J^  1^^^  Fn\ 
"Parbuttiya.  They  have  a  staff  of  %  f^  ^  M  I'  Ch'ing^  Chang^ 
Ching^,  Secretaries  for  Native  Affairs. 

The  Imperial  Resident  and  Assistant  Pesident  are  invested 
with  the  supreme  command  of  both  the  Chinese  garrison  troops 
and  the  Tibetan  soldiery  (^  .^  Fan^  Ping^)  and,  through  the 
IfB  S  ^^^  Hsia'',  Council  Chamber  (see  No.  910),  control  the 
affairs  of  the  entire  Tibetan  civil  administration. 

Since  1909,  to  the  Imperial  Residents  there  has  been 
attached  a  %iM  ^  M  Clm^  Tsang^  Ts'an^  Tsan*,  Councillor 
{see  the  Imperial  Decree  of  the  18th  August,  1909). 

908.  ^  ^  Liang^  T'ai",  Commissary.  Of  this  rank  are 
three  Chinese  officials,  stationed  at  ^  ^  La^  Sa\  Lhassa, 
Ml  ft  1^  ^  Cha^  8hih-^  Lun^  Pu*,  Tashilumbo,  and  Ngari,  who 
act  as  paymasters  to  the  Chinese  forces  and  as  deputies  of  the 
Imperial  Residents  in  all  matters  concerning  Chinese  interests  in 
Tibet. 

909.  By  the  Tibetan-Indian  Commercial  Convention, 
concluded  between  China  and  England  on  the  21st  October,  1908, 
in  Tibet,  in  addition  to  f^  ^  Ya^  Tung\  Yatung,  opened  to 
foreign  trade  in  1895,  the  following  are  to  be  opened  :  JX  Jj^ 
Chiang!  Tzui,  Gyantze  Chung,  and  ^  i^  ^  Ka^  TV  K'e*, 
Gartok  At  Yatung  there  is  a  ^^  ||  Shui'*  Kuan\  Custom 
House,  now  under  the  direction  of  the  first  Commissioner  of 
Customs  of  Chinese  nationality.  At  the  other  places  mentioned 
there  have  been  established  ^. -^  Kuan^  Ch'ia*,  (Justoms 
Barriers. 

For  the  three  towns  mentioned  there  have  been  organized  : 
rn^K^  Kungi   Pu^    Chii^   Municipal   Council,  '^^W  M  ^^""* 
Ching3   Chii^,   Department  of   Police,  XM  M   K^ing'    Ch'eng^ 

[      168     J 


PRESENT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION  .  OF    CHINA. 

C'hiiS   Public   Works   Department,   ^  ^  ^  Ts'ai'   Pan^   C\m\  910 

Court  of  Justice,  etc.      The  British  Govei-ninent  has  the  right  of  tO 

appointiug  ^  ^  ^  ^    Shang'    Wu"*   Wei*  Yiian'^,   Commercial  q\2 
Agents,  at  these  places. 

910.  ttg  g  Ka^  HsiaS  The  Council.  This  is  coi.  nosed  of 
four  ^  ^  j^  Ka^  Pu*  Lnn^  Members  of  the  Council.  Kalons, 
or  Ministers  ;  see  Nos.  906  to  907),  appointed  by  Imperial 
Decree,  on  the  nomination  of  the  liesideuts,  and,  ex  officio, 
invested  ^vith  the  third  degree  of  Chinese  official  rank. 

911-  it^  _fc  Shang^  Shang^,  The  Treasury.  This  depart- 
ment is  presided  over  by  the  Kalons  and  has  supreme  control 
over  all  questions  relating  to  the  collection  of  revenue. 

The  staff  of  the  Treasury  includes  three  ff  ^  Tsai'  Peng'*, 
Councillors  of  the  Treasury  of  the  1st  Class  (invested  with 
Chinese  official  rank  of  the  4th  Class),  Two  ^  -^  iji]F  Q  ^^if^rig^ 
Cho'  T'e*  Pa',  Councillors  of  the  Treasury  of  the  2nd  Class 
(invested  with  rank  of  the  4th  Class),  and  tMO  ^  M  ;^  E  Yeh* 
Erh^  Ts'ang'  Pa^  (Yerts'angba),  Controllers  of  Revenue  (with 
the  5th  Class  of  Chinese  officinl  rank). 

912.  The  remaining  officials  of  the  secvdar  adn)inistration 
of  Tibet  are  :  1.  Two  IR  ff  f|f  Lang^  Tsai^  Hsia',  Controllers 
of  Streets  and  Roads ;  fifth  rank,  2.  Two  Wi  ^  ^  Hsioh^  Krh' 
Pang'  (Hierbang\  Commissioners  of  Justice;  fifth  rank,  .S. 
Two  ig  ^  G  ^''O^  Ti^  Pa'  (Shediba),  Superintendents  of 
Police  ;  fifth  rank,  4.  Tw(»  j^  3^  Ta*  Pcng^,  Controllers  of  the 
Stud  ;  sixth  rank,  ■',.  Two  »Jl  |^  Chung'  P,  Secretaries  of  the 
Council  (of  two  ranks  ;  distinguished  by  lia\  iiig  the  character 
■^  Ta*,  Great,  or  /J"»  Hsiao',  Lesser,  prefixed  to  the  title  ;  of  the 
sixth  and  .seventh  rard<),  (J.  .^ /g  ^f  Cho'  Ni»  Krh^  (Chonir), 
Second  Class  Secretaries  of  the  Council  ;  sixtli  rank,  and  7.  l.'i 
^  [«  T?  Pa',  or  ^  [3  Tieh-  Pa',  Commissioners  (dividcMl  mto 
hIx  classes  ;  compare  No.  906). 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

913  913.     In  the   military  organization  of  Tibet  the  following 

tQ         ranks  are  found  : 
914a  1-     ^^  Tai*  Peng*  (the  sound  was  formerly  denoted  by 

the    characters    f^  ^    Tai*    Pen'^),    (Commandant;    six    in    all; 
invested  Avith  the  fourth  degree  of  Chinese  official  rank. 

2.  jiw  ^  Ju^  P^ng*,  Assistant   Commandant ;   fifth   rank ; 
12  in  all, 

3.  ^3^  Chia'  Peng*,  Centurion  ;  sixth  rank  ;  24  in  all. 
and 

4-     ^^  Ting*  Peng*,  Subaltern;  seventh  rank;  120  in  all. 

913a.  ^  @  Fan^  Mu*,  A  generic  designation  for  Tibetan 
Officers  of  all  ranks,  both  civil  and  military.  Officers  are 
appointed  by  selection  from  the  ranks  of  scions  of  the  ancient 
aristocracy  (-{H;  ^  Shih*  Chia^),  known  as  Tongkhor  (^^4^ 
Tungi  K'o^  Erli=^). 

914.  ^i{  5^  La'  Ma^,  Lama.  This  designation,  applied 
to  all  members  of  the  Buddhist  priesthood,  is  derived  from  a 
Tibetan  word  which,  according  to  the  Chinese^  has  the  meaning 
of  ^  J2   W"'^  Shang*,  "  Unsurpassed." 

914a.     ^  fj  il]  Bjc   Ta^  Lai*  La'  Ma^  Dalai  Lama. 

The  word  Dalai,  or  Tale,  in  Mongolian,  signifies  "Ocean" 
and  (corresponds  to  the  Tibetan  word  Djamts'o,  or  Chamts'o, 
which  is  found  in  the  full  title  of  Dalai  Lama,  i.e.  Cheptsun 
Djamts'o  Einboch'e,  "  Venerable  Ocean  Treasure." 

The  Dalai  Lama,  regarded  as  a  re-embodiment  (in 
Moiigolian  Kubil'han  ;  in  Chinese  Df  ^  |?j  ^  Hu^  Pi*  Le*  Han', 
or  ih  ^  ILia*  Shen^)  of  the  famous  refoi-mer  of  Buddhism, 
Tscngkhaba  [see  ISo.  yu6),  and,  at  the  same  time,  as  an 
incarnation,  or  Avatar  (Sanskrit),  of  the  Bodhisattwa 
Avalokiteswara  (in  Chinese  M'm  ^'M  Kuan^  Yin^  P'u"  Pa^;  in 
Mongalian  Ariyabalu),  is  recognized  by  the  Chinese  (Government 
•as  the  supreme  Pontiff  of  the  Yellow  Church    (^  ^  ^  1^  M 

[     470     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Chang^    Huang-    CMiiao*     Shou'     I-ing^)    and,    as    such,    is    the 
ecclesiastical  mler  of  Tibet  (see  No.  906). 

Gegen-Dub  {see  Ko.  906),  and  his  nearest  successors,  were 
■called  only  Great,  or  Superior,  Lanias,  Tiie  title  of  ^  |^ 
Ta*  Lai'  was  bestowed  in  1640  A.D.  upon  the  fifth  Superior 
Lama  (Navang-Lobtsang)  by  the  Gushi  Khan,  the  reigning 
Prince  of  the  Khoshoit  Mongols,  and  was  sanctioned  in  1652 
A.D.  by  the  Emperor  ^  f^  Shun"*  Chih^  who,  during  a  visit  of 
the  said  Dalai  Lama  to  Peking,  bestowed  upon  him  a  golden 
seal  and  a  brevet  for  the  title  of  0§ ^  ;/>;  #  B  tt  i^f  Hsi^ 
T'ien'  Ta^  Shan^  Tzu^  Tsai^  Fo^  "Great,  Kighteous  and 
Complacent  Buddha  of  the  Western  Heavens."  Li  1908, 
during  the  visit  to  Peking  of  the  13th  Dalai  Lama,  to  this 
title  the  Emperor  ^  |g  Kuang^  llsii^  and  the  late  Empress 
Dowager  ^  ^  Tz'u-  Hsi^  added  the  characters  |^  )l^  ^  ^ 
Cli'cng-  Shun*  Tsan*  IIua%  "  Sincere  and  Loyal  Spreader  of 
Civilization "'  {see  Imperial  Decree  of  the  3rd  November, 
1908). 

On  the  death  ([§)  ^  Yuan^  Clii<)  of  the  Dalai  Lama  steps 
are  at  once  taken  for  the  selection  of  his  successor.  AVith  this 
object  in  view  inquiries  are  made  by  the  priesthood  as  to 
miraculous  manifestations  (f|  J|  Ling^  I*)  having  been  observed 
attendant  upon  the  birth  of  children  at  about  the  same  time. 
The  names  of  the  children  chosen  are  deposited  in  a  golden  urn 
<^  4w  E  jfS  <-"'"«'  1'*^'"'  ^^^  P'ing2)  and  .  that  drawn  forth 
determines  the  successor,  in  whom  the  deceased  Pontiff  has  been 
re-embodied. 

Th<-  monastery  and  palace  of  the  Dalai  I>ama  (Tabran- 
!Marbu,  meaning  "Red  Tf)wn")  is  situated  on  Mount  ^^^ 
Pu*  '1  a^  La',  or  Potala,  one  of  the  three  sacred  mountains  of 
Ihis  nam*',  at  the  foot  of  which  lies  the  city  of  Lhassa  (the 
monastery  was  biiilt  in  1643  A.D.  by  the  fifth  Superior  Lama  ; 
compare  above). 

[      >-l      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

914b  As  has  been  stated,  there  are  thi*ee  mountains  sacred  to  the- 

Buddhists  bearing  one  designation.     The  original  is  situated  in 
India,  another  forms  the  well-known  "island  of  monasteries  "  off 
the .  coast  of   Chekiang,  called   in   Chinese    ^  1?^  UJ    P'u^  T'o^ 
Shan^,  while  the  third  has  already  been  spoken  of. 

914b.  mWWiW  W,  /B  i!l  ^  Pan^  Ch'an''  E^  Erh^  T6^ 
Ni*  La'  Ma\  Panchen  Erdeni  Lama,  or  Panchen  Einpioche 
(Pearl  of  Intellect). 

The  -Panchen  Erdeni  Lama  is  believed  by  the  Buddhists 
to  be  a  regeneration  of  tne  second  of  the  eminent  disciples  of 
Tsongkhab'a  {see  No.  906)  and,  at  the  same  time,  a 
re-embodiment  of  the  Biiddha-Amitaba  (one  of  the  Five 
Buddhas  in  Meditation;  in  Chinese  jJjiJ  ^  ^''^ ^  A^  Mi''  T'o« 
Po^).  B[e  resides  at  the  Jashilumbo,  or  Serasiar,  Monastery, 
situated  about  one  mile  from  the  city  of  Q  I^  glj  Ji^  K'a^  ^ze\ 
Shighatze,  or  Jighatze  (also  Digharch'ih).  This  monastery  was 
built  by  Gegen-Dub  {see  No.  906)  in  1445  A.D. 

The  selection  of  the  Panchen  Erdeni  Lama  is  made  exactly 
as  is  the  Dalai  Lama  (compare  No*  914a). 

The  first  Panchen  Lama  was  Lobtsang  Choichih  Chaltsang, 
the  confessor  of  the  fifth  Dalai  Lama,  declared  as  such  by  the 
latter  about  1650  A.D. 

One  of  the  Panchen  Lamas  (namely,  the  sixth  in  succession 
of  the  Panchen  Lamas,  Lobtsang  Tanishi  by  name)  undertook 
the  journey  to  Peking  to  take  part  in  the  festivities  in  connection 
with  the  Emperor  ^^  Ch'ien^  Lung's',  7"0th  birthday  (in  1780 
A.D.)  At  Peking  he  succumbed  to  small-pox  and  a  marble 
obelisk  was  erected  at  his  place  of  sepulture  in  the  i^  f?  f b  ftS 
^  Ch'in^  Ching*  Hua-^  Ch'eng'  Miao\  which  was  built  in  1783 
and  is  also  styled  the  ^  ^  ^  Hsi^  Huang''  Ssu'. 

To  the  Panchen  Erdeni  Lama  there  are  attached  the 
following:  1.  pjiftlHl^  Chi*  Chung*  La'  MaS  Chief 
Councillor,  2.     M  "^  M  W^  Sui*  Peng*  La'  Ma^  Lama  of  the 

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PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Second  Degree,  H.      ^  ;4ii  I^IJ  51^    ^^t>n'  Pon='  La^  Ma',   Lama  of       015 
the  Third   Degree,  and  4.      ^  ^  ^  gf Ij  ^  Cho»   Ni'^  Erh'  La'        ^O 
Ma\    Lama   of  the    Fourtli    Degree.     These    positions    are    all      qik. 
filled  by  appointment  of  the  Imperial  Resident,  on  the  nomination 
of  the  Panchcn  Erdeni  Lama. 

915.  |§  fPV^  ^'o*  ^I^'"'  ■Han^  Nomen  Han  (the 
Mongolian  is  eqnivalent  to  the  Sanskrit  Dhanna  Kaja),  "Prince 
of  the  Chnreh,"'  or  "•Prince  of  the  True  Faith"  (in  Chinese 
tk  2  ^^^^  Wang'^).  This  title  has,  for  a  long  time  past,  been 
bestowed  upon  eminent  supporters  of  the  Lamaist  llierarchy ; 
the  first  recorded  instance  of  its  bestowal  was,  as  we  have  seen 
above,  in  the  case  of  Giishi  Khan  (compare  No.  906).  Tt  was 
often  conferred  upon  ecclesiastical  dignitaries  imder  whose 
direction,  as  Regent,  the  Tibetan  Council  (see  No.  910)  was 
placed  during  the  repeated  minorities  of  the  Dalai  Lama.  For 
this  reason  these  dignitaries  were  sometimes  colloquially  called 
a^  ^  Tsang*  Wang'',  Princes  of  Tibet.  In  addition  to  the  title 
ot  Nomgn  Han  they  bore  also  a  "Ming  Hao"  (;^  ^)  or  "title 
of  honour,"  such  as  that  of  Galdan  Shiretu  (Ol  ^  :^  ^  Hf  H 
Ka'  Erh»  Tan'  Hsi'  Le^  T'u^)  together  with  the  olhce  of  Bakhshi, 
GiSff  ^^'  K'<^''  S^^5h^  in  Mongolian  "Teacher,"  or 
"  i'receptor,"  the  Chinese  gjj  Shih'. 

The  last  of  the  Nomen  Han  was  degraded  in  1844  and 
died  in  exile  in  1854  (comj>are  No.  91.5a). 

915a.  ^  ^  |§  ff!  ^  Ch'a^  Ilan^  No^  Men''  Han», 
White  Prince  of  the  Church  ;  rendered  in  Chinese  as  ^  ^  Pai' 
Fo^,  in  Mongolian  as  Ts'aghang  Nomen  Han.  This  title  is 
borne  by  the  hereditary  chieftain  of  one  of  the  Bann'>rs  of  the 
T'nmetB  {srf  No.  894).  The  first  bearer  was  ^Linchusri 
Hut'ukht'n,  a  spiritual  coiuisellor  sent  by  the  Dalai  Lania, 
about  l.jHO  A.D.,  to  Altan  Khan  of  the  T'umets  and  who  was 
e-stablishcd  at  Hokn  Hcjtii. 

r     17:5     ] 


PKB8ENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Q16b  On  the  accession  of  the  Throne  by  the  Manchu  Dynasty 

to        the    successors    of    Manchusri    Hut*ukht'u   were    compelled   to 

QIQ      remove  to  thft  region    South  of   the  Yellow  River,  where  they 

have  remained  up  to*  the  present  wielding   great   influence  over 

all  the  Mongol  and  Tibetan  Buddhists  (compare  No.  915). 

915b.  ig  ^  K'an^  Pu*,  Abbot  (Hambo  Lama).  By  a 
Decree  of  1792  A.D.  it  was  ordained  that  all  K'an  Pu 
enthroned  (^  ^  Tso*  Ch'uang^)  in  the  larger  monasteries 
should  be  appointed  by  the  Dalai  Laiua,  and  the  Imperial 
Resident  jointly.  In  the  case  of  smaller  monasteries  the  power 
of  appointment  rests  with  the  Dalai  Lama  alone. 

The  envoy  despatched  yearly  to  Peking  with  presents — 
tribute — frOm  the  Dalai  Lama  and  Panchen  Lama  is  selected 
from  the  ranks  of  Hambo  Lamas  of  Tibetan  monasteries.  He  is 
designated  in  Chinese  by  the  title  Elch'in,  ||.  M  ^^E*  ^»"h' 
Ch'in^,  a  transliteration  of  the  Manchu  word  meaning  "Envoy." 

916.  Df  ^  ^  m  fiui  T'u^*  K'e^  T'u^,  Hut'ukht'u, 
Pontiff  (the  Mongolian  word  is  interpreted  by  the  Chinese  as 
meaning  |f^  3fS  A  Tsai*  Lai^  Jen',  "one  who  returns  again"). 
The  colloquial  designation  is  y^  ^  Huo'^  Fo^,  Living  Buddha. 

A.  large  class  in  the  Buddhist  Hierarchy  are  considered  as 
re-embodiments  (gj  Pf  Hill  '^  Ch'u*  Hu»  Pi*  Le*  Han^)  of 
Bodhisattwas  and  eminent  promoters  of  Buddhism. 

The  Hut'ukht'us  recognized  by  the  Chinese  Government 
and  registered  at  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies  number  160, 
i.e.  30  in  Tibet,  including  12  bearing  the  distinctive  appellation 
of  Shaburung  (^jj  ^  ^  Sha^  Pu*  Lung"),  19  in  Northern 
Mongolia,  57  in  Southern  Mongolia,  35  in  K'uk'unor,  five  in 
Chamdo  and  14  in,  or  near,  Peking.  For  particulars  as  to  the 
last-mentioned  see  No.  917. 

When  a  Hut'ukht'u  dies  his  successor  is  chosen  in  the  same 
manner  as  is  the  successor  of  the  Dalai  Lama  (see  No.  914a;. 
The  names  of   the  candidates  are  deposited  in.  the  golden  urn 

[     474     ] 


PKE8E»T    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

(^  )g(  Chin^  P'ing^)  and  the  lot  drawn  determines  the  successor,      916a 
who,   however,    must   be  approved   by    the    Emperor.     Imperial         ^q 
Edicts   are    issued    whenever    a    Hut'ukht'u    dies  (compare  the       Q^y 
Decree    of    the   26th    October,    1909,   issued    on    the  death   of 
•Tungkhor  Hut'ukht'u  ;  see  No.  917). 

Many  Hut'ukht'us  receive  from  the  Chinese  Government, 
for  merit  shown,  the  honorary  title  of  Gegen,  a  Mongolian  word 
meaning  "  Light." 

916a.  ^^M-^^^f^'^M  Che'  Pu*  Tsun^  Tan^ 
Pa'  Hu'  T'u^  Ke*  T'n\  Cheptsun-damba  Hut'ukht'u,  the 
Mongolian  Hut'ukht'u,  or  Pontiff,  residing  at  Urga  and  ranking 
third  among  the  dignitaries  of  the  Lamaist  chiu-ch,  i.e.  after  the 
Dalai  Lama  and  the  Panchen  Erdeni  Lama. 

The  Mongols  frequently  refer  to  the  Oheptsun-damba 
Hut'ukht'u  as  the  Maidari  Hut'ukht'u  (from  Maitreya,  the 
Messiah  of  Buddhism  ;  in  CI  Inese  ^  ^}  ^  Wi'  Le*  Fo^).  He 
is  also  described  as  Gegen,  tha^title  bestowed  by  Tsetsen  Gegen 
Khan  in  1637  A.D.  on  Gliombo-Dardj-i,  the  son  of  T'ushet'u 
Khan.  Tliis  title  was  afterwards  recognized  by  the  Dalai  Lama 
as  appertaining  to  the  Kubil  Han  of  Cheptsun-damba. 

The  official  designation  of  the  Cheptsun-damba  Hut'ukht'u 
is  T'aranatha  Lama,  he  being  considered  the  re-embodiment  of 
T'aranatha,  the  famous  historian  of  Buddhism. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  IShabinors,  Serfs  of  Underlings  of 
the  Urga  i'ontifF,  s^e  No.  875. 

917.  gi  T^  ^!j  ^  Chu^  Ching^  La^  Ma',  Lamaist 
Organization  in  and  about  Peking. 

Thanks  to  the  large  patronage  extended  to  the  "  Yellow 
Church"  by  the  Emperors  of  the  Manchu  Dyna.sty  (beginning 
frOm  K'ang  Hsi,  1662-1722),  the  Lamas  have  succeeded  in 
gradually  establishing  vast  and  rich  monasteries  at  tiehol  (12  ^ 
♦Ssii',  Monasteries),  Dolon-nor  (also  I$ll  ^  i^j  La'  Ma'  Mino'; 
there   are   two   monasteries   here — Shara-suinC,   the    Yellow,   and 

[     17:,    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Hoho-sume,  the  Blue),  and,  especially,  at  3£  §  [ij  Wu'  T'ai* 
Shan^,  in  Shansi  province,  where  there  is  a  famous  temple 
#  H  Xl  P'u^  Sa^  Ting^  (official  designation,  i^^^^^  Ta* 
Wen2  Shui  Ssu\  Large  Temple  of  Wen  Shu,  or  ^  ^  ^  Chen^ 
Jiing'  Yiian^,  Court  of  the  True  Image),  built  by  the  monk 
^  ^  Fa*  Yung',  during  the  time  of  the  T'ang  Dynasty  and 
dedica^ted  to  the  Bedhisattwa  Manchusri  (^  ^  ^  |^  Wen*  Shu^ 
P'u''  Sa^),  which  is  annually  visited  by  crowds  of  pilgrims  from 
all  parts  of  Mongolia. 

In  and  about  Peking,  as  well  as  at  the  Imperial  Mausolea, 
there  are  found  lamaseries  in  which  services  are  daily  perfonned 
in  honour  of  deceased  sovereigns. 

Among  the  Metropolitan  Hut'ukht'us  the  first  place 
appertains  to  the  ^  ^-  Pf  Iffl  ^  H  Chang^  Chia^  Hu^  T'u^  Ke* 
T'u",  Changcha  Hut'ukht'u  (also  designated  ^  ^  Chang' 
Chiao'*).  He  is  acknowledged  as  the  re-embodiment  of  a 
Hut'ukht'u  despatched  by  the  Dalai  Lama,  under  the  same  title, 
to  represent  him  at  the  Chinese  Court  (towards  the  close  of  the 
l7th  century).  The  latter  was  received  with  great  respect  by 
the  Emperor  K'ang  Hsi  and  was  assigned  a  residence  at  the 
Shara-sume  monastery  (compare  above),  built  in  the  Jehol 
district  about  1691.  The  successor  of  the  original  Changcha 
Hut'ukht'u,  diu-ing  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  |^  [^  Ch'ien^ 
Lung^  (1736-1796),  removed  his  residence  to  Peking,  where  he 
was  allotted  the  monastery  ^  ^  ^  Yung^  Ho^  Kung^  (where 
the  Emperor  %  jE  Yung^  Cheng*,  1723-1735,  lived  while  Heir 
Apparent;  compare  No.  104a). 

The  principal  Metropolitan  Hut'ukht'u  are  enumerated 
below,  in  order  of  rank  assigned  them  by  a  Decree  of  1786  : 
I.  Minchur  Hut'ukht'u  (WC^'^^'M^  M  Min'  Chu^  l^rh' 
Hui  T'u'  Kc*  T'u^),  residing  at  the  monastery  ^^^  Tung^ 
Huang''  Ssu\  built  in  1691,  lying  three  ^  Li^  North  of  the 
^  ^  P5     An^     Ting*     Men',     2.      Galdnn    Siret'u    Hut'ukht'u 

[     476     ] 


PRESENT     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Vv^^n^mM^fM'^M  Ka^  ^^^'  Tan^  Hsi2  Lc'^  T'u=  Hu'  T'u-      918 
Ke*  T'n-J,  3.      C'hiluno-  Hufukht'u  (Jf  H  Df  H  :^  H  ( "lii^  Lung" 
IW  T'u2  Ke^  T-ii-).     These  all  have  preceacnce  of  the  ||M  i^  ^ 
TsunfT^  K'an^  Pii*,  A})bots-in-(.'hief  of  the  Imperial  Lamaseries. 

There  are  eight  other  digiHtarics  of  class  mentioned,  headed 
bv  the  Tiuigkhor  Hut'ukht'u  ( jjnl  f.f  |jI|  nf-  JU  :^  ^  Tung^  K'o^ 
Erh'  Hn^  T'u^  Kc''  T'lr),  (hvelling  at,  or  near,  Peking,  and  two 
at  Dolon-nor. 

918  The  remaining  ranks  of  tlie  Lamaist  nierarchy  ai'e 
as  follows:  \.  ^  \l\l  ^l  ^ -^  ±  M  ^  Chang'  Yin^  Ohai  Sa' 
Kt?  Ta^  La^  Ma^,  Dzassak  Da-Lama,  Grand  Cliancellor  of  the 
Lamaseries,  having  a  seal  of  office,  2.  glj  ^  ff]  ^L  li  !^  A  5l!l  M 
Yn*  (^hang^  Yin^  Cha'  Sa'  K.'-^  Ta*  La^  Ma',  Vice-Chai.cellor, 
^-  iXj^yi  ilJ  S^  <  lia^  Sa'  Ke^  La^  Ma',  Dzassak  Lama, 
Ruler  of  Lamaseries,  4,  ^  Cjlj  ^  Ta^  La^  Ma',  Prior  of  a 
Lamasery ;  charged  with  tlic  management  and  cx)ntrol  of  services 
of  the  monastery  to  which  he  is  attached,  as  well  as  with 
supervision  of  the  Lamas,  to  ensure  that  they  perform  their 
duties  properly,  5.  glj  ^  pjl]  \^  Fu*  Ta^  La'  Ma',  Vice-Prior, 
6-  W\  nk  in  ^M  Hsien^  San'  La^  ^La',  Lamas  with  no  fixed 
post  (com]. are  No.  9.14),  7.  ^,  TfC  ^F  Te^  Mu*  Ch'i^  (also 
^  tJC  "^  Te"  Mu*  Ch'i'^;  in  ISIongolian  Dcnich'i),  Demch'i  Lama, 
or  Steward  of  a  Lamasery,  H.  |§  ,^>  §1  Ki;''  Ssu'  Kuei'  (in 
Tibetan  (lisk-hiii;  in  Mongolian  Gelihui,  or  Gebghei),  Gebhui, 
or  Provost;  in  charge  of  the  mamtenance  of  good  order  during 
services,  for  which  reason  he  is  authorized  to  carry  a  sceptre 
tvhile  services  are  in  ])rogress  (in  laige  monasteries,  where  there 
are  many  Gebhuis,  the  senior  is  designated  as  'l\\  Ciebhiii). 

There  are  three  degrees  of  consecration  in  the  Lamaist 
Hierarcliy :  1.  ^  |^  Kf*  Lung',  Geleng  (Gylong),  Higher. 
^-  ite-tiif4^  '<.?  Ts'u'  f:rh»,  (Jets'ul,  Middle,  and  3.  Jjf  ^ 
Pan'  'I'i',  j'.iiridi  (in  Tibt-tiui  (Ihoncng;  in  Kalmuk  .M;uicliih). 
Lower.      Ill  iiddition  theie  ;ue  f<J;  <^»  >^lia'   \'\\  No\ices. 

[       177      ] 


' 


* 


PART      lY. 


APPENDIX 


SPECIALLY  DEPUTED  OFFICIALS. 


919.  #   S!    ^    f^    T'e*    P'ai^    Ch'ali    gi^i^s.    Specially       919 
Deputed  Officials.  to 

In    China    the    custom    of    charging    officials    with   special       gn-t 
missions  is  very  widespread,  for  instance,  for  conducting  iiegotia- 
tions  with  Foreign  Powers  in  connection  with  the  conclusion  of 
commercial  treaties  or  for  investigating  the  situation  of  various 
questions  abroad,  such  as  Education,  Finance,  etc. 

920.  ^  ^  [|^  ?§  i:  S  K'ao'  Ch'a^  Cheng*  Chih*  Ta* 
Ch'en^,  Commissioner  for  Studying  the  Political  Organization 
(of  Foreign  States).  Under  this  designation  officials  (^  ^ 
Tsai^  Tse»,  t^  -jj  Tuan^  FangS  ^  fiSj  ^  Tai*  HungUz'u',  and 
others)  were  deputed  to  Europe  and  America  in  1905. 

920a.  #  ^  ^  gj^  :/^  £  K'ao'  Ch'a^  Hsien*  Cheng*  Ta* 
Ch'en^  Commissioner  for  Studying  Constitutional  Government 
(in  Foreign  Countries).  This  titles  was  given  to  officials  deputed, 
in  August,  1907,  to  England  {^  ^^  Wang^  Ta*-lisieh^), 
Gemiany  (^  i^  H^  Yu^  Shih*-mei*)  and  Japan  (first  ^  H  Ta* 
Shou*,  later  ^  ^  gfij  Li'  Chia'-chii'). 

920n.  mmM'lk^^^  Tsuan'  Ni'  (P)  Hsien*  Fa*  Ta* 
Ch'en^  Commissioner  for  Compiling  Constitutional  Laws.  An 
Imperial  Edict  of  the  5th  November,  1910,  appointed  Princes 
P'u  Lun  and  Tsai  Tse,  with  this  title,  to  draw  up  a  schedule  of 
essential  constitutional  laws. 

921.  J$  P'l  glj  ^  ;l^  m  Ao*  Men''  Ilua*  Chieh*  Ta*  Ch'cn', 
Commissioner  for  defining  the  Macao  Boundaries.  An  official 
hearing  this  title,  "^MWlt.  Kao*  Krh'-ch'ien',  took  part  in  the 
deliberations  of  a  mixed   Sino-Portuguesc   Commission   convened 

[     481     ] 

31 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION"    OF    CHINA. 

■ — ■ w * ~ 

922       for    the    purpose    of    defining    the    boundaries    of     Macao    (in 
to        1909). 

gg^  922.      mmflim:kU    K'^^^    Ch'a^    Xs'ai^.  Cheng^    Ta* 

Ch'en',  Commiss-ioner  for  Studying  the  Financial  Organization 
(in  Foreign  Countries).  Invested  with  this  title,  j§  ^g  fj^  T'ang^ 
Shac^-i',  studied  the  financial  situation  of  America  and  the 
continental  Powers  during  1908-1909. 

922a.  a  similar  ciiarge  to  the  above,  namely,  the  stud3'ing 
of  the  financial  organization  (^  '^  Hj  I^  I^'^o^  Ch'a^  Ts'ai^ 
Cheng*)  of  Japan,  America  and  Europe,  was  laid  upon  ^  Ep 
Lien*  Chia^,  the  Lite  Ijieutenant-Governor  of  Anhui  province,  in 
1909.  He  was,  at  the  same  time,  directed  to  study  the  measures 
taken  towards  spreading  education  (^  ^  ^  ^  III  M  ^  W 
^^  Chien^  ChV  Ko*  Kuo^*  T'uiVKuang^  Chiao*  Yii"  Pan^ 
Fa^),  extending  the  postal  and  telegraph  services  and  the 
institution  of  Postal  Savings  Banks. 

923.  #  ^  ^  H  :/c  S  K'ao^  ^^'a-  Hai^  Chimi  Ta* 
Ch'en^,  Commissioner  for  Studying  Naval  Affairs.  Bearing  this 
title.  Prince  1^  ^^  Tsai^  Hsiin^  and  Admiral  ^-  ||  7K  Sa'  Chcn*- 
ping\  left,  in  the  Autumn  of  1909,  to  study  tlie  situation  of 
naval  affairs  hi  England,  France,  Italy,  Germany  and  Russia. 
Tli.ey  visited  the  United  States  of  America  and  Japan  for  a 
similar  purpose  in  the  Autumn  of  1910. 

923a.  ^^M'M  :k^  K'ao^  Clra*  Lu-  Chiin^  Ta* 
Ch'en*,  Commissioner  for  Studying  Military  Affairs.  Invested 
with  this  title,  Prince  |g  |0  Tsai^  T'ao^  was  despatched,  in  1910, 
to  Japan,  America,  England,  France,  Germany,  Italy,  Austria 
and  Russia,  with  the  object  of  studying  the  military  situation  in 
these  countries. 

924.  mmm^nm^^^^^  < 'i^'"^'  < "i^'-^i^  p^^^' 

Li^  Shangi  Yiieh'  Shih-  Wu*  Ta*  Ch'en',  Imperial  Commissioner 
for  Negotiating  Commercial  Treaties.  This  title  was  borne  by 
j^M^   Sheng*   Hsuan'-huai^    g  ^  ^*  Lii^'    H;liMluan^    and 

[     482     ] 


rUESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATFON    OF    C'lIXA. 


927 


iS  IS  ^   ^^^"^   T'iDg--fang^   who  concluded  commercial  treaties      924a 
with  England  (in  1902)  and  with  America  and  Japan  (in  190y;.        ^q 

924a.  ^  if  jftj  ^  ^^  g  Hui^  Pan*  Shang^  Vueh'  Tu* 
Cli'en-,  Associate  Imperial  Commis.-ionor  for  Negotiating 
Commercial  Treaties.  This  title  is  borne  by  Sheng  Hsiian-huai, 
although  at  present  no  commercial  treaties  with  Foreign  Powers 
are  being  negotiated. 

925.  I^  fc^  Chuau'  Shih',  Ambassador  Extraordinary  ;  the 
title  of  officials  deputed  for  extraordinary  missions  to  Foreign 
Sovereigns.  It  was  borne  by  6|  |^  I  ^^  j^  Ch'un'  Ch'iii^ 
Wang'  Tsai'  Feng',  Ch'nn,  Prince  of  the  First  Rank,  personal 
name  ^  j^  Tsai  Feng,  who  was  deputed  to  Germany  in  1901  to 
express  regret  for  the  killing  of  Baron  von  Kettlcr,  and  by  ^  ifH 
Na^  T'nng-,  who  was  -deputed  to  Ja|)an  at  the  same  time  to 
express  similar  regrets  for  the  killing  of  Mr.  Sugiyama.  For 
tendering  China's  thanks  to  America  for  waiving  [)art  of  the 
indemnity  of  1900,  /^  $3  1^  T'aug-  Shao*-i^  as  Ambassador 
Extraordinary,  visited  that  country  in  1  908  and,  similarly.  Prince 
^  tS  Tsai^  (  hen'*,  and  ^  ?r|  ^  Tai''  Hung^-tz'u',  were  deputed 
to  .fapan  and  Russia  respectively  to  express  (.'hina's  gratitude 
for  the  despatch  of  Special  Ambassador^  from  these  countries  to 
the  funeral  of  the  Emperor  Kuang  Urn. 

926.  ^  fl  5g  13  ic  [5  Kungi  Pan*  San'  Li'  Ta*  Ch'enS 
Superintendent  of  Funeral  Rites.  This  title  wa  ;  borne  by 
various  Princes  of  the  Blood-  and  High  Officials  o^"  the  Empire 
who  were  deputed  in  November,  1908,  for  the  supp  vision  of  the 
funeral  ceremonies  of  the  Emperor  Kuang  Hsii  ajul  the  Em])ress 
Dowager  T'/ii  Hsi  (20  officials  in  all). 

y^"-  ^B±^  ^'e"'  I^^ang*  Ta*  ^;h'en»,  Controll<-r  of 
Examination  of  (Jlh -ials.  Thus  are  designated  ^Ictrojjolitan 
officials  who  aie  deputed,  in  accordance  with  the  l.iw,  to  receive 
officials  who  have  obtaimd  i»p])()intmcnts  to  posts  not  higher  than 
the  fourtii  rank,  the  Imperial    Andi<-nc<'  being  v  ilvcd,   with   llie 

[     4«H     j 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    9RGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

928       object   of    ascertaining   whether   there   is   any  obstacle  to  their 

^Q        taking    up    appointments    (for    instance,    physical    defects,    bad 

020       official  record,  etc.).     The  examination  of  these  officials  is  made 

in  groups,  periodically)  several  times  a  month),  Imperial  sanction 

being  obtained  for  each  examination. 

ESTABLISHMENTS    ABOLISHED   OR    REORGANIZED. 

928.  j^  i^  ^  THmg^  Cheng*  Ssu^,  Transmission  Office  ; 
literary  designation,  ^  ^  Yin^  T'ai''.  This  office  was 
charged  with  the  reception,  recording  and  transmission  to  the 
Council  of  all  Memorials  received  from  the  p'-ovinces.  Also, 
it  was  the  depot  for  the  receipt  of  all  petitions  addressed  to  the 
Emperor  direct.  The  staff  included  :  1.  ^  ^  ^  ^  j^  WCi^ 
T'ungf^  Cheng*  Shih'  Ssu^  T'ung^  Cheng*  Shih',  Commissioners 
of  the  Transmission  Office  (literary  designation,  ^^  ^  Yin^  T'ai*, 
^MM  Ta*  Yin'  T'aiS  ^  W  Na*  Yen^  :/c  ^  W  Ta*  Na* 
Yen^  Ij^  f^  f^  Hsien*  Na*  IShihS  ;/c  Wt  M  Ta*  Hsien*  Na*,  and 
@  f^  Kuei^  kShih^)-;  one  Manchu  and  one  Chinese ;  3a, 
2-  M^  iM  Wl  Ml)  iM  T'ungi  Cheng*  Shih'  Ssu^  Fu*  Shih^ 
Deputy  <  'ommissioners  of  the  Transmission  Office ;  one  Manchu 
and  one  Chinese,  4 a,  3.  ali^HJ^^  T'ung^  Cheng*  Ssu^ 
Ts'an^  I*,  Secretaries  of  the  Transmission  Office ;  one  Manchu 
and  one  Chinese;  5a,  and  4.  j1  S^  ^  MM  T'ung^  Cheng*  Ssu^ 
Ching^  Li*,  Commissary  of  Eecords  of  the  Transmission  Office. 

In  1902  the  Transmission  Office  was  abolished. 

929.  '^  ^  }^  Chan^  Shih*  Fu^,  Supervisorate  of  Imperial 
Instruction  ;  literary  designation,  H^  pj  Tuan^  Ssu^,  and  ^  ;§ 
Kung^  Chan^;  under  the  Yiian  Dynasty  called  ^  ^  Ch'u' 
Yiian*.  This  department  was  specially  charged  with  the 
direction  of  the  studies  of  the  Heir  Apparent  but,  as  the 
Emperors  of  the  reigning  dynasty,  for  reasons  already  mentioned 
{see  No.    12),  forbore  from  making  the  selection  of   an    Heir 

[     ^84     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Apparent  during  their  lifetime,  it  was,  up  to  the  date  of  its  930 
abolition  in  1902,  an  absolute  sinecure  for  a  personnel  made  up, 
in  view  of  the  important  object  of  its  institution,  of  Members  of 
the  National  AcademV,  holding  office  also  in  the  latter.  The 
staff  was  made  up  of:  1.  Two  M^J^  lEM^  ^'han»  Shih* 
Fu'  Cheng*  Chan^  Shih*,  Chief  Supervisors  of  Instruction ; 
literary  designation,  ^  J£  Kung^  Cheng*,  ^  ^*  Kung^  Yin', 
^  ^g  Ch'u'  Tuan',  J^  ^  Tuan^  Yin^  :k'^  i^  Ta*  Rung'  Tuan\ 
:}<  ^  ^m  ^'^'  ^^^'^'  TuanS  and  ^  -^  Rung'  Chan';  3a,  2.  Two 
M  0  H^  'J^  M  ^  Ohan^  Shih*  Fu^  Shao*  Chan^  Shih*, 
Supervisors  of  Instruction ;  literary  designation,  ^  ^  Shao* 
'i^^inS  M^^  <^'^i'^n'  Shih*  Ch'eng^  ^  $^  Shao*  Tuan\  and 
^^  Tuani  Ch'eng=^;  4a,  3.  Four  ^i^^.^  Ch'un^  Fang'  Shu* 
Tzu',  Deputy  Supervisors  of  Instruction,  two  ^  Tso',  Senior, 
and  two  :^  Yu*,  Junioi-  literary  designation,  ^  }&  Rinig^  Shu*, 
tft  ^  Chuiigi  jj^^4^  3,^j  ^  ^  ii  Ta*  Chung^  Hu*;  5a,  4.  Four 
^  ^  ^  it  (^^li'"ii'  Fang*  Cliung^  Yiin^  Secretaries  of  the 
Supervisorate  of  Imperial  Instruction,  two  ^  Tso^,  Senior, 
and  two  ;;^  Yu*,  Junior ;  literary  designation,  ^  ^  Rung'  Yiin^, 
and  :^  ^;  -f^  Ta*  Rung'  Yiin';  6a,  5.  Four  ^tfj^^  Ch'uni 
Fang*  Tsan*  Shan*,  Assistant  Secretaries  of  the  Sujjervisorate 
of  Imperial  Instruction ;  literary  designation,  ^  ^  Rung^ 
Tsan*,  and  :;^  ^  ^  Ta*  Rung'  Tsan*;  6b,  6.  Two  ^^^  f^ 
i5fc  .^  S^u'  Clung'  Chii-  Ilsien'  Ma^,  Librarians;  literary 
designation,  ^  tjj  'X  ii  K"ei*  Fang'  Ta*  Fu',  Wj  Wl 
^%  Ssu'  Ching^Ta*  Fu',  and  iv  ^  M  Ta*  Chang'*  Ching'; 
5b,  and  7.     5^  ^,  Chu'  Pu*,  Archivist;  7i{. 

930.  mn.^m  ?K  i^  fS  l"3  Tsung^  Li'  Ro*  Ruo"  Shili* 
Wu*  Ya2  Men',  or,  more  explicit,  IQ  H^]^]'^  \%  '\^  /^  f/^  PI 
Tsung^  Li»  Ro*  Ruo2  T'lmg'  Sl.ang'  Sl.ih'  Wu*  Va'  MCmi', 
Office  of  Foreign  Affairs;  estal)lislied  in  1H61  ami  administered 
h'  ia  il  ^  W  -Jf  i^  ^<  Ui  Tsung-'  Li'  Ro*  Ruo'  Shil.^  Wu* 
Ta*  Ch'en',  Members  (for  details  see  No.  305). 

[      .1«5     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 

930a  In   1901    this  institution  was  reorganized  as  the  ^f»  ^  ^ 

to         Wai*  Wu*  Pn*,  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  {see  No.  305 a). 
038  930a.      IrJ  ^  It  T'ung^  Wen^  Kuan^  College   of    Foreign 

Languages;    estahlislied   in    1862   (seo  No.    311)   at  the    Office 
of  Foreign  Affairs  (see  Nos.  305  and  930);  abolished  in  1900. 

931.  ^  tf  §15  Hsiin^  Ching^  Pu*,  Ministry  (Board)  of 
Police;  established  in  1905  (see  details  in  No.  339);  reorganized 
in  1906  as  the  ^WCa^  ^in^  Cheng*  Pn^  Ministry  of  the 
Interior  (see  No.  33 9 a). 

932.  p  %  Hu*  Pu^  Ministry  (Board)  of  Eevenue  (5^^ 
No.  349).  This  Ministry  was  also  designated  j^  ^  Ti^  Ts'ao«, 
A  §[5  Jen^  ru%  fj  ^  Ssui  T'u',  and  ^  jg  Ssu^^  Nung^  while 
its-Pj-esident  was  called  j^  ^^  Ti*  Ch'ing\  ic  H  S  Ta''  Ssu' 
Nung^,  or  ^  'nl  yt  ^^^  ^^^^^  Yiian^,  and  its  Vice-President 
^  p1  jR  Shao*  Ssu^  Nung^.  It  was  reorganized  in  1906  as  the 
M^U  Tn*  Chih^  Pn^  (see  No'.  349b). 

932a.  nj  ^  ^  Ts'ai^  Cheng*  Ch'u*,  Committee  of 
Finance  :  formed  in  1903  (see  No.  349a);  amalgamated  in  1906 
with  the  g  ^  §15  Tu"  Chih^  Pu*,  Ministry  of  Finance  (see  No. 
349b). 

933.     :J^'^^    T'ai*   Ch'ang'^   Ssu*,     Court    of    Sacrificial 
Worship ;    literary    designation,    M  '^  ^    Feng*   Ch'ang^    Ssu*, 
p)  Si  ^    Ssti'   Li'  ''^sn%  and    ffl  ^  C'h'ii'  T'ai^  (sec  No.  376b); 
was    in   charge  of  all    sacrifices   performed  by   the  Emperor  in 
person,  or  by  his  deputies,  and  supervised  temples  and  Imperial 
jNIausolea.     Its  personnel  was  made  up  of:    1.     Two   ^  ',^  ^ 
iE  J|P  T'ai*  Ch'ang2  Ssu*  Cheng*  Ch'ingS  Directors  of  the  Cour 
of   Sacrificial   Worship ;   literary  designation,     p]  ^§  #  9PP   ^^^ 
Li:^    Ssu*    Ch'ing',    ±  fl    Ta*  I^    ^  ^  #  iP    Feng*   Cli'ang^ 
Ssu*  Ch'ingS  ±  m  fl'Ta*  Tien'  Li',   and  ^  fj.^    Tsung^   Po=^ 
3a,'    and     2.     Two    :k  "^  ^  'J>  W    T'ai*    Ch'ang"   Ssu*    SUao* 
Ch'ing^,    Sub-Directors    of    the   Court  of    Sacrificial    Worship ; 
literary   designation,    ^  fiS  :^  0P   Ssu'   Li^   Shao*  Ch'ing\   an« 

[     486     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 


935 


^"^  :k^    i''^^g*    Ch'ang^^    Ta^    Fu\     These    Officials    were       934 
geuerically  described  as  ^  ^  Ching'  T'ang'.  4.q 

For  officials  additional  to  the  above-mentioned  src  Nos. 
382b  and  391.  ' 

The  Court  of  Sacrificial  Worship  was  amalgamated  in  lit06 
with  the  ^  ^  Li'  Pu*,  ;Ministry  (Board)  of  Rites  (see  No. 
376b),  i.e.  with  the  De])artment  of  Sacrificial  Worship  (see 
No.  382a). 

93-i.  :)t  iii^  ^  Kuang'  Lu*  SsuS  Banqueting  Court; 
literary  designation,  "^  ^  "^  Ssu^  Tsai'  Ssu^,  and  ^  ^  ^ 
Hsiian^  Hui^  Yiian''  (sec  No.  376b).  This  department  supervised 
the  food  supplies  for  banquets  given  in  honour  of  Envoys  from 
vassal  states,  as  well  as  in  honour  of  new  Metropolitan  (irad nates 
and  Provincial  Graduates  or,  in  the  case  of  very  worthy  officials, 
on  the  60th  anniversary  of  the  attainment  of  their  literary 
degrees,  by  Imperial  direction,  at  the  Court  or  at  the  Board  of 
Ceremonies.  Its  personnel  was:  1.  Two  -^  ft^  ^  IE  W 
Kuang'  Lu^  Ssu*  Cheng^  Ch'ing\  Directors  of  the  Banqueting 
Court ;  literary  designation,  :?6c  'b'  'p'  T'ai"*  Kuan^  LingS 
W]  ^  P  Ssu'  Tsai'  Ch'ing\  7^  m  ^^^'^s'  Ch'ing^  :k  ^  B  ^a' 
Ssu^  Shan*,  and  :k  ^4  ffl  Ta*  Ting'  Hsi mg' ;  3b,  and 
2.  Two  ^ii^^  'J?  W  Knang'  Lu*  Ssu"^  Shao^  Ch'ing',  Sub- 
Directors  of  the  Banqueting  Court ;  literary  designation,  ^  n]  SI 
Shao*  Ssu^  Slian%  and  ;^  fQ  H  Ta*  Ho'  Keng^;  5a. 

The  Banqueting  Court  was  amalgamated  with  the  jfig  }^Ji 
Li'  Vu\  Ministry  of  Riti^s  {see  No.  376b),  i.e.  the  Banqueting 
Department  (see  No.  383a)  in  \'.)06. 

935.  1^  flS  #  Hung'  Lu'  Ssu*,  Court  of  State  Ceremonial ; 
literary  designation,  i|  ^  I'  T'ai^  (see  No.  376b).  The  duty  of 
informing  guests  at  })anquets  as  to  the  ceremonies  required 
by  etifiuette  devolved  upon  this  Couil.  Its  ])prsonnel  included: 
1.  Two  ^  18  #  JE  IP  Hung'  Lu'  Ssu«  Chfing*  Ch'ing', 
DirecUn-s  of  the  Court  of  State  Ceremonial  :  literary  designation, 

[      487      1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION^    OF    CHINA. 


936       :/c  ^  ^   "l^a*  Ssu^  12,  and  ic  tt  A  Ta*  Hsir.g^  Jen^ ;  4a,  and 
to        2.     Two  ?[|  M  #  ::!^  iP  Hung'  Ln^  Ssu^    Sliao*  Ch'ing\   Sub- 
Qoo        Directors  of  the  Court  o£  State  Ceremonial ;  literary  designation, 
^P  ^  \  Shao^  Hsing2  Ji^n^;  5  b. 

.  The  Court  of  State  Ceremonial  was  amalgamated,  in  1906, 
with  the  3^  %  Li^  Pu*,  Ministry  of  Kites  {see  No.  376 15),  i.e. 
with  the  Department  of  Ceremonies  {see  No.  380a). 

936.  &  ^15  Ping^  Fu\  Ministry  (Board)  of  War  {see"^o. 
415).  This  was  also  called  ;g  *[J  Chia*  PuS  fl  %  Wu^*  Pu^, 
gg  If  Hsi^  Ts'ao^,  ^  ^  Pingi  Ts'ao^,  and  ^  H  Ssu^  Ma^ 
while  its  President  was  styled  "g  'g*  Hsia*  Kuan',  g  ^  Ilsia* 
Ch'ingS  :kM'^  Ta*  Change  Jung^  and  :J^  ^  ^  Ta^  Ssu^ 
Jung^  It  was  reorganized  as  the  ^  !^  o|5  T^^*  ChiJn^  Pu^  {see 
Nos.  417  and  420). 

936a.  W.  ^  M  Lien^  Ping^  Ch'uS  Commission  for  Aj-my 
Reorganization  ;  established  in  1903  {sec  No.  416)  ;  amalgamated 
in  19.06  with  the  |^  !p:  *|5  Lu"  Chiin^  Fn\  Ministry  of  War 
{see  Nos.  417  and  420).  It  consisted  of  three  Departments  : 
1.  ^  i^  rJ  Chiin^  Cheng*  Ssu%  Department  of  Military 
Administration,  2.  ^  "^  p\  Chiin^  Ling*  Ss\i\  Department  of 
Military  Direction,  and  3.  ^  ^  "^  Chun^  Hsiieh^  Ssu\ 
Department  of  Military  Education  {see  No.  430a). 

936b.  •j^'^i^  T'ai*  P'u^  Ssu*,  Coiu-t  of  the  Imperial 
Stud;  literary  designation,  [^  ^  Chiung^  T'ai^  (see  No.  417); 
superintended  the  Imperial  dioves,  for  which  vast  pasturages  are 
allotted  in  various  districts  of  South-eastern  Mongolia — at 
Dolon-nor,  the  sources  of  the  Liao  River,  etc.  Its  personnel 
was:  1.  Two  ^  11  ^  iE JP  T'ai*  P'u=  Ssu*  CiiSng*  Ch'ingS 
Director  of  the  Court  of  the.  Imperial  Stud  ;  literary  designation, 
±mm  Ta*  Ssu^  P'u^  ^  m  <^'l^i^ng'  Ch'lngS  i^  isi  f^ 
Ta*  Chiungs  Po^  and  ^^^M  ^su"  P'u^  Ssu*  Ch'ing^ ;  3b, 
and  2.     Two   ;6C  H  #  ^  IIP    T'ai*    P'u^    Ssu*    Shao*    Ch'ing\ 

[     488     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Siil>-Directors    of    the    Court    of     the    Imperial     Stud  ;    literarv       937 


to 


designation,  ^   p]  ^  Shao*  Ssu^  PV;4a. 

The  Court  of  the  Imperial  Stud   was  amalgamated  with  tl>e       qqq 
^W-a\^   I^'»'    <-'l^>'"'   ^*^\   Ministry  of  War  (see   Nos.  417   and 
420),  i.e.  with   the   Department  of   the    Military    Stud    {see  No. 
433a\  in  IDOC. 

937.  TflJ  %  Using'  Pu',  Ministry  (Board)  of  Punishments 
(see  No.  438).  Keorganize<i  in  190(1  as  the  ^i-  Ajj  Fa<  !>„■», 
Ministry  of  Justice  {sec  No.  440). 

Other  designations  of  the    Ministry   of   Punishments    were 
1^  ^  Ch'iu^    Ts'ao^    ^  ^    Ssui   lv'ou%    ^  W   Hsien^   Ts'ao% 
jg  %    Hsien*    Pu*,    and     25  .g   Hsi'    T'ai=.      Its   President  was     . 
•  •ailed    .^;  m   Ch'iu^    Ch'ing\    gj    ^^   Ssu'    IIsien\    :/^  gj  ^  Ta^     • 
Ping=  Hsien%  and  'X  ^  M  Ta^  Ch'iu^  T^ai^ 

937a.  X  ^  #  'J'^'  Li'  '^^"S  <-^'ourt  of  Judieatu)e 
and  Kcvision  {sec  No.  215);  reoi-gauized  in  190G  as  the 
i^M^^  Ta*  LP  Yiian%  Supreme  Court  of  dustice  {see  No. 
215AJ. 

Tiie  Comt  of  Judicature  and  Revision  Avas  also  called  ^  g] 
Viin'  Ssu'.  and  j^  ^  Chi*  Ssu*.  Its  President  was  called  |£  yj 
T'ing'  \u\  XBm  Ta*  T'ing-  Yu*,  mMW  S«'>'  Hsing' 
Ch'ing',  j|$  p  Chi<  Ch•ing^  ;^  j^  Ta»  Chi\  ^  ^  CliMu^  Ch'ingS 
and  X  p]  ;fc  Ta"*  Ssu'  Yiin',  while  the  N'ice-PrcsidcMt  waj- 
styled  ^^  ^  Ts'an'  P'ing',  and  Jt  j^.J  ^J;  fpP  T'ing-'  Yii^  Shao< 
Ch'ing'. 

93.S.  iftj  j-;-!^  Shang'  Pu^  Ministry  (Hoard)  of  Trade; 
established  in  1903C«<?t  Nor.  -161  and  4()1a);  amalgamated  in 
190G  with  the  IS  X  fX\  ni5  ^'"'i^^'  •'^'"'K'  '^^':^".^''  I'"'^  -Ministry 
of  Agriculture.  Industry  and  Commerce  (see  No.  402),  i.e.  with 
the  Department  of  <  oinmcrce  fsv^  No.  46.3!. 

939.  X  «|5  Kung'  Vu\  .Ministry  (Board)  of  Works  (.s7r 
No.-.  460  and  4»;0a).  Amalgamated  in  190(1  with  ih.:  j;"  X  |!^j  n|5 
Nung"    Kung'    Shang'    \*u\    Ministr>    of    .\grieulHur,    Industry 

[      4H',)      1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

940  and  Cominerce  {see  No.  462),  i.e.  with  the  Department  of 
to         Industry  {see  '^o.  464). 

0^  The  Ministry  of  Works  was  also  styled  ^  "^  Tnng^  Ts'ao^, 

%  ^  Ssu^  K'ung',  ^  %  Ch'i»  PuS  ^  If  Ch'i'  Ts'ao",  while 
its  President  was  called  ^  *^  Tiing^  Kuan\  ^  J|p  Tung^  Ch'ing^ 
and  ;;c  pI  ^  Ta*  Ssu^  P'lng^. 

940.  JI  ^  ^  Li^  Fan'  Yiian^,  Court  of  Colonial  Affairs 
{see  No.  491)  ;  reorganized  in  1906  as  the  i||  ^  pir^i^  Fan* 
Pu^,  Ministry  of  Dependencies  {see  No.  491a). 

The  Court  of  Colonial  Affairs  was  also  known  as  fp]  ^  ^ 
T'ung2  Whx"  Ssu%  and  ^  ^  #  Ssu^  Pin^  Ssu*;  its  President 
.  was  called  |fe.  ^  Tien^  K'o^  [rJ  ^C  ^  P  T'ung^  Wen^  Ssu* 
Ch'ingS  and  p]  ^  #  ^  Ssu^  Pin^  Ssu*  Ch'ing\  and  its  Vice- 
President  ^  ^  ^  'P  W^  T'ung2  Wen'  Ssu*  Shao"^  Ch'ing^ 
and  ^  g  4  ^  HP  Ss^'  Pi'^^  '^3u*  Shao*  Ch'ingi. 

941.  ^  ^M  Hsueh'  Wu*  Ch'uS  Committee  of  Educa- 
tional Affairs  ;  established  in  1903  {see  No.  574);  reorganized 
in  1906  as  the  ^  ^jj  Hsiieh'  Pu*,  Ministry  of  Education  {see 
No.  395). 

942.  g  ]g  ^  Luan'  I'  Wei%  The  Imperial  Equipage 
Department  {see  No.  109);  transformed  in  1909  into  the  ^|^^ 
Luan'  Yu2  Wei*  {see  Decree  of  13th  April,  1909). 

HONORARY  TITLES. 


943;  The  following  honorary  titles  are  bestowed  (j^Q  J^, 
'B.lB  ■  •  '  ^i^l  filial  En^  Shang'  Chiai  .  .  .  Hsien') 
on  officials,  either  during  their  lifetime  or  after  their  death,  for 
distinguished  service  rendered  the  State:  1.  >Jc  ^fP  T'ai*  Shih', 
Grand  Preceptor ;  1a,  2.  ;jjc  ff  T'ai*  Fu*,  Grand  Tutor;  1a, 
3-  jfC  ti^  T'ai*  PaoS  Grand  Guardian;  1a,  4.  ip  gp  Shao< 
Shih^,  Junior  Preceptor;  1b,  5.  ^}>  i^  Shao*  Fu%  Junior 
Tutors    1b,   and   6.      *i?  j^    Shao^   Pao^  Junior  Guardian;    1b. 

[     4&0     ] 


I 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION   OF    CHINA. 

These  correspond  to  the  titles  of  the  six  highest  Ministers  of 
State  of  olden  times,  designated  under  the  general  names  of 
"^  JV.  San^  Kung\  and  H  %  San'  Ku'. 

To  the  above-mentioned  there  may  be  added  six  similar 
titles,  i-eferring  to  the  Heir  Apparent  {sec  No.  12),  which  are, 
much  more  often,  conferred  for  eminent  service :  1.  ^  -?■  >tC  1^ 
T'ai*  Tzu'  T'ai^  Shih',  Grand  Preceptor  of  the  Heir  Apparent; 
IH,  2.  XT  iK,  ff  T«ai*  Tzu^  T'ai*  Fu^  Grand  Tutor  of  the 
Heir  Apparent;  1  r,  .3.  iH  J-  il^  i^  T'ai^  Tzu^  T«ai»  Pao', 
Grand  Guardian  of  the  Heir  Apparent:  iB,  4.  ;?{C  "jF  ^  SlJ 
T'ai*  Tzu^  iShao^  Shih',  Junior  Preceptor  of  the  Heir  Ap]iarent ; 
2a,  5.  -M  -f-  ipi$  T'al*  Tzu*  Shao*  Fu^  Junior  Tutor  of  the 
Heir  Apparent;  2a,  and  6.  j^  ^f-  *p  i^  T'ai*  Tzu^  Shao< 
Pao',  Junior  Guardian  of  the  Heir  Apparent  ;  2a,  The 
last-raentioned  is  often  granted  to  officials  holding  office  and  it 
entitles  them  to  be  addi'essed  as  ^  f^  Kung^  Pao',  this  phrase 
being  added  to  their  family  name  (for  instance,  in  the  case  of 
^  Ifr  ifl  Y0an2  Shih^-k'ai^,  ^  g  f J^  Yiian'  Kung^  Pao'). 

As  regards  Europeans,  the  title  of  Junior  Guardian  of  the 
Heir  Apparent  has  been  bestowed  upon  Sir  Kobert  Hart 
(M''^i^  ^'o^  Kung^  Pao^),  the  Inspector  General  of  the 
Chinese  Imperial  Maritime  Customs. 

In  the  Peking  Gazette  there  may  often  be  noticed  Decrees 
bestowing  on  this  or  that  official  one  of  the  titles  mentioned  on 
the  occasion  of  the  60th  anniversary  of  theii"  attaitunent  of  a 
degree  (M  ^  :t  ^f- M  ^  ^  ^  Hsiaiig'  Chii'  Chih'  Nien' 
Shih*  ("hou'  Hua^  Chia^j,  for  instance,  ^  ^  Ming'  An', 
ex-Tartar  (ieneral  of  Kirin,  was  granted  the  honorary  title  of 
Junior  (iuardian  of  the  Heir  Apparent  (see  Decree  of  the  2.)th 
l^ebruary,  1908). 

As  lias  been  stated,  honorary  titles  are  also  bcstowrd  on 
officials  after  their  death.  The  late  (irand  Secretary  |K  ^Jj  3S$ 
Tai*   Hurig'-tz'u'  was  investeil,  after  his  death,  with  the  title  of 

[      -^91      J 


TKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

944      Junior  Guardian  of  the  Heir  Apparent  {see  Decree  of  the  27th 
February,  1910). 

HEREDITARY  RANKS  AND  TITLES  OF  HONOUR; 
POSTHUMOUS  TITLES. 

944,  II  jg  Chueh^  Yin^  or  il  @  Shih*  Chiielr',  Hereditary 
lianks;  arranged  in  nine  grades:  1.  ^  Kung\  Duke,  2.  f^ 
Hou^  Marquis,  3.  fg  Po^  Earl,  4.  ^  Tzu^  Viscount,  5.  ^ 
Nall^  Baron,  6.  |I  m |fj»t  Ch'ing^  Ch'c^  Tu^  Yu\  7.  ^m^ 
Ch'i^  Tu^  Y^^  8.  m  m  if  "i^"«'  Ch'l^  YiiS  and  9.  ,f.  ^  ^ 
En^  Ch'i^  Yi'i'*.  There  are  three  classes  (^  Teng^)  of  each  of 
the  first  five  ranks. 

The  three  senior  ranks,  called  ^  ^  Ch'ao^  P'inS  "Eminent 
Ranks,"  are  qualified  by  laudatory  epithets  (so-called  ^-  ^ 
Chia^  Ming^),  for  instance,  the  Earl  ^  ^Jt|  ^  Li*  Hung^-chang\ 
and  the  Marquis  -§•  ^Fj  '^f  Chcng^  ChiMsc^,  are  styled,  re- 
spectively, M^i^  Su'  I*  Po2,  and  ^  M  ^'  1'  (^^i')  Yung^ 
Hou^,  etc. 

All  the  ranks  mentioned,  the  ninth  excepted,  are  h.eritable 
within  certain  limits  (j^  §|  Shih^  Hsi^) — for  a  specified  number 
of  generations,  ranging  from  26  for  a  ^  Kung^  of  the  first  class 
to  on 3  for  a  ^  ^  U^  Yiin-  Ch'i^  l^ii* — or  heritable  forever 
(f  •  MM^  ^liil^'  Hsi^  Wang^  T4^). 

Among  the  Manchus  the  cases  of  "perpetual  inheritance" 
of  titles  (colloquially  called  ^  ^  Pei*  Pei^)  are  very  frequent. 
Possessors  of  such  titles  (for  instance,  that  of  ^  Kung^)  are 
distinguished  as:  1.  ^^^  Tsung^  Shih*  Kung^  (see  No. 
39),  2.  M  ^  S  Chiiehi  Lo-  Kungi  (see  No.  40),  and 
3.     A  M  S  Pa^  Ch'i^  Kungi  (5^^  No.  718). 

Among  the  Chinese  there  are  also  found  cases  of  "  perpetual 
inheritance"  (Dukes,  for  instance,  being  designated  ^  -^-Min^ 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Kung^)   but  these,  especially  with  reference  to  the  titles  of  ^     944a 
Kung^  and  ^  Hon'  (see  Nos.  914A  and  944b),  are  rather  rare. 

Those  holding  junior  titles — commencing  with  the  sixth 
often  attain  the  privilege  of  annexing  (^  Chien')  to  their  titles 
those  of  one  degree  higher. 

Any  of  the  titles  above-mentioned  may  be  confeiTed 
posthumously  (^  ^  Chin^  Tseng*,  or  j^  g^  Chiii^  Tseng*)  for 
distinguished  service  rendered  the  State. 

944a.  Among  the  Chinese,  the  posterity  of  Confucius 
alone  have  the  right  of  "perpetual  inheritance"  of  the  Princely 
title  "i^^^  Yen'  Sheng*  KungS  Sacred  Prince  (U).  This 
was  bestowed  in  1055  A.D,,  by  the  Emperor  -j^  ^  Jen* 
Tsung\  of  the  ^  Sung*  Dynasty,  on  JL  ^  M  K'lnig' 
Tsunff^-viian*,  the  47th  in  line  of  descent  from  Confucius.  It 
carries  with  it  an  allowance  of  360  taels  a  year,  issued  from  the 
public  treasury.  AJso,  under  the  present  Dynasty,  a  piece  of 
land  has  been  granted,  "for  eternal  possession,"  to  the  posterity 
of  Confucius  which,  being  free  of  all  taxes  and  dues,  brings  in  a 
good  profit.  Those  residing  on  this  land  are  also  exempt  from 
all  taxes  and  dues. 

The  holder  of  the  title  under  consideration  is  responsible  for 
the  maintenance  in  good  order  of  the  grave  of  Confuriiis,  situated 
in   ffl  -|L  ,^  Ch'vi^  Fu*  Hsien*,  Shantimg  province. 

The  second  son  of  the  Yen  Sheng  Kung  bears  the  title  (also 
heritable  forever)  oi  ^  ^^  %  ±  Wu'  Chingi  Po-  Shih*,  Doctor 
of  the  Classics  ;  8a.  His  duties  consist  in  offering  saorifices  to 
the  grandson  of  Confucius,  ^  ,^>  T/.u'  Ssu'. 

The  title  of  3S.MW±  ^^'"'  ^^'''•".-'  ^"'  '^'''''''  "''  «''"P'y 
tl|  ±  Po'  Shih*  (literary  designation,  :Ac  $§  flj  Ta*  Han*  IV), 
is  also  transmitted  to  the  eldest,  in  a  dirrrt  line,  of  the 
descendants  of  the  following  famo»is  men  of  antiqtiity  ■ 
1.  ^  ^  Choui  Kung',  2.  m^  ^e"'  Y"''"''  ^-  ft  f  ^ 
Tseng'  Tzn\vu»,  4.      ^  ^  SiS    Mii'^T/u'-chMen'.  -V      fi(i  '^  Rj 

[      493      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

944b  Chung*  Chi*-lu^  6.  ^^^  Yu'  Tzu^-yu^,  7.  1^^  tJC  ^  ^ 
to        Tuan^  Mu*  Tzu^  Kimg\  8.       h^  S  Pu^  Tzu'-hsia*,  9.     h  ^  ^ 

944^  Yen2Tzu3-yu2,  10.  -^  fj^  ^  Jan^  Po'-niu^,  1 1 .  -^  fl|i  ^  Jan^ 
Chung4-kungS  12.  ^M^M  Chuan^  Sun^  Tzu^  Chang\  13. 
^  :f.  Meng*  Tzu^  14  ^  ^  Fu^  ShengS  15.'  H  j^  Han* 
Yu*,  16.  J^^M.  Chou^  Tun^-i^,  17.  §[1  M  ^hao^  YungS  18. 
5g  ^  Ch'eng''  HaoS  19.  ^  gg  Ch'gng^  P,  20.  ^  ^  Chang^ 
TsaP,  21.     ;^  ^  Chu^  Hsi^  and  22.     ||  ^  Kuan^  Yu^ 

944b.  The  descendants  of  one  of  the  relatives  of  the  last 
Emperor  of  the  Ming  Dynasty  (1868-1644),  ^  ||  Ch'ung^ 
Cheni  (1628-1644),  bear  the  title,  "heritable  forever,"  of  ^  ^ 
(/hu^  Hou^,  Marquis  Chu,  and  the-  descendants  of  JH  Jg  Shih^ 
Lang^,  a  native  of  Fukien  province  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  struggle  against  ^  j^K  ???  Cheng*  C/h'eng'-kung^,  Coxinga, 
the  Chinese  pirate  chief,  and  rendered  great  service  to  the 
Government  in  the  conquest  of  Formosa  (1621-1696),  also  bear 
the  title,  "  of  perpetual  inheritance,"  of  J^  ^  Shih^  Hou^, 
Marquis  Shih. 

944c.  JE  —  iiil  i^  ^  A  Cheng*  1^  Ssu^  Chiao*  Chen^  Jen^, 
Descendant  of  the  Founder  of  Taoism  ;  3a.  This  title  is  borne 
by  the  eldest  (in  a  direct  line)  of  the  descendants  of  the  founder 
of  Taoism,  ^  J^  ^  Chang^-  Tao*-ling^,  who  lived  in  the  1st 
century,  and  was  conferred  during  the  time  of  the  J^  Ming' 
Dynasty  on  §^  jE  i^  Chang^  Cheng*-ch'ang^,  the  39th  in  line  of 
descent  (see  No.  573b). 

944d.      J^,  j^  En^  Yin*,  "  Bestowing  the  Emperor's  Favours 

on  Posterity."     Thus  are  designated  those  cases  in   which  the 

titles  mentioned  in  No.  944  are  conferred,  not  upon  meritorious 

public    servants    themselves    but    upon    their    sons,     grandsons, 

younger  brothers  or  nephews.     Their  bestowal  after  the  death 

of    an    official    who    has    lost    his    life    whilst,   engaged    in    the 

•  public  service  is  designated  as  1^  j^    Nan*  Yin*  (compare  also 

No.  958). 

[     494     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

944e.     Regulations  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  22nd      944b 
September,    1910,  define  rewards  and  honours  to  be  bestowed  on         ^q 
those  who  fall  in  battle,  or  succumb    from  woimds  received,  and       Q^«r 
on    those    wo\mded    in    action.       The     table     anno^xed    to    these 
regulations  provides  for   three  classes  of  rewards  for  those  who 
are   killed,  or   womided,    and   a   fourth   for  the    wounded   alone. 
These  rewards  are  graded  as  follows  :    1.     The  titles  of   ^  ^  ^^ 
Chn=  Tu'  YiiS  m^Wi  Yiin==  Ch'i^  Yii',  and  j^^  ^  |.J  En'  Cli'i'^ 
Yii*    (see    No.    944  ;    of    perpetual,    or    qualified,     inheritance), 
2.     The    rank    of    ^  ^  Chien*    Shengi  (see  No.    959),   of  the 
seventh,  eighth  and  ninth  grades,  3.     A  yearly  pension  (^^  ^  ^ 
tn^    Fu^    Chin^)  of    from    12   to    1,200  taels,  and  4.     A  reward 
(J§1  ^i  ^  Kn'  Hsii*  Chin^),   bestowed  but  once,    of  from   35   to 
2,000  taels. 

945,  ^  ^  Feng^  Tseng*,  Titles  of  Honour  ;  conferred  for 
services  rendered,  because  of  merit,  or  by  Imperial  bounty  on 
the  occasion  of  great  rejoicing  (through  the  medium  of  ^^  f^ 
En^  Chao*,  "  Gracious  Proclamations.")  These  may  be  conferred 
(^  Shou^)  upon  officials  themselves  or  (^  Feng')  upon  their 
wives,  or  granted  as  posthumous  distinctions  (^  Tseng*)  upon 
their  deceased  progenitors.  The  patents  by  which  these  titles 
are  conferred  are  designated  f§  -^  Kao*  Ming*,  for  all  ranks 
from  the  first  to  the  fifth  inclusive,  and  ^J]  ^  CMi'ih*  ^ling*,  for 
all  inferior  to  these. 

Titles  of  honour  are  divided  into  nine  ranks,  each  of  which, 
in  turn,  is  divided  into  two  classes:  1.  ^t  ii^  ::^<.  it  I'^uang' 
Lu*  Ta*  Fu' ;  lA,  and  ^  )|i^- ;A:  ^  VungM.u*  Ta*  Fu' ;  In, 
-'•  -^I^Xit  Tzu^  Cheng'  Ta*  Fu'  ;  2a,  and  M  ^  ^  it 
T'ung»  Feng*  Ta*  Fu^';  2b,  3.  ^^  M  X  it  '^'''^"^''  ^'  '^'^'^  ^^'"'j 
3a,  and  r|t  ^  ;/^  ^  (  hung'  I'  Ta'  Fu';  3i.,  4.  M»  SJ  ic  ^ 
Chung'  H.sien*Ta*  Fu';  4a,  and  $fl  ^  i;  ^  <  h'ao*  I*  Ta*  Fu'  ; 
4b,  5.  4i  1^  A  ^  i'^eng*  (  heng*  Ta*  Fu';  5a,  and  ^  ]fi  A?^ 
Feng*  Uhih'  Ta*  Fu^;  5h,  6.      *  t^  KJ  Ch'eng'  Te»   Lang«;   6a, 

[     495     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

946  and  fH  #  IB  Ju''  Lin^  Lsmg^;  6b,  7.  ^  ^^,  ^  Wen^  Lin- 
Lang^;  7a,  and  i^  ft  ^  Cheng^  Sliih*  Lang^;  7b,  8.  ^  ^  f$ 
Hsm^  Chih^  Lang2;  8a,  and  (if  ^i  g:  gjS  Hsiu^  Chih^  Tso^  Lang=^; 
8b,  and  9.  ^  ffc  15  Teng^  Shih*  Lang^;  9a,  and  ^  ft  j^  IB 
Tengi  Shih*  Tso'  Lang^;  9b. 

Officials  of  the  class  of  |^  ^  LI*  Yiian^,  i.e.  those  who  have 
entered  the  public  service  from  the  ranks  of  ^  U|  Shu^  Fan*, 
may  attain  the  following  titles  of  honour :  m.  lM^  Hsiian^  Te* 
Lang^;  6a,  and  ^  ^  1|>  Hsiian^  I*  Lang^;  7a  (compare  No. 
962). 

Titles  of  honour  conferred  upon  the  wives  of  officials  are 
also  divided  into  nine  ranks:  1.  ■"  ^  ^  A  I^  P'in^  Fu^ 
.Jen^  2.  Zl^a  ^  K  Erh*  P'in^  Fu'  Jen^,  3.  ^  A  ShuMen^, 
4.  ^  A  Kung^  Jen',  5.  "^  \  P  Jen^  6.  ^  A  An^  Jen^, 
7.     ji  A  Ju'^  .Ten2,  8.       A  ^^  ff  A   Pa^    P'lnS  Ju^  J^n^,  and 

9.     :^  D^  1i  A  <^'l"u^  P'in'  Ju»  Jen^ 

Upon    military    officials  there  are  conferred  nine  ranks  of 
titles  of  honour,  each  rank  being  of  two  classes :  1.       ^  H^  t^  5 
Chien*  Wei^  ChiangV  Chiin^;    1a,    and    |g  ^12  Hf  ?  Ch^n*  Wei' 
Ohiangi  Chun\  1b,  2.       |e^  M  S§  II  Wu'  Hslen^  Chiang^  CMn'; 
2a,  and  flJJ]B%  Wu^  Kung^  Chiang^  Chiin';  2b,  3.     ^l^M 
i^  Wu«  r  Tu^  Yii*,  3a,  and   i^  ^  |j5  if  Wu^  I*  Tu^  YiV;  3b, 
.4.     BS  Ie^  ITj  m     Chaoi    Wu^    Tu^    Yii*;    4a,    and     ^  f^  |f,  i^j 
Hslian^  Wu^  Tu^  Yu*;  4b,  5.      je^  f^  |^  g.j  Wu'/ Tc"  C^h'i^  Yii*; 
5a,  and  fl  ^f.  ^  ,^  i.J  Wu'  Te^  Tso^  Ch'I='  Yii*; '  ob,  6.      ^^ 
mm  Wu^  Liieh*  Ch'i^  Yn*;  6a,  and    il^  ia§  ^  |§  i^  Wu^  Liieh* 
Ts^^  Ch'i'  Yii*;  6b,  7.      ^^  ff  ^  tj-  Wu^  Hsin*  Ch'I^  Yii*;   7a, 
and  j^  ini^m  Wi  Wu^  Hsin*  Tso^   Ch'i^  Yii*;  7b,     8.     ^-  ff 
1^  Jil  F^n*  Wu-*  Hsiao^  Yii*;  8a,  and    ^  J^  ^  1^  Wi  Fen*  Wu 
Tso3  Hslaoi  Yii*;  8b,  and  9.      |lf  fl  1^  gj"    Hsiu^   Wu^  Hsiao 
Yfi*;  9a,  and  ^  ^l  ^  ]^  g^  Hslu^  Wu^  Tso^  Hslao^  Yu*r9B. 

946.      1^  f^  Shih*  Hao*,  Posthumous   Laudatory  Epithets 
These    are    conferred     Qq     ^^    ^   ^^    Chia^    En^    Yii^    Shlh*) 

[     49G     ] 


rUESEXT     DAV    rOLlTlCAL    ORGANIZATION     OF    CHINA. 

posthumously,  -by    Decree,   upou.very   worthy  officials   and  are       947 
indicative  of  the  activity  for  which  bestowed  or  the  praiseworthy         ^q 
character  of  the  one  hoiwured,  for  instance,  ^  ^^  Wen-  Chung',       q^q 
^  g  Wen'  Hsiang^,  ^  JE  Wcn=  ChcngS  "^  ^  Wen=^  Min',  '^ 
^  Wen'  Chen\  ^;  fj  Wen-  Ch'in^  ^  fgjj    Weu^  Ch'eng',  ^  ^ 
Wen2  TingS  ^  iffl  ^^'tn«  Ho^  ^  Jg    Wen^   Tuan\    ^C  ^    ^V*^"' 
Kmig',  *  ?!).  Chung'  LiehS  ,<*•  ^  Chung^  Ting%  ,%  gj;  Chung' 
I*  i^'^'h  ^  ^  ^^^^i'  LiiehS  ^l  ,«£  Wu^  Chung',  etc. 

To  the  foregoing  epithets  the  character  ^  Kung'  is  usually 
added  (not,  however,  in  this  case  meaning  Duke  ;  compare  No. 
944).  Thus,  the  full  posthumous  laudatory  epithet  of  ^  ^^  1^ 
Li  Hung-chang  is  ^  ,*  -J^  Wen'  '.'hung^  Kung'. 

In  Decrees  bfstowing  posthumous  laudatory  epithets  on 
deceased  functionaries  it  is  frequently  commanded  that  sacrifices 
"be  offered  in  their  memory  (A,  IJiG  '^^*  Ssu^)  in  the  ^  g  |nj 
Hsien^  Liang2  Tz'u^  {see  No.  572;. 

DISTINCTIONS    FOR    MERIT. 

947.  ^^  ^\  Hsing'  Kua'*,  or  (the  more  generally  known) 
M  ^  ^1"  Iliiang'^  Ma^  Kua^  Yellow  Riding  Jacket,  and  ^  J^ 
|g  %[  TsLi*  Su^  Tiao'  KuaS  Jacket  with  Sable  Tails.  These  are 
the  two  rewards  for  the  greatest  merit ;  the  first  is  often  conferred 
(^  ^  Shang'  Ch'uan')  for  military  services. 

948.  ^  |g  Tzu3  Chiang',  and  -^  ^  Huang'  Chiang', 
Purple  Bridle  Reins,  and  Yellow  Jiridle  Reins. 

The  })rivilege  of  employing  purple  or  yellow  In-idle  reins, 
appertaining  to  Princes  (5e<?  No.  27a),  is  bestowed  {^  f^  Shang^ 
Yung')   upon  distinguished  officials. 

949.  ^  :!^-  1)^  1^  1,^*  ^j  T7.u'  Chin*  Ch'eng"-  Nel*  Ch'i'  Ma» 
<.al.so  i'i'  ^J  ^  Shang'  Ch'ao'  Ma'),  and  ^  f^  Z.  A  I'l  i^i 
Ch'cng^  USo*  Erh*  JCn'  Chien'  Yu*,  Riding  on  Il.jrseback  or  in  a 
Se4An-chair  within  the  precincts  of  the   Imperial    City.      This   is 

[      i'^~     ] 
32 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANISATION    OF    CHINA. 

950  ^K  lionorary  distinction  conferred  upon  old  officials  who-  are  very 
Ijq        frequently  summoned  to  Audiences. 

951  A  similar  distinction  is  the  ^  ^  ^  Hsing*  Huang^  Chiao^y 
Apricot-y<^llow  Sedan-chair. 

9''>0.  ^  ;^  Ling2  Chih^  The  Feather,  or  Plume  ;  of  two 
kinds,  namely,  JL  =S  ^  E'ung^  C^h'ueh*  (Ch'iao')  Ling^,  The 
Peacock  Feather  (^see  No.  950a),  and  ^  -pjl  Lan^  Ling^^  The- 
Blue  Phime  {see  No.  950b). 

950a.  JL  ^  Wi  K'ung''  Ch'ueh^  (Ch'iao*)  Ling-2,  The 
Peacock  Feather  (see  No.  950).  This  decoration  is  arranged  in 
the  following  three  classes  :  1.  \H  iS  t^  ^  ^2iii^  Yen^  Hua^ 
Ling^,  The  Three-eyed  Peacock  Feather ;  conferred  only  on 
Imperial  Princes  of  the  first  six  degrees  {see  No-.  27a)  or  very 
distinguished  officials,  not  unusually  for  signal  military  achieve'- 
ments,  2.  H  0^  7b  ^  ShuangVYen'  Hua^  Ling^  The  Double- 
eyed  Peacock  Feather,  and-  3.  4  0^  ^  i^  Tan^  Yen'  Hua^ 
Liiig',  The  Single-eyed  Peacock  Feather  (commonly  called  ^^ 
Hua^  Ling-)  ;  conferred  as  an  ordinaiy  form  of  reward  for  public 
service  (compare  the  expression  ^  ^  7E  f |f  Shang^  Tai^  JHua^ 
Ling^),  and  often  obtained  by  purchase. 

950b.  ;^  ^  Lan^  Ling^  The  Blue  Plume  {see  No.  950? 
colloquially  termed  ^  ^  ^  Lao^  Kua^  Li  ig",  or  The  Crow 
Feather).  This  distinction  is  attributed  to  the  rank  and  file  of 
the  Imperial  Guards  {see  No.  99)  and  is  conferred,  as  a 
reward  for  services  rendered,  upon  officials  below  the  sixth; 
rank. 

951.  G  jg  #  Pa^  T'u2  Lu^  A  representation  of  the 
Manchu  word  '  B'at'iu'u,"  and  of  the  ]Mortgol  word  "  Baghadur," 
meaning  "Biave";  conferred  solely  for  active  service  in  the 
field  and  qualified  by  laudatory  epithets,  for  instance,  ^  j^  B 
^§iI4.(Ni^)  Yung'  Pa^  T'u2  Lu'  (compare  No.  944).  This 
distinction  cjurries  with  it  the  right  to  wear  the  Peaeock  Feather 

[   ns.   ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


963 


(see  No.  9oOa)  should  the  recipient  not   al^e^uly   have   attained       953 
this  privilege.  • 

952.  Jfy  ^  Kung^  P'ai»,  The  Soldier's  ^Med-.il  ;  an  oblong 
thin  plate  of  silver  having  the  character  ^  Shang^  "  Reward," 
embossed  npon  it  ;  bestowed  on  meritorious  soldiers  at  reviews 
and  inspections. 

DECORATIONS. 

953.  ^  ^1  ^  M  Shuangi  Lung^  Pao^  Hsing',  The  Order 
of  the  Double  Dragon.  Until  lately  this  was  the  sole  Order 
found  in  Cliina,  being  instituted  in  response  to  a  Memorial  from 
the  OfHce  of  Foreign  Affairs,  dated  the  16th  October,  1881. 
The  original  purpose  was  to  create  a  distinction  which  might  be 
bestowed  upon  the  Ministers  of  Foreign  Powers  at  Peking, 
Sir  Thomas  Wade  being  designated  as  the  first  intended 
recipient.  Its  scope  was,  however,  enlarged  10  include  foreigners 
of  all  classes  who  distinguish  themselves  and,  because  of  this,  it 
became  neces.sary  to  arrange  the  Order  in  ^  Tcng',  Divisions, 
and  the  latter  in  ^  Ti"*,  Classes. 

Dependent  upon  the  official  status  of  the  person  to  be 
honoured,  the  Order  of  the  Double  Dragon  is  conferred  according 
to  the  following  schedule  : 

First  Division  : 

\»t  Class  :  Reigning  Sovereigns, 

2nd  Class  :  Heirs  Apparent  and  members  of  Royal  Families. 

3rd  Class  :  Ministers  of  State  and  Ambassadors. 

Second  Division  : 

Ist  Class  :  Ministers  Plenipotentiary. 

2nu  Class  :  Minist<;rs  Resident,  Charges  d'Affaires  and  the 
Inspector  General  of  Customs. 

3rd  Class  :  First  Secretaries  of  Embassies  and  Legations, 
Generals,  Consuls-General  and  Heads  of  Educational  Estal)lish- 
ments. 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

958a  Third  Division  : 

1st  Class  :  Second  Secretaries  of  Embassies  and  Legations, 
onsuls,  Attaches,  Colonels,  Professors,  etc., 

2nd  Class:  Vice-Consuls,  Commanders  in  the  Navy, 
Lieutenant-Colonels,  etc. 

3rd  Class :  Consular  Interpreters,  Majors,  Captains,  etc. 

Fourth  Division  :  Soldiers  and   Sailors  of  the  rank  and  file. 

Fifth  Division  :  Artisans,  Tradespeople,  etc. 

Lately  there  has  been  noticed  a  tendency  to  confer  Orders 
of  the  Double  Dragon  of  a  degree  higher  than  that  prescribed 
by  the  regulations  (for  instance,  it  has  become  customary  to 
confer  upon  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  at  Peking  the  3rd  Class  of 
the  First  Division). 

Since  1908  the  Government  has  been  conferring  the  Order 
of  the  Double  Dragon  upon  Chinese  officials  ;  ^  |B  1^  T'ang'* 
ShaoM^  {see  No.  925),  .the  Extraordinary  Ambassador  to  the 
United  States  of  America,  was  the  first  Chinese  thus  honoured. 
It  is  now  conferred  upon  :  the  higher  officials  of  the  Ministry  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  Chinese  Ministers  abroad,  officials  deputed  for 
■  special  missions  abroad,  the  higher  officials  of  the  Ministry  of 
War,  the  General  Staff  and  the  Army,  the  Naval  Council,  the 
Commission  for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Navy  and  the  higher 
officers  of  the  New  Palace  Guard  (among  these  there  are  many 
Princes  of  the  Blood  who  receive  the  Order  of  the  Double 
Dragon  of  the  First  Division,  2nd  Class,  for  instance,  ^  ^|J 
Tsai'  Hsun\  f^  ^  Tsai^  T'aoi,  ^  gg  Yu*  Lang^  and  g^  jf 
Tsai^Fu'). 

95 3 A.  In  consequence  of  a  Memorial  from  ^^  ^  W^ 
Pei^  Le*  Tsai^  T'aoS  Prince  of  the  Third  Degree,  Tsai  T'ao,  and 
others,  in  which  it  was  requested  that  Imperial  instructions  be 
issued  for  the  drawing  up  of  regulations  for  Chinese  De/^orations 
(Wi  ^  Hsiin^  Chang^),  a  Decree  was  issued  on  the  2nd  April, 
1909,    charging    the    Ministries    of    Foreign    Affairs    and 

[     500     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

War,    and    the    Committee     of    Ministers,    to    investigate    this 
question. 

On  the  20th  March,  1911,  the  establishments  mentioned, 
iti  aocordance  with  the  Imperial  instnictions,  presented  their 
replv,  with  an  enclosure  in  which  was  elaborated  a  scheme  for 
the  bestowal  of  New  Chinese  Orders  m  ^  Wl"^  ^jf  fi  i'^»' 
Chi'  Hsiiii'  Chang*  Pan*  Fa*).  The  recommendations  of  this 
re})ly  received  Imperial  sanction  the  same  day.  Accord- 
ino-lv,  there  have  now  been  instituted  in  China  the  following 
Orders  : 

1.  Special  Order  for  Reigning  Sovereigns  (^  _h  1^  ^ 
Huging'  Shang*  P'ei*  Chang'),  namely,  ;^  f!  ^  Ta*  Pao' 
Chang\  Order  of  the  Great  Treasure  (the  Imperial  Throne), 
with  the  ribbon  of  light  yellow  colour  (^  |g  Tai*  vShou*). 

2.  Two  Orders  for  members  of  Royal  Families  (^  JliUj  "^ 
Huang2  Tsu'  Hsiini  Chang'),  namely,  the  ^  fg  ill  ^  Huang2 
Lung-  Hsiin'  T'hang',  Order  of  the  Yellow  Dragon,  and  the 
^  tj5  ill  ^  Ch'ih*  Lung''  Hsiin'  Chang',  Order  of  the  Red 
Dragon. 

.3.  Two  Orders  for  zealous  service  (£  X  Hi  ^  Ch'On' 
Kung'  Ilsiin*  Chang'),  namely,  the  W  hIIJ  i^  Ch'lng*  Lung' 
Hsiin'  Chang',  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon,  and  the  ^1  hI  ^  .tfl 
Hei'  Lung'  Hsiin'  Chang',  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon.  These 
two  are  divided  into  eight  ^  TCng',  Classes,  each. 

The  Order  of  the  Yellow  Dragon  is  bestowed  upon  Princes 
of  the  Blood  alone,  for  merit  shown. 

The  Order  of  the  Red  Dragon  if  bestowed  upon  Princes 
of  the  Second  and  Third  Degrees  and,  for  very  eminent  merit 
and  by  a  special  Edict,  upon  Princes  of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth 
Degrees  or  officials  of  the  first  rank. 

The  Firet  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon  is  con- 
ferred upon  Princes  of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Degrees  and,  for 
special  merit,  upon  officials  of  the  first  rank. 

[     001     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

The  First  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
bestowed  upon  Princes  of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Degrees  and 
upon  officials  of  the  first  rank.  Also,  it  may  be  granted,  for 
special  merit  and  as  an  act  of  Imperial  favour,  to  officials  of  the 
second  rank. 

The  Second  Classi  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon  is 
bestowed  upon  officials  of  the  second  rank,  for  special  merit. 

The  Second  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
intended  for  officials  of  the  second  rank  but,  for  special  merit 
shown,  may  be  conferred  upon  officials  of  the  Third  rank,  as  an 
act  of  Imperial  grace. 

The  Third  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon  is  given, 
for  distinguished  service,  to  officials  of  the  third  rank. 

The  Third  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
bestowed  upon  officials  of  the  third  rank  and,  should  the  Throne 
be  memorialized  with  regard  to  their  eminent  merit,  upon 
substantive  officials  of  the  fourth  rank. 

The  Fourth   Class  of   the   Order  of  the  Blue    Dragon   is- 
granted  to  officials  of  the  fourth  rank,  for  special  merit. 

The  Fourth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
conferred  upon  officials  of  the  fourth  rank  and,  should  ti^eir  m.erit 
be  brought  to  the  Emperor's  notice  in  a  special  Memorial,  upon 
officials  holding  substantive  posts  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  ranks. 

The  Fifth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Drag  mi  is 
bestowed,  for  special  merit,  upon  officials  of  the  fifth  rank. 

The  Fifth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
destined  for  officials  of  the'  fifth  rank  but  may,  also,  be  given  to 
officials  holding  substantive  posts  of  the  sixth  and  seventh  ranks, 
provided  they  are  brought  .to  the  Imperial  notice,  because  of 
superior  merit,  in  a  special  Memorial. 

The  Sixth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon  is 
conferred   upon   officials    of  the  sixth  rank,  because  of  special 

merit. 

[     502     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

The  Sixth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
intended  for  officials  of  the  sixth  rank  but  may  be  bestowed  upon 
officials  holding  substantive  posts  of  the  seventh  and  eighth 
ranks,  should  their  pre-eminent  ability  be  brought  to  the  Imperial 
notice  by  a  special  Memorial, 

The  Seventh  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon 
is  bestowed  upon  officials  of  the  seventh  rank,  for  merit 
shown. 

The  Seventh  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
destined  for  bestowal  upon  officials  of  the  seventh  rank  and  upon 
officials  holding  substantive  posts  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  ranks, 
whose  marked  worthiness  is  brought  to  the  Emperor'?  notice  by 
special  Memorials. 

The  Eighth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Blue  Dragon  is 
conferred  upon  officials  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  ranks,  because  of 
special  merit. 

The  Eighth  Class  of  the  Order  of  the  Black  Dragon  is 
bestowed  upon  officials  holding  posts  lower  than  the  eighth  and 
ninth  ranks  in  Civil,  Marine  and  Military  Establishments.  Also, 
it  mav  be  conferred  upon  pei'sons,  not  in  the  Government 
Service,  whose  efforts  have  aided  the  spread  of  education,  or 
whose  initiative  has  served  to  develop  industries,  and  upon  those 
of  the  most  lowly  birth,  whose  worthy  character  calls  for 
recognition. 

As  regards  foreigners,  officials  and  others,  the  regulations 
regarding  the  new  Orders  provide  that  they  mf^y  be  bestowed 
upon  such  ])erson8,  the  grade  being  determined  by  the  status  of 
the  individi^al  honoured. 

Everything  in  connection  with  the  bestowal  of  Chinese 
Decorations  is  to  be  attended  to  by  a  special  office,  the  j||j  ^  ^ 
Hsiin'  Cliang^  Chii',  Office  of  Decorations.  This  office  is  t«  be 
imder  the  supervision  of  the  Committee  of  Ministers;  nt  present 
it  is  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

[      M';i      ] 


FKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

954  In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  th?  Ministries  of  War  and  the 

to         Navy  have  been  commanded   to   arrange  for  a  special  Order  to 

957  t)e  bestowed  upon  officers  and  men  of  the  Army  and  Navy  whose 
courage  and  self-sacrifice  in  action  prove  instrumental  in 
attaining  victory.  The  said  Ministries  are  to  present  a  detailed 
report  of  what  they  recommend,  for  Imperial  sanction. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  5ERVi«^c. 

954.  f±  Ji  Shih*  Ohin^  (also  ffc  ig  Shih^  T'u^),  The 
Government  Service.  The  priWlege  of  ^  :^  Ch'u^  Shen^, 
"advancement,"  or  entry  into  the  public  service,  is  open  to  those 
belonging  to  the  following  (see  Nos.  955  to  962)  eight 
categories : 

955.  jH  ±;  Chin^  Shih''  (literary  designation,  ^  0)  Chia' 
Pang^,  and  |§  (^  Liang^  Pang^),  Metropolitan  Graduate 
(Doctor)  ;  those  having  attained  the  third,  or  highest,  literary 
degree  (see  No.  629c). 

956.  1^  X  Chii^  Jen^  (literary  designation,  ^^  ^^  i 
Hsiang^  Chin^  ShihS  Z.  W  I*  Pang^  and  ^  M  ^  '^'^^"g'  Hsieu^ 
Shu'),  Provincial  Graduate  (Bachelor  of  Arts) ;  those  Avho  have 
attained  the  second  literary  degree  (sec  No.  629b). 

956a.  #  ^  ih  ti-  ^^'o^  Chia^  Ch'u^  Shen^  (compare  No. 
628),  This  is  the  general  designation  of  the  two  higher  classes  of 
Graduates — Metropolitan  Graduates  (see  No,  955)  and  Pro- 
vincial Graduates  (see  No.  956),  who  enter  the  public  ser^  ice. 

957.  ^  ^  Ivung*  Sheng^,  Senior  Licentiate  (literary 
designation,  ^  ^^_  Ming^  Ching^).  In  this  category  are  Senior 
Licentiates  of  the  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  Classes  (see  No.  629a). 

Senior  Licentiates  are  divided  into  two.  groups :  ^^  ^^'M.^ 
En^  Tz'u*  Kvmg*  Sherig\  Licentiates  by  Examination  at  the  Pi 
Yung  Hall  (see  No.  412;  where  the  Emperor  discusses  the 
Classics,  ^MMI^  I^in^  Yung^  Pan^  Lun^),  and  2.    MMm^ 

[     504     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHII«A. 


959 


En^  Pu^  Knng^  Sheng',  Licentiates  by  Imperial  Favour  (granted       958 
the  degree  of   Licentiate   by   Imperial  favour  in  a  jubilee  year,         iq 
after    20,    or    more,    years'    tenure    of    the    grade    of    Salaried  , 
Licentiate;  sec  No.  629a). 

To  this  category  also  belong  those  who  have  obtained  the 
degree  of  Senior  Licentiate  by  purchase,  namely:  I.  i^  ^  ^ 
Lin^  Kung*  Sheng'  (from  the  ranks  of  Salaried  Licentiates), 
-•  ^  M  ^  Tseng'  Kung*  Sheng'  (from  the  ranks  of  Supple- 
mentary Licentiates),  3.  PM  ^  ^  ^  "*  Kung^  Sheng'  (from  the 
ranks  of  Accessory  Licentiates),  and  4.  '^j  ^  ^  Li*  Kung* 
Sheng'  (from  the  ranks  of  Collegians  of  the  Imperial  Academy 
of  learning;  compare  No.  959). 

958.  j^  ^  Yin*  Sheng',  Honorary  Licentiate.  This  is 
granted  on  the  occasion  of  national  rejoicing  (through  the 
medium  of  an  ,§,  |^  En'  Chao*,  "Gracious  Proclamation,"  or  is 
bestowed  in  consideration  of  services  rendered  by  a  progenitor 
of  the  person  honoured.  Accordingly,  Honorary  Licentiates  arc 
distinguished  as  ^,  j^  ^  En'  Yin*  Sheng',  or  li  ^  ^  Nan* 
Yin*  Sheng^  (for  details  see  >Jo.  944c). 

The  Yin  Sheng  ai'e  airanged  in  ^  P'in',  Grades  (four  in 
all,  corresponding  to  the  fifth  to  the  eighth  official  ranks),  eacli 
of  which  is  sub-divided  into  four  ^  Teng',  Classes,  which 
.distinguish  the  type  of  service:  1.  ^^  Shih*  Wei*  (see  No. 
99),  2.  ^^  W.-n'^  ChihS  ;?.  ^Jn  ^  Wai*  Yung*,  and 
'*•'   ie  M  Ch'i^  Yuan2. 

'J'>8a.  To  start  an  official  career  possessed  of  one  of  the 
ab(ne-mentioned  four  titles  {see  Nos.  955  to  958)  is  design-ited 
jE  i^  Cheng*  T'uS  "  Proper  Path." 

•^•'>9-  ^  ^  Chien*  Sheng'  (literary  designation,  ^^  ^ 
T'ai'  Hsiieh^  ShC-ng',  and  J:  ^  Shang*  She*),  Collegian  of  the 
Impel ial  Academy  of  Learning  (^  ^  gj  Kiio^  Tzu'  Chien*; 
see  No.  412).  These  are  differentiated  as  hclonging  to  six. 
categories:    L.     ^^A^^^    f-"'    T//u*  (;hien*  Sheng'  (compare 

[    r,(.:,    ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

960       No.  957  V;  the  descendants  of  well-known   persons  ;   granted  this 
to        title  hy  the  Emperor  at  the  Pi  Yung  Hall,  2.     M  ^  ^  ^  En^ 

962  Ch'ii^  Chien^  Sheng^;  these  receive  their  degree  after  a  special 
examination  (compare  No.  628),  3.  J^,  ]^  ^  ^  En^  Yin^ 
Chien^  Sheng^  (compare  No.  9o8);  conferred  on  occasions  of 
rejoicing  upon  one  of  the  sons  of  :  A.  Civil  Court  Officials  of 
not  lower  th^n  the  fourth  rank,  B.  Civil  Provincial  Officials  of 
not  lower  than  the  third  rank,  and  C .  Military  Officials  (Court  and 
provincial)  of  not  lower  than  the  third  rank,  4.  §^-  ]M  ^.  ^. 
Nan*  Yin*  Chien*  Sheng^  (compare  No.  958);  bestowed  upon 
one  of  the  sons  of  officials  who  lose  their  lives  while  at  sea  or 
during  a  campaign,  5.  @  ^  ^  Yu^  Chien*  Sheng^;  thus  are 
stylad  Licentiates  of  the  1st  Class  (see  No.  629a)  and  Military 
Licentiates  (^  ^  Wu^  Shong^;  compare  No.  629d)  chosen 
by  lot  by  the  Provincial  Commissioner  of  Education,  and 
^'  ^!!  ^  ^  Li*  Chien*  Sheng^;  those  obtaining  their  degree 
by  purchase,  four  classes  in  all :  A.  ^  Is  ^  Lin'  Chien* 
Sheng^  (from  the  ranks  of  Salaried  Licentiates),  B.  i^  ^ 
^  Tseng^  (/hien*  Sheng^  (from  the  ranks  of  Supplementary 
Licentiates  of  the  2nd  Class),  C.  M^  ^  Fu*  (Jhien*  Sheiig' 
(from  the  ranks  of  Licentiates  of  the  1st  Class),  and  D.  ^  ^ 
Chien*  Shengi  (from  the  ranks  of  t^  ^  Chun*  Hsiu*,  or  ^  ^ 
Min*  Sheng^;  see  No.  6?9);  compare  No.  957. 

960.  ^  J^     Sheng^    Yiiaii^,    (literary    designation,    ^  ^ 
^       Mao*   Ts'aiS    1f  ±  ^  ^  M    Po^    Shih*    Ti^   Tzu'   YiJan^,  and 

^  ^  ^   Ti*  Tzu^  Yiian^),  Licentiate  ;  those  who  have  attained 
the  third,  or  lowest,  literary  degree  (see  No.  629a). 

961.  1*^^.  Kuan'  Hsiieh^  ShengS  Pupil  of  the 
Banner  Schools ;  those  who  have  completed  -the  course  of  study 
of  one  of  the  Government  Banner  Schools  (see  Nos.  87 
and  717). 

962.  1^  Li*,  Government  Clerk  (from  the  ranks  of 
Writers;  compare  No.  945). 

[     506     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

962a.     Those  entering  public  life  belonging  to    one  of   the      962 a 
four  categories  mentioned  {see  Nos.  959  to  962)  are  said  to  have        to 
obtained  employment  through   the  system   of  f^  ^   Pao^  Chii',      CkQK 
"  Recommendation '"  (Influence). 

963.  ^  1^  Chiian^  Shu^  Obtaining  rank  and  office  by 
pui'chase.  This  system,  resorted  to  on  a  small  scale  since  the 
days  of  the  Ming  Dynasty,  owes  its  enormous  increase  to  the 
necessities  imposed  on  the  Government  by  the  first  war  with 
Great  Britain,  and  by  the  T'ai  P'ing  Rebellion,  a  few  years 
later.  A  Decree  of  the  13th  December,  1850,  finally  sanctioned 
this  system. 

964.  ^Mfi'SL  Hsiao^  Lien^  Fang^  Cheng^  "FiUal, 
Disinterested,  Straightforward  and  Upri;;ht."  This  honorary 
title  is  bestowed  by  Imperial  bounty,  through  the  medium  of 
a  "Gracious  Proclamation,"  upon  persons  recommended  by  the 
local  authorities  for  their  extensive  capacity  and  irreproachable 
moral  character,  giving  them  the  right  to  join  the  public  service 
somewhat  similarly  to  :|^  \  Chii'  Jcn^  (sec  No.  956).  At  the 
same  time  they  are  awarded  the  y^  no  T^  M  \j\\\*  P'in'  Ting^ 
Tai*  (button  of  the  sixth  rank  :  sec  No.  966).  After  an  Imperial 
audience  they  receive  appointments  corresponding  to  their  rank. 

965.  The  existing  system  regarding  official  posts  in 
China  classifies  all  civil  and  military  offices  under  nine  degi'ees 
of  rank,  ^  P'in'.  Each  rank  is  sub-divided  into  two  |g 
f  ai",  Classes,  i.e.  ]£  (/heng\  Principal  (designated  in  this 
book  by  the  letter  a  placed  after  the  numeral  indicating 
the  rank  of  the  post),  and  ^  Tsung^  Second  (desgnated  in 
this  volume  by  the  letter  H).  Mention  must  also  be  made  of  a 
large  class,  embracing  the  lowest  ])Osts,  which  is  styled  ^  A  ?|IE 
Wei*  .III*  Liu',  Unclassed. 

As  regards  ext(!rior  distinctions,  for  cacli  oi"  the  ranks 
there  is  a  button  worn  on  the  head  dress  (TM  jJJc  Tin;:'  Tai*,  or 
Tfl  T'  '^''"^''   T/,u^;   see   No.    966),    embroidered    |»l;niui'.s    for    the 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OP.GANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 

906  official  dresses  (for  civil  officials  depicting  birds  and  for  military 
officials  depicting  animals;  see  Nos.  967  and  968),  called  ^  ^ 
Pu'  Tzu^,  or  ^  g^  Pu^  Fu^,  and,  for  the  first  five  ranks^  a 
rosary  (Ifj  ^  Ch'ao^'  Ghxx'). 

^^^-      ^  Wi  '^^^"g^  ^ai^  Buttons  {sec  No.  '965). 

The  Buttons  of  the  various  ranks  ar'^  distinguished  as 
follows : 

1st  Rank:  ^  g  ;g  Himg=^  Pao^  Shih^  Ruby  (in 
daily  life  officials  entitled  to  this  button  usually  wear  one 
of  coral), 

2nd  Rank :  MMM  Shan^  Hu^  Ti^g^  Red  Coral, 

3rd  Rank :  ^  ^  ^  Lan'^  Pao^  Shih',  Transparent  Blue 
(the  sapphire), 

4th  Rank ;  W  #  S  Ch'ing^  ClimV  Shih^  Dead  Blue 
(azure  coloured), 

5th  Rank :  T^^M  Shui^  Chingi  Ting^  Crystal  (of 
transparent  white  colour), 

6th  Rank :  |$  ^  7l  Ch'e^ "  Ch'u^  Ting^  Opaque  White 
(milk  colour;  made  of  adularia — fluor-spar); 

7th  Rank:  ^  ^  TM  Su*  Chiy  TingS  Golden  ; 

8th  Rank :  ^  ^  Tl  Lou^  Chini  Ting',  Gilded ; 

9th  Rank :  ^  ^g  Tl  Lou^  Yin^  Ting^  Silvered. 

The  Button  of  the  1st  Rank  {Mm  MM  T'ou-  P'in^ 
Ting'  Tai^)  is  often  bestowed  upon  meritorious  officials 
irrespective  of  their  ^  Chih^,  Rank,  or  ^  Jen',  Post, ' 

Princes  ^of  the  Blood  of  the  first  sight  degrees  {see  No&.  16 
to  23),  as  well  as  persons  bearing  the  hereditary  titles  of  ^ 
KungS  ^  Hou-,  and  fj^  Po^  {see  No.  944,},  wear  the  Ruby 
Button  (no  class  being  defined — ^  ^  Ch'u^  P'in'). 

Imperial  Clansmen  {see  No.  39)  wear  the  Button  of  the 
fourth  rank. 

Buttons  of  the  lower  ranks  are  often  bestowo(^  in  recognition, 
of  contributions  for  public  needs  and  are  often  sol  I  outright. 

[     508.   ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


967.  ^  1*  ^  -f  Wen^  Kuan^  Pu^  Tzu',  Plaques  of 
embroidery  sewn  on  the  breast  and  back  of  official  dress  of  civil 
officials  {see  No,  965).     These  are  differentiated  as  follows  : 

1st  Rank  :   fllj  |$  Hsien'  Hao^,  Crane  (wliite) ; 

2nd  Rank  :  |^  j^  Chin'  ChiS  Golden  Pheasant  ; 

3rd  Rank  :  JL  ^  K'ung-^  CTi'ueh^  (Ch'iao^),  Peacock  ; 

4th  Rank  :  g  j^  Yun^  Yen^  Wild  Goose  ; 

5th  Rank  :    ^  H  Pai^  Hsien-,  Silver  Pheasant ; 

6th  Rank  :  ^  ^  Lu^  Ssu»,  Egret ; 

7th  Rank  :   ^  ^  Ch'i''  ChihS  Mandarin  Duck  ; 

8th  Rank  :  ^  ||  An»  Ch'unS  Quail  ; 

9th  Rank  :  ^  ^  Lien*  Ch'iieh^  (Ch'iao'),  White-tailed 
Jay. 

Unclassed  Rank  :  ^  j^  Huang^  Li^,  Oriole. 

Officials  holding  substantive  posts  wear  the  insignia  corres- 
ponding to  the  rank  of  the  post ;  those  holding  supernumerary 
or  unclassed  posts  wear  the  insignia  of  their  personal  rank. 

968.  jt  'B*  H  ?  Wu»  Kuan^  Pu'  Tzu^  Plaques  of 
embroidery  sewn  on  the  breast  and  back  of  official  dress  of 
military  officials  (see  No.  96.5).  These  are  distinguished  as 
follows  : 

1st  Rank  :   1^  ^  Ch'i-  Lin^,  Unicorn  ; 

2nd  Rank  :  %^  ^  Shih'  TzuS  Lion  ; 

3rd  Rank  :  ^  P'ao*,  Leopard  ; 

4th  Rank  :  ^  Hu'S  Tiger  ; 

5th  Rank  :  ^|  Hsiun^^,  Black  Bear  ; 

6th  Rank  :  ^  Piao',  Tiger-cat,  or  ^  P'i",  Spotted  Bear  ; 

7th  Rank  ;  ^  Piau'.  Tiger-cat ; 

8th  Rank  :  ^  Ij   Il.ii'  Ma^  Seal  ; 

9th  Rank  :  ^  ^Y  11«''  -^''"^  Rhinoceros. 

The  foroffoinj;  distinctions  do  not  concern  the  so-called 
*'  New-Troops,"  foi-  whom  there  are  speciil  uniforms  modelle-1 
on  those  found  in  foreign  armies. 

[    -m    ] 


967 

to 

968 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAXIZATION    OF    CHIXA. 

969  For    particulars    as    to     the     eventual     abolition     of     all 
^Q        differentiation  between  civil  and  military  officials  see  No.  657. 

970  ^^^'  Pi'inces  of  the  Blood  of  the  first  two  degrees  [see  Nos. 
16  and  17)  wear  four  plaques,  ^  ^  Pu^  Tzu^  {see  No.  965), 
embroidered  with  a  dragon  (f|  Lung^)  having  five  claws. 

Princes  of  the  Blood  of  the  next  six  degrees,  as  well  as 
persons  bearing  the  hereditary  titles  of  ^  Kung",  ^  Hou',  and' 
fj^    Po^    {see    No.    944),   wear   two    plaques,    ^  ^  Pu'   Tzu', 
embroidered  with  a  dragon  (^  Mang^)  having  four  claws. 

Nobles  of  the  Imperial  Lineage,  of  the  9th-to  12th  degrees 
{see  Nos.  24  to  27),  wear  embroidered  plaques  similar  to  those 
of  military  officials  of  the  first  four  ranks  {s  ?<?  No.  968). 

Imperial  Clansmen  {see  No.  39)  employ  plaques  similar  to 
those  of  military  officials  of  the  fourth  rank  {see  No.  968). 

970.  Those  who  have  obtained  the  right  of  entering  the 
public  service,  thanks  to  their  possession  of  one  of  the  titles 
spoken  of  in  Nos.  955  to  962,  must  first  seek  presentation  at  an 
Imperial  Audience  (^(  ^  Yin^  Chien^).  As  for  the  rest,  those 
enrolled  for  posts  of  not  higher  than  the  fourth  rank  are,  in 
some  cases,  not  received  by  the  Emperor,  but  by  specially 
deputed  officials  (so-called  ^  ^JC  :^  ^l  Yen*  Fang*  Ta"  Ch'en^'; 
see  No.  927). 

After  reception  in  a  major  or  minor  Audience,  the  various 
posts  are  distributed  by  lot  and  the  candidates  are  despatched  to 
the  provinces  which  fortune  has  decreed,  where  they  are  enrolled 
in  the  list  of  "Expectants"  (i|  ^  gf  Hou*  Pu^  Pan^)  for  an 
indefinite  (sometimes  very  considerable)  period,  during  which  they 
may  be  charged  with  various  missions,  under  the  designation  of 
^  J^  Wei^  Yiian^,  Deputies. 

From  the  "expectant"  stage  the  candidates  at  length 
emerge  (^  ^  Pu^  Shou'*)  to  substantive  service  (^  ^  Shih* 
Ch'iieh^),  a  year  of  probation  (,|^  J^  Shih*  Yung'*)  being, 
however,  obligatory  to  all  ranks  below  that  of  Taotai. 

[     510     J 


FKESENT    DAY    POUTICAL    OUGAMZATION    OF    CHINA. 

971.  Expectants  {sec  No.  970)  bear  various  designations,  971 
for  instance,  j^  }^  Hou^  Hsiian'^  (or  ^  ^  Hou*  Pu^),  L'andidate,  tO 
^  ^  li  ffl    Chin^  Hsien^  Pu^  YungS  First  Candidate,  5S  ^  SP  975 
H  Vii*  Clriieh*  Chi^  Pu',  Candidate  for  the  First  Vacancy,  etc. 

972.  There  are  three  types  of  salary  received  by  officials  : 
1.  1^  ^  FCng^  Yin'^,  Salary  received  by  all  officials  of  the 
Empire  (officials  at  Court  and  in  the  provinces),  2.  ^  If^  ^ 
Yang'  Lien-  Yin',  "Money  Nourishing  Honesty";  received  only, 
l)y  provincial  officials,  and  3.  ^  /^  Fcng^  Mi'.  Salary  in  Rice; 
received  only  by  Couit  officials. 

973.  Although  ^  P'in',  Ranks,  are  divided  into  |g  C-hi% 
Classes  (see  No.  965),  when  meting  out  punishment  for  so-called 
^  m  Ssu'  Tsui*  (private  offences)  the  former  alone  are  taken 
into  consideration  when  degradation  (P$  |g  Chiang*  Chi*)  is 
ordered,  being  called  5l  M  Shih'  Chi^  Thus,  an  official  being 
condemned  to  forfeiture  of  four  steps  in  rank,  should  he  be 
originally  of  the  5a  rank,  becomes  of  the  9a,  not  7a,  rank. 

The  suspension  of  salary  and  lowering  of  rank,  as  punish- 
ment for  ^  fj^  Kung^  Tsui*,  "  crimes  committed  while  on  duty," 
may  be  changed  to  the  forfeiture  of  frQ  |g  Chia>  Chi',  or  ^j*  f| 
Chi*  Lu*  (see  No.  974 j. 

9"-^-  /jO  ^  ^'^''^i  Chi^  Additional  Grades  (also  ^  ^ 
Hsu^  Chi',  Empty  (trades),  and  |[2  i*^;  Chi*  Lu*,  Honoural)lc 
Records,  are  of  two  kinds,  namely,  ^  Xjj  Chihi'  Kung',  for 
military  merits,  and  ^  "if;  Hslnr  Ch'ang',  ordinary.  The  latter 
are  often  granted  in  "(iracious  Proclamations." 

*^''-^-  P^  15  u?  fir  Chiang*  Chi*  Liu*  Jen'.  Lowering  of 
Rank  but  Detention  in  Office  (to  lose  rank  but  retain  office). 
Rehabilitation  take-  place  aft'^r  three  years'  iric].roaehablc 
conduct. 

970.  ^  ||g^'"§?  f5  Ko"^  Chih'  i^iu'  .I('n*,  Deprivation  of 
Rank  but  Detenliou  in  Offic-.     Rehabilitation  takes  place  (^  ^ 

[      511      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION  'OF    CHINA. 

077  J^  "^  K'ai^  Fu^  Yiian^  Kiian^)  after  four  years'  irreproachable 
to        behavjor. 

980  ^^^*     Officials  holding  substantive  posts  (so-called  ^  ^\\  fJt 

f^  Shen^  Lieh^  Shih*  Pan^  and  ^  :^  ^  j||  Hsieh*  Shilr^  Feng* 
Lu*)  may  obtain  by  zealous  service,  or  by  certain  monetary 
offerings,  j]W  §j  ('hia^  Hsien'^,  Nominal  Rank.  Thus  a  ^0  ^ 
Chih^  Fu^,  Prefect,  may  obtain  by  purchase  the  rank  of  ^  M  fl^ 
Yen^  Yiiii*  Shih\  Salt  Controller,  and  thus  have  the  privilege  of 
wearing  the  button  of  the  secondary  class  of  the  third  rank. 

978.  Those  who  contribute  funds  to  the  Government,  or 
distinguish  themselves  by  useful  public  actions,  may  be  granted 
J^  f|j  Hsii^  Hsien',  Brevet  Rank,  entitling  them  to  wear  the 
"button  of  the  rank  concerned  {J^  W:  ^  ^  Ting^  Tai*  Jung' 
Shen^). 

979.  Conforming  to  the  old  regulations,  regarding  mourn- 
ing, officials  who  lost  one  of  their  parents  were  forced  to  retire 
for  the  observance  of  mourning  (^  ^  |^  [[jlj  Li^  Jen^  Chung' 
Chih"*)  for  a  period  of  27  months,  should  they  be  of  Chinese 
origin.  Manchu  (Officials,  imder  similar  conditions,  retired  for 
mourning  for  100  days  (^  ^  "g'  H    Ch'uan'  Hsiao*  Po^  Jih*). 

By  Imperial  Edict  of  the  25th  March,  1909,  issued  in  reply 
to  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Rites,  it  has  been  commanded 
that  in  future  all  officials,  Manchu  or  Chinese!  Q^  '^  g^  f^lj  Man^ 
Han*  Fu^  (Jhih*)  are  to  vacate  office  on  the  death  of  a  parent 
and  enter  into  mourning  for  a  period  of  27  months.  An 
exception  is  made  for  officials  holding  very  important  and 
responsible  posts  ;  with  special  Imperial  sanction  they  enter  into 
mourning  for  100  days  only,  on  the  expiry  of  which  they  return 
to  their  duties  under  the  designation  of  ^  jg|  Shu*  Li^, 
Acting. 

980.  With  few  exceptions,  persons  bound  together  by  ties 
of  relationship  may  not  hold  office  in  the  same  province.  The 
jimior    must  vacate  office    (^  ^  Hui^   Pi*))  being   customarily 

[  .  512     ] 


PEE8EXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


IransfeiTed  to  an  equivalent  post  in  the  adjoining  province   ruled       981 
by  the  same  Governor-General.  ^q 

981,  It  is  the  duty  of   the    higher    provincial    authorities      qqq 
to  sci-utinize  the  doings  of  their  subordinates.     In  virtue  of  this, 
reports  are  periodically  submitted  to  the  Em])eror  with  regard  to 

the  latter   (fj  ;^|J  H  ^   Chen^  Pieh^  Shu^  i^uan'),  rewards  being 
.recommended   for   the   worthy   and  punishments  for  the   others 
(^  ;jlj  ^  B  Fen'  Pieh»  Chiang^  Ch'eng'). 

982.  The  surveillance  over  the  actions  of  the  higher 
meti'opolitan  and  provincial  authorities  ap])ertain8  to  the  Censors 
(see  Nos.  210  and  213)  who,  should  any  irregularities,  or  defects 
in  general,  be  detected,  present  Memorials  of  impeachment 
(^  ^  Tsou^  Ts'an\  or  ^  $;)]  Ts'an^  HCr).  The  Emperor  then 
•deputes  high  officials  to  investigate  the  case  (g  ^  Ch'a'  Pan*), 

Should  it  be  ]n'oven  that  the  indictment  was  Avithout 
sufficient  foundation,  it  is  left  without  further  discussion 
iM  m^m  ^Vu^  Yungi  Chih*  P,  or  ^  Jt  ^  li  Wu^  Yungi 
Tsai*  I*),  the  Censor  concerned  being  sometimes  reprimanded  by 
the  Emperor  (^  if  ^  ^  Ch'iian^  Chili'  Shen^  Ch'ih^)  or,  in 
very  exceptional  cases,  ordered  to  return  to  his  original  ))0st  for 
service  (JJ  /^  fS  P^I  fl  ^  Hui^  Yuan'  Ya'  Mcn^  Hsing»  Tsou^). 

Should  the  impeachment,  however,  be  found  to  be  correct,  the 
guilty  official  is  handed  over  to  the  Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments 
(^  «i^  iH  J^  <^'hiaoi  Fm*  I*  Ch'u\  01  ^  ?aj  Jg  ^  Chiao^  Pu*  Ch'u' 
Fen')  tor  the  definition  of  a  penalty,  which  may  be  more  severe 
than  those  mentioned  in  No's.  975  and  976,  possibly  including 
summary  dismissal  from  office  (fip  ^7  ^  Q^  Chi*  }Ising'  Ko'  Chih'). 

9H.3.  Since  the  accession  of  the  Throne  by  the  T'ai  Ch'ing 
Dynasty  the  Manchu  officials  have  gradually  developed  a  custom  of 
styling  themselves,  in  Memorials  to  the  Emperor,  as  ^;^  Nu'Ts'ai-, 
Slaves,  the  Chinese  rontinuing  the  old  title  ^  of  Ch'en*,  Ministers. 

A  Decree  of  the  lOth  March,  1910,  couunands  that 
hereafter  nil  official,  rivil  and  military,  in  the  Capital  and  in  the 

[    i^is    ] 

33 


Present    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

984      provinces,  Manchu  or  Chinese,  refer  to  themselves  uniformly  a» 
g  Ch'en^,  Ministers. 

984.  All  persons  in  authority  in  China,  from  the  Emperor 
to  the  lowest  oflScials,  employ  their  own  special  seals.  These  are 
variously  designated,  dependent  on  the  functionary  to  whom  appro- 
priated, namely  :  1.  ^  Pao^  (formerly  g  Hsi'),  Seals  used  by 
the  Emperor,  Empress,  Heir  Apparent,  Imperial  Concubines  of 
the  first  and  second  ranks  and  Princes  of  the  fii'st  degree, 
2.  ^fj  Yin^,  Seals  of  Imperial  Concubines  of  the  third  rank.  Prince* 
of  the  second  degree,  Ministries  'and  other  High  Government 
Establishments  at  the  Capital  and  some  provincial  officials, 
3-  li  !^  Kuan'  Fa\ig^,  Seals  employed  by  Governors-General, 
Governors  and  the  majority  of  provincial  officials,  4.  ^  |Q  T'li* 
Chi*,  Seals  of  the  Manchu  General-in-Chief  of  Hi  and  Colonels 
of  provincial  garrisons,  -5.  t^  |E  T'iao-  Chi*,  Seals  of  petty 
provincial  officials  (of  the  eighth  rank),  and  6.  ^  fg^  Ch'ien'  Chi*, 
Seals  of  petty  provincial  officials  (of  the  ninth  and  unclassed  ranks). 

The  duty  of  casting  seals  rests,  as  has  been  seen  above  (No.  386), 
with  the  Office  of  Seal^-casting,  attached  to  the  Ministry  of  Rites. 

The  dye-stuff  used  in  sealing  documents  is  of  three  colours  : 
1-  ^  fe  Tzu'  SeS  Violet  (employed  by  the  Ministries  and 
Higher  Government  Establishments  at  the  Capital  and  by 
Governors-General),  2.  ^  "fe  Hung^  Se*,  Eed  (used  by  the 
remaining  civil  officials  and  by  all  military  officinale),  and  3. 
^  ^  Lan^  Se*,  Blue  (used  during  mourning — 27  days  for  an 
Emperor  and  13  days  for  an  Empress). 

Yearly,  on  the  19th-21st  of  the  12th  Moon,  there  is 
performed  the  §if  fp  Feng^  Y"in^,  "Closing  the- Seals."  These 
are  opened  again  only  on  the  19th-21st  of  the  1st  Moon 
following  (§3  f[j  K'ai^  Yin*).  During  the  period  during  which 
the  seals  are  "closed"  all  despatches  are  written  on  blanks 
that  have  been  previously  sealed  (M  ^  ^  ^  Yii*  l^'ung*  K'ung* 
Pai^  or  ^  ^  ^  Q  Tsun^  Yung*  K'ung;^  Pai^), 

[     514  ] 


SUPPLEMENT 


SUPPLEMENT. 


No.  1.  The  Emperor  is  also  designated  ^  ^  T'ieii'  Wang-, 
%  ;g  Yuan-  Hon^  and  ^  g  Chili*  Tsun'. 

No.  2.  The  Empress  is  also  designated  "-i^  ^  Ti^  P'i^,  and 
5^  -f  ^  T'ien'  Hsia'  Mu^ 

No.  11.  Female  attendants  of  the  Emperor  are  also  called 
^  :k   Kungi  Nu\ 

No.  12.  The  Heir  Apparent  may  be  styled  "^  ^  Tnng* 
Ch'ul 

No.  00.  Eiuiuchs  are  also  styled  ^^  ^  ^  Ta'  Ch'ang* 
Ch'iui. 

No.  56.  Other  designations  of  the  Imperial  Clan  Court 
aie    f;  jE  ^  T.<ungi  Cheng'  Ssu'  and  3E  H  rf  Vu'  Tieh^  So\ 

No.  57.  The  Presiding  Controller  of  the  Imperial  Clan 
Couii  is  also  styled  ^  fj^  Tsnng'  Po^ 

Nos.  58  and  59.  Assistant  Controllers  of  the  Imperial 
Clan  Court  are  also  designated  ^^  jE  ^J>  W  'i'sni'g'  Clu-ng"'  Shao* 
Ch'ing'  and  ;^  Si]  ^  Ta^  Ssu'  Tsung'. 

No.  62.  Another  designation  of  tla-  Vice-Diii'ctor  of  the 
Imperial  Clan  Court  is  ^  ^   Tsung'  Ch'eng'. 

No.  75.  The  ImperiiJ  Household  is  al.so  designated  'J^  ffj  ^ 
T-i.i^  Fu'  Ssu*  and  ^^  Jfl  ^l  Tien'  Chung'  Chien'. 

No.  88.  Another  designation  of  the  Director  of  the  Palace 
Stud  U  ^  ^[|  f^  Fei'  Lung»  Shih'. 

No.  89.  The  Director  of  the  Imperial  Armoury  is  alsa 
styled  ^^^    Wu^  K'u*  Ling'. 

Xo.  90.  Another  designation  «»f  tlu-  Imperial  (iardcns.md 
Hunting  Parks  is  J^  ;t^  5?^    Shaiig*    Lin^'    Viian'.       The    Ducctor 

[      ->^-      J 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

- — ^ ' 

is  also  called  ^  ^£  |i  ^  Kung^  Yiian^  Tsung^  Chien^  and 
±m^  Shang*  Lin^  Chien^ 

No.  97.  At  the  head  of  the  Imperial  Household 
Bondservants,  rnalung  up  the  three  Superior  Banners,  there  is  a 
H  li  ^  afe  1^  fl  San^  Ch'i'^  Pao^  I^  T'ung^  Ling^  3a. 

No.  99.  The  Senior  Bodyguards  are  also  called  /J^  + 
Ohao^  Shih*  and  ^^  /^  gl$  Yu^  Lin^  Lang^. 

Nos.  102  and  102a.  In  consequence  of  a  Memorial  from 
Prince  A  Mo  Lin  Kuei,  and  others,  re  the  necessity  of 
reorganizing  the  Household  Division  of  the  Banners  and  the 
Imperial  Guards,  an  Edict  of  the  29th  November.  1910, 
appointed  Princes  A  Mo  Lin  Kuei  and  Tsai  Jun  as  ^  3^ 
Kuan'  Li^,  Controllers-General,  for  the  revision  of  the  regula- 
tions of  the  Household  Division  of  the  Banners  and  those  of 
the  Imperial  Guards.  The  work  of  reorganizing  these  bodies 
is  invested  in  the  Vigilance  Office  {see  No.  102).  For  the 
protection  and  patrolling  of  the  Inner  Palace,  the  Ministers  of 
the  Imperial  Household  and  the  Commandants  of  the  divisions  on 
duty  are  to  continue,  as  usual,  to  exercise  authority  by  turns. 

No.  105 A.  The  Chancery  for  the  Publication  of  Imperial 
Edicts  was  abolished  by  a  Decree  of  the  23rd  June,  1911,  and 
its  fimctions  transferred  to  the  ;^  ^  j^  Ch'eng^  Hsiian^  T'ing\ 
Chancery  of  the  Cabinet. 

No.  108.  M^WilmM  Hsien-*  Cheng*  Ch'ou^  Pei*  Ch'u^ 
Office  of  Constitutional  Reforms  (see  Supplement  No.  160) ; 
established  at  the  Imperial  Household  m  accordance  with 
a  Memorial  emanating  thence  of  the  28th  March,  1909. 

This  office  has   a  staff  made  up  of  a  |^§  ^   Tsung'    Pan*, 

Chief,  12  t^  Ji   i^  ^  Hsieh^   Li'  Ssu^  Yiian^,  Assistants  (als9 

^  f^  Ku*  Wen*,  Advisers  to  the  Committee  for   Drawing   up 

Regulations  for  Constitutional   Government;   see  No.  159b),  and 

12  Secretaries  (from  the  ranks  of  ^  ^  ^  T'ang'^  ('hu^  Shih* ; 

see  No.  76\ 

[     518     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKG  AMZATIOX    OF    CMIXA. 

^^  if  ^  T'lmg^  Chi^  Ch'nS  Statistical  Bureaux  (see  No. 
162).  In  addition  to  the  Imperial  Househokl,  found  at  the 
Palace  Stud  (sec  No.  88),  the  Imperial  Armour}-  (see  No.  H9), 
the  Bureau  of  Imperial  Gardens  and  Hunting  Parks  {sec  No. 
90),  the  Buddhist  ('ha])el  {sec  No.  I()4i0  and  the  Sununer 
Palace  of  the  Emperor  (see  No.  104e). 

No.  109.  The  literary  designation  of  the  Imperial 
Equipage  Department  is   ^  ^  ^  f^  Tien^  Chang^  I-  Wei^ 

.  No.  127.  i^  ^  !■*  Yiian*,  Parliament  (commonly  styled 
^  ^  Kuo-  Ilui^).  An  Edict  of  the  Emperor  Kuang  Hsii 
decreed  tlie  opening  of  this  assembly  in  1917.  In  consequence 
of  the  insistence  of,  and  repeated  requests  from,  the  population, 
however,  the  date  of  its  opening  has  been  advanced  to  1913  by 
an  Imjierial  Decree  of  the  4th  November,  1910.  Regulations 
for  the  Parliament  and  electoral  laws  are  to  be  promulgated  one 
year  previous  to  the  opening. 

In  connection  with  the  advancement  of  the  date  of  conven- 
ing a  Parliament,  the  Scheme  of  State  Laws  and  the  Programme 
of  Constitutional  Reforms  have  })een  subjected  \o  revision,  the 
most  imj)ortant  measures  (organization  of  new  Courts  of  Justice, 
Self-government,  introduction  of  a  new  Civil  and  Criminal  Code, 
institution  of  a  Stat<j  Budget,  reorganization  of  the  Customs  and 
Triljute  Systems,  the  taking  of  tlie  (Census,  reform  of  the 
Banncrmen,  the  promulgation  of  laws  regarding  Parliament  and 
the  election  of  its  members,  the  reorganization  of  Government 
Establishments  and  the  oi'ganization  of  :  A.  ^  [^  Nei^  Ko^, 
the  Cabinet,  B.      ^  ^^S  P^    1*''   '^''"^    Viian%    the    Privy   Council, 

<-      ^li^WH  Pit   n>i"g2  Cheng*   Shcn'   P*an*   Yiian*,   Courts 
of  Adiuinislrati^e  Justice,  and  D.     ^  ft  Kc  Sii/ii-'  Chi'  Viian', 

the  Audit  Pepartment)  are  to  bo  completed  by   191.3. 

Nos.  12H  t(i  129c.     liy  an  Iiiq;<ri:il  Decree  of  the  8ih  May, 

1911,  the  Council  of  State  has  ])ecn   abolished  and  the  -fi^^  ^\  ^ 

Fan'    Shu'  Fang^    Translation    Pureau,  attached   to    it,   ha?,  l)y 

r  -^'i!'  ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Edict  of   thle   23rd  June,   1911,  been  removed  to   the  National 
Academy  (see  'Nos.  191  to  205a). 

Nos.  130  to  140.  The  Grand  Secretariat  has  been 
abolished  (by  an  Imperial  Decree  of  the  8th  May,  1911),  and  the 
four  Grand  Secretaries  (see  No.  131)  and  the  two  Assistant 
Grand  Secretaries  (see  No.  132)  have  been  commanded  to  take 
places  in  the  National  Academy  (see  No.  191)  conforming  to 
their  seniority. 

No.  131.  Grand  Secretaries  are  also  designated  "g"  ^ 
Po2  K'uei2,  :f^&^^  Ta*  Chu^  Kuo^,  i^^:^  Ta'  Chu*  Shih^ 
:;^  X  H    Ta^  Yiian^'  Fu^  and  ±  %^  Ta*  Yiian-'  Tsai^ 

No.  132.  Another  designation  of  Assistant  Grand  Secre- 
taries is  5£  10  Ya^  Hsiang*. 

No.  137.  Other  designations  of  Secretaries  of  the  Grand 
Secretariat  are  ^  ^  Nei*  HanS  pq  ^  Nei*  Shih^  ^  ^  W 
Tzu'  Wei^  Lang^  :/c  ^  ^  Ta*  Chang^  HanS  and  ±^  ^  Ta* 
Nei*  Shih'. 

Nos.  137a  and  137b.  The  Imperial  Patent  Office  was 
also  styled  ^  ^  Hsi^  I*,  and  ^  f^  ^  Tzu^  Wei^  Ko^  It  was- 
abolished  by  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  23rd  June,  1911,  and, its 
functions  transferred  to  the  fjjl]  |§  ^  Chih*  Kao*  Chii^,  Bureavi 
of  Imperial  Rewards. 

No.  138.  The  Office  for  copying  the  Emperor's  endorse- 
ments of  documents  was  abolished  by  an  Imperial  Decree  of  the 
23rd  June,  1911,  and  its  functions  transferred  to  the  :^  m.^ 
Ch'eng^  lisiian^  T'ing',  Chancery  of  the. Cabinet. 

Nos.  141  to  149.  An  Imperial  Decree  of  the  8th  May, 
1911,  abohshed  the  Committee  of  Ministers. 

Nos.  128  to  149.  The  Cabinet.  pq  ^  Nei*  Ko^  the 
Cabinet  (also  ^  1£  P^  ^  Tse*  Jen^  Nei"  Ko");  established  by  an 
Imperial  Edict  of  the  8th  May,  1911,  which,  at  the  same  time, 
sanctioned  the  ^  ^  'g*  ^Ij  Nei^  Ko^  Kuan^  Chih*,  Regulations 
regarding  the  Cabinet  (19  articles),   and  the    p^^  ^  |^|  ^  ^  fj 

[     520     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    rOLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

^^  Nel*  Ko*  Pan^  Shili^  C'han^  Hsing^  Chancri  Ch'eng^, 
Provisional  Rules  for  Cabinet  Procedure,  both  of  which  were 
framed  by  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for 
Constitutional  Government. 

The  Cabinet  is  made  up  of  gl  ^  :f;  £  Kuo=  \Vu^  Ta* 
Ch'en',  Members  of  the  Cabinet,  who  are  the  Emperor's  nearest 
assistants  in  the  government  of  the  Empire.  In  addition  to  the 
^  ^  1,'S  a  :^  E  ^^ei*  Ko-  Tsung«  Li^  IV  Ch'On^  President  of 
the  Cal)inet,  and  one  or  two  f^  II  ti&  ^M  ;^  £  Nei*  Ko'  Hsieh' 
Li'  Ta*  Ch'en^  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Cabinet,  appointed  liy 
special  Imperial  EdiciS,  the  Cabinet  Members  are  as  follows: 
1-  ^\'  B  ±  ^  Wai*  Wu*  Ta^  Ch'en^  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  2.  ^  ]^  :^  ^  Min^  Cheng*  Ta"  Ch'en^  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  3.  M  ^  ^<.  ^.  Tu*  Chili'  Ta^*  Ch'cn^,  Minister  of. 
Finance,  4.  ^  f§  :^  £  Hsiieh^  Wu*  Ta»  Ch'enS  Minister  of 
Education,  5.  f^  ^  i;  S  I-"*  ^-^l'*'"'  '^^*  Ch'en%  Minister  of 
War,  6.  ri  ^  >v  g  Hai'  Chiin'  IV  Ch'en^  Minister  of  the 
Navy,  7.  ^  ;^  ;^  E  Ssu'  Fa-  Ta*  Ch'cn',  Minister  of  Justice, 
8-  M  I  f^  ;^C  E  Nung-  Kung'  Shang'  Ta*  (;h'en^  Minister 
of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce,  9.  §IJ  j^  ^'i;  E  ^  ''' 
Ch'uan-  Ta"*  Ch'en^,  Mitiister  of  Posts  and  Conmiunications 
and  10.  i^^  J^^  W  V-Mi'  Ta^  Ch'en-,  Minister  of 
Dependencies. 

The  President  of  the  Cabinet  takes  precedence  of  all  other 
meuibei's  and,  in  carrying  out  the  Emperor's  wishes,  decides 
political  ([uestions,  supervises  the  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment and  encourages  the  various  branches  of  governmental 
activity  to  mutual  assistance;.  Should  he  perceive  that  any 
order  or  decision  given  by  a  ^^inister,  or  Ministers,  meets  with 
dirticulty  in  its  execution,  he  may  rescind  the  same,  reporting 
the  matter  to  the  Emperor  for  final  acticjn. 

Among  other  duties,  the  ['resident  of  the  C'abiurt  guides 
the     aciiiMis     of     the     high     provincial    authoiities    and    olHcials 

[      -'-'l      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

governing  dependencies.  He  may,  with  the  Emperor's  sanction, 
issue  regulations  referring  to  questions  subjected  to  his  competence 
or  concerning  affairs  specially  delegated  to  his  authority. 
Personal  access  to  the  Throne,  when  occasion  demands,  is  also 
granted  him. 

All  Memorials  bearing  on  matters  of  a  general  State 
character  are  submitted  to  the  Emperor  in  the  name  of  the 
entire  Cabinet ;  those  referring  to  the  affairs  of  a  particular 
Ministry  are  submitted  by  the  President  of  the  Cabinet  and  the 
head  of  the  Ministry  concerned. 

Other  officials,  outside  the  Cabinet,  may  submit  reports  to 
the  Emperor — in  certain  instances  they  are  bound  by  law  to 
express  their  opinions  to  the  Emperor — but  these  must  pass 
through  the  hands  of  the  Cabinet. 

All  Edicts  concerning  branches  of  the  State  legislation,  the 
Higher  Government,  State  policy  and  measures  of  general 
importance  are  signed  (^  :^  Shu^  Ming')  by  the  President  of  the 
Cabinet  and  the  Cabinet  Members.  Edicts  referring  to  questions 
affecting  a  certain  Ministry,  or  ^Ministries,  are  signed  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Cabinet  and  the  Minister,  or  ]Ministers,  concerned. 

The  following  is  a  schedule  of  questions  coming  within  the 
scope  of  the  Cabinet : 

1.  Codes  ui  laws,  official  systems.  Edicts  and  Imperial 
commands. 

2.  Estimates  and  the  Budget. 

3.  Extraordinary  expenditm-e. 

4.  Treaties  and  important  diplomatic  negotiations. 

5.  The  promotion  or  .degradation  of  officials  holding 
posts  to  which  appointment  is  made  by  Imperial  Edict. 

6.  Disputes  between  Ministries  with  regard  to  authority. 

7.  Matters  referred  to  the  Cabinet  by  Edicts  and  requests 

and  petitions  from  the  people,   submitted    tlu-ough  the   National 

Assembly. 

L    522     ] 


PIIESEXT    DAY    POLlTiCAI.    ORG  AXIZ ATIOX    OF    THIXA. 

8.  Important  administrative  affairs  of  the  various 
Ministries. 

9.  Affairs  wliich  by  law  must  be  transmitted  to  the 
Cabinet. 

10.  Matters  which  the  President  of  tlie  < 'abinet  or  the 
Minister  of  the  Ministry  concerned  consider  should  be  discussed 
by  the  Cabinet. 

Affairs  brought  before  the  Cabinet  are  decided  by  the 
O])inion  of  a  majority. 

Questions  relating  to  the  Army  or  Navy,  except  when 
Imperial  ]^dict  commands  their  discussion  by  the  Cabinet,  are 
to  be  placed  before  the  Emperor  by  the  Minister  of  War  or 
IMinistei"' of  the  Navy,  direct.  The  latter  will,  however,  report 
his  action  to  the  President  of  the  Cabinet. 

When  questions  of  great  importance  are  being  considered, 
bv  special  Imperial  Edict. there  may  be  appointed  ^  jj  [^  |^ 
^  Bi  T'c^  Jen^  Kuo'  Wu^  Ta"  Ch'en^  Special  Members  of  the 
Cabinet.  These,  however,  are  not  classed  as  belonging  to  the 
Cabinet. 

The  Cabinet  meets  at  the  i^  ^  ^  Clieng"  Shih^  T'angS 
Cabinet  Hall. 

An  Imperial  Decree  of  the  2.3rd  June,  1911,  sanctioned 
the  ^  Tf^  1  t'S*  f|lj  Nei*  Ko^  ShuVKuan^  Kuan'  (^hih% 
Resrulations  resfardiiiir  Subordinate  Officials  of  the  Cabinet,  and 
the  1^  fj.n  tk  U  P^  IT  ililj  Nei*  Ko2  Fa^  Chih^  Y.iau^  Kuan» 
Chih*,  Kcgulatioiis  regarding  the  Legislative  Board  <»f  the 
Cabinet,  which  had  been  submitted  by  the  Cabinet. 

To  the  Cabinet  there  are  attached:  1.  A  fj?]  7^  Ko"  Ch'nig^ 
Councillor,  who,  under  the  direction  of  the  1 'resident  of  the 
Cabinet,  supervises  the  various  bureaux  attached  I0  the  Cabinet, 
2.  A  ®g  I^  T'ing'  dmng',  Chief  of  the  Chancery,  .'5.  ^  iJ 
Chii'^  rhang'',  Directors  of  the  various  Bureaux  and  Manager  of 
the  Bureau    of    Printing   and    (Janting    (scr    infra),     1.      ^Ij  jB8  i^ 

[     r.2.s    ] 


FKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Fu*  T'ingi  Chang^  Deput-  Chief  of  the  Chancery,  5.  M^M  Fu* 
Chii^  Chang',  Deputy  Directors  of  the  various  Bureaux  and 
Sub-Manager  of  the  Bureavi  of  Printing  and  Casting,  6.  ^  ^ 
Ch'ien^  ShihS  Secretaries,  7.  $U  M  M  W  $\^  Yin^  Chu*  Chu^  P 
Shih^,  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Bureau  of  Printing  and  (-asting^ 
8.  f^tl^^M±  Yin*  Chu*  Chii^  I^  ShihS  Engineers  of  the 
Bureau  of  Printing  and  Casting,  and  9,     ^^  Lu*  iShih*,  Writers, 

Of  the  officials  mentioned  above,  Nos.  1  to  5  are  appointed 
by  the  Emperor,  Nos.  6  and  7  are  appointed  by  the  Emperor  onr 
the  recommendation  of  the  Cabinet,  while  Nos.  8  and  9  are 
appointed  by  their  superioi's. 

At  the  Cabinet  there  are  found:  1.  :J^M,^  Ch'eng^ 
Hsiian^  T'ing\  the  Chancery,  which  controls  all  matters  in 
connection  with  the  promulgation  of  Imperial  Decrees,  Rescripts, 
commands  and  instructions,  files  Imperial  Decrees  and  Rescripts^ 
receives  and  transmits  Memorials  or  documents  intended  for 
Cabinet  discussion,  seals  documents  with  the  Imperial  seal  or 
Oabhiet  seal,  has  the  custody  of  these  seals,  etc.,  2.  f^lj  f§  ^ 
Chih*  Kao*  Chii^  the  Bureau  of  Imperial  Rewards,  which  deals 
Avith  the  compilation  of  honorary  titles,  posthumous  names  and 
posthumoxis  titles  for  reigning  Emperors,  frames  Imperial 
Rescripts  in  connection  with  the  bestowal  of  hereditary  titles  and 
posts,  Chinese  Orders,  etc.,  3.  i5t  'g*  ^  Hsii*  Kuan^  Chii^,  the 
Bureau  of  Official  Appoiitments,  which  is  in  charge  of  everything 
in  connection  with  the  appointment  of  officials  iri  Peking  and  in 
the  provinces,  scrutinizes  the  records  of  officials,  recommends 
promotions  and  transfers,  arranges  salaries,  proposes  punishments 
for  guilty  civil  officials,  etc.,  4.  ^  ft  ^  T'ung*  Chi*  Chii*, 
the  Central  Bureau  of  Statistics,  which  compiles  statistics  with 
reference  to  all  branches  of  the  Government,  published  yearly 
statistical  reports,  exchanges  statistical  information  with  Foreign 
Powers,  etc.,  and  5.  BU  ^  ^  Yin*  Chu*  Chii^  the  Bmreau  of 
Printing   and   Casting,   which   is  in   charge   of   the   printing   of 

[     524     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

official  gazettes,  legal  codes,  regulations  and  all  types  of  govern- 
ment publications,  casts  seals,  stamps,  etc. 

Under  the  direct  guidance  of  the  President  of  the  Cabinet 
the  ^  3il|  I^  Fa^  ^^^'^^^*  Yuan%  Legislative  Board  of  the  Cabinet, 
attends  to  the  following:  1.  The  drafting  of  laws  and 
Government  instructions,  2.  The  examination  of  draft  laws 
proposed  by  the  various  Ministries  and  the  reportii  g  on  same, 
and  3.  The  interpretation  of  laws  and  Government  commands 
now  in  force. 

The  Legislative  Board  is  composed  of  the  following : 
1-  ^i^  Y'ian^  Shih^  President,  2.  glj  f^J  Fu*  Shih^  Vice- 
President,  and  3.  ^  ^  Ts'an^  I*,  Councillors,  appointed  by  the 
Emperoi-,  4.  ^  ^  Ts'an'  Shih"*,  Secretaries,  and  5.  ;^  ^ 
Ch'ien^  Shih"*,  Assistant  Secretaries,  appointed  by  the  Throne 
on  the  recommendation  of  the  Board,  and  6.  ||x  ^  Lu*  Shih^ 
Writers,  appointed  by  the  Board. 

Until  the  essential  laws  shall  have  been  promulgated,  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Legislative  Board  there  will  be  placed  all 
affairs  which,  by  the  Scheme  of  ^Measures  Preparatory  to  the 
Introduction  of  Constitutional  Government,  sanctioned  by  the 
Throne,  were  within  the  competence  of  the  ('ommittee  for 
Drawing  uj)  Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government  (now 
abolished;  see  Supplement  Nos.  150-1631)). 

The  ^j  ^.  p^  Pi*  Te'  Viuu/,  1  iivN  CJouncil,  (also  ^^  J^^ 
8hu^  Mi*  YiinH*),  to  which  the  Emperor  tui-ns  for  advice  on 
various  affairs  of  goxeinimenl,  was  called  into  ))cing  b}-  an 
Imperial  Decree  of  the  Htli  May,  1911,  the  same  Decree 
sanctioning  the  ?j!^  t'S  ^  'y*  {jjlj  I'''  'J^'  Yiian*  Kuan'  (l)ih', 
Kegulations  i-egardiu;;  llic  Pii\y  Council,  which  were  framed  by 
the  Committee  for  Drawing  uj)  liegulalions  for  Constitutional 
Goverament,  in  conjunction  with  the  Committee  of  Ministers. 

The  Privy  ('oiuxil  non.sists  of:  A^.  One  |vt  S  ^'ilan^ 
Chang3,     President,     1',.      One     ^i\\  !^  ^     P'l'     Vuun'     Chang', 

r    wr,    J 


PRESENT    BAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Vice-President,  and  C.  .32  ^  f^  ^^  g  Kir^  Wen^  Ta*  Ch'On% 
Members  of  the  Privy  Council.  Only  eminent  officials,  with 
special  qualifications  as  regards  political  affairs,  are  made 
members  of  the  Privy  Council. 

Cabinet  Ministers,  the  Presiding  Controller  of  the  Imperial 
Clan  Court  and  Ministers  of  the  Household  may,  with  the 
Emperor's  sanction,  be  appointed  to  the  Privy  Council. 

Attached  to  the  Privy  Council  there  are  ten  ^  f^  'g'  Ts'an'- 
I^  Kuan',  Councillors. 

To  the  Privy  Council  are  referred  : 

1.  Questions  which  according  to  the  Statutes  of  the 
Imperial  Family  (^  ^  ^^  A  Huang^  Shih'*  Ta*  Tien^)  are  to 
be  considtir^d  by  the  Privy  C'oimcil. 

2.  The  investigation  and  interpretation  of  constitutional 
laws  (^  J'^  Hsien*  Fa*),  as  well  as  laws  and  commands  attendant 
thereon . 

3.  Until  the  promulgation  of  essential  constitutional  laws, 
all  matters  enumerated  in  the  "General  Principles  of  Constitu- 
tional Laws  {^^f]X^^M  Hsien*  Fa*  Ta*  Kang'),  Part  1-. 
Prerogatives  of  the  Sovereign  (^  Sl~X,^.  Chun^  Shang*  Ta* 
Ch'iian-),  paragraphs  8,  11  and  12. 

4.  Treaties  and  diplomatic  negotiations. 

5.  The  revision  of  regulations  referring  to  itself. 

At  the  Privy  Council  there  is  a  |){^  ^  ^  Pi*  Shu'  T'ingV 
Secretariat,  for  dealing  with  correspondence,  accounting,  drawing 
up  of  reports  of  council  meetings  and  managing  affairs  generally. 
The  general  supervision  of  this  establishment  is  in  the  hands  of 
a  Ijg!  ^  ;^  Pi^  Shu'  Chang',  Chief  Secretary,  to  whom  there  are 
attached  a  number  of  ;^  ^  ^  Pi*  Shu'  Kuan',  Secretaries. 

Nos.  150  to  151.  By  Imperial  Edict  of  the  8th  May,. 
1911,  the  Presidents  and  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Cabinet  were 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations, 
for   Constitutional   Government,  as  ^^  jg^  |g,  ^  If  -X  S  Hsien* 

[    .520     ] 


riJESEXT     DAY     roLlTiCAL    OKG  AXIZATIOX    OF    ClIIXA. 


Vhi-ng'  Pien^  Ch'a-  Kuan'  Ta*  Ch'C'n^,  Presidents  of  the 
Committee  for  Drawing  up  Kt-frnlations  for  Constitutional 
Government  (now  abolished;  sec  below  Nos.  150-163i)). 

Xos.  150  to  163i),  The  Committee  for  Drawing  np 
Kei^ulations  for  Constitutional  Government  was  abolished  bv  an 
Imperial  Decree  of  the  23rd  June,  1911,  and  its  functions 
transferred  to  the  fi  (|jlj  [J^;  Fa'  (Miih'  Yuau\  Leoislative  Board 
of  the  Cabinet. 

No.  155.  In  the  text  the  post  of  ^  f^  |§  f^  iig  IJ}^  Tsung' 
Wu^  Ch'u*  Pang'  Tslmg2■Pan^  Senior  Assistant  Chief  of  the 
Chancery,  has  been  omitted. 

No.  160.  Conforming  to  a  Memorial  from  the  Conmiittee 
for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional  Government, 
sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  30th  January,  1910,  there 
have  been  established,  at  the  Ministries  and  principal  Govern- 
ment Establishments  at  the  Capital,  as  well  as  at  the 
(iovernors-Generars  and  Govei-nors'  Yamen,  Constitutional 
Reforms  OtKces,  ,^  i^  ^  f;fg  ^  Hsien-*  Cheng*  Ch'ou*-*  Pei* 
Ch'u',  which  have  been  commanded  to  twice  a  year  present 
reports,  to  the  Investigation  Department  of  the  Committee  for 
Drawing  up  Regulations  for  Constitutional  (rovernment,  con- 
cerning the  progress  of  reforms. 

Xo.  1G5a.  ( )n  a  Memorial  from  the  National  Asscmblv, 
sanctioned  by  the  Emjieror  on  the  14th  Novem})er,  1910,  the 
temporary  administrative  j)ersonnel  of  the  National  Assembly, 
having  arranged  for  the  convening  of  members  of  that  body,  has 
been  aljolishcd. 

No.  IGTi;.  3^  ^[»  ^  ^'  Su-  Chi'  IIsiieh='  T'ang-,  School  of 
Stenography  (srr  No.  (\2\\):  organized  at  the  National 
Asseniblv  (srf  a  Memorial  from  the  Assmiblv  (hitcd  tlu-  4th 
February,  1910,  enclosing  i-egulations  in  19  arlicles)  with  the 
object  of  training  y^  ^g  ^  Sn'  Ghi'  Shi''ng',  Stenographers,  for 
<»(  i-\  ire  -it  the  National  .Vssenjbh,  l'rovin''i>'    \  ^^<-nibli<'s  rvr/- No. 


TRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

168)  and  at  popular  establishments  in  general.  There  are 
accepted  for  this  school  those  who  have,  at  least,  completed  the 
com'se  of  a  Middle  School  (see  No.  580),  or  a  school  of  similar 
rating.  The  enrollment  is  100 — 12  scholars  chosen  by  the 
Assembly  and  88  students  from  the  provinces,  i.e.  four  from 
each  province.  The  course  of  study  extends  over  two  trimesters. 
The  subjects  of  instruction  at  the  School  of  Stenography  are 
iS  IB  t^  Su"  Chi*  Shu\  Stenography,  Chinese  Language  Cg*  ^ 
Kuan^  Hua''),  Chinese  Literature  (^  ^  Kuo^  Wcn^)  and  the 
general  principles  of  law.     Its  administrative  personnel  includes  : 

1.  A    ^  ;^    T'ang'^    Chang^,    Director   (compare    No.    635b), 

2.  A  ^X  W  M.  Chiao*  Wu**  Yiian^,  Preceptor  (compare  No. 
636),  3.  A  )&f^  ^  Shu*  Wu*  Yiian^  Steward  {see  No.  641), 
and  4.  ^  ^  Cluao*  Yiian^,  Teachers  (not  exceeding  5  ;  see  No. 
637).  All  the  posts  mentioned,  Avith  the  exception  of  that  of 
Teacher,  are  held  by  officials  of  the  Sec.wLc.riat  of  the  Assembly 
(see  No.  167b). 

On  com.pletion  of  the  course  of  the  School  of  Stenography 
a  number  of  the  students  are  retained  for  service  at  the  Assembly, 
as  Stenog'raphers,  while  the  rest  disperse  for  similar  service  in 
the  provinces. 

Nos.  184  to  184c.     The  text  of  these  should  read  as  follows  : 

184.      The  General  Staff  of  the  Army. 

Tn  an  Edict  of  the  6th  November,  1906,  commanding  the 
reorganization  of  the  Ministry  of  War,  it  was  directed  that,  as 
no  General  Staff  of  the  Army  (General  Staft'  Office;  see  No. 
184b)  was  in  being,  all  matteis  appertaining  to  such  an  institution 
were  to  be  attended  to,  temporarily,  bv  the  ^  fg  ^  Chiin^  Tzu^ 
Ch'u*,  General  Staff  Council,  attached  to  the  Ministry  of  War 
(compare  Nos.  184a,  417  and  418). 

15y  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  15th  July,  1909,  the  General 
Staff  Council  was  made  independent  of  the  Ministry  of  War 
imder  the  designation  folloAving. 

r     528     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITiCAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

184a.      !?  f^  ^   Chun'   Tzn^  Ch'u*. 

^W  ^  Chiini  T^ii'  Ch'iiS  General  JStaft'  of  the  Army,  or 
General  Staff  Office.  This  is  an  independent  establishment, 
which  assists  the  Emperor,  as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army 
and  Navy,  headed  by  two  ^^^  ^  ^  ^  f^  Kuan^  Ll^  Chun^ 
Tzui  Ch'u^  Shih^  ^Vu^  Chiefs  of  the  General  Staff  of  the  Army. 

184b.      '^l^  J^  Chtln'   Tzn'  Fii\ 

By  an  Imperial  Edict,  dated  the  8th  May,  1911,  the 
General  Staff  of  the  Army  was  reorganized  into  the  !^  i^  /j^^ 
ChiJn'  Tzu'  Fu^,  General  Staff  Headquarters,  imder  which  have 
been  placed  : 

1.  The  Military  Academy  {see  No.  712)  and,  prior  to  the 
establishment  of  this  institution,  the  ^^^|^::^^.^Lu* 
Chiin^  Yii^  Pei*  Ta*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^  The  :\Iilitary  Preparatory 
Academy  (previous  to  1911  styled  the  Military  Staff  OfHcers 
College  at  Paotingf u ;  sec  No.  712a),  2.  Schools  for  Military 
Draftsmen  (see  No.  71oi)),  3.  Military  Attaches  at  Legations 
abroad  [see  No.  329),  Line  Officers  of  the  Aniiy  and  Navy,  etc. 

Until  the  personnel  of  the  General  Staff  Headquarters  has 
been  definitely  fixed  (^  |g  }^  'g'  fj|l]  Chun^  T/.u^  Fu^  Kuan^ 
Chih^),  it  will  be  administered  by  a  provisional  staff,  sanctioned 
by  the  Emperor  on  the  22nd  September,  1909. 

184(  .      ^  ,i§  ^  g  Chiiii'  Tzn'  Ta'  Ch'm\ 

At  the   head   of   the   provisional  staff   of  the   Genera'   Staff 

Headquarters  there  are  two  I^H^  :^  £  Chiini  Tzn^  Ta"  Ch'en* 

To  them  there  are  subordinated  :  Compare  text. 

No.  185.  At  present  naval  affairs  are  imder  the  supei-vision 
of  the  Ministry  of  the  Navy  {see  Supplement  Nos.  420  to  4:57  ; 
particularly  No.  434,\  which  was  called  into  existence  by  an 
Imj)erial  Decree  of  the  3rd  November,  19 10,  atid  which  is  a 
development  of  ijie  Comrnissioti  for  iIk-  Rooigiiiiization  of  the 
Navv. 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

No.  185a.  As  proposed  by  the  Presidents  o£  the  Commis- 
sion for  the  Reorganization  of  the  Navy,  to  that  bod}^  there  were 
attached  BIM'M^^BMMf^'U  <^h'o"'  Pan*  Hai'  Chiini 
Shih*  Wu*  Ch'u*  Ku"*  Wen"*  Kuan^,  Naval  Advisers  (compare 
No.  184k),  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  19th  February,  1910, 
designating  j^  ^  ^en'  Fn\  ffi  ^  H  Wu^  Kuang'-chien*,  |^  ^ 
Wei'  Han*  and  gfj  ^-  '^  Cheng*  Ch'ing^-lien^,  to  act  as  such. 

No.  186.  On  the  recommendation  of  a  Reader  of  the 
Grand  Secretariat,  JI  ^  Yen^  Ch'ang^  there  have  been 
established  posts  for  |^  |^  ^  Tzu^  I*  Kuan\  Advisers,  to  the 
Commission  for  the  Revision  of  the  Banner  Organization  {see 
a  Memorial  from  the  Commission,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on 
the  27  th  January,  1910). 

No.  191.  Literary  designations  of  the  National  Academy 
are  ^  H  Mu*  T'ien',  ^  j^  Luan^  P'oS  ^  ^  Lan^  T'ai^,  ^ 
^  Lin2  T'ai^  ^  2  Yiin'  T'ai^  ^  ^  Yii*  T'ang'^  and  |)g;  ^ 
Pi*  Ko2 

No.  192.  Literary  designations  of  the  Chancellor  of  the 
National  Academy  are  ;/;  ^  f^  Ta*  Cho'  Tso*,  f\j^U  It  ^ 
P'an*  Wen^  Lin^  Kuan'  Shih*,  ^  |g  Nei*  Hsiang*,  and  >^  ^  -^ 
T'ai*  Shih'  Ling*. 

Nos.  193c  to  200c.  Literary  designations  of  the  personnel 
of  the  National  Academy  (so-called  ^  ^  Han*  Lin^)  are  ;jf;^  |^ 
T'ai*  Shih^  pg  ^  Nei*  Han*,  pj  ^  Tz'u^  Lin^,  ^  ^  Han* 
Yuan*,    ±j^^  Ta*  T'ai*  Shih^,  and  :kWl  ^  Ta*  Tz'u^^  Han*. 

No.  206.  Other  designations  of  the  Censorate  are  ^^  f^ 
Po2  Fu^  H  S  #  Lan2  T'ai"^  Ssn%  j^  ^  Nan^  Ssu*,  ^  ^  Nan^ 
T'ai',  and  ;|^  g  Po^  T'ai^. 

No.  207a.  Other  designations  of -the  senior  President  of 
the  Censorate  are  ^  g  Wu^  T'ai^  ^  ^  Chang'  Hsien*,  -^^  |j^ 
^  Ta*  Tu^  Hsien*,  and  ^^  V\  M  ^a"  Ssu^  Hsien*. 

Np.  210b.  Other  designations  of  the  Metropolitan  Censor 
are  ^  f^  Huang^  Men^  and  ^  g  T'ung^  T^il 

[     .530     J 


i'KESENT     DAY     POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

No.  213.  Other  designutions  of  the  Pi'ovincial  Censor  are 
gg  ^  Us?  T^ai-,  ^  5  Chn'  Shih^  and  :k  ^  M  Ta^  Ssu^ 
H>ien^ 

Xo.  215a.  The  new  recrulatlons  reo:ai-dino:  Judicial 
Establishments  (section  oth,  articles  33  to  45  ;  tire  No.  7.38) 
define  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice  as  the  highest  Judicial 
Establishment  of  the  Empire,  being-  subordinated  to  the  ^Ministry 
of  .lustice  only  as  regards  administration.  Accordingly,  it!^ 
decisions  are  not  submitted  ta  the  latter  foi-  approval.  Also,  th(; 
Supreme  Court  of  Justice  has  functioiis  similar  to  the  Russian 
Senate  as  regards  interpretation  of  laws. 

For  particulars  as  to  the  :^i  51  ^  f^  Ta'  Ei'  Fen'  Yiian*, 
Branches  of  the  Siipreme  Court  of  Justice,  see  No.  759b. 

Nos.  218  and  -218a.  The  JflJ  f •[•  Hsing-  K'o'  has  been 
^■hanged  to  the  JflJ  ^  ^  Hsing*  Shih*  K'o'. 

At  the  head  of  the  varicMis  Sections  there  are  ^  ^  TMng' 
Chang*,  Section  Chiefs,  who  hold  this  position  in  addition  to 
that  of  Director,  or  Secretary,  of  n  Di'])artnicnt. 

Nos.  219  and  219a.  The  ji^  ^:|  Min-  K'o'  has  been 
■changed  to  the  Si  '^  ^^  ^''"'  =^1'''''  l^''^'- 

At  the  head  of  the  various  Sc<;tions  there  are  J^  J,^  T"ing" 
Chang''  (compare  Sup])lcmcnt  Nos.  21 S  and  218a). 

No.  221.  ^^iJlOf  ^  ffi  Sh6n'  P'an»  Yen=  Chin'  So'", 
Coiu'ses  in  .Iurisj)rudence  ((•om])ai"e  No.  758r,),  for  officials  kF 
tlif  Supreme  ('ourt  of  Justice;  limrtioning  since  1909. 

'Jhc  lectui-es  given  in  llioc  ( 'onrses  arc  uiid  m-  the  dirccLion 
of  official^  of  the  Court  \\lio  are  well-V'-rsed  in  the  Provisiounl 
C)imina!  ('(»dc  (.srr  :i  Memorial  fioin  the  Supreme  ('ourt  of 
.lii-tice.  ilated  the  'J\\(]   February,   19 10). 

No.  222.      I'<»r  |t:irticulars  a-  i«.  the    ^Ig  fifjj  ^^  ^jj-  ffj   Tsinig' 

("liieii"  ( 'li"a'^   l''rn'  T"ing',  Ibaii'li    A  t  (n'ney-(  ieiierab"  (  )llices,  .s^v 

No.  7()."iA. 

[     531      ] 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OEGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

No.  223.  Literary  designations  of  the  Imperial  Board  of 
Astronomy  are  Jc  ^  ^  T'ai"  iShih^  ChienS  W- M  ^  Hun*  P 
Chien^  ft]  ^^  Ssui  ^'ien^  Chien*,  and  f]  ^  g  Ssu'  T'ien^ 
T'ai^. 

No.  225.  Literary  designations  of  the  Director  of  the 
Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy  are  ;J5C  ^  '^  T'ai*  Shih^  Ling*,  Q 
'g*  Jih*  KuanS  and  :^   ^  ^  Ta*  t^su^  T'ieni. 

Nos.  226  and  227.  Literary  designations  of  the  Vice- 
Directors  of  the  Imperial  Board  of  Astronomy  are  ^  $.  ^  "^ 
T'ai*  Shih^  Shao*  Ling*  and  X  ^IB:  "l-^'ai*  Shih^  Ch'engl 

Ko.  233.  Conforming  to  replies  from  the  Committee  of 
Ministers,  dated  the  22nd  January  and  the  4th  February,  1910, 
to  a  Memorial  submitted  on  the  29th  December,  1909,  by  ^  jj^ 
Chi*  Lu*,  a  reform  of  the  Imperial  Medical  Department  (literary 
designation,  t^  ^  ^  Shang*  Yao*  Chien*)  was  effected,  the  ranks 
of  the  Commissioner,  and  other  officials,  being ,  raised  (see  Nos. 
235  to  236  and  238  to  240). 

No.  235.  The  post  of  Coi  missioner  of  the  Imperial 
Medical  Department  (literary  designation,  ^tC  ^  "^  T'ai*  I' 
Ling*)  has  been  raised  from  5a  to  4a. 

Nos.  236  and  236a.  The  posts  of  Senior  and  Junior  ^^ice- 
Commissioners  of  the  Imperial  Medical  Department  (literary 
designations,  ^  ^  ^  ^  Shang*  Yao*  Chii^  Ch'eng^,  and  -j^  ^ 
^  T'ai*  I^  Ch'eng')  have  been  raised  from  6a  to  5a. 

No.  238.  The  post  of  Imperial  Physician  (13  in  all; 
literary  designation,  ^  g  Shih*  10,  has  been  raised  from  "a 
to  6a. 

Nos.  239  and  239a.  The  posts  of  Secretaries  (literary 
designation,  ;;l^  ^  IE  T'ai'  I^  Cheng*)  of  the  eighth  rank  (13 
hi  all),  and  of  the  ninth  rank  (13  in  all),  have  been  raised 
respectively  to  7a  and  8a. 

No.  240.  The  post  of  Physician  (literary  designation,  j^ 
-H  )^  ^  ^  Shang*  Yao*  Chii^  Ssu^  Yao*)  has  been  classed  9a. 

[     532     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGAKIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

At  the  Imperial  Medical  De])artment  there  are  :  ^  ^  I^ 
yiian'( literary  designation,  f^^l^^fc  Shana*  Yao*  Chii^  1^  Tso^) 
Assistant  Physicians,  and  ^  ^  1'  !Shong\  ]\Iedical  Assistants, 
Physicians  are  arranged  according  to  nine  ^  K'd\  Specialities  : 

1-  :^    :^    M    $f  Ta*    Fangi   Mo*   K'o\  Diseases  of  Adults, 

2-  ^h^jWi^'^^  Hsiao^  Fang'  Mo*  Tou*  Cheu^  ivo', 
Diseases  of  Children,  and  Smallpox,  3.  ■^  |g  ^^  Shang^  Han* 
K'oS  Fevei-s,  4.  $§  A  ^  Fu"  Jen^  K'o\  Diseases  of  Females. 
5-  ^  ^  f4  Ch'uang-  Yang2  K'o',  Cutaneous  Diseases,  G. 
^  %  Pi  Ch^n^  Chih*  K'o\  Kheumatic  Diseases,  7.  gg  %^ 
Yen^  K'o',  Ophthalmic  Diseases,  8.  P  ^  PS  II§t  f4  iv  uu» 
Ch'ih^  Yen'  IIou'  K'o\  Dental  and  Throat  Diseases,  and  9. 
IE  #  f^  Cheng*  Ku^  K'o',  Surgery  (literally  "setting .bones.") 

No.  242.  The  second  of  the  Superintendents  of  che  iicuvd 
of  Customs  Control  is  also  designated  WL^  ^"^  ^^  "X,^ 
Shui*  Wu'  Ch'u*  Hui*  Pan*  Ta*  Ch'en^ 

Xo.  273.  The  organization  of  a  modern  Postal  System  in 
China  was  begun  in  the  period  1896-1898,  during  which  a 
series  of  Imperial  Edicts  were  promulgated  with  reference  to  the 
opening  of  Postal  Establishments  of  a  new  type  throughout  the 
Empire,  to  be  styled  :K^^  %}&,  Ta*  Ch'ing^  Yu^  (JhCng*,  or 
Chines(j  Imperial  Post  Offices.  The  Office  of  Foreign  Affairs 
received  Imperial  commands  to  entrust  the  general  control  of 
Postal  affairs  to  the  Inspector  General  of  Customs,  Sir  Pobert 
Hart  (jH  ^  Ho*  Te'^),  as  ^  $U  i^  ^  Tsung^  Yu»  Cheng*  Ssu', 
Inspe^'tor  (ieneral  of  Posts.  The  latter,  in  turn,  appointed 
Mr.  Til.  I'iry  ( ^,  ^  Po*  Li^),  Conunissioner  of  Custom.s,  with 
the  title  of  ^'  igf  la  ^)fi  Yu^  Ch-ng*  Tsung'  Pkn*,  Postal 
Secretary,  to  supcr\  ise  tlie  organization  of  a  Postal  Sy.stem  for 
the  Empire  and  tliere  are  now  more  than  600  Po.st  Offices  and 
4,200,  or  more,  l*o.stal   Sul»-Offices. 

Tlie  ipiestion  of  tlie  transfer  of  the  Postal  System  to  the 
control  <if  the   Mini.stry   of   Posts  and   Communications  was  first 

[    :>?.'i    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

raised,  by  the  Committee  for  Drawing  up  Regulations  for 
Constitvitional  Government,  when  general  regulations  defining  the 
fnnctions  of  the  several  State  Offices  were  being  framed  (^^  j^ 
^  @  Hsing*  Cheng*  Kang^  Mu-*)..  Further,  the  said  Committee^ 
m  the  autimin  of  1909,  when  submitting  its  report  concerning 
preparatory  measures  to  Be  accomplished  by  provincial  (govern- 
ment Offices  during  the  nine  years  preceding  the  granting  of  a 
constitution,  expressed  the  opinion  that  "the  Postal  System 
should  remain  under  the  control  of  the  Imperial  Maritime 
Customs  only  so  long  as  thei'e  was  no  special  Ministry  for  its 
administration,  and  until  the  Chinese  populace  became  acquainted! 
with  its  utility  ;  now,  there  being  a  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Communications  in  existence,  it  should  be  handed  over  to  the 
supervision  cf  tliis  ^Nfinistry."  This  report  received  Imperial 
sanction,  and,  in  the  list  of  measm-es  to  be  carried  out  by  the 
Ministry  of  Posts  and  ^Communications  during  the  period  already 
spoken  of,  submitted  to  tlie  Emperor  on  the  4th- October,  191 0, 
there  appeared  a  provision  for  the  transfer  of  the  Postal  System 
as  recommended. 

The  ]Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications  definitely 
assumed  control  of  the  Postal  System  on  the  28tli  May,  1911y 
by  virtue  of  an  Imperial  Decree  of  the  26th  May,  .promulgated 
in  repl}'  to  a  ]Memorial  from  the  President  of  the  Ministry 
concerned,  ^  ^  '^  Sheug*  Hsiian^-huai"^  (for  further  details  see 
Supplement  Nos.  479  and  479a). 

A  detailed  scheme  concerning  the  reform  of  Postal 
Establishments  appeared  in  the  Peking  Gazette  of  the  17th 
October,  1910. 

No.  278.  Other  designations  of  the  President  of  a  ^Ministry 
are  Ffl  S  Chung^  T'ai",  |fj  ^  Tu^  T'ai^  and  :J<i'^i^Tii' 
Ch'ang^  Po^ 

No.  279.  Other  designations  of  the  Senior  Vice-President  of 
a  Ministry  are  5g  ^  Ya=^  Ch'ing^  and  ^p'^^^  Shao*  Ch'ang'  Po^ 

[      5:54      ] 


PKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


Xo. 

323. 

Xo. 

324 

Xo. 

325 

Xo. 

32G 

No. 

327 

Xo. 

32S 

Xo. 

332 

Xo.  312.  By  reo;u]ations  fraiiKMl  liy  the  Ministry  oT 
Foreign  Atiairs,  in  .Tunc,  1909,  certain  changes  have  been 
C'fFeoted  with  regard  to  the  official  rank  of  Chinese  officials  abroad 
(sfc  Nos.  317  to  320  and  322  to  323),  namely  : 

Xo.  317.      The  rank  of  a  <  "onsnl-General  is  now  4b. 
,  Xo.  318.     The  rank  of  a  Second  C'oinicillor  is  now  4r. 
No    319.      The  rank  of  a  First  Interpreter  is  now-  5a. 
No    320.      The  rank  of  a  Consul  is  now  5a. 
Xo.  322.      The  rank  of  a  Third  Councillor  is  now  6\. 

The  lank  of  a  Second  interpreter  is  now  OB. 
The  rank  of  a  Vice-Consul  is  now  5  b. 
The  rank  of  a  First  Secretary  is  now  5  .. 
The  rank  of  a  Third  Interpreter  is  now  6b. 
The  rank  of  a  Second  Secretary  is  now  6b. 
The  rank  of  a  Third  Secretary  is  now  7b. 
There    is  now  a   Consulate-Creneral  at  S  fJU  ^ 
Pa'   Xa"*   ^la',  Panama  {see  a  Memorial  from    the    Ministry  of 
Forei<;n  Affiairs,  dated  the  16tli  January,  1910). 

In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  a  Consular  Convention 
'M  ^1^  ^J  1'''>'K^  Shih*  T'iao-  Yiieh'}  concluded  between 
China  and  the  Netherlands  (signed  at  Peking  on  the  8th 
May,  191  Ij,  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affiiirs  submitted  a 
Memorial  to  the  Throne,  the  .same  being  sanctioned  on  the 
21st  .Inly,  1911,  concei'ning  the  establishment,  in  the  Dutch 
Indies  (fll  Kl  m  efj  I^  ^  Ji  Ho-  I^an^  Tung^  Yin'  Tu*  Shu' 
Ti*j,  of  the  roijowing  Consulates  in  the  islands  oi'  the  Sunda 
Archipelago  (|i  fiil  g  ^^   Ilsiin^  T\i'  (hMin'^  Tao'^)  : 

./.  A  (  nnsulate-(ieneral  at  [^  ii  |f£  iJii  Pa'  Ta''  Wei' 
"\'a\  Hatavia,  in  the  island  of  /f^  Cj:  ^  Clma'  Wa'  Tat>\  ,Iava, 
with  a  ConsulaT  District  (^  f.;lf  [^{i.  tjlc  '^>':"''  ^sia"  Ch'ii'  Vii') 
including  the   Island   ..f  .laxa   tn   the  Ka.vt  of:-!  '^  i(l^^  San'    Pao» 

r..mg-,  all  Dut.h  liuineo  (^  M  M  ^\  Wi  ^^.  ^^    I*'"'   '^«'-    <•'<'"' 
II..'  Shu=  f|,'ii:m'  ChiiigM,  the  i^l 1  ..t   Pillll.m     {{'if,   f\\  j[nl  ^  Jfr, 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Wan^    Li^    Tung*    Ch'iian^    Tao'),    as    well    as    adjacent    small 
islands. 

This  Consulate-General  will  be  administered  by  a  Consul- 
General,  one  Second  Interpreter  and  one  Second  Secretary. 

B.  A  Consulate  at  yj]^  ^  Ssu^  Shui^,  Sourabaya,  Java,, 
"with  a  Consular  District  including  the  island  o£  Java  to  the  West 
of  H  ^  H  San^  Pao'  Lung^,  the  Dutch  Celebes  (©  M  fl^  ffl 
M^^  Hsi^  Li^  Po='  Ho-  Shu^  Ch'uan^  Ching*),  Madura  Island 
(*^  Vi^  S  ^Jfa^  Tu*  La^),  the  island  of  Karimon  Java  (^  ^ 
1^  @  K'a'  Li^  Lung^  Mu*;  and  adjacent  small  islands. 

This  Consulate  will  have  a  personnel  made  up  of  a  Consul, 
one  Third  Interpreter  and  one  Third  Secretary. 

C\  A  Consxilate  at  ^  .^  Pa^  Tung^,  Padang,  in  the  island 
^^  M  P5  ^  it  Six'  Men^  Ta^  La%  Sumatra,  with  a  Consular 
District  including  Sumatra,  the  island  of  ^  /jfj  Pang'  Chia', 
Banka  and  adjacent  small^islands. 

The  personnel  of  this  Consulate  will  include  a  Consul,  one 
Third  Interpreter  and  one  Third  Secretary. 

Nos.  333  to  338.  The  Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments  was 
abolished  by  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  23rd  June,  1911,  its 
functions  being  transferred  to  the  ^  'g*  ^  Hsii*  Kuan'  Chii', 
Bureau  of  Official  Appointments. 

No.  333a.  Other  designations  of  the  President  of  the 
Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments  are  ^  'ja'  T'ien'  Kuan',  ^  ^. 
Chung3  Tsai^  and  i<i  ^  f|j  Ta*  Ch'iian^  Heng^. 

Nos.  335  to  338.  M^W-^^  Hsien*  Cheng*  Ch'ou2 
Pei*  Ch'u*,  Office  of  Constitutional  Reforms  {see  Supplement 
No.  160^  ;  established  at  the  Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments  (on 
a  Memorial  from  this  ]Ministry,  dated  the  12th  March,  1910),  to 
replace  the  ^  J^  i^-  5;g  g/f  Hsien*  Cheng*  Yen'  Chiu^  Sol  At 
the  head  of  this  office  there  was  a  |f,  fj[f  Tsung^  Pan",  Chief, 
"who  had  subordinated  to  him  :  ^  |^|?  ilui*  Pan*,  Senior 
Assistants,    ^  ^   Pang'    Pan*,    Junior  Assistants,  etc.  •  It    is 

[     530     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

composed  of  four  ^4  K'o'»  Sections,  namely,  1.  ^  '^  f4  ^^^^* 
Kuan^  K'o',  Section  of  Personnel,  2.  i§  ^  p^  K'ao'  Chi^  K'oS 
Section  for  Investigation  of  Merits,  3.  H  4  ^  Tiao*  Ch'a* 
K'o',  Intelligence  Section,  and  4.  $g  §|]  ^  Pien'  CWih*  K'o', 
Revising  Section. 

^  ^  If  Hsiieh'  Chih"  Kuan^  Instruction  Office  at  the 
Ministry  of  Civil  Appointments  (for  preparing  officials  for 
service  at  this  Ministry)  ;  directed  by  a  ^^  ^  Tsung'  Pan^ 
Chief. 

No.  344.  I^  ^  If  T'u-  Chih*  Kuan^,  Commission  for 
Preparing  a  Descriptive  Work  of  the  Empire  ;  established  at  the 
Ministry  of  the  Interior,  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from 
this  Ministry,  dated  the  13th  March,  1910. 

This  Commission  is  composed  of  officials  of  the  Ministry  of 
the  Interior  and  will  compile  its  —  |fe  |/f  j^  P  T'ung*  Hsin^ 
Chih*,  New  C Complete  Statistiral  Description  of  the  Chinese 
Empire,  from  detailed  documents  supplied  by  the  provinces. 

M^Wi^M  Hsien*  Cheng*  Ch'ou'  Pei*  Ch'u*,  Office  of 
Constitutional  Reforms  ;  established  at  the  Ministry  of  the 
Interior  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  emanating  thence,  dated 
the  2nd  April,  1910. 

No.  368a.  it  |{^  ifg  Tsao"  Chih3  Ch'ang*,  Government 
Paper  MiU  ;  operated  under  regulations  framed  by  the  Ministry 
of  Finance  and  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  27th  tfanuary, 
1911.  It  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  ISfinistry  of  Finan.'e 
and  l)as  been  established  for  the  ])roduction  of  all  kinds  of 
Government  book.s,  and  papers  and  toruis  for  the  numerous 
Government  Establishments. 

At  the  lioiul  f»f  the  Paper  Mdl  there  is  a  ^  Jff^  Tsmig^  Vnu\ 
Superintendent,  lie  is  assisted  hy  :  1.  A  f//  |f|^  Pang'  Pan*, 
Senior  Assistant  Supei'intendent,  and  2.  A  ^  fjj  Tso*  Pan*, 
Junior  Assistant  Siiperintcndrnt. 

[      ■'■'•'      ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

For  the  management  of  the  Paper  Mill  there  are  five 
Sections  :  1.  ^  M  ^f^  Ying'  Yiin'^  K'o\  Section  of  Transport 
and  Supplies  (in  charge  of  the  provision  of  materials  and  their 
transport),  2.  IdC  jS  ^-^  Chien^  Tsao*  K'o^,  Section  of  Operation 
(supervises  the  execution  of  orders),  3.  iSC  ^  ^^  Wen''  An^ 
K'oS  Chancery,  4.  !{$:  j^  jfJf  Shou^  Chih^  K'o^  Section  of 
Finance,  and  5.  ^,  ^  ^l[  Shn''  Wu"*  K'o',  Section  of  General 
Affairs.  Each  of  these  Sections  is  directed  by  a  f ?}■  ;^  K'o^ 
Chang',  Section  Chief,  and  is  divided  into  Sub-sections  (^  So'). 

No.  369 A:.  As  recommended  in  a  Memorial  from  the 
Controller-General  of  the  Salt  Gabelle  (sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  25th  February,  1910),  there  have  been 
established  posts  for  the  following  officials  at  the  Office  of  the 
Controller-General  of  the  Salt  Gabelle:  1.  One  {^  |3  T'i'^ 
Tiao*,  Proctor,  2.  Two  ^  Jlf^  Pang'  T'i^  TiaoS  Assistant 
Proctors,  3.  One  ^\  ^  "^  i^i'*  Shu^  Kuan',  Senior  Secretary, 
and  4.      Nine  ^  ^  '^   Ts'an'  Shih*  Kuan',  Secretaries. 

The  Office  of  the  Controller-General  of  tlie  Salt  Gabelle  is 
made  up  of  eight  ^.  T'ing',  Sections  :  1.  ^  i^  1.1  ^  Ten'^ 
Wu*  Tsung'  T'ing\  Chief  Section  of  Salt  Affiiirs  ;  supervising 
the  framing  of  rules  and  regulations  regarding  the  salt 
administration,  the  most  important  correspondence  and  the 
personnel  of  the  office,  2.  ^]KWf^B  ^^^^S'  Chih^  Yen^ 
Wu*  T'ing',  Section  for  Salt  Affairs  of  Fengtien  and  ChihH 
(and  of  Kirin,  Heilungchiang,  Houan,  the  territoiy  of  the 
Ch'akhars,  Jehol  and  Sui-yiian-ch'eng),  3.  ^  "M  W  B  M  Lu* 
Tung'  Yen'"  Wu*  T'ing',  Section  for  Salt  Affairs  of  Shantung 
and  Shansi  (and  of  Shensi,  Kansu,  Honan,  Anhui  and  Kiangsu), 
4-  M^MWB  ^  Liang'  Huai^  Yen^  Wu*  T'ing',  Section  for 
Salt  Affivirs  of  Kiangsu  and  Kiangsi  (and  of  Hupeh,  Hunan,  ths 
Western  part  of  Anliui  and  Honan),  5.  M  W\  W  ^  M'  Liang* 
Che*  Yen-  Wu^  T'ing',  Section  for  Salt  Affairs  of  Chekiang  (and 
of    Kiangsu,    Anhui  and   Kiangsi),  6.      ^    #    H    f#    E  ^^u' 

[    :>-58    ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Yueh*  Yen*  \Vu*  T'ing',  Section  for  Salt  Affairs  of  Fukien  and 
Kuaugtung  (and  of  Kiangsi,  Kuangsi,  Hunan  and  Kueichow), 
7-  JWmM  B  ^  Ch'uan^  Tien^  Yen'  Wu^  T'ing',  Section  for 
Salt  Affairs  of  Szechwan  and  Yiinnan(and  of  Hupeh,  Hunan  and 
Kueichow),  and  8.  B,B  ^  ^'^^'"'  ^^^^^*  T'ing',  Section  of 
General  Affairs  ;  receiving  and  despatching  correspondence, 
sealing  documents,  keeping  the  accounts,  etc. 

The  Chief  Section  of  Salt  Aifairs  is  directed  by  a  Proctor 
and  his  assistants.  To  them  there  are  attached :  a  Senior 
Secretary  (supervising  the  most  im[)ortant  correspondence)^  two 
Secretaries,  two  ^  |/if  Tso''  Pan^,  Assistant  Secretaries,  and  an 
indefinite  lumiber  of  ^  ^  Wei^  Yiian^,  Deputies  (of  the  first, 
second  and  third  ranks.  ^  Teng^), 

A  Secretary  is  at  the  head  of  each  of  the  remaining  seven 
Sections.  He  has  one  Assistant  Secretary  and  an  indefinite 
number  of  Deputies  (of  the  three  ranks  mentioned)  under  his 
ox'ders. 

At  the  Section  of  (iener.d  Affairs  there  has  been  inaugurated 
^  M^^  ^^  Tien'  So^  Sub-Section  for  the  Ciphering  of 
Telegrams,  and  a  ^^  ^  ^  Shan*  Hsieh^  Fang',  Copying  Sub- 
Section,  manned  by  ^  Z^  'g'  Shu^  Chi*  Kuan',  Clerks,  and 
^  12  ^    Shu'  Chi*  Sheng\  Writers. 

There  is  found  at  the  Office  of  the  Controller-General  of 
the  Salt  Gabelle  an  indefinite  number  of  ^^  ^  "^  Tzu'  I* 
Kuan^,  Advisers.  A  ^  ^  ^  Hui*  I*  SoS  Council,  composed 
of  the  Proctor,  as  H  |J  V  (  hang^  President,  and  Assistant 
Proctors,  Senior  Secretary,  Secretaries  and  Advisers,  as  ^^fi 
Hui*  I*  Yiian',  Members  of  the  Council,  has  also  been  organi/cd 
at  this  office. 

No.  373.  ^  'rllOpj  I'i'  Chih*  Chh',  Cunen.-y  Office; 
established  in  Hcconlancc  with  a  .Meiuoii:il  from  the  Ministry 
of  Finance,  sanctioned  by  the  Kinperor  on  the  20th  September, 
lf»H),  to  replace;  tlu;  Commission  for  thr   Study    of   the   Currency 


TRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


System,  ^  3ilJ  H  ]^  M  Pi'  Cliih^  Tiao*  Ch'a^  Chu^  abolished  by 
the  same  Memorial.  The  main  object  of  this  office  is  to  keep 
a  control  over  the,  mints  and  banks,  with  regard  to  issue  of  the 
new  type  of  curpency,  and  to  supervise  the  gradual  transition 
to  a  new  currency  system.  Tlie  ■Minister  of  Finance  is  at  the 
head  of  the  office  and  exerts  his  authority  therein  through  the 
Currency  Department  (see  No.  356 j.  An  Imperial"  Edict 
of  the  13th  day  of  the  7th  moon  appointed  ^If  !^  ^ 
Sheng  Hsiian-huai  as  ^  '^  Pang^  Pan*,  to  assist  the 
Minister. 

At  the  Currency  Office  there  are:  1.  One  f^  ||  T'i^ 
Tiao^  Proctor,  and  2.  Two  ^  ^  f]  Pang"  T'i^  Tiao%  Assistant 
Proctors.  The  Proctor  and  Assistant  Proctors  are  in  charge  of 
the  four  a^  Ku3,  Sections  -A.  fi  ^  |[^  Tiao*  Ch'a'  Ku', 
Intelligence  Section ;  charged  with  the  study  of  the  currency 
question  in  China  and  Europe  and  the  completion  of  all  business 
left  unfinished  by  the  Commission  for  the  Study  of  the  Currency 
System,  B.  ^^^  Ch'ou^  Pan*  Ku^  Section  of  Organization; 
superintends  the  introduction  of  the  new  currency,  provides 
funds  for  minting  purposes,  fixes  the  currency  reserve,  checks 
the  quantity  of  coins  minted,  arranges  for  the  exchange  of  old 
coins  for  the  new  currency  and  manages  the  correspondence 
regarding  currency  matters  generally,  C.  ^  '^  Sx  Chi^  Ho^ 
Ku^,  Section  of  Supervision ;  superintends  minting  operations, 
purchases  silver  for  coining  purposes,  arranges  for  the  re-minting 
of  old  currency,  defines  standard  and  weight  of  coins,  controls 
the  issue  of  new  coins  for  circulation  through  banks  or  other 
institutions,  the  issue  of  bank-notes  and  the  revenue  derived 
from  the  same,  supervises  the  printing  of  bank-notes,  etc.,  and 
■B-  ^  ^  Sx  Pieu^  I*  Ku^,  Compiling  and  Translating  Section  ; 
compiles  and  translates  works  ajipertaining  to  currency 
questions,  on  its  own  initiative  or  at  the  request  of  the  three 
foregoing  Sections. 

[     540     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

At  the  bead  of  each  Section  there  is  a  |@  ^^  Tsimg^  l*aii*, 
\vho  has  subordinated  to  him:  A.  f^  |fi|  Pang'  Pan*,  A:<:>istants, 
and  B.      ^  M,  ^^  ei^  Yiian'-,  Deputies. 

For  superintending  atlairs  of  economy  there  it;  a  ^^  fyj  ^ 
Shu^  Wii*  (.'h'u^  Section  of  Economical  Affairs,  at  the  Currency 
Office. 

No.  376.  Other  designations  of  the  Ministry  of  Rites 
are  j^  %  Tz'u^  Pu',  f^  *I5  V  Pu%  and  ±  '^  Ta*  Tsung\  and, 
of  its  President,  ^  'g  (;hMmi  Kuan',  ^  I^pP  CliMui'  C"h'ing\ 
^1^^  Ta*  Chih*  Tsnng\  and   j^  %  jjil  Ta*  Tien^'  ^.i^ 

Nos.  376-394.  %  Wl  ^  '^'ien^  Li^  Yiian*,  Court  of 
Rites;  established  by  an  Imperial  Decree  of  the  20th  July, 
1911,  to  replace  the  Ministry  of  Rites,  abolished  by  the  same 
Decree.  At  the  same  time  Imperial  sanction  of  the  ^  ^  ^ 
'g  3jiJ  Tien^  Li'  Yiian*  Kuan^  Chih*,  Regulations  for  the  Court 
of  Rites,  dra\vn  up  by  the  Cabinet  of  Ministers,  in  24  articles,, 
was  also  signified. 

To  the  Court  of  Rites  have  been  transferred  all  functions 
of  the  Cabinet  of  Ministers  and  the  old  Ministry  of  Rites,  as 
regards  ritual  observances,  and  under  its  co-ntrol  has  been  placed 
the  Music  Office  {^see  No.  388)  and  the  Office  of  Sacred  Music 
{see  No.  390),  which  were  formerly  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Board  of  ^lusic  {see  No.  387). 

The  casting  of  seals  {sec  No.  386)  has  l)ccn  placed  under 
the  control  of  the  Bureau  of  Printing  and  Casting  attached  to 
the  Cabinet  of  Ministers. 

The  issue  of  the  calendar,  control  over  rites  and  ceremonies 
performed  by  the  populace,  sacrifices  at  temples  in  the  provinces 
and  exercises  of  divination  performed  in  these  tein])les  is  now 
the  duty  of  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior.  Ceremonies  enacted 
In  schools  and  sacrifices  in  the  temple  of  Confucius  are  controlled 
by  the  Ministry  of  Education. 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 


The  issue  o£  supplies .  and  allowances  to  vassal  Pi'inces  and 
to  Lamas  is  now  invested  in  the  Ministry  of  Dependencies. 

The  Court  of  Rites  is  responsible  for  the  performance  of 
rites  and  musical  ceremonies  at  Imperial  Temples  and  Altars  and 
at  the  Imperial  Mausolea,  as  well  as  for  the  construction  and 
safeguarding  of  buildings  of  this  type.  It  is  composed  of  a 
-Iv^  ^  i^  Tsung^  Wu*  T'ing\  Chancery  of  General  Affairs,  and 
four  Offices,  i.e.  1.  fif  [^i]  ^  Li'  Chih^  Shu*,  Office  of 
Ceremonies,  2.  |gj  ^  ^  Tz'u^  Chi*  Shu*,  Office  of  Sacrifices, 
3.  ^  ^  W  ^eng*  Ch'ang2  Shu*,  Office  of  Sacrificial  Worship, 
.and  4.     |^  ^  W  Clhing^  Shan*  Shu*,  Banqueting  Office. 

The  staff  of  the  Court  of  Rites  includes :  A.  One  ^  p^ 
'K^±  Chang'  Yiian*  Ta*  Hsueh^  Shih*,  ChanceUor,  B.  One 
.U  ii^  P  ±  Fu*  Chang'  Yiian*  Hsueh'^  Shih*,  Sub-Chancellor, 

C.  Eight    ^  -j^    Hsiieh^   Shih*,   Senior  Members  of  the  Court, 

D.  Eight  i  ^  dt-  Chih-'  Hsiieh^  Shih*,  Junior  Members  of  the 
"Court,   E.     One   ^  ^    T'ing^   Chang',    Chief  of  the   Chancery, 

F.  Four  ^  ^  Shu*  Chang',  Office  Chiefs,  G.  ^  ^  Ch'ien^ 
Shih*,  Secretaries,  of  the  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  (^  Teng^)  Classes, 
performing  duty  in  the  Chancery  and  the  four  Offices,  H.  v^  jE 
Pu*  Cheng*,  Overseers,  performing  duty  at  the  Chancery, 
I-  ^  W-  Tien'  Pu*,  Assistant  Overseers,  performing  duty  at 
the  Chancery,  J.  "^  J$!  Ssu^  K'u*,  Inspectors,  attached  to  the 
Chancery,  K.  ^  H  Bl>  Tsan*  Li^  Lang^,  Ceremonial  Ushers, 
.attached  to  the  Office  of  Sacrificial  Worship,  L.  W.W.'^  Tu^ 
Chu*  Kuan\  Reciters  of  Prayers,  attached  to  the  Office  of 
Sacrificial  Worship,   M.      P^^  W  Ming^  Tsan*,  Heralds,  attached 


to    the    Office    of   Ceremonies,    N.      I?  iff    Hsii*    Pan\    Ushers 


.attached  to  the  Office  of  Ceremonies,  O.  j$  f^  K'u*  Shih^, 
Assistant  Inspectors,  attached  to  the  Chancery,  and  P.  ||^  ^ 
Lu*  Shih*,  Writers. 

Of    the    officials    mentioned  above,   A   and   B  are    selected 

-and  appointed  by  the  Emperor  himself  (f^  ^  T'e*  Chien'),  C  to 

[     542     J 


PRESKNT     DAY     Pc^LlTirAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA 


I 


E  are  appointed  by  the  Emperor  (^  ^  Chieii^  Jen*),  F  to  ^1 
are  appointed  on  the  strength  of  Memorials  to  the  Emperor 
(^  tt  Tsou*  Jen*),  Avhile  N  to  P  are  appointed  Iw  the 
Chancellor  (^  ^  Wei^  Jen*). 

Nos.  398  to  402.  Mi^^Hm  ^  Ksien*  Cheng*  Ch'ou^ 
Pei*  Ch'u*,  Office  of  Constitutional  Reforms  (see  Snpplement 
No.  160);  established  at  the  Ministry  of  Education,  in  accordance 
with  a  Memorial  emanating  thence,  dated  the  25th  March,  1910, 
to  replace  tiie  M^^  ^^  Hsien*  ( 'heng*  Yen^  Chin'  So',  of 
that  Ministry. 

No.  412a.  The  literary  designation  of  the  Libationer  and 
Tutor  is  ;^  ^  1^  Ta*  Chang'  Chiao*;  of  the  Preceptor,  ±  ^^ 
Ta*  Tien'  Chiao*,  and  ;/c  fJj  ^^^  Ta*  Ch'uan^  Ching';  of  the 
Doctor,  ^  i^  If  ±  Suan*  Hsiieh^  Po"  Sliih*  (also  ^^^ 
^  ^  ilj^  tii  ^  Kuo2  Tzn'  Chien*  Suan*  Hsiieh'  Chu*  Chiao* 
T'ing^). 

Nos.  420  to  437.     The  text  of  these  should  be  as  follows: 

No.  420.  ^MW-%  Lu*  ChUn^  Pu*,  Ministry- (Board)  of 
War,  or  Ministry  (Board)  of  Land  Forces.  This  Ministry  is 
now  the  administrative  head  of  all  the  land  forces  of  the  Em})ire, 
directs  Military  Schools,  is  in  charge  of  ordnance  stores  and 
arsenals,  etc.  The  Ministry,  established  in  lOOG,  was  substantial- 
ly reorganized  by  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  4th  December,  1910, 
and  now,  in  accordance  with  the  provisional  regulations 
regarding  tlie  Ministry  of  War,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on 
the  4th  December,  1910,  is  under  the  following  direction: 

No.  420a.  At  the  head  of  the  Minis  v  of  War  there  arc:  a 
|^3^;^S  ^^'>'  ^'l'">''  Ta*  Ch'f'nS  Minister  of  War,  and  a  p^;  ^ip: 
VA  X  IS   I^"'  ^-'hiin'  Fu*  Ta*  Ch'en',  Asslstapt  Minister  of  War. 

Aofr.  The  j)osts  jf  l*rcsid(  rit  (see  No.  27S),  Vice-l'rcsident 
(see  Nos.  279  to  280),  Senior  and  .funior  Councillor  (srr  Nos. 
281  \o  282)  aiid  Senior  anrl  Junior  Secretary  (see  Nos.  283  to 
284 ]j  institiitril  in   190G,  have  been  al)olished. 

[      M3     ] 


N 


TRESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


No.  420b.  mMMW-'^^B  I^"a^^'  I^i'  I-i^*  •Chiin^ 
Pn*  Shih*  WuS  Controller  of  the  ^linistry  of  War  (see 
No.  276). 

No.  421.  To  tlie  Minister  of  War  and  his  Assistant  (see 
Supplement,  No.  420a)  there  are  attached:  1.  ^  ^  'j|'  Ts'an^ 
Shih^  KuanS  Secretaries,  2.  /^  ^  'g'  Chien^  Ch'a^  Kuan\ 
Inspector  of  Military  Afiairs,  and  3.  M  ^  ^  Tiao^  Ch'a* 
Kuan',  Intelligence  Officers  (stationed  in  the  provinces  to  supply 
necessary  information  and  reports  to  the  Minister). 

No.  422.  ^  gf^  Ch'eng^  Cheng*  Ssu',  Chancery; 
attends  to  the  most  important  affairs,  controls  the  finances, 
correspondence,  personnel,  etc.  This  is  composed  of  foin-  f^ 
K'oS  Sections,  namely,  1.  |!S>  ^  f 4  ^^^  Shu^  K'o^  Section  of 
Confidential  Affairs,  2.  &  ^  f ?[  Tien^  Chang^  K'o^,  Section  of 
Army  Regulations,  3.  B,  B  P[  Shu*  Wu*  lt'o\  Section  of 
General  Affairs,  and  4.  i^^^^  Shou^  Chih^  K'o\  Section  of 
Finance. 

No.  423.  II  ^  p1  Chiini  Heng-  Ssu^,  Department  of  Selec- 
tion; supervises  the  appointment  and  transfer  of  military  officials. 
This  has  four  Sections:  1.  ^-  g  jf^  K'ao'  Chi^  K'o^  Section 
for  the  Investigation  of  Merits,  2.  '^  'g'  f 4  Jen*  Kuan^  K'o\ 
Section  cf  Distribution  of  Posts,  3.  ^'  ^  jfif  Shang^  Lai* 
K'oS  Section  of  Eewards,  and  4.  ^  f^  fjf  Ch'i"'  Wu*  K'o^, 
Section  of  Banner  Affairs. 

No.  424.  ^.  X  W  Chun'  Shih^  Ssu',  Department  of  Arms 
Supply;  having  two  Sections:  1.  M  jt  ^^  ^^^ih"  Tsao*  K'o', 
Section  of  Manufacture,  and  2.  f^  ||  ^^  Tao'  Ch'u^  K'oS 
Section  of  Storage. 

No.  425.  ^  jljlj  ^  Chfin'  Chili''  Ssu',  Army  Inspection 
Department  (further  sec  No.  428). 

Previous  to  their  being  handed  over  to  the  Ministry  of 
Posts  and  Communications,  all  questions  in  connection  with  the 
Military  Posts,  formerly  under  the  supervision  of  the  Department 

[     544     ] 


FKESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

of  Military  Posts   (now  abolislied;,  are  to  be  attended  to  by  the 
Amiy  Inspection  Department. 

No.  426.  ^  f^  p]  Chnn^  Hsii^  Ssu^  Commissariat 
Department  (further  see  No.  429). 

No.  427.  ^  ^  ff]  rhiini  V  Ssu',  Army  Medical  and 
Sanitary  Department;  consisting  of  two  Sections:  1.  ^^  ^ 
Wei*  ShOngi  K'o',  Sanitary  Section,  and  2.  ^  B  P^  ^'  Wu* 
K'o^,  Medical  Section. 

No.  428.  ^  ^  g]  ''hiin^  Fa*  Ssu',  Department  of 
Military  Law  (further  see  No.  4.32). 

No.  429.  3p:  ^  ^  Chijn^  Mii*  Ssu\  Department  of  the 
Military  Stud  (further  see  No.  433).  This  Department  is  now 
in  charge  of  all  veterinary  affairs  formerly  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Anny  Medical  and  Sanitary  Department  {see  Supplement 
No.  427). 

No.  430.  ^  ^  £g  Chiin^  Hsiieh''  Ch'u*,  Bureau  of 
Military  Education.  This  is  provisionally  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Ministry  of  War  but  there  is  a  suggestion  to  make  it  an 
independent  office  under  the  designation  ^  J^  ^  (  hiin'  Hsiieh' 
Yiian*,  Department  of  Military  Education.  Its  peisonnol  will 
be  determined  later. 

No.  431.      H  It  it  Shen^  Chi*  Ch'u*,  Office  of  Control. 

To  this  office  there  have  been  transferred  all  affairs  formerly 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Ht  l^  ^  ^'  '^'  Cheng*  Ch'u*,  Office 
of  Finance,  and  the  -^  ff  J^  T'ung'  Chi*  Ch'u',  Statistical 
Bureau,  both  of  which  have  l>een  abolished.  Also,  the  atiditing 
of  accounts  and  bills  has  been  transferred  to  its  supervision  from 
the  Department  of  Military  Posts  (see  Su|)plement  No.  432k), 
the  Department  of  Aims  Snj)ply  (see  Sup))lenicnt  No.  424)  and 
the  Commissariat  Dcj)artinent  (see  Supplement  xN»).  420). 

The  Office  of  Coi.frol  has  two  Sections  :  1.  ^  §f  f4  Tsung' 
Ch'a'  KV,  (ieneral  Revising  Section,  and  2.  ^^^  Ho^ 
HsiaoJ  K'o',  Auditing  Section. 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

No.  432.  Each  Department  ot  the  Ministry  of  War,  as  a 
rule,  furnishes  employment  for  :  a  "^  ;^  Ssu^  Chang^,  Controller, 
a  ^  ^  1^  Ssu^  Shili*  Kuan^,  Department  Secretary,  f^  ^  K'o^ 
Chang',  Section  Chiefs  (one  to  each  Section),  ^  ^  K'o'  Yiian^, 
Secretaries  (of  the  first,  second  and  third  ranks) ;  and  ^  ^  Lu* 
Shih*,  Writers  (in  an  indefinite  number). 

No.  432a.  The  personnel  of  various  Departments  and 
Offices  differs  from  that  mentioned  above  (No.  432)  in  the 
following  respects : 

1.  At  the  Chancery  of  the  Ministry  of  War  (see  Supple- 
ment No.  422)  there  are  a  number  of  ^  ^  I^  Yiian^, 
Interpreters. 

2.  The  Department  of  Military  Law  {see  Supplement  No. 
428),  having  no  Sections,  furnishes  employment  for  ^,  ^^  ^  Ssu^ 
Fa*  Kuan^,  Officers  of  Justice  (of  the  first,  second  and  third 
i*anks),  who  take  the  place  of  Section  Chiefs  and  Secretaries  (see 
Supplement  No.  432). 

3.  At  the  Department  of  Arms  Supply  (see  Supplement 
No.  424)  and  at  the  Army  Inspection  Department  (see  Supplement 
No.  425)  there  are  found  |f  ^  ^  Hui'*  T'u^  Yuan^,  Draughts- 
men, m^)  I'  ShihS  Chief  Engineers,  and  ^  ±  1*  ShihS 
Engineers. 

4.  In  place  of  the  customary     p]  ^  Ssu^   Chang',   at  the 
head  of  the  Office  of  Control  there  is  a  rJ"  ;^  Chi''  Chang'. 

No.  432b.  The  Department  of  Military  Posts  (^  ^  ^ 
Chiin^  Ch'eng^  Ssu^),  the  Discipline  Department  (^  f"-}-  pj  Chiin^ 
Chi*  Ssu^)  and  the  Department  of  Military  Education  (^  ^  ^ 
Chiin^  Hsueh^  Ssu^),  organized  in  accordance  with  regulations 
framed  in  1906,  have  been  abolished.  In  place  of  last-mentioned 
there  has  been  inaugurated  a  "  Bureau,  of  Military  Education  " 
(see  Supplement  No.  430). 

No.  433.     Under  the  authority  of  the  Ministry  of  War  are : 

1.     The  Military  Forces  of  China  : 

L"     5^6     ] 


PKESEXT    DAY    POLITICAL    OKGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


A.  Lu  Chiin,  Regular  Troops,  and 

B.  Hsiin  Fang  Tui,  Reserves  {see  Nos.  655  to  707). 

2.  Military  Schools  {see  Nos.  708  to  717k). 

3.  Banner  Troops  {see  Nos.  718  to  748). 

4.  Old  Chinese  Troops  {"see  Nos.  749  to  753). 

5.  Office  of  the  Government  Stud  {sec  No.  755), 

THE    MINISTRY   OF   THE    NAVY. 

Xo.  484.      Idem.      No.  185. 

No.  435.  The  Ministry  of  the  Navv  was  called  into  being 
l)y  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  4tli  December,  1910,  and  its 
2)ersonnel  includes  the  following  officials. 

1.  ?^  J|  ic  S  Hai'  Chnni  Ta^  Ch'.'iiS  Ministiy  of  the 
Navy, 

2.  ^  ^  glj  :;?C  E  Hai^  Chiin'-  Fu^  Ta^  Ch'On^  Assistant 
Minister  of  the  Na\  y, 

■  3.      ^  ^  '^  Ts'an'   Mou-  Kuan',  (.'ouncillors, 

4.  ^  ^  '^  Ts'an'  Shih*  Kuan\  Secretaries,  and 

5.  |)^  ■§  'g*  I'i*  Shu'  Kuan',  Junior  Secretaries. 

No.  436.  'J'he  Ministry  of  War  is  divided  into  Departments 
as  follows  : 

No.  436a.  ||  {jjlj  p]  Chiin'  Chih^  Ssu',  Department  of 
Naval  Administration  ;  compusc;!  of  five  Sections  :  1.  ^'J  )|^  J^ 
Chill*  Tu*  K'o',  Section  of  Naval  Codes  and  Regulaticins,  2.  ^ 
}^1^  K':n.''  n..2  K'o',  Revising  Section,  3.  U  ^  %^  ^^''''i* 
lisich^  K-o',  Arms  Se<-tion,  4.  W^WlPs  <^'^'i'i'  ^"^'''''^  K'"'. 
fSection  of  Navigation,  and  5.  ^^  |^  ^  Lnn-  Chi'  Ks>',  Section 
of  Marine  Kn<;ineerin<'. 

No.  436.1.  ^  ifjf  ^  Cliim'  Cheng*  Ssu',  Construction 
Department  ;  having  two  Section^  :  1.  M^^'S  ''''''  '''^^'''  '^''»*» 
Section  (,f  Ma.iufaclmc,  and  2.  Jg  ^  ;f.^  Chie,.*  Clui'  KV, 
Building  Section. 

r  -^7  ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 

Ko.  436c.  ^  J^  bJ  Chiin^  Hsueh*  Ssu^  Department  of 
Naval  Education ;  with  five  Sections :  1 .  ^^  ^  Chiao*  Yii* 
K'oS  Section  of  Instructijan,  2.  |j||  ^  7^  Hsun-*  Lien'*  K'o^ 
Section  o£  Training,  3.  ^  B§  ?f ^  Mou*  Liieh*  K'o',  Section  of 
Strategy,  4.  fi  g  jpf  Tiao*  Ch'a^  K'o\  Intelligence  Section, 
and  5.      ^  ^  ^  Pien^  I*  K'o^,  Translation  Section. 

No.  436d.  H  ;^  H  Cbun^  Shu^  Ssu\  Department,  of 
Important  Affairs  (Chancery)  ;  composed  of  three  Sections  :  1. 
^  ^  f4  Tsou*  Tzu'^  K'o\  Section  of  Memorials  and  Corres- 
pondence, 2.  J^  ^  fJf  Tien^  Chang^  K^o\  Section  of  Naval 
Regulations,  and  3.  ^  ^  f^  Ch'eng^  Fa}  K'o\  Transmission 
Section. 

No.  436E.  9  ^  -gl  Chiini  Ch'u^  Ssu^,  Department  of 
Economical  Affairs  ;  having  three  Sections  :  1.  ifi^  ^  ^  Shou* 
Chih^  K'o^  Section  of  Finance,  2.  ^  H  f?|-  Ch'u'  Pei^  K'o', 
Section  of  Economy,  and  3.  B  B  ^^  Shu*  Wu*  K'oS  Section 
of  General  Affairs. 

No.  436f.  !?  gj^  ^  Chun^  Fang'^  Ssu^  Department  of 
Defense;  consisting  of  two  Sections:  1.  \^  J|!j  ^if  Cheng^ 
Ts'e*  K'oS  Intelligence  Section,  and  2.  ^  ^  f?f  Ch'iian* 
Heng"  K'o^,  Section  of  Appointments. 

No.  43 6 G-  1^  ^  ^  Chiin^  Fa*  Ssu^,  Department  of 
Naval  Law  ;  having  no  Sections. 

No.  436h.  ^  g  p1  Chiin^  I^  Ssu',  Naval  Medical  and 
Sanitary  Department ;  of  two  Sections  :  1.  ^  ^  ^^  ^^  Wu* 
K'o\  Medical  Section,  and  2.  ^  ^  f^  Wei^  Sheng^  K'©',. 
Sanitary  Section. 

No.  436i.  :£  gt  ^  Chus  Chi*  Ch'u*,  Accounts  Office;, 
having  two  S'Ctions  :  1.  '^  tf  ^-f  II"i^  ^'^^^  KV,  Accounts 
Section,  and  2.      $f  f^  f4  T'ung^  Chi*  K'o',  Statistical  Section. 

No.  436j.  Each  Department  of  the  Ministry  of-  the  Navy^ 
with  a  few  exceptions,  has  the  following  staff  ;  One  r]  ^  Ssu^ 
Chang*,  Dep-  >tment  Controller,  one    fj  glj   Ssi:'   Fu*,   Assistant 

[     548     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Department  Controller,  p\  ^  K'o'  (/hang',  Section    Chiefs    (one 
for  each  Section),  ^  ^  K'o'  Yiian'-,  Secretaries,  and   i^  ^  L" 
ShihS  Writers. 

No.  436k.  "Jhe  })ergonnel  of  various  Departments  and 
Ottices  difiers  from  that  shown  above  {see  No.  -i36j)  as  shown 
below  : 

1.  At  the  ronstruction  De])artment  (sec  Supplement  No. 
436  b)  there  are  ^  0ifi  I*  Shih',  Chief  Engineers,  and  ^  ±  I^ 
Shih*,  Engineers. 

2.  The  Department  of  Naval  Law  (see  Supplement  No. 
436g)  having  no  Sections,  bJ  ^  'b'  Ssu^  Fa*  Kuan',  Officers  of 
Justice,  take  the  place  of  Section  Chiefs  and  Secretaries. 

3.  Ac  the  Accounts  Office  (see  Supplement  No.  436i)  the 
ft  ^  Chi*  Chang',  Office  Chief,  and  glj  fj'  ^  Fu*  Chi*  Chang'^ 
Assistant  Office  Chief,  take  the  place  of  a  Controller  and  an 
Assistant  Controller. 

No.  437.      Idem.     No.  18oP. 

Nos.  424  to  434.  ^  iSt  ^- H ^  Hsien*  Cheng*  Ch'ou' 
Pei*  Ch'u*,  .Office  of  Constitutional  Koforms  (sec  Sup})lement 
No.  160)  ;  esta])lished  at  the  Ministry  of  War  (see  an  Imperial 
Decree  of  the  27th  February,  1910,  promulgated  in  reply  to  a 
Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  the  same  date). 

No.  440.  According  to  the  rules  for  new  tludlcial 
Establishment.s  (see  No.  758),  the  functions  of  the  Ministry  of 
Justice  aie  now  of  a  purely  administrative  character,  namely,  the 
appointment  of  officials  to  the  judicial  service,  the  a])pointment 
and  transfer  of  judicial  officials,  the  definition  of  the  comj)etence 
of  Judicial  Establishments  (in  territorial  rcs^)ect),  the  framiny; 
of  regulations,  codes,  rules,  etc.  I'^iitliermorc,  the  Minist. ',  oi 
Justice  no  longer  j)as8e8  final  judgment  on  death  sentences 
imp<)se<l  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice  (srr  No.  '203a  ;  also 
comj)are  Supplement  No.  215a). 

[     54'J     1 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


No.  458.  M^B^^  Hsien*  Cheng*  Ch'ou=^  Pei*  Ch'u% 
Office  of  Constitutional  Eeforms  (see  Supplement  No.  160)  ; 
established  at  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  as  proposed  in  a  Memorial 
from  the  Ministry  dated  the  27th  February,  1910,  to  replace 
the  |g  ^  ^  Pien^  Ch'a-  Ch'u*,  Compiling  Office,  organized  at 
that  Ministry  in  1907.  The  Senior  Councillor  of  the  Ministry 
is  at  the  head  of  this  office  and  his  staiF  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
former  Compiling  Office,  namely,  one  |§  |^  T'i^  Tiao*,  Proctor, 
one  H  ^  Tsung'  Tsuan^,  Chief  Eeviser,  six  ^  f^  Tsuan^  Hsiu^, 
Proof-readers,  one  ^,  ^  ^  Shu^  Wu*  Yiian^,  Steward,  and  five 
fj  ^  Hsing^  Tsou^,  Attaches. 

Nos.  463  to  466.  M^WMM  ^sien*  Cheng'*  Ch'ou^ 
Pei*  Ch'u*,  Office  of  Constitutional  Reforms  (see  Svipplement 
No.  160)  ;  established  at  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry 
and  Commerce,  as  recommended  in  a  Memorial  emanating 
thence,  dated  the  18th  March,  1910,  to  replace  the^^'^^^ 
Hsien*  Cheng''  Yen^  Chiu^  So^  instituted  in  October,  1907. 

No.  464a.  ih^^M^  Hua*  Fen^  Kung^  Chih*  Chii^ 
Chemical  Laboratory  for  Analysis  of  Mining  Products  ; 
organized  in  accordance  with  regulations  drawn  up  by  the 
Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Commerce,  sanctioned 
by  the  Emperor  on  the  23rd  January,  1911,  at  the  Offices  of 
Industrial  Taotais  (see  No.  839a)  or  Mining  Committees  (see 
No.  775).  At  these  Laboratories  there  may  be  organized 
^  M  W  ^  M  Kvmg'  Chih"  Yen^  Chiu^  So',  Courses  in  Mining, 
and  g|  ^  1^  f\]  f^  Kung^  Chih*  Ch'en^  Lieh*  Kuan^  Museums 
of  Mining  Products. 

The  personnel  of  a  Laboratory  for  the  Analysis  of  Mining 
Products  includes  :  1.  A  ^  ^  '"^hu^  Chang^,  Director  of  the 
Laboratory  (a  post  held  by  tht  inJvistrial  Taotai  or  the  President 
of  the  Mining  Committee),  2.  One  |§  ^  Ching^  Li^  Chemist, 
3.  ^  M  Chi*  ShihS  Assistant  Chemists  (1  or  2),  and  4. 
^  IB  Shu^  Chi*,  Clerk. 

[     550     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATIOX    OF    CHINA. 

Nos.  476  to  480.  ^  iS  ^  ^  J^  Hsien*  Choncr*  Ch'oir 
Pei"*  Ch'u^  Office  of  Con:^titl^tional  Kefonns  (sec  Supplement, 
No.  160),  instituted  at  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications, 
on  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  dated  the  28th  March,  1910. 

No.  479.     The  text  should  read  as  follows  : 

^)  i6^  rI  y^^'  Cheng*  Ssu\  Department  of  Posts  ;  superin- 
tending all  postal  ati'airs  of  the  Empire  (since  the  28th  ^lay, 
1911,  -when  the  postal  administration  was  transferred  to  the 
Ministry  of  Posts  and  Communications ;  see  Supplement  No. 
273),  the  lm])rovement  of  postal  communications,  the  sale  of 
money  orders  and  stamps  and  the  ti-ansmission  of  parcels.  It  is 
composed  of  four  K'o\  Sections  :  1.  j|^  ^  f-^  Tsimg^  1*  K'o*, 
Translation  Section,  2.  J^  ^  jf4  Ching^  Yeh^  K'o^,  Section  of 
Operation,  3.  U  -^  $4  T'ungi  Fu-  K'o',  Section  of  Finance, 
and  4.  5^  ^  ^^t  Cliien*  Ho'^  K'o\  Construction  Section.  These, 
in  tiu*n,  are  divided  into  eight  ('{^  Ku^\  Sub-Sections. 

No.  479.V.  fir  it  US  ^  Vu*  Cheng*  Tsung'  Cl.u^ 
Directorate  General  of  Posts  ;  directed  by  a  ^  ;^  Chii^  Chang^, 
Director-General  of  Posts,  who  has  subordinated  to  him  a  '^j^  fjj^ 
Tsung^  Pan^,  Postmaster-General,  and  a  ^  ^jf  Hui'  Pan*, 
Associate  Postmaster-General  ;  established  in  accordance  with  a 
i\Ifcmorial  from  the  Minister  of  Posts  and  (>omnitmications, 
£§  M  ^  Sheng*  Hsiian'-huai',  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on 
the  26th  May,  1911,  (5<'r  Supplement  No.  273). 

No.  .>:i3n.  As  projwsed  in  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry 
of  the  Interior,  sanctioned  by  the  Throne  on  the  18th  December, 
1910,  at  Peking  there  has  been  founded  a  J\J  ifjr  A|5  j^  ^  ^:^  ^ 
^  ^  Min^  Cheng*  Pu'  Kao'  TOng='  lisiin-  ("hingMIsiielr  T'ang«, 
Higher  Police  S(rhool  (if  tlu;  Ministry  of  the  Interior.  This 
school  is  arranged  -o  as  to  supply  A.  A  jE  ^>!J-  'heng'  K"o', 
• 'onipletc  Couj-se  (extending  over  three  yearsj,  and  1».  A  BJC  ^-^J. 
(!huan'  K'o^  Si)ecial  Course  (of  one  year  and  a  half),  as  well  ^8 
Icjwer    l*olicc   Courses.     There   are  yearly    emolled   HO  men  (10 

[     r>51     ] 


PRESENT    DAT    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

from  the  Capital  and  70  from  the  provinces)  for  the  Complete 
Course,  which  suppHes  instruction  in  administration,  pohcing, 
prison  management,  EngUsh  and  Japanese. 

At  the  head  of  the  Higher  Police  School  of  the  Ministry 
of  the  Interior  there  is  a  |^  j^  Tsung^  Pan^,  Curator,  to  whom 
there  are  subordinated  a  ^  =^  Chien^  Tu^,  Director,  a  f^  f§ 
T'i^  Tiao%  Inspector,  ^  ^  Chao*  Hsi^  Teachers,  etc. 

No.  551b.     ^  j$.  Kuo''  K'u*,  The  Government' Treasury. 

This  has  been  organized  in  accordance  with  regulations 
framed  by  the  National  Assembly,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor 
on  the  27th  January,  1911,  with  the  , object  of  combining  all 
Government  funds,  receiving  all  revenues,  making  all  payments 
on  Government  account,  safe-keeping  •  Government  moneys  and 
the  transaction  of  money  operations  generally. 

The  Minister  of  Finance  is  at  the  head  of  the  Treasury  as 
MM  ~X^  Tsung^  Kuan^  Ta*  Ch'en^,  Superintendent.  In  the 
provinces  a  general  control  (^  ^  Chien^  Tu^)  over  the  Govern- 
ment Treasury  is  invested  _  in  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  or, 
Financial  Commissioner.  Examinations  of  the  .Government 
Treasury  are  made  by  specially  deptited  officials  or  by  the 
High  Authorities  of  the  provinces.  Later,  when  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  ^  it  ^  Shey  (/hi*  YuanS  Audit  Department, 
shall  have  been  completed,  examinations  will  be  made  by  that 
■establishment. 

The  Government  Treasury  is  organized  as  follows  : 

If,  ^  Tsung^  K'u%  Central  Treasury ;  situated  at  the 
Capital  and  supervising  Branch  Treasuries  and  Treasury  Sections 
in  the  provinces.  At  its  head  there  are  a  j£  |§,  J^  Cheng* 
Tsung^  Li^,  Superintendent  (a  post  associated  with  that  of 
Governor  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank),  and  a  gjj  4^  Jg 
Fu*  Tsung^  Li^,  A  ssistant  Superintendent  {a.  post  associated  with 
that  of  Deputy  Governor  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank). 

[     552     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


^  0.  Fen^  K'u^,  BraiK-h  Treasuries;  found  at  provincial 
capitals.  To  these  there  are  subordinated  Treasury  Sections 
[see  below).  Each  Branch  Treasury  is  under  the  direction  of  a 
^g  ^  Ohing^  Li^  Manager  (a  post  associated  with  that  of 
Superintendent  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank). 

^  i^.  Chih^  K'u*,  Treasury  Sections;  found  at  cities  of 
importance.  Each  Treasury  Section  is  under  the  direction  of  a 
|j^  Jg  Hsieh^  Li^  jNIanager  (a  post  associated  with  that  of 
Superintendent  of  the  Ta  Ch'ing  Government  Bank). 

■  At  various  places,  as  the  judgment  of  the  Ta  (/h'ing 
Government  Bank  Administration  suggests,  there  are  established 
MMM  P'^-^i'  Pan*  Ch'u',  or  f^  Ji  ^  Tai*  Li^  Ch'u*,  Agencies 
of  the  Treasury,  for  the  employment  of  surplus  Government 
funds. 

No.  555.  In  Kiangsu,  Anhui,  Shantung,  Honan,  Shansi, 
Chekiang  and  Fukien,  as  recommended  in  a  Memorial  from  the 
Ministry  of  Finance,  dated  the  24t.h  ^larch,  191Q,  the  Offices 
for  the  Collection  of  Excise  on  Native  Opium,  as  well  as 
various  ^  -^  Fcn^  Ch'ia*,  Barriers,  have  been  abolished.  At 
Shanghai,  in  place  of  an  abolished  Barrier  there  has  been 
established  a  ^  |^  ||  f^  ^  Ch'a^  Yen^  Chi*  Ssu»  Chii^  Office 
for  the  Prevention  of  (^jjium  Smuggling,  and,  in  Shantimg,  the 
collection  of  excise  on  Native  Opium  has  been  transferred  to  the 
H^-  ^  Ch'ou-  K'uan'  Cliii',  Office  for  Providing  Government 
Funds  (cfMiipare  Su])])lenient  Nos.  H'25  to  826). 

No.  57.3a.  f^  1^  SJ  Seng'  Lu*  Ssu'  (literary  designation, 
:^v  i®  ^  IV  Ch'an"''  TsungM.  Superior  of  the  Buddhist 
Priesthood  at  Pc.'king  ;  TjA  ;  two  in  nil. 

mm^mi^^m  ^-V  Knug'-Ss,,-  Fu^  Tu-  Rung', 
Assistant  Superior  of  the  liuddliist  PiMcsthood  in  a  prefecture  ; 
of  undassed  rank. 

Ill  the  district  of  (^.;  (ll  ^.  H-'iig-  SJian'  llsien*,  Jlunan 
province,  the  Superior  is  styled  ff"^  ^   p)   Srng'  Rang'  Ssu'. 

[     .05 ;{     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    OIlGANI''ATION    OF    CHINA. 

No.  o73b.  jM  ^  ^  Tao^  Lu^  Ssu^  (literary  designation,, 
ic  ^  ^  Ta*  Chang=*  Lu''),  Superior  of  the  Taoist  Priesthood 
at  Peking  ;  6a  ;  two  in  all. 

M  Ifi  in.Mli  W>  fE  Tao-*  Chi^  Ssiii  Fu^  Til'  Chi%  Assistant 
Superior  of  tlie  Taoist  Priesthood  in  a  prefecture ;  of  i  ^classed 
rank. 

In  the  district  of  ^  ^  j|^  Heng^  Shan'  Hsien*  (sec  above. 
No.  o73a)  the  Superior  is  styled  ^  |E  ^  Tao*  Clii^  Ssu'. 

No.  577.  In  1909  Primary  Schools  of  the  Junior  Grade 
were  reformed  so  as  to  provide  three  courses  of  study,  namely, 
Full  Course  (of  five  years,  W  ^  »h  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  Ch'u'  Teng' 
Hsiao^  Hsueh^  T'ang^  Wan^  Ch'iian'^  K'o'),'  and  Abridged 
Courses  (of  four  years,  U  ^  M  'h  ^  ^^  B  ^^  Ssu^  Nien^Chi^ 
Hsiao^  Hsiieh'^  T'an;;,^^  Chien'  I*  K'o',  and  of  three  years,  ^  ^ 
^<l>^  ^ffi  ^  1^  Saul  Nien^  Chi"  Hsiao^  Hsueh^  T'ang* 
Chien^  F  KV). 

The  Ministry  of  Education  soon  became  ccnvinced  of  the 
inutility  of  this  system  and,  by  a  Memorial,  sanctioned  by  the 
Emperor  on  the  80th  December,  1910,  there  Avas  introduced  a 
uniform  course  of  foiu'  years  duration,  with  four  to  five  hours  of 
instruction  daily,  for  all  Primary  Schools  of  Junior  Grade 
throughout  the  Empire.  The  subjects  of  instruction  are  ethics,, 
classics,  Chinese  language,  arithmetic,  history,  geography, 
natural  sciences,  drawing,  callisthenics,  handicrafts,  singing, 
principles  of  agriculture  and  principles  of  commerce — the  last 
four  are  optional. 

No.  584.  4fc  ^^  ::^  JP  ^  Pei^  Yang^  Ta*  Hsiielr  T'angV 
Peiyang  University;  established  in  1902  on  the  initiative  of 
Yiian  Shih-k'ai,  a  Preparatory  Course  (^  fj|.'  Yii*  ^'o^)?  of 
three  years,  being  first  organized.  In  1906  the  first  class  was 
graduated  from  the  Preparatory  Course  and  advanced  to  the- 
ZfC  fi|"  Pen*  K'oV  Specializing  Course. 

[     554     ] 


PRE8EXT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

xV  refomi  of  the  cun'iculiim  was  effected  in  1908,  the- 
"Regulations  of  Instruction"  being  altered  to  provide  for 
increased  tenns  of  study,  instruction  in  additional  subjects 
and  an  enlarged  statl'  of  teachers.  At  present  there  are 
three  Departments :  A.  ±  TfC  X  ^4  T'u^  Mu^  Rung'  K'o', 
Engineering  Department  (supplying  two  courses),  B.  ^  ^  ^ 
r^  ^^  Ts'ai^  Kung3  C:hi2  Yeh^  Chin^  K'o^  Department  of 
Mining  and  Metallurgy  (supplying  two  courses)  and  C.  ;^^^^ 
Ya*  Lii*  K'o^  Department- of  Law  (supplying  one  course). 

The  final  examinations  of  ^he  first  class  to  be  graduated  are 
scheduled  for  the  latter  half  of  1910  and  the  first  half  of  1911. 

Graduation  from  the  Peiyang  University  carries  with  it  the 
attainment  of  various '  ranks  and  privileges,  as  provided  in  the 
University  Kegulations. 

No.  620.  By  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Education,, 
sanctioned  by  the  Throne  on  the  5th  March,  1910,  Schools  for 
Training  Teachers  for  Professional  Schools  have  been  made 
equal,  as  regards  status  and  privileges  (^  H  Chiang^  Li^),  to- 
Higher  Normal  Schools  {see  No.  618b),  and,  like  the  latter,  are 
to  supply  a  course  of  study  of  four  years. 

These  schools  are  to  be  organized  so  as  to  siipply  two  ^ 
K'o',  Courses  of  Study,  namely,  A.  ^  ^  $If  Wan^  (  h'iiau' 
K'o',  Complete  Course,  and  B.  ^  ^  f 4  Chien"*  I*  K'o^, 
Abridged  Coiu'se.  Those  who  complete  the  Abridged  Course 
are  to  rank  with  graduates  of  Lower  Normal  Schools  {see  No. 
618a;. 

In  the  Memorial  mentioned,  the  provinces  w(M*e  commanded; 
I,  To  estalilish,  withiii  tv/o  years  from  date,  at  least  one 
"  School  for  Training  Teachers  for  Professional  Schools," 
supplying  the  "('omplete  (Jourse,"  and  B.  To  found,  in  the 
very  near  future,  like  schools  supplying  "Al)ridgcd  (bourses." 

Nos.  621  to  62lH.  ^Z^  ^f^  <1'i'  Cl.'i'  Hsii.-h'  T'luig', 
School     of    Engineering;     established    in    September,    19()5,    \i\ 

[     55r)     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

Szechwan  province,  at  the  i^  ^  ^  Olii'  Ch'i*  ( 'hii^,  Arsenal, 
with  an  eni'ollment  of  30  students — later  increased  to  50  {see  a 
report  from  'j^  ^  ||  Chao"*  Erh'-hsun-*,  dated  the  26th  March, 
1910). 

i^  ^  S  ^  ^  Kao'  Tengs  I'  Hsfieh^  T'ang-^,  Higher 
Medical  School.  This  has  been  founded  at  the  city  of 
Hangchow,  in  Chekiang  province,  iu  accordance  with  a  Memorial 
from  the  Governor,  Tseng  Yiin,  sanctioned  by  the  Throne  on  the 
12th  January,  1911., 

No.  623.  ;^  1^  JP  ^  Fa^  Cheng*  Hsiieh^  T'ang^,  College 
of  Law  and  Administration ;  established  at  Peking  in  accordance 
with  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Education,  dated  1907, 
for  the  purpose  of  p]*eparing  students  for  a  judicial  or  adminis- 
trative career.  As  recommended  in  a  jNIemorial  from  the  same 
Ministry,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the  20th  September, 
1910,  this  College  has  been  reorganized  and  it  now  serves  as  a 
model  for  similar  institutions  in  the  provinces. 

As  at  present  constituted,  the  College  of  Law,  and 
Administration  has  two  Sections,  namely:  1.  IE  f 4  Cheng* 
K'o\  Specializing  Section,  supplying  three  Courses,  i.e.  A. 
iSC  '^  P5  Cheng*  Chih*  Men^  Course  in  Administration, 
B.  ^  p  pg  Fa*  Lii*  Men^  Course  in  Law,  and  C.  ^g  ^  p^ 
Ohing^  Chi^  Men^,  Coiu'se  in  Finance  and  Political  Economy,  of 
three  years  each,  and  2.  ^Ij  ^^  Pieh^  K'o\  Special  Section,  of 
three  years. 

For  the  Specializing  Section  there  are  yearly  accepted 
pupils  who  have  completed  the  course  of  a  Middle  School:  for 
the  Special  Section  there  are  accepted  as  pupils  officials  or 
scholars  possessijig  a  literary  degree  not  higher  than  that  of 
^  \  Chii'^  Jen^,  and  aged  not  more  than  25  years. 

At  the  head  of  the  College  of  Law  and  Administration 
there  is  a  Director  {see  No.  635).  He  has  a  staff'  compot-ed  of  a 
Preceptor    {see    No.     636),    Professors    {.see    No.    G37;    in    an 

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PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


indefinite  number),  Tutors  (see  No.  640),  a  Steward  (sec  No.. 
641),  a  ^.  ^  ^  Shu'  ^Y\\'  Yuan',  Assistant  Steward,  Secre- 
taries (see  No.  642),  Accountants  {see  No.  643)  and  Clerks  of 
Works  (see  Nc.  644). 

No.  629c.  The  literary  designations  of  the  first  Metro- 
politan Graduate  (Doctor)  are  f^  —  \  T?  V  ,Fen^  ;^  ^  Ta* 
K'uei*,  and  ^  ft;  Tien*  Yiian^ 

No.  6 a 2.     The  text  should  read  as  follows: 

"M^^B^^M^^^W^  K"an^  Li^  Jih*  Pen«  Yu^ 
Hsiieh^  Sheng^  Chicn^  Tu'  Ch'ii'',  Inspectorate  of  Chinese 
Students  in  Japan,  at  the  Chinese  Legation  in  Tokyo;  re- 
organized in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  ^Tinistry  of 
Education,  sanctioned  by  the  Throne  on  the  20th  March, 
1910. 

The  supreme  control  and  general  supervision  over  this 
establishment  is  invested  in  the  Chinese  Minister  to  Japan,  but 
the  direct  management  of  the  affairs  is  carried  on  by  a  ^  =^ 
Chien^  Tu\  Controller,  appointed  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Chinese  Minister  and  the  Ministry  of  Education,  who  is  assisted 
by  seven  ^  f^  '^  ^  Hsiieh^  Wu*  Wei^  Yiian'^,  Deputies  for 
Educational  Affairs,  dealing  with  correspondence,  accounts  and 
current  affairs,  and  four  ^  |£  :^  Shu^  Chi*  Sheng',  Clerks. 

For  furnishing  instruction  in  the  .Japanese  language  to 
those  who  desire  to  join  one  of  the  "  five  higiier  schools  "  in  Japan 
(the  number  of  students  yearly  sent  to  these  schools  has  been 
fixed  at  165  by  an  agreement  between  the  Chinese  and  .Japanese 
Governments)  there  have  been  instituted  at  Peking,  as 
recommended  in  a  Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  I'iducatiou, 
sanctioned  l»y  the  I'iinperor  on  the  2Gth  .Jamiar\,  1911,  iJf  ^  H 
y^  W^  Ji^  }^^  Vu-  Hsiich-  .Jill'  VC'u'  Kao'  TC-ug^  Wu» 
Hsiao'  Yu*  K*o',  Preparatory  Courses  for  Students  to  the  Five 
Higher  Schools  in  Japan,  extending  over  from  one  to  two  years. 
For  attending  tli'  sc  there  are  yearly  accepted  persons  un;i(<jiiainted 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

-with  the  Japanese   language  who  have  graduated  from  Middle 
Schools. 

No.  652a.  At  the  head  of  the  Office  for  the  Selection  of 
Students  for  America  there  is  a  J^  ^  Tsung^  Pan*,  Chief,  to 
^whom  there  are  attached  two  ^  |//|?  Hui*  Pan*,  Assistants  {see  a 
Memorial  from  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  dated  the  11th 
March,  1910). 

No.  652e.  On  their  return  to  Peking,  students  who  have 
been  studying  military  sciences  abroad  are  called  upon  to  undergo 
•examination.  Those  who  successfully  complete  this  examination 
receive  literary  degrees  (for  instance  that  of  |^  ^  Chii^  Jen^), 
•qualified  by  the  bi-anch  of  military  science  which  they  have 
studied  (as  X  |^  f 4  Kung^  Ping^  K'o\  Engineering  ;  ^  |£  j^ 
Pu*  Ping'  K'o\  Infantry-  ^  |a  f^  P'ao*  Ping^  K'oS  Artillery), 
:and  are  appointed  as  lieutenants  or  sub-lieutenants  (see  No.  65S) 
;according  to  the  rating  attained  in  the  examination. 

No.  702.  ^  iS  ^  ^  Cliiini  Fa*  Hui*  Shen',  Courts- 
Martial  ;  organized  in  accordance  with  regulations  sanctioned  by 
the  Throne  on  the  20th  day  of  the  9th  moon  of  the  2nd  year  of 
Hsiin  T'ung  which,  aiming  at  despatch  and  simplicity,  provide 
that  these  be  courts  from  which  there  is  no  t.ppeal  (instead  of 
the  Civil  Court  organization  of  three  grades). 

.  Courts-Martial  are  found  at  Cor])s,  Divisions  and  Indepen- 
dent Brio-ades  and,  further,  there  are  :  1.  The  ^  ^  ^"^^ 
W  ^^^*^^'  J^^ng^  Chiin^  Fa*  Hui*  Shen^,  Sui)reme  Court-Martial 
(at  the  Ministry  of  War),  and  2.  Tlie  gg  B^^  fi  #  ^  Lin*^ 
Shih^  (Jhim^  Fa*  Hui*  Shcn'^  Courts-Martial  Extraordinary 
(convened  in  cases  of  necessity  at  separate  military  detaeliments 
smaller  than  a  Corps,  Division  or  Brigade). 

The  personnel  of  ordinary  Courts-Martial  is  drawn  from  the 
•officers    of    the  military  body  interested  ;   the  personnel  of  the 
•Supreme    Court-Martial    is    drawn     from     tJie    Department    of 
Military  Law  of  the  Ministry  of  W  iir. 

[     -558     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF  CHINA. 


A  Court-]\I;i)tial  is  oom posed  of  : 

1  •  ^  ^II  ^  ^1'^''^'  ^'"a"'  Chang^  President  of  the  Court 
(of  the  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel,  or  higher,  in  dependence  on 
the  rank  of  the  aecused), 

-•  pI  ;^'  "^  ^^i>'  ^':^^  Kuan',  Officers  of  Justice  (drawn 
from  the  ranks  of  Officers  of  the  military  body  concerned), 

3-  W  H  '^  ^li-'"^  P'an'  Kuan',  Members  of  the  Court 
(of  the  rank  of  Lieutenant,  oi-  higher,  in  dependence  on  the  rank 
of  the  accused), 

4.      11^  ^  Lu*  Shih*,  Writers,  and 

o.  PI  i|  ^  ^  t  Lu*  Chiiu'  Chien'  Ch'a-  KuanS 
Prosecutors.  Also,  there  are  M  W-W  ^  ^M  ^^'^^  <'linn'  Ching' 
Ch'a'  Tui%  ISquads  of  Military  Police. 

No.  7l5i).  .At  the  School  for  Military  Draftsmen  in 
Peking  there  is  a  (^  |£  |ffi  Mo^  Fan^  ^an^  :\IodeI  Section, 
where  students  from  the  various  ]u-ovinces  arc  taught,  with  the 
object  of  disseminating  the  sciences  of  sur\  eying  and  drafting. 
The  final  examinations  of  the  first  class  to  be  sraduated  from 
this  school  took  ])lace,  after  a  course  of  one  year  and  seven 
months  study,  in  1!)1(),  and  the  most  ca])ablt'  of  the  students 
received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  (^  \  (  liU^  Jen')  and 
the  rank  of  sub-lieutenant  ;  tiie  less  successful  received  the 
degree  of  Senior  Licentiate  of  tlu;  1st  Class  (sec  No.  629a'I. 

No.  749.  liattalions  (^^  Ying')  of  the  Army  of  the  (Jreen 
Standard  have  various  designations  :  1,  F^l  ^  Clumg^  Ying', 
Middle  rCentral),  2.  ^  i^^  Tso'^  Yi^g^  Left  (Lastern),  3. 
;^^V.i'  Yiiig'^  Kigl.t  (Westeiii),  4.  {{^  ^  ChMen'  Ying•^ 
Van  (Southern),  o.  ^  J^  Hon*  Ying^  liear  (Northern),  and 
^•-      P&  '^  'S  Ch'eng*  Slioii^  "^  '"n'>  (iarrisoii. 

No.    7.30.      Thc!     literary     designation     of     the     Provincial 
'^'ommandcr-in-Chief  i>^  ^  jt  ^  Ta*  Yiiaii"  lion'. 

No.     7.)L      I/it'-rary    df\<igii:it  ions    ol     m     Brigade      (ieiicral 
ai  ■  ^  ^  Th.mg'  (■hen^  and    K  M  i^  ''^'i'  'l^niig'  lion' 


.7 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


No.    752.     Literary    designations    of  a   Colonel  are    ^^  |^ 
.  Hsieh^  Chen^  and  ^  J^  Hsieli^  Jung^ 

No.  752a  to  752f.  Literary  designations  of  a  Lieutenant 
Colonel  are  i^  ^  ^  Ta"  Ts'an^  Jllng^  and  :^  ^  ^  Ta"  Fen^ 
Hui':  of  a  Major,  :^  ^  ^  Ta*  Yu^  Jung^  and  i^  ^  ^  Ta* 
Fcni  Hui^ ;  of  a  Captain,  :}^  |f>  f^  Ta*  Tu^  K'nn^  and  |fj  ^  Tu^ 
Jnng^ ;  of  a  1st  Lieutenant,  ^  ^  Ya-  Chiang',  and  :}^  'rp  ^ 
Ta*  Shou^  Hon-;  o?  a  2nd  Lieutenant,  ;;^  ^  fj  Ta*  Jung"  PoS 
and  ;;^  ^  ^  Ta*  Cliang^  Hou-;  of  a  iSub-Lieutenant,  JQ  ^ 
Pa'-  Jung". 

No.  753.  In  the  Disciplined  Forces  (|^  ||;  Lien*  ('hiin') 
a  ^  Ying^,  Battalion,  divided  into  four  ^^  Shao%  Companies,  of 
84  men  ench,  was  considered  as  the  principal  unit.  Companies, 
in  turn,  were  each  divided  into  eight  [^  Tul*,  Platoons,  of  10 
(in  some  Companies  12)  fj^;  ^  San'  Yimg^,  Privates. 

Platoons  vrere  commanded  by  ^j^  ^^  Shih"  C^hang', 
Sergeants  (23  to  a  Battalion)  and  Companies  by  il|^  ^  Shao^ 
Kuan\  Company  Commanders  (of  the  rank  of  1st  Lieutenant, 
2nd  Lieutenant,  oi-  >Su])-Lieutenant ;  four  to  a  Battalion  ;  (see 
Nos.  752n  to  752i'),  assisted  bv  P^  ^  Shao*  Chang',  Assistant 
Company  Commandei's  (of  the  rank  of  Sub-Lieutenant,  Ensign, 
or  Cokn!i--Scrgeant ;  four  to  a  Battalion  ;  sec  Nos.  752 F  to  752n). 
A  1?  ittalion  was  commanded  by  ii  ^  '^  Ying^  Kuan',  also 
^  ^  Kuan"^  Tal\  Battalion  Commander,  to  whom  there  was 
attached  a  f^  41/  Pi^-'ig^  Tai\  Assistant  Commander  (of  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  or  Major  ;  see  Nos.  752  to  752b). 

To  the  Commander  of  a  Battalion  there  were  attached  60 
^  &  Ch'in^  Pi»g'\  Con^■oys,  divided  into  six  f^  Tui\  Platoons, 
each  headed  by  a-  M  ^  if  ;g  C'h'in^  Ping'  Shih^  Chang', 
Sergeant  of  Convoys  (one  of  these  bore  the  designation  of  ^  J^ 
Lan"  Ch'i^,  and  pei'formed  duty  as  Adjutant  to  the  Commander). 

To  each  Company  Commander  there  were  attached  five 
fi  M  H"^  Yung',  Guards. 

[     560     ] 


PRESENT    DAY     ll)LniCAL    OKGAXIZ.A  TlOX    OF    (MIIXA, 


Battalion  ( 'oiniiuuulur?i,  and  their  as.-^istants,  Company 
Conunandeis,  and  thuii-  assistants,  us  well  as  Platoon  Connnanders» 
wvve  allowed  one  ^  ^  llno^  Fn',  Cook,  i  aoh  (42  to  a 
Battalion), 

At  tlie  head  ol  a  detachment  made  ii])  of  several  Battalions 
there  was  a  ^Jl  fj^"  T'mii_<>-"'  Liny^',  Commandei-  of  a  Deta<;hmcnt 
(of  the  rank  of  ^}^  ^^  T'i-  Tn',  or  $1^  &  Tsui.n^  Pinjj;';  srr  Nos. 
750  to  751  ),  antl  in  eominand  of  a  nund)er  oF  Detachments  there 
^vas  a  liai/Ji  Tsuno-'  Tmnu■^  .stvle.l  £^  A|J  f,',]  f f  Pin-'  Pu* 
Shang*  ISliu',  Minister  of  War. 

No.  754.  In  eonni-etiori  with  the  successful  extension  of 
the  net  of  ])ostal  esta}ill>hmeuts  of  the  l''ui'o|>eau  t\]>e  throu<i^hoiit 
the  Em[)ire  {sec  Supplement  No.  27.'>),  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and 
Communications  submitted  :i  Memoiial  recommi'iidinji:  the  gradual 
abolition  of  the  Militaiy  i'ost  8tatit)ns  and  (heir  replacement  by 
the  new  Tost  OtHees.  l*\)i'  the  carrying  out  of  this  scheme  it 
was  proposed  that  the  Military  Post  Stations  be  placed  imder 
the  general  supervision  of  the  Ministry  of  Posts  and  (^onnnunica- 
tions  and  that  their  direction  in  the  prov  inces  be  insested  in  the 
hands  of  the  Industrial  Taotais  (on  the  abolition  of  the  post 
of  Provincial  Judge  ;  see  No.  830  ;  compare  No.  839). 

Although  the  Ministr\  of  W^ar  considered  the  proposed 
abolition  of  tlie  Militar\  Post  Stations  to  be  pr(.'matiue, 
nevertheless,  it  agreed  to  hand  ovci' all  adairs  in  connection  with 
these  Post  Stations,  as  well  n^  the  t 'ouriers  OlHce  and  Depot  of 
Military  Horses,  to  the  Ministr\  of  Posts  and  ( 'ounnuniial  ions, 
m  .larujary,   1911. 

.No.  750.  mUmfPHtif^m  'i''""^"  <•'!"''  H^""^ 
Vang^  (,'h'ang"  Chiang'  llsien^  Tui',  C^onnnander-in-Chief  of  llu; 
Ocean  and  Long  Piver  ( Yangtsze  liiver)  Na\al  Scpiadrona. 
On  the  6th  Deccmbei',  I'JlO,  the  well-known  Admiral  Sah  (  hcn- 
ping  was  appointed  to  this  post. 

[    nci     ] 


36 


PKESKNT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

No.  758f.  For  the  examination  of  those  who  wish  to  serve 
in  Judicial  Establishments  {f^  'g'  Fa"*  Kuan^)  thei-e  is  an 
Examining-  Board  composed  o£  -the  following  : 

1-  i^  SI  W  Chien^  Lin^  Kuan\  President  ol  :he 
Examining  Board  (appointed  from  the  ranks  of  the  higher 
officials  of  the  Ministry  of  Justice) 

2;  ^  'g*  K'ao'  Kuan',  Examiners  (appointed  from  the 
ranks  of  officials  well  versed  in  jurisprudence,  in  an  indefinite 
number ;  on  the  first  Examining  Board  convened  there  were 
four), 

3.  g  ;^  '^  Hsiang'  Chiao*  Kuan',  Assistant  Examiners 
(appointed  from  the  ranks  of  professors  of  judicial  sciences  ,  on 
the  first  Examining  Board  convened,  which  examined  about  3.000 
candidates — there  were  16), 

4.  Ie  ^  SO  ^  Ohien'  Shih''  Yu*  SliihS  (Censors  for  the 
Detection  of  Malpractices  on  the  part  of  the  Examining  Board 
(appointed  from  the  ranks  of  officials  of  the  Censorate  ;  there 
were  four  for  the  first  Examining  Board — two  for  duty  without 
the  examination  hall,  ^j>  j^,  and  two  for  duty  within  the 
examination  hall,  ^  J^S  and 

5.  ^%  ^  X^  Chiii^  «hih*  KuanS  Officials  attached  to  the 
Examining  Board,  i.e. 

A-     Jlii  'g*  T'i^  Tiao*  KuanS  Proctors  (2), 

^-  ^W-*^  Shou^  (;hang^  Kuan',  Collectors  of  Examina- 
tion Papers,  and 

C-  MM'U  ^f  J"  ^""tingi  Kuan',  Sealers  of  Examination 
Papers  (2). 

For  particulars  as  to  the  duties  of  these  officials  see  No. 
652i. 

No.  771.  nC  ^  Kung^  Hui*,  Crafts  Associations  (regula- 
tions regarding  these  Associations  w^ere  drawn  up  by  the 
Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Industry  and  Tomraerce  and  sanctioned 
by  the  Throne  on  the  23rd  January,  1911). 

[     562     ] 


PRESEXT    DAY     TOl, 11  UAL    ORG  AMZ  A  1  1(  >.V    ( »  F    CHINA. 


C'nifts  Associations  have  licoii  instittiti'il  witli  llie  object  of 
stiulyin«i  all  varieties  of  haiidierafts,  uuifliiii;-  iiiitl  improving 
tlicin  and,  l)v  introducing-  new  nictliods,  increasing  tlicir 
etficiency. 

At  provincial  capitals  there  are  found  |^  ^  Tsung-^  ilui'*, 
Central  Crafts  Associations  ;  other  cities  have  ^  ^  Fen'  Hiii"*, 
Branch  Associations.  The  former  are  directed  by  a  |I^  Jj 
Tsung^  Li^,  (Jhairman,  and  i\  lifjfj  i^  Hsieii*  Li^  V ice-Chairman, 
Avhile  the  latter  are  under  the  guitlance  of  a  ^;^  Jg  Tsung^  Li', 
•Chairman. 

No.  79.S.  Ijiterarv  dcsiguat i(»us  of  the  Prefect  of  ihc 
JSIctropolitan  rrefcctm-e  and  the  Governor  of  Peking  (^  ^ 
Ching'  Fn')  are  ;^,  f3-  < 'l.iug'  Yin^  -ff^  ;)^  ^  Ching'  Chao^  Vin=, 

'Ji  i^  ^  'iV  chi>  Mu*,  ;/^  f-^  m  '1^^^^  i^^io'  i^i'.  ^'Hi  :J^^f^  f^ 

'Pa'  Pangi  Vo\  and,  of  the  Vice-( Jovernor,  ^J)  )^  ^^  Shao* 
Cliing'  ('\nu)\  if:  'J>  ffJ-  <'hingi  Shao^  Yin^  i^  ^  ^  Ta'  Krh* 
J[ou^  and  :^  |\  ^  Ta'  Krh^  Mu^ 

No.  7!M)A.  Another  designation  of  tlic  Censors  of  the  Five 
Districts  a"ities)is  ^(^  ijyjg  ^  '^  llsiln-'  Ch'cng*  Yii*  Shih^ 
(literary  designation,  ^{«  i^  Ilsim-  Shih'',  and  :^  ^  ^  Ta'  Chili' 
Chih^j. 

To  the  Police  Magistrate  (literary  dcsignaiiou,  jji  -^  Shih^ 
Ling',  and  X  p\  ^&  ^^''^*  ^^^^^  Ch'cng-)  and  to  the  Assistant 
Pohcc  Magistrate  (literary  designation,  tit  7^  i>\\'\h^  Ch'eng*),  as 
well  as  to  the  Police  Master  and  ,Iail  W'jink'n  (^literary  designa- 
1^'*"'.  7^  ^a  j/;f  i^  Ching'  Chvng-  Vu'^  Chiao'),  there  were 
attached  as>istants  styled,  resi)ectively,  $|i  -^  Jt  \n  :1I[^  Chien^ 
Fa'  Chcng^  Chih'  Ilui',  ^  ^^  filj  \^  ^,\i  Chien^'  Pa'  Pu*  Chih' 
ih.i',  and  ^  J^l  m  @   Chien'  Fa'    Li^  Mu'. 

No.     7!t7.      Literary    designations     ol     the      (jicncral    (    nu- 
niandant     of     llie     ( iendarnicrie      iin      ^     ff    <  hiri'     Wu"'    :ind 

^im  t^  '"^'''i-'  '''='"'  ^''"''• 


\ 

PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA, 

No.  800.     With   H   view  to   meeting   urgent  calls    for   the 
maintenance     of     order,      the      General      Comniandant    of    the 
Gendarmerie,  Prince  Yil  Lang,  has  organized   a   ^  ^  jf^  f^  |5|^ 
Liang3  I*  Yu=*  Chi^  Tui%   Detachment  of  Fleet   Police.     At  the 
same  time  there  was  also  organized  a  ,^  ^  ^  1^  ^  J^  Ma^  Pu* 
Yu^  Chi^   Kimg^  So^,   Office  of   Mounted   and    Pedestrian  Fleet 
Police,  directed  by  the  Chief  of  the  Fleet  Police. 
The  Fleet  Police  numbers  1,800  men. 
No.  804.     The  text  should  read  as  follows  : 
5^  Jte  Hsun'  Fu^,  Governor  ;  one  for  the  provinces  of  Kiria 
(residing  at   Kirin)   and   Heilungchiang    (residing   at  Tsitsihar)\ 
With    reference    to    the    Banner    Forces    this    official    has    the 
authority    of    a  |^|j  t|^  ^    Fu'    Tu^   T'ung^,   Manchu  Brigadier- 
General  (compare  Nos.  745,  745i  and  821). 

The  post  of  Governor  of  Fengtien  was  abolished  by  Imperial' 
Decree  of  the  26th  April,  1910. 

No.    805.     As    recommended     in    a     Memorial    from    tlie^ 
Governor-General,    |^  |^  H  Chao     Erh-hsiin,    dated    the    20th 
.Time,    1911,   there    has    been   established    at   the   Yamen  (^  ^ 
Kuna^  Shu'')  of  the    Governor-General  of  Manchuria  a  ^  ^  ^ 
ESt  M  Hi  ^  M  T"»g'  Saul  Sheng'  Wen^  Tu^  Tsung'  Ho"^  Ch'u*, 
(Provisional)    (  ommittee    for     the     Study    of     Current    (Corres- 
pondence Regarding  Alanchui-ian  Affairs,  and  a  ^  gf  |§   Shcn' 
Chi*    Ch'u\    Audit    Office    (charged   with   accounting   for,    and 
auditing,   all  expenditure  n^ade    in   Manchuria).     At  the    same 
time  the  Head  Office  Qf   Mongolian   Affairs,   previously  indepen- 
dent {see  Nos.  812a  and  90]),  was  annexed,  to  the  Yamen  of  the 
Governor-General  of  Manchuria. 

No.  808.      Conformino-   to  a    Memorial  from  the  Governor- 
General  of  Manchuria,  j^  ipjl  ||  Chao  Erh-hsihi,  dated  the  20th 
June,  1911,   the  previously  independent  ^  ^  M}  Ts'ang^  Wu' 
Chii^  Bureau  of   Government  Stores,  has  been  abolished  and  its. 
fiuictions  transferred  to  the  Bureau  of  Finance. 

[     504     J 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 


No.  812a.  The  U^ad  OtHce  of  Mongolian  Affairs  has 
been  aholished  (see  a  Memorial  from  the  Governor-General  of 
Manchuria,  ^  ^  ||C'hao  Erh-hsun,  dated  the  20th  June,  1911; 
compare  Nos.  805  and  901). 

No.  818.  By  virtue  of  an  Imperial  Edict  of  the  26th 
September,  1910,  there  has  beer,  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Salt 
Administration  of  Manchuria  a  ^  jjg.  'j|^  Ven"  Viin*  Sliih^,  Salt 
Controller  {see  No,  835),  charged  with  the  reorganization  of 
this  administration. 

Until  the  reorganization  of  the  Salt  Administration  of 
Manchuria  has  been  completed,  the  |g  f^  |g  ^  Yen'  Wu'  Tsung' 
ChiiS  Head  Office  of  ir^alt  Affairs,  established  in  1906  as 
recommended  in  a  Memorial  fiom  the  ^lilitary  Governor,  Chao 
Erh-hsiin,  will  function. as  usual. 

No.  820.  Since  the  reorganization  of  the  Ministry  of  War 
(in  1910  :  ,sY'^  Supplenieut  No.  420),  the  Governors-General  arc 
styled  ^m^^^U'^U^  Tu'  Ch'a=^  Yuan*  Yu*  Tu'  Yu^  ShihS 
Junior  ['resident  of  the  Censorato  (see  No.  207 n),  alone. 

No.  821.  Since  the  reorganization  of  the  Ministry  of  War 
(in  ]  9 10  ;  see  Supplement  No.  420),  the  Governors  are  styled 
m  m  ^%  alJ  U  '^  £  'i^"'  ('1^'a''  Ynan^  Fn^  Tu^  Y.V  Shih^ 
Vice-Pre.-.ident  of  the  Censorate  (srr  No.  209),  alone. 

Nos.  825  to  826.  gj  iBiC  |lS  Pi  ^  Ts'ai*  Cheng*  Tsung' 
Hui*  ('h'u%  Central  Financial  Bureaux.  The  establishment  of 
such  institutions  throughout  the  ])rovinces  was  decreed  liy 
Imperial  Edict  of  the  24th  May,  1909,  with  a  view  to  curtailing 
expenses  in  connection  with  the  maintenance  of  various  linancial 
establishments  in  the  provinces  and  the  subf)rdin:ition  of  all 
finances  to  the  ]>ieutenant-(io\v'rnor. 

The  fust  Financial  Bureau  to  be  established  was  that  at 
Tientsin  {see  a  Memorial  from  the  Chihli  Governor-General, 
r*  ^  tjd  ^'h'en*  K'uei'-hmg^  dated  the  24th  March,  1910), 
iieuAJed  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  (.sv^  No.  825)  as  j^  ^  Tsung* 

[     5(;r.      ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OP    CHINA. 


n^ui 


Pan'',  Chief,  and  the  Salt  Controller  {see  No.  835)  as  f|l^ 
Pang'  Tsnng'^  Pan*,  Assistant.  It  consists  of  four  ^  Ku', 
Sections:  1.  :^§  jj§  ff  f[^  ^  Hai^  Fang^  Liang^  Hsiang*  Ku% 
Section  for  Issue  of  Ratiohs  and  Pay  of  Troops  of  the  Coast 
Defence,  2.  ^S 'M- ^M  t^  ^  ii^ai^  (ihun^  Liang^  Hsiang^  Ku% 
Section  for  the  Issue  of  liations  and  Pay  of  tlie  *'  lluai  Chiin " 
Troops,  3.  ^  !i:  )g  llp]  ^  Lien*  Chun^  Liang^  Hsiang*  Ku^, 
Section  for  the  Issue  of  Rations  and  Pay  of  the  "Lien  Chiin" 
Troops,  and  4.  M  ^  ^  Ch'ou^  K'uan"  Ku^  Section  for  the 
Provision  of  Government  Funds  (among  other  duties  this  Section 
controls  the  collection  of  stamp-duties). 

Each  Section  of  the  Tientsin  Financial  Btu-eau  is  headed 
by  a  ^  fM  T^o*  -t'an*,  Section  Chief,  and  a  |^  d^  |8?  Pang^  Tso* 
Pan*,  Assistant  Section  Chief. 

With  the  inauguration  of  the  Financial  Bureau  at  Tientsin 
the  following  were  abolished:  1.  '{^.  ^  ^  IM  ^  ^^'^^^  Fang* 
Chili^  Ying*  Chii^,  Treasur}-  of  the  Maritime  Defence  (at  Tientsin; 
compare  No.  859),  2.  vt  1^  |M  ^  Bf  Huai^  Chiin^  Yin^  Ch'ien'^ 
So^  Office  for  the  Issue  of  Pay  to  the  "  Huai  Chiin"  Troops  (at 
Tientsin),  3.  W  ^^  d^'o"'  K'uan'  Chu^  Office  for  the 
Provision  of  Government  Funds  (at  Paotingfu ;  supervising' 
the  collection  of  excise  on  wine  and  opium),  4.  |^  flqj  ^  Lien* 
Hsiang^  (iliLi^,  Office  for  the  Issue  of  Pay  to  the  "  Lieu  Chiin  '' 
Troops  (at  Paotingfu),  and  5.  ^f]  ifS  ^  >^  ^"^''  Hua^  Shui* 
Chil^,  Office  for  the  Collection  of  Stamp-duties  (at  Paotingfu ; 
established  in  April,  1908). 

In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  Imperial  Edict 
mentioned  (of  24th  May,  1909),  and  for  the  purpose  therein 
stated,  in  all  provinces  there  are  now  found  Hj"  i^  ^  ^  Ts'ai^ 
Cheng*  Kung'  So^,  Financial  Offices,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Lieutenant-Go^ernors,  controlling  all  financial  affiiirs  with 
the  exception  of  Salt,  Grain  and  Customs  revenues,  which 
are  vmder  the  administration  of  their  respective  Taotais. 

[     5G6     ] 


PRESENT     DAV    POLITICAL    OUG  ANIZ  AT  1  OX    OF    CHINA. 


Although  these  Oftices  ai-e  everywhere  under  the  control  o£ 
the  Lieutenant-Governor,  their  organization  is  not  uniform 
throughout  the  Empire.  In  tiie  majority,  however,  there  are 
six  Sections:  1.  |!g  |^  ^Jf  Tsimg^*  Wu*  K'o',  Section  of  (ieneral 
Affairs  (found  in  Hunan,  Kiangsi  and  Ohekiang),  2.  p[J  fjj^  jfjf 
T'ien*  Fu"*  K'o',  Section  of  Land  Taxes  (in  Hunan,  Kiangsi 
and  l.'hekiang),  3.  3^1)  ffl  ^  CU\h'  Yung^  K'o',  Section  of 
Expenditure  (found  in  Hunan  and  Kiangsi),  4.  ^  at  f-l  Hui* 
Chi''  K'o\  Audit  Section  (found  in  Hunan  and  Kiangsi),. 
o.  ^  f^  ^  Sluii^  Wu*  K'oJ,  Section  of  Customs  Duties  (in 
Kiangsi ;  in  Hunan,  ^  ^  ^if  Kuan'  Ch'ueh*  K'o',  Section  of 
Excise  ;  in  Chekiang,  ^  |^  ^fif  Li*  Shui*  K'o',  Section  of 
Likin),  and  6.  ^"j  J^  ^^  Hsiiig^  Oheng^  K'o',  Section  of 
Administration  (in  Hunan),  etc.  These  Sections  may  be  further 
sub-divided  into  Sub-sections  (for  instance,  in  Hunan,  there  are 
16  Sub-sections). 

At  the  head  of  each  Section  there  is  a  ^il-  ^  K'o'  Chang% 
Section  Chief,  to  whom  thei'G  arc  subordinated  jfij-  ^  K'o' 
Yi'ian*,  Secretaries,  and  ^  |g  Shu'  Chi*.  C'lerks  (for  instance, 
in  Hunan  and  Kiangsi). 

No.  82yp..  As  regards  ediicational  aft'airs  in  the  counties, 
spreading  public  instruction,  establisiiment  of  schof)ls  and 
libraries,  etc.,  these  are  invested  in  the  hands  of  auxiliary 
brandies  of  town  and  county  self-govei'iunent  institutions,  the 
M^  '^  ^  ^  Hsiang'  Hsiieh^  Lli;n'  Ibr  H.ii',  ViHagc  (Town) 
Educational  Associations,  which,  in  accordance  witii  regulations 
sanctioned  b}-  the  Throne  on  the  2ii(I  Deccinbei',  11)  10,  are 
established  at  places  far  from  important  centres,  or  whciH;  there 
is  a  dearth  of  funds. 

No.  832.     Tiie  text  should  read  as  follows: 

^  i$  fsl'  '  biao'  She*  Shih',  Commissioner  for  Foreign 
Affairs ;  3a  ;  cliarged  with  dealing  with  (puistions  ai'ising  with 
foreigners    in    the     |)ri»viii(r<'     concerned.      This    othrial     holds   a 


rKKSENl     DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


position  intermediate  between  that  of  Lieutenant-Governor 
{see  No!^*825)  and  Comnnissioner  of  Education  {^ee  No.  827). 
He  is  directly  suljordinated  to  the  Governor-General  {see  No. 
820)  or  Governor  {see  No.  821)  of  the  province  to  which  he  is 
accredited  and,  at  the  same  time,  is  also  subject  to  the  control 
of  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

(commissioners  of  Foreign  Affairs  are  appointed  from  the 
ranks  of  those  who  have  seen  service  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  or  who  hr.ve  held  substantive  diplomatic  posts  in  the 
provinces  (ranking  not  lower  than 'that  of  Taotai — see  No.  838), 
and  they  are  found  in  Manchuria  {see  No.  806\  Yiinnan  (post 
established  in  August,  1908),  Chekiang  (post  established  in 
April,  1910),  Chihli,  Kiangsu,  Hupeh,  Kuangtung  and  Fukien 
(these  latter  were  appointed  on  the  18th  August,  1910). 

Tn  the  provinces  of  Anhui,  Kiangsi,  Hunan  and  Kuangsi 
the  supervision  of  affairs  in  which  foreigners  are  interested  is 
invested  in  the  hands  of  the  Commissioners  of  Foreign  Affairs  of 
the  provinces  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  same  Governors- 
General,  i.e.  those  of  Kiangsu,  Hupeh  and  Kuangtung. 

The  provinces'  of  Heilungchiang,  Shantung,  Shansi,  Honan, 
Kansu,  Hsinchiang,  Szechwan  and  Kueichow  as  yet  have  no 
Commissioners  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Kegulations  regarding  the  (/Ommissioner  of  Foreign  Affairs 
(JiC  i$  fs^  S  ?S  Chiao>  Sh6^  Shih^*  Change  Ch'eng^),  framed  by 
the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  on  the  19th  July,  1910,  in  reply 
to  a  Memorial  from  the  Committee  of  Ministers,  were 
sanctioned  by  the  Throne  by  Imperial  Edi(;t  of  the  18th  August, 
1910. 

At  the  cities  where  Commissioners  of  Foreign  Affairs  reside 
there  arc  found  ^  V^  55:  B^  Chiao^  She^  Kung^  So^  Offices  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  These  are  organized  into  two  Sections  : 
1.     ||{S5  ^  14   Pi*  Shu^  iv'o\  Section  of  Confidential  Correspon- 

[     568     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

deiiee,    and    2.      ^^  ^  f'j-     Fan^    I^    K'o',    Translation    Section. 

;3     Vr,o„» 


These  Sections  are  administered  by  ^  ^  Wei^  Yuan\ 
subordinated  to  the  Conunissioner  of  Foreign  Attairs  concerned, 
nnmbering,  in  some  provinces,  seven  to  eight  for  each  Section,  in 
others,  four  to  five,  as  the  volume  of  affairs  seems  to  demand, 
and  §  gg  ^  Shu'  ('hi*  Sheng',  L-lerks,  of  a  number  sufficient  to 
attend  to  the  business  of  the  Section  concerned. 

In  provinces  "svhcre  the  post  of  Commissioner  of  Foreign 
Affairs  has  not  been  established,  Heilungcliiang  excepted,  duties 
appertaining  to  this  official  are  invested  in  the  1^  ^  ^  Yang' 
Wu*  ChuS  Office  of  Foreign  Affiiirs  (^r^  No.  859\  attached  to 
the  Governor-(»onerars  (or  Governor's)  Yanien.  In  Ileilung- 
chiang  there  is  n  ^  ]^  f^  ^  Chiao'  She*  Tsung^  Chu"'  (^7-^  No. 
8()6a)  for  similar  duties. 

No.  835.  There  are  also  the  pq  j||  ^  iiK  i^  8su'  Cli'uan' 
Yen*  Yiin'  Shili*,  Szet-lnvan  Salt  Controller,  residing  at  Ch'engtu 
Fu  (this  post  was  established  by  Impeiial  Decree  of  the  2C}th. 
September,  1910,  to  replace  tbat  of  Rg  >^  \^  Yen'^  ('h'a-^  Tao% 
abolished;  see  No.  841),  and  the  ^  H  1*i'  SI  'M  f^  ^'"^ng'  San^ 
Shr-ng'  Yen-  YUn'  Shih',  Salt  ControUei-  of  Manchuria  (see 
Supplement  No    818). 

No.  835c.  i^  1/5  ^  iTJC  5^  rr  Liang^"  Kuang'  Yen-  ('h.'ng* 
Kung'  So\  Salt  Bureau  of  Kuangtung  and  Kuangsi;  established 
at  Canton  on  a  Memorial  from  the  Office  of  the  Controller- 
General  of  the  Salt  rra])elle,  sanctioned  by  the  Emperor  on  the 
•ind  November,  I'JIO.  This  is  directly  subordinated  to  the 
Office  mentioned,  and  to  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  and  is  charged 
with  the  reorganization  of  the  Salt  Administration  of  Kuangtung 
and  Kuangsi. 

At  the  heud  (W  the  Salt  liureau  of  Kuaiigtuu:  and  Kuangsi 
then;  is  a  JE  ^£  /!?  < 'hfing*  Chicn'  Tu',  Chief,  who  has 
subordinated    to   him   two   /,';i]  [^  -^    Fu'  Chien'  Tu',  Assistant? 

[    r.OD     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGAXIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

and  various  other  officials.  His  duties  differ  from  those  of  the 
Salt  Controller  in  that  he  is  in  charge  of  the  reorganization  and 
framing  of  regulations  with  regard  to  the  Salt  Administration  of 
the  provinces  concerned,  while  the  latter  exercises  a  general 
super  i^ision,  as  do  other  Salt  Conti-ollers. 

No.  838.  As  regards  authoi-ity,  the  Industrial  and  Pohce 
Taotais  are  piovincial  Commissioners  i-ather  tlian  ordinary 
Taotais. 

No.  841.  Tlie  post  of  B  JW^tklM,  Ssu^  Ch'uan'  Yen^ 
Ch'a'^  Tao^,  Salt  and  Tea  Taotai  of  Szech^van,  Avas  abolished  bv 
lm])L'i-ial  l^jdict  of  the  26th  Se])tember,  1910,  salt  affairs  being 
transferred  to  the  newly-appointed  Salt  Controller  i.srr  Supplement 
No.  835)  and  tea  affaii's  to  the  local  Fudustrial  Taotai. 

No.  843.     As  recommended  in  a  ^lemorial  from  the   Lianji' 

Kiang  (loveviior-Cieneral,  dated  the   28tli    Deceni])eiv     1910,  the 

direct  supervision   nf   the   i^  X  /fi   T'i-    Kimg'    Chu-,   Office  of 

Conservation  of  the  Grand  (^anal,  lias  been  ti-ansferred  to  the  ^ 

1^  ^  il  Huai-^  Yang=  Hai^  Tao%  lluai-yang-hai  Taotai. 

No.  8.39.  On  a  Memoi-ial  fron)  the  Cio\ernor-General, 
dated  the  2Gtli  March,  1910,  the  following  offices  in  the  province 
of  Cliihli  have  l)een  abolished;  the  Hi  ||  If  K  M  <^J'i^i^  Li< 
Chen"  Fu'^  c;h'i'*,  Chihli  Kelief  Committee  (organized  in  1891), 
-the  Hll/JiC^lJ  ^  Chih^  Li^  Shui-^  Li^  (■hu^  Chihli  Irrigation 
Office  (established  in  1907),  and  the  ^  '^  M 'm  ^  1*<^'''  Vang- 
Chien^  Tsiio*  Chii",  I*eiyang  Construction  Office. 

In  Szechwan  the  '^  ^  ^  ^  Kuan^  I'ao'  Shu'  Chu', 
(iove)-mnent  News|)aper  Office,  has  b(>en  leorgajiized  as  the  'g' 
f'UM  W}  ^'^'"ii"'  ^'iii'  ^Sluia'  (Jhir,  (loveinment  Printing  Office, 
on  a  Memorial  from  the  Govcrnor-(  uMieral,  ^|t  ^  ^  ^'^^-'^o  Krh- 
hsun,  dated  the  26th  ^[nrch,  1910. 

No.  880.  At  the  Cbancery  of  tlie  Assistant  Militarj- 
(lovemor,  P^u  Jun,  as  proposed  in  a   Men)orial  fro)n  this  official, 

[     570     ] 


PRESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 


sanctioned  by  the  Throne  on  the  16th  November,  1910,  there  has 
been  established  a  M^^^  ^  Hsien*  Cheng*  Ch'ou'  Pei* 
Ch'u*,  Office  of  Constitutional  Keforms. 

No.  901.  The 'Head  Office  of  Mongolian  A  flairs  has  been 
ubolisheil  in  accordance  with  a  Memorial  from  the  Governor- 
General,  ^MH  ^l'''^o  Erh-hsim,  dated  the  20th  .Iniie,  Mill, 
(compare  Supplement  Nos.  805  and  812a). 

No.  907.      The  text  should  read  as  follows  : 

S:  1^  A  IS  Chu*  Tsang:*  Ta"*  Ch'en-,  Im])erial  Resident  of 
Tibet  (this  post  was  established  in  1709)  :  residiii*x  in  Anterior, 
or  Eastern,  Tibet  ;  appointed  from  the  ranks  of  higher  Chinese 
officials  and  under  the  control  of  the  Ministrv  of  Dependencies 
{see  No.  491  a).  Among  other  functions,  this  official  acts  as  a 
medium  of  communication  ])etween  the  Chinese  (iovernment  and 
the  Court  of  Nepal,  which  is  known  in  ('hinese  as  ^  ^  I^  Kuo* 
Erh'  K'a\  Q  ^  Pai^  Pu',  or  g  :{\i  ^^'  ^^"S  '>•  J'aibuttiya. 
He  is  assisted  by  a  staff*  of  '^  '[^  ^  ;^  V  Ch'ing^  Chang'  Ching', 
Secretaries  for  Native  Affiiirs. 

The  Imperial  Resident  of  Til)et  is  invested  with  the 
supreme  connnand  of  both  the  Chinese  garrison  troops  and  the 
native  soldiery  (^  |£  Fan'  Ping')  and,  through  the  B^  H  Ka' 
Hsia*,  Council  ChambiT  {see  No.  910),  controls  the  entire 
Tibetan  civil  administration. 

Previous  to  1911,  to  the  liiij)erial  Resident  there  were 
attached  a  f{}  f)}}  'X  ^  T^'-'j;'  i":'"'  '1'=^'  Clren",  Assistant 
Resident  (this  post  was  establishi-d  in  1727  ;  residing  until  1909 
ill  Ulterior,  or  Western,  Tibet,  since  then  in  Anterior,  or 
Eastern,  Tilxt;.  and  a  ^  ^^  'IVmh'  T^an',  Couii<-,illor,  charged 
with  the  supervision  of  the  three  u)art<  open  to  foreign  trade 
(this  post  was  instituted  ill  1909  :iii<l  the  Councillor  rcsideil  in 
•Ulterior,  (.r  Western,  Tibet;  srr  No.  909). 

Ah  pioj)03ed  in  a  Memoiinl  from  the  Committee  ot 
Ministers,  dated  the  17tli   M:ir«-li,  1911.  in  n;[»i\   t"  a  n-port  from 

I      571      ] 


FKESENT    DAY    POLITICAL    ORGANIZATION    OF    CHINA. 

the  Imperial  Resident  ^  ^  Lien  Yu,  dated  the  29th  January, 
1911,  the  post  o£  Assistant  Resident  has  been  abolished  and 
replaced  by  that  of  ^  ^  ^  Tso=^  -Ts'an^  Tsan*,  Senior  C^ouncillor, 
who  is  to  reside  in  Anterior  Tibet  and,  under  the  guidance  of  the 
Imperial  Resident,  will  supervise  the  whole  of  Tibet. 

At  the  same  time  the  designation  of  the  existing  Councillor 
{see  above)  was  changed  to  ;j^  ^  ^  Yu*  Ts'an'  Tsan*,  Junior 
Councillor,  his  functions  remaining  unchanged. 


[     572     ] 


X 


ALPHABETICAL     INDEX     OF 
CHINESE    CHARACTERS 


I 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX   OF   CHINESE 

CHARACTERS. 


(The  numerals  refer  to  paragraphs;  when  preceded  by  S, 
to  paragraphs  in  the  Supplement.  Those  in  heavy  type  denote 
the  paragraphs  in  which  the  character  or  expression  is  explained 
in  most  detail.  A  Stroke,  thus  |  ,  indicates  repetition  of  the 
iharacter  above). 


A*. 

W  ^  :'k  m  ^  86:1 

1  ^mm^-x^  880 

1    ftf  ^  -li  1^    '54.  898 

I    ^   13.28,29 

1    %^-^-^  754,  898 

1    $k  Of  ^i  8S 

Ai^ 

S:  «^  !i;  873 

An' 

^m^  ..]   86! A 

1  'A  94S 

1    fti  877a 

An' 

VU  'S  fl:  6''8.   7.i4.   7.">8a,  830,  s30u. 
83Ha.  S.39 

t  ?Se  "1  fSr  n  «:<!'-< 
■4r:  ti"  ci.".»,  02;iA 

Ao    (())' 

V<  J«  fB  7:<i,  -52 
?5  W  E.  la  »74 

I    le  <[  «77a 

i$  n  M  v/-  A 11'.  921 


Cha^ 

4L  i-ii  !^^  *J  fi  i;^  la  872a 

1    K51  877.A 

1  ^  ;Ji  873 

1  i^i/t*J€ 

91.S 

1  m>'im  JT  ^  870 

Cha- 

-Hi  ««e    ^L  CI 

la' 

(iia  'T  850.  857 

Cli'a^ 

^  NR  77 

1    Fi  iii  844  a 

1  ^  .^so 

1  %2!?a)i/f 

617b.  770n 

1  ^  :x  I'!  pfi 

770d 

1*t  m  A  776 

1    W  Vr  6'i5 

1    ^',^  II    <  1  1 

1    «R  <Z^  Pfl  77 

5a 

1    .'.!i  ii  667 

1    «*  9^2 

1    ir  fill  *  2  N  A.  667a 

1    l»  III  fl  J^ 

S.  555 

r»  lift  W  «1'  it 

89K 

1    IffV  fij  ,V.I|  lU  tt   7<iK,  N98 

1  iii  !ft m  ".'^ 

91  Sa 

lit 


Chai^ 

^  &  713A 
I    1^  m  i\  252,  645 
I    m  ii  615,  786 
I    <ar  ^  645 

I    ^  i?^  S)^  645 

Ch'ai^ 

H  ^  520 
I    "g-  436,  778,  779,  780,  7s  1 
I     B    712 
I    #  709,713a 

Chan' 

tS  I«  850 
®  l\i  2s  929 
I    I{I.  !(i-  J)29 
I    ^:  929 


i'ii  'iV    7J4 


Rl  tJC  573 A 


ChanV 


(!h'aii^ 


Chang' 


^  ^^  np  li -i^  !1]   917 

I    :^102,  12;)R,  30.-,,  724,  874,907 

I    m.  877 
?S*  U  f^l?  5ClA 

I    ^Pi4^m't^^St$;fffe&^  755 

I    ";^{;ifi  .".7315 

Chano-^ 

;g  'iV  ''^26,  861A 
I    TV  Vil  £  g   861 A 
I    •&•  nl^'iV  861 A 
I    J-  29 

^^^  -Sil   779,  781),  7Si 

I  %%  'ii-  6fi6 

I  E  680 

I  15:  914a,  917 

i  Sc  S,  207a 


INDEX 

1 

^  ^-  45c  -g-  ^fi  014A 

1    m  U\   79 

1    pp  308, 495a 

1    CP  5tf  ''i^  {£  123 

1    I^UnS^  V  'P  210,210b 

1   PIJ  tL  m  '^  i^  M  %  918 

i   !  E(j  '3  m  m  123 

1  ii m ■^- m.n'^m.^mm  ^-^ 

1  m  m  m  sr. 

1  w,  wi «  r^  8.-, 

1    I3i  82 

1   $S  79,  8;o 

I    f'S  a]  79 

,       1    ^  *S  <5g  89 

1    ^  639 

1    it  tr  639 

I  pJi^«|:^i$  i-'3 

^PJlWitlfiJE   123 

\  fh^'S^  m  1$  123 
!  n  ?f.  ±  192 

i  R^  'h^'-.'X:   ».  376  to3*.»l 

Cli'ang- 

^£l:iSil  169 

I  -^   11 
ii  #  ^  90 

rii'aiig^ 

*^-  iz  m  ^:^5A 

Ch'ang' 

"^  #  ts;  90 

Cliao' 

tf/i  U  ffii    789,  834 
I   ^^    782a 
!    Jt  06    nJ  S6lA 

Bfi  X^  3^  fia  t;s:, 


CIk 


■  li  >s 


•  itio 


/R  :I:  >•  a'J 


[      iy      ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


Chao* 

f^  If:-   794,  826,  830a,  850,  853 

Clrao^ 

I    ^  ?K  «l  267 
I    ^jfti«   263 

Clrao^ 

I    :f^  G29C 
I   3^!'t^5 

Che' 

S  7.  -^c  Bi  885 
1   AitlPy^Vl  la:^  123  ti75.  916a 

Ch'e' 

^  ;Cn;  5]  41oA.  425A,  433a 

I  Bi  ff-  iZ  870 

Chen' 

i  nil  !ifci  ii  981 

«  X  n  >^.  240 

Cheir 

Chen^ 

Bg  fid  ^,  S.  «59 
ilj  tij  ll-if  'II  945 
.  H    103d,  525B,  G56b.  C 
I    S:   701 
I    *  761 
I    :'^  'U  ^  525B 
I    W  27a 

I    H  i^  20,  2:i.  »73 
H  m  IV  '^4 
gi  74'.»,  761 
,    «  xjif^  525U 


(^h'en-^ 


E  98:5 

(fjft  3*1]  fit  774 B 

1    ^J  P>i  77 

1,  771a 

(^heng 

m^i^'B 

656 

1    fi-  IJl?  04 

") 

ffi  J!W  #  i?. 

436F 

Cheng 

*^  ft  &r  1-^ 

1 

^i^  125 


Chens;^ 


jf.  573b 
I    m  85 


0 

iii 

929 

4& 

^- 

St  652C 

^ 

^-4 
1    1 

,  r)77B,  578, 

637, 

4^( 

11 

\  709,  711 A 

712 

S^ 

iiV 

lil  m  94a 

IS?: 
ita 

)iH 

94 

1?.': 

JttL. 

?1 

iV   "'39 

^ 

1? 

185.M,  543.  I 
S.  835c 

551  A,  557.  711  A. 

mf£ 

-g-  672 

IS 

Wt 

796a 

m 

21(5 a,  933,  934, 

".'3".,  J'MjU 

■'['■ 

l-'H 

'iV  67.'>,  677 

)\Z 

f^ 

"iV  666 

''|i 

lAJ 

■ii  673 

1^ 

tx 

668 

^t 

i-. 

7llA 

iiV 

E 

71S 

*LllK 

71M 

— 

;j^l  tt  Jr.  A  -.73n,  94 4c 

^ 

•'(t  A  '-'Sn 

"1 

T 

;  1  3a 

...^H 

s2l;a 

>J 

» 

02'jft 

tt 

(12 

.'.623.  i;27a. 

850.  .S.523I'..  023 

f>* 

16 ;c,  IGUA 

INDEX 


JE^m  a.  240 

^  15  496a,  506 
f^  *  f:  766 

m.m  718 

M  290 

fig  ^  ^  332 

H  ej  'tJ-  676,  679 

g   661,  704,  70.-) 

^  m  718 

Jr.  661,  704,  705,  706,  706b,  C,  81  2a 

p"u  965 

m  II  493,  4y5A 

IKi  185b 

S]  ft  'B-  63 IB 

fff  j]g  504  D 

_^  848,  851,  856 
i^m  711A 
m  i^  -g-  766B 
S  fig  658,  659 
S  Sl  'K-  6G2 
|!g.  El  S.  551 B 
it  ^  675,  677 
^  ^.  tV  422b 
t|5  ^rt  ^58   ■ 
ii958A 
ii  ^  'g-  413A 
^It  71lA 
S^  520 
m  573a 
j^  f§  iP  n  586 
?1^  ^t  150 
f^  F"!  623,  S.  623 
f^^    141,  141a 
^^  5^  E  142,  143 

m  u  i  41 

Ch'eng^ 

f$,i^l   412 

^  281,  282,  S.  240  1 

[      vi 


I    ^  ±  fT  X&  287 
I    ^  858 
7|c  ff:5c  tJ]  S.  422 

I    iE5cl2i  275,285, 340,  350.422.441,473 
I    it  pji  4(;6a 
I    f*  'tr   185E,  G,  H,  I,  J,  K,  L,  294, 

422b,  434 
I    ft  14  212b,  S.  436d 
I    f^  Sl  760,  761 
I    fl  U   693 

1  ^i^!'^  Xg  A  E  189 

I    ^  ^  sic  t'£  819a 
I    11  B  805.  S.  105a,  138,  128  to  149^ 
m  m  M  gj  F1  570 

I  ^  m  R  781 

I    m  EK  945 
^  II  ^K  i&  >^  It  fi^   625,  525b 

I  m  M  761 

i    ii  tU  #  525b 

I  n  li  801 
I  n  fii  801 

I    ^  ^f  S.  749 
I    <f  ^J-  746 
I    H  iii  #  525b 

'M  m  r  A  M  ^  949 
Clii^ 

ii-^mmfz  B12A 

I    tt  ^""  ii  ?,^  ^^  ;>iJ  a  Fj  806b 

mr^xmn  591 

S§f4  608,771 
S^  m  .^  S-  621  to  621B 
2-^^',   767b,  S.  62  to  621 R 
Sf4  608 
iH^KTc  1031. 
m  P^   756 
iliafif  614,  615,  616 
m  m  504A 
^f^  167b,  398 
S?  ViJ   185G 
^IflSlrPi;  74  3  a 
I    .'Wl  Si  X  fii  -^  770a 


OF    CHINESE    CHAIIACTERS. 


Chi* 

gp  f r  $  V&  982 
lf§  ^  520.  665,  773 
I    Jt  'B    520,  665 
I    i£  ^  H  :^  E  106 

I  ?S   106a 

I  !?E  ^  n  102.  803a 

I  ^-^ffi  102 

I  «J  5l  337 

I  5i  il  514 

I  ^  ^  li  493 

I  ^  I?  ^^.  373 

I  ^«^  MR  781 

Chi' 

Ig'gf  cfJ  210,  210a,  b 
I    *  t|^  'fSj  F1  210,  210a 

Chi* 

g  Cf  514,  773.  S.  464a 

I    fif  :£:  783 

I   ^  770c 
St  :Si  ^.  432,  436k 

I    BP   291 
«1  Ii3{  973.  974 
SH  ^   129c 

I    MLmmt  57IA 
« Ipl  937a 
«i  .^-  93 7 A 
m  M  iS  ^J  «49a 

I  i^:^n  849 

I    WlFj    512 
I    €i  *»;..}   818 
I    S:  W   S.  555 
I    !fe  «  805A 
?<lf  ff  !«*  914n 

I  H  p)i  .^ii 

I  Ki>FH)S:i]  917 


Ch'i' 

-fc  ,^.  *.S  m  'T  309 

I  >ru^*ii'r  413a 

I  a  /h  ^  'g-  229,  475,  713,  766 

I  s,  m  W"  i^  713 

I  S,  '^  £^  90 


1     ua  M  S^^   90 

^  X  f  ^  «07,  608 

Ch'i^ 

m  97,  718,  871 

1    ^  873 

1    m  H]    <95 

1    !£IJ  ig   186 

1    *  f^  822 

1    i^  jf^  424.  822,  S.  423 

1    mig  811A 

1  mm  811 

1    ^  H]  fiE  811 

1    -T-{iff  122 

1    M  958 

^  ^  s?  s  :^  ea  872a 

m  U  m  944,  944E 

1    »945 

Ch'i^ 

|G  ®  a:  'tr  204 

1    ^i^m  204 

1    SS  939 

1    igr  »a9 

Ch'i* 

^  j;)c  m  if^3D 

liSWIf^  427A,  S.436A 

Chia^ 

^  IS  973,  974 

1    S  iff  '-ISB 

1    m  977 

1    la  It  ftn    ••  f</  943 

1    Ki  -7^  u£  946 

3f/,  f.  914 

«i(i  *ict¥  -'i.^ 

VII 


INDEX 


Chia^ 

^  m  722,  871 

I    B  955 
I    ?f  913 

Cilia* 

\  m^m  124 

',     SS936 

1    ^  f^  :8f)G,  S.  436a 


-^  'T  857 


Ch'ia^ 


Chiang' 


1    ft  m  535 
]lf  ip  24,  25,  26,  27,  27A,  658,  744, 
744A,  B,  C,  D,  746,  802,  860, 879, 
899,  900,  945 
gi  S  B]  344 

Chiang^ 

H  ^  573a 

I    ^  14  568,  623,  623b,  75Sb 
I    ^^^  14  P -li  'r  <523 
j    ^  pj!  486,617a,  B,(il8,  618a,  620, 

62315,  75SB,  770c 
!    08  m  774a 
i    iL^_^'  7 lie 
i    it  310,  527a 


15  @   669,680 
I    m  270 

!J^  m  973 
I    a  S  f£  975 


Clriauo' 


tt^M   757ii 
j    ^  680 


Chiao^ 

^  'S  Jih  806a.  b,  c,  859 

'  m  S-  Fj  806b 

I  Ji  f4  822 

I  J3j  J33[  5u4d 

I  ?^  .^^  PJT  S.  832 

I  ?^  fj  832,'  S.  832 

i  ^  b]  806 

I  ifi  f]  S!  806,  832 

I  §s  n  5^  982  ; 

I  mm^  982 

I  1^  &  Fj  805a,  B,  832 

I  mW'^  3^  '88 

I  ii  J3S  504D 

I  5i  m  ^f  550b,  792 

I  m  m  103d 

Chiao* 

m.  %  860 
I    ^i   201a,232a,  252,  374a,  514, 

522,  523,  577b,  578,  619,637,712 
\    m  'X'^  201A 
i    UtS  514,766b 
I    $J1J  li   «97,  700 

I  I*;  ^  a  il  700 

I  Jf  14  840A 

I  m  'i?  t>61 

I  Mi  PJi  523 

i  i2  794,  850,  853,  860 

I  a  14  514 

I  3:^  :g:  <;36,  786 

I  |';>|4  1851,  399,  401,  411 

\  m^hm  522,  636 

I  3^  iSin  523. 

j  ^%i\  374a,  522,  S.  UwB 

j  3^  ^  51(1 

1  i\  577b,  618a,  b.  G27,  637,  709,  711  A, 

713a    S;.  167i>. 

i  ^?:ifff  HJt  617a,  618.  620 

I  .t  1^  ^4  ^  a  PJi  593B 

I  If  f(5  4?J  t^  (iisij 

1  Wi]?  '00a 


Vlll 


] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


^  W  f^  400,  407, 430,  430a.  700b.  S.  436c 

^a  51!  ft  1^  ^  tr.  iSfl  A  8-'" 

1^5^^  8-'9B 

1    ^\-  793  a 

1    W  ■§■  !*2y,  829b 

S^  See  also  Chien^ 

1    W  a.  '^  f^^^B 

\    -^m^  213 

1   W  ii}f  5Y  Pj(  410 

1    :&702 

1    ^  61»A.  957,  S60 

1    i6  'r  6521 

^  ^    190,  205 A,  393 

1    %i  'g-  833a 

1    S?^  158 

1    ?|i  I5]  ^  S35A 

§  ^  460A 

1    filJ  702 

Chieh^ 

1    m   189 

^  jft  iS  :%A 

1    ^.  619 

Chielr 

1    ^  'g-  646 

1    *Jt  -t  a  pJt  693b 

mn&  12.-.B 

1    ^^  ii   64G 

Chieh^ 

1    [^  m  S^C  i  126 

1    £1  550b 

K  7C  fi29B 

1    m.  't  5H9,  546 

l^&Jfh   183  A 

1    Ca  '§•  6.-)2l,  S.  758F 

1   i^.;[tl;-&  188b 

1    i\i  54 Ga,  792 

diien' 

1    g^  P  lli  6521,  S.  758F 

1    ^•m^'T  801 A 

^  ftfe  «  f5E  «r  830B 

1    IS]  838,  844 

i   ^pf  X  'li  ^^  ^-'Od 

1  iS94 

1  ^mmac-j^^m  ^■•^^b 

1    it  W]  SK  94a 

1    '^  1*1  \ii:  fS^'Mm  833B 

1    4<   7(»2            ^ 

1    ^i«m*  S20C,S21A 

1    'jif-  103c.  172,  18511,0, 189,  425b,460a, 

1    '1?  i"J  il  820D 

498,  514,  522,  525a,  526,  529,  530, 

1  ^mTiJff^  :7»-  -li  r^  79:{A 

643,  551a,   558,  5(»1,  .561  A,  B,  565, 

1  fi  'iT  Id  fll  M«  3;  ?*  82 

.566,  567,  668,  (519,  627a,  633.  634, 

1  a  X  r.1  AS  'U  3  95 

635,  652,    652a,    653,   654,  654.\., 

1   S^-V^'U  ?^  H'ln 

709,  712,  754,  773,  786,  829a,  833, 

1    ^  iUfc  ^  4i  %  -^'^Cl,  460A 

S.  55 In,  652. 

1   m^^'l^  'It  '^  79b 

1    -If  ig   652 

1  sg  «nift  ;is  -u  f«  '••3 

1    r|J  .^  l\   778 

1  S^»!!filS  'li  %  i'lA 

1    JK  701,776n 

1  ]1  ^  *iJ3  JJi-  'If  ?*  92 

1    W;  ^  ^.^  523a,  766b 

1  mmhvm^  n 

1    Kk  f)\  %;  ^}  623A 

1  'il  ;;  Mi  'If  ^f;  77 

1    W.  f*  ?^7  iVl  766n 

1  »  «S  ':a  hh  Vf:  ..)  Yf  9fi 

1    n  tfl  M  *U   237 

C'liioii' 

1    ^  if   760A 

ttl  If  JE  ffl  «  S.  796  A 

1  tt '^  1^  » ;fif  A  Hi  761A 

1   »  »1  m  W  ^  79.:a 

IX 


INDEX 


!  ^  £  g    S.  796A 
^  f  303,  374a,  423A 
^  f  222,  647,  758F,  763,  764,  765, 

S.  420b 
^  IS  222,  7580,762,  763,  764,  765 
^  5>  H  764a,  765a 
^  ;g  763,  764 
^.W  647 

i^  850,  85 1  A,  853,  855  a 
ff  200c,  593c,  629c 
^  ^  ^  Pfl  758c 
It  ^1  Pit  75SC 
^  1^  758c 
^  104b,  699b 
^  14-  699b 
^  1^   522a,    577,   618a,   (;19a,  620, 

.622,  623a,  S.  620 
^  5JE  788 
^  #!i  ^  ^  it  579 
^  I3j  ^  ^  ^  579 

Chien* 

mmn  591 

^  M  501D 

*a  f^  402,  608,  S.  436b 

^  f^  S.  479 

;iM  S.  859 

itfl  429 

^  !!^  >?:  946 

Ifi:^  733,73^ 

^i?^h^.^  717A 

See  also  Chien' 
I    E  225 
[    ^  412A 
I    ||J  226,  227,  227a 
I    f^  230 

I    ^412,  944 K.  959 
I    it  ^  S.  368A 

Ch'ien^ 

=^  ^  -^  863a,  877a 
I    p   861a.  877a 
I    3^  752k 


^ 

m 


^: 


^^ 


pJi 


-^1 


m 


752k,  796,  800,  801,  824,  834 
984 

^268 

286,  475,  503,  805, 815,  83lB,86lA, 
6.  128  to  149,  376  to  394 

Ch'ien^ 

97c,  733,. 735,  735a,  738,  742,  74« 
/|^  735,  738,  742 
^  m  735,  742 
%  ^f  735,  738 
m  M  735,  742 
121 

|S-  97c,  733,  735,  738,  742 
-X  gi   98 
S.  749 
n  =ff  ^   873k 

n  f#  m  99 

549 

550a 

^  366a,  460a 

I    '!£  822 

I  H  Sx  F"!  84 

Cliih^ 

^liji  S.  55  IB 

I    SS^  771A 

I    0.  J-ul  859,  S.  825  to  826 

I    SJK  504a 

]    If.  '§•  310,  643b 

I    li  H]  flj   709,  71lA,  713A 

I    rn^ii  780 

I    nil  310 
^  ;J.H  583,  598,  855 

I    }^  848,  977 

I    ^  583,  593c,  598,  625,  62S,  656,  713, 
794a,  824,  856 

I    ^  506,  830a,  S3oa,  850  ' 
ISSit^  95 

I    it  845 

Chill' 

it  ^f^   835b,  S.  79tJA 
I    ^  ±  S.  376  to  394 

] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


K  t^>  W  *0  W  851                                          ! 

S^lilV'T  674 

1    *|t  '>H   625,  658,  846,  851 

1    it  ^  •127,  S.  424,  436b 

1    U.  S.  8 if'.  852 

1    i£  pri  757b 

1    ^&.i^n  852 

1    .^^  437A 

1  ^  ffi  |5l  *n  8r>2 

Ch^h' 

1    «-  819a 

1        f^ 

lif  K  Hi   1U4B 

1  ¥  U  '18 

#>  {H  Si)  ^  953A 
jKir  Ulr  945 

\    ¥±&  82.  83 

Chin^ 

1    $  A  272 

^  X  ^  607 

M  !}%  SI  ^  a  1?  --ias 

\    m^m.  124 

Bi  m  li]  -ly*' 

1    3f  S.  797 

1    ii^^  409,621a 

1    ^  m  363 

1    ^  ^  ^f  •'iSOB 

fL  Ti  'rr  672 

Chin' 

1    ri  ^  6!^8.  698a 

m  %  ?ii  ffl  971 

'  1    ^  'B    103b,  663.  704,  706a,    805a, 

S.  758f 

Chin^ 

1    m  it   108b,  663,  704,  70CA 

^m  9-1+ 

JK:*"  tl]  415a.  426a 

^  ±  200,  596,  629c,  "D,  E,  631,  6o2e, 

955 

Cliih' 

1    ±A^i  629C 

t§  m  m  271 

1    i-  {H  ^  593c.  629c,  631 

1    i$  S.  796a 

1    ±  ^  596,  628 

mm'f^  103,  103  a 

Chih^ 

1    m  '-P  till  ilisH  i§  103a 

15  fg  573b 

\  m^m  188 

1    S  573B 

1  ;tS;^BI  187 

1    »  S.  I. 

?&  -$  ^2  504 D 

Ch'in' 

1    fiiE    125 

ik  2f-  330 

1    «JE   123.  125 

1    ^  ffi  330 

1    4>   793.  796c 

1  3£  «4?  JS  i^  *1J  *  ^  A-  E  »24 

^ufi^   «•  I37Atol37B 

1  I&  fS;  n  330 

1    -ifi  820 

1  J?5  ±  ,jI!!  "'IMt /g  10' A 

1    ;ff  820 

1  1^|T  *a  U  ^  *■  /i£  i:  38  ^i-  «^  Wll  ■■'•'4 

1    ^  820 

1    (5fr  {h  1$  :)t  Ifl  A  15   330 

1    Rfi  HJ  446 

1    Jif^  223.224.  225,  226,227 

1    m  >^20 

1    ^  K  ;t  K  ig"l  226 

1    f5t  ff  IR50.  S.  4M6A 

1    ?C  e  £  JE  225 

1  ./ll  H  ^^-  825  to  826 

1    5C  K  :f,-  R^  S'J   227 

1  m  "J  a^io 

jji  'ifi:  '.(S,  loo 

llj  ^  r.r.GA.  669 

1  UttS:  100 

]       J 

^i      ] 

INDEX 


I    J£  ci.  753 

I    :&  fi-  ;fl  S.  763 

I    3£  13.  16,  41,  4lA,  873,  895 


^  ^  f^  53.: 


Ch'in^ 
Chiiig^ 


m 
m 

m 

m 


793 

yir  S.  793 
m  M  S.  796a 
f^  535 
it  213 

ii  .^o£  ^  fii?  .^   213 
718,  740; 
S.  793 

m  n  794 

M  ^  794a 

';;u  iiS  794A 

435c 

^  S.  793 

#  'ift  SC  «g  ^i«<  Jifi  J 
933 

S.  793 


800 


■M?$m^  592a 


75Sc 


m 

M  .^  ?^  ^^-  ^J  m  759 

m 
m 

&<6 


m 


XmsJ^iilHli  771,711A 

#  n  ^^  m  =f-  *a  801 
i^mmMmm  "•'J2a 

m  ;^  #  </  Pit  7<i6B 

i&  ^  1^1  V&  526,  525a 
-|.^#^    407 
m^t^mm  605A 

a^^^Ufet-   770A 

^m-nmm  770B 

1?^  ^h  ft^  *  :^  'gr  ^J  IS  760 

■k  -T  fiU  la  ^  ^  '•'19A 

g  ^  p)i  514 

mmm  654 

j£  Sfc  '^  _^  .;23 


^.m^^ihim^  761 

1  fiif  ^^^4^liASi5i«?^^ 

717A 

1  mwixmm  m  771A 

1  fiiif  ?vg »  m  n  IS  761 

1    ^M  K  m  f^  .^  598A 

1^  CD  fJl  120 

fl  i:/i^  P"!  S.  623 

1    flf?-A^685 

1    M  629b,  C 

!    ifl547,  578,  593,  S.  464a 

1    M  f  593 

1    3®  Pc  698b 

1    i^64,  117,  212,  212b,  598,  794 

826, 

830a,  835a,  850,  853 

1    MfJ]  63 

1    Mil  117,212 

1    li  825 

1    jil.f^y.  479 

^Bf  fn3fi7A 

1    5f  .^  S.  376  to  894 

Ching^ 

;^  lU  87B 

1    m  'b  J^  87b 

m  ^  500 

1^1.^  659,  703 

1    ^f|i_^522 

\    fl^  '^  766b 

i    ^fn343A 

1    jp  5]  3  13a 

1    ^  t!]  342a,  343,  343a 

1    't  505 

1    %  rl]  343a,  345a,  346a 

1    lllS?504A 

1    >i-§:^840A,  85 IB 

1    m  m  796C 

1    '?*  J'*l  ^t  522 

1       1    ?^  ^2^  )!'f-840A 

Ching" 

^k  m  ^  ^75 

i!iffiP90 

1  m^m575 

[      xii      ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTKKS. 


Clring^ 

W  f<l  fl  ^  S53A 

1  ^^akWi^m^'^^ 

1  B 1^  sa  r::;  ^  « F1  *fi  ^  65S 

1    S  ?*  o3o 

f^  ■■H  iiB  ^j  S4DA 

1  'ip  Is]  ■h^  S19 

1  «Ba9o 

1  S  .W  fi  Fj  -36 

1    SLltSJc^  374.634 

1   ?f  521,  6S)6,  697,  712 

1    5lflJ504B 

1    bP  850 

m  mBfe'i'i+ 

Ch'iiig' 

5SSm]  11 ;» 

Ch'iiig^ 

«  Si  3E  27A 

1  ^  n]  83 

Chio^  =^  (Chiieli) 

•K  S  40,  7:.S),  94  + 

1    1^^944 

Chio-'  (Chiieh) 

R  Ifl:  i'^* 

Chiii^ 

:^  n  i:^  if  7!»7 

1  .■.!.«  A  y  15 

1   ,n.  H-  H  23yA 

1  .u.  ^4f  ni  »«i,  "«6 

I  „"u  «  155  'li-  :^oy 

I    .l*«i'li413A 

(;iiiu^ 

ttiii^^ 

1    6ll8>< 

Cli'iu' 

;^,  ;9<..37.  ii;aA 

1    'iT  <38 

1    'if  il-    22'.» 

1  W'J:''? 

Chiiing^ 


fa  m  53RB 

I    iS  936R 


Cho' 

4  JS  H?  -'l-'.  ^1^" 
I    JSmHiJ^914K 

I  ^  E]  Gfl  8^^'' 

Choii' 
^I'l  70:>,  846,  s:.fiR 

I    !ft851 
j      I    ^J  598,  851a,  85:)A 
j     I   3iJ  5Sg85iA 
j     I   n]  FjS.-.iA 
I      I    1^  .o'.tS.  851a,  S5.-)A 
m%^n  5s:> 

,  Ch'on' 

I     Wl^lS  5t3lfi781 

Ch'ou' 

ifl  ^  S57 
«|lli1  J®  8o9 
1    «ff  1S50 

:     1  21 1^ 'K  :S  fiM  A  g  isr.- 

I  ^  Vj  S.  .=5-.:.,  825  to  826 

I  DC /15  •^- 825  to  826 

I  mi&  173,527,  7.-,8a,b 

1  (IS-  ff  •'''•'H 

I  (ft' :«;  J* -e- <^ .« «22A 
i  (IS  :•£(  *^  B  fti' AS  «-2A 

I    iJJ  ik  Tl  a  pa  1«5a,  756 


Cliu 


I  Ht  'I'r  756 


[      xiii      J 


INDEX 


I 


fe 


m 


m 


308,  49oA 

^  ti  779,  780,  781 

B]  376A 

220,  222,  228,  598,  C58,  759,  760, 

763,  761,  857,  929- 

G<),  (;9A,  76,  104D,  204,  288,  292, 

570,  593c,  625,  713,  798 

'tV  6521 


T-1 


Chu* 

^  ^  232,  374a,  412a,  625,  638 

1    |5C  11232,  S.  412A 

1    m.  M  709,  711A 

1    m  M.  822 

tfe  S  S.  213 

E  M  F]  465c,  776,  776a 

£t  ^  ^-P  ^  il  ^  fit  ^  267 

1  "^.Mm^iT 

]  ff.mm  -t35A 

1    !?§  571,  718,  743,  743a,  c 

J    R^^^i^'h^li.t  579,  717b 

1    ^tS^435B 

1  mnm:)^^  ^07 

1   ii«  ;^^  S  907,  S.  907 

1    ^%^907,  S.  907 

1  ^Ml'/j^:^i2 

1  ?-|5  :^  £  312 

1    5i  ^!£  ^  rf]  260 

Ch'u^ 


th  If  ^  li  ^ 

916 

1    ,m  96(5 

1    ^  593c,  ()2: 

;,  629c.  631,  954 

9o6a 

Mi  :^  E  313,  314,  315 

M  m  ik  m  m 

762,  765 

1  m  m  n  m 

#  92  653 

1  m'^nm 

758,  761 

!    $&l^t|j|I!# 

it  618,  618a 

1    M^-ii*172 

1    ^'J-^^^ 

yl  ^  n  577,  S. 

577 

1    ^4^m^ 

576,  578 

1  ^xm^ 

_^606 

^  M  m  ■ 
'4  mm 


^601 
^  614 
^610 
^  598 


;t  11310 

B  12 

'^mff  5i8,  550c 

^i  14  8  12a,  S.  436B 

^i  U]  185J 

fffi  929 

P^929 

Chuan^ 

ft  1-4  617,  618b 

f4  S.  523b 

yj  14-617,  617a 

n  DC  m  n  399 
PI  few 574 

F'J  ft  625 

n  m  n  it  62„ 

PI  i^t  ^  583c,  621,  653,  714 

n  /f4  608,  828 
Ff  Ig  ^  ^  621b 

n  xm#^:62iB 

F1  ^  life  Jp  ^  621b 
Fl  fJj  399 

i5]  WW  mmwr^^^i^U  103a 
n  tami|t_^62lB 

n  ^  a  14  399 
fHi  925 


Chuan^ 


$1  iE  li  836 


m  X  i!'8 


Chuan^ 


Ch 

'uan^ 

n\ 

vX 

5i 

15^ 

ms. 

i69A 

'^y- 

# 

0- 

B 

979 

XIV 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTEKS. 


Ch'iiair 

Chung' 

««757B 

rjj  IS  366b 

1    J*m-18oH,476 

1    ^  S21 

\    ^^^  S49 

1    l!1'-<i59A 

1    tg  757 

1    *g  fR  ^  X  ^  *  g  605 

1  fljTsrc 

1    $  629b 

t*  §*  ^  ^  382 

1    If:  752.  J,  800,  8f24 

1    g  p/i  fil8A,  758c.  766b,  788 

1    ""P:  *§•  663 

1    Hlf'2!'c 

1    t9  55 

1    «^137 

Cliiiaiig' 

1    :^  :^  ^  945 

JE5HS78A 

1    *787 

1    8ii41 

1  ^ft  tie.  18b 

1    ^  f)l\  4i-  1?  «18b,  635c 

Clmang^ 

1    ^  .t  ■">80,  708,710,  716 

HI:  iJi  753 

1    If  929 

Jt^  7C  fi29c 

1    i|912 

1    r^i^^^ib 

Clruang-^ 

1   »|- jEa29 

?t  «f  n  S.  240 

\  mx^n r.87 

1  mit^n  ^^^7 

Chui^ 

1  I.S  *r  i- 'r  IS. '^  437A 

it  Bt  '.M4 

1    m  ^'['-^^^  437A 

1    ^2 

Ch'ui^ 

1    ±658 

P>:  ^  850 

1    ^;5:  137.  137a,  583,  618b,  625 

i    ^  ^T  ^  819A 

Ch-ui'^ 

j    flf  f^  137a,  583,  618b 

mmwdik  i2fic 

1    -.^f^'f'  \lr  137a,  5S3,«  1KB 

1  »^i^  i2t;c 

1  flf^-sigA 

!    Tl  120 

Ch'un' 

i      I  572 

J&  IB  S.  376 

1    ?8|S.278 

1  f^  H  i»  ft  n  •'^'<5 

1    ^  131,  132 

1  ^  A  f«  ^  r')  ■'■'^5 

1    !F  «  ff  n^OO,  407 

1    tr,  rji  :/t  »2'J 

1    -^  it^  aOM,  786 

1  t)jmi-'i2'j 

\    "^XZ  -l^  -ii^  607 

1    tt««i'.»29 

1    ^  3Ptt  717a 

1    T?  S.  376 

1  :f  ft :« '^i  •?' «02 

!  'iraE2:i9 

1  ^t??j  JiS'*t!?:«i-^ 

l-^-tfTj  T.'^^'v^fill 

C'h'un' 

1  ^."^  ir::c^^'i?:i9s,  617a 

«f  tt3£27A,  126 

1  (/fe  66;t.t 

L     ^v     ] 


INDEX 


^j  ^^  ii  s  ^  F1 587 

I    1^  796,  800,  S.  749 
I    Jgt659A 


8$  ^  S.  333a. 


Chung^ 


Cluing^ 


Ch'ung^' 

m^-i^  Mi  S47 

Ch'ung^ 

I  ^  P^  IE  m.  'U  657 
I  ^  n  glj  r^  ■&  557 
I    X  PI  g  ^  SlJ  (^  •'500 

I  ^nm.m^  p.i  556 

M  Mi  1C4C,  406,  407,  482,  S.  128  to  149, 

4G4A,  479a. 
I    ^520 
I    ^  406,  408,  482 

J^  111  SI  448 

I  A  583,  59o,  598,  618B,  623,  625,  627, 
629b,  d,  631,  652E,  716,  956, 
964,  S.  623,  652E,  715D 

I    A  {h  ^  625 

ffl  •$- ■^ -^  621,  G27A 

I    ^933 
g  507,  525A,  857b   ■ 

I    :^507 

I    'g-  840a,  857b 

I    |||^'t525A 

\    mm-^  526A 

I    R507 


Oman' 


m  m  968 


Ch'uan-^ 

&k  if  ^1-  ^.  'l^GF 
I    W333 

Cli'iian* 

W]^?f\  829,  829a 
^  it  829a 

JiUn  PJf771,77lA 
m^77lA 

m  ^  PJi  839A 

m  R]  813 

m  nl  1J  813 

^  it  813a,  838,  839 

S^  M.  839a,  851b 

Chlieh^  (.9^6  also  Chio^) 

m  m  573a 


Ch'iielr 


m  %  m  306 

I    IS  842 


[ 


Cliiiii^ 

^im^  433 
t^  657c,  707 
I  i^f^822 
1    f^  S]  936a,  S.  436b 

^  tj  425,  S.  432B 

^m^  I29B 

m&  128,305 

^^.^  129  A 

il  ;^  S.  128 

^  fi]  426,  S.  432b 

%\\  f5]  428,  S.  425,  436A 

mm^-  436E 

f£  ^  pa  Ji  692 
^  ^  103C 

xvi      ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHAPvACTERS. 


''P  ?£  U]  ^32,  S.  428,  436G 
i    i£  ^  1IF  ^-  702 
I    iSfe  ii]  S.  4S0F 
I    '#f  ii]  424,  S.  423 
i    «6.-,8 
I    n  S]  3.VJ 

I  «ii<:68 

I    «  Fj  609 

I    «  K  IS  H  690 

1    «#103c 

i  WETGes 

]  ^i  iE  S.  430 

I  ^i  ."}]  430,  430a,  93Ca,  S.  432d,  436c 

I  ^  P5S  S.  430 

I  tiff  656"a.  659 

I  3}  :g  673.  704 

I  mt^!?3A689 
I  fffinosc 

I    IS '§•673 
I    m  n  698A 

I  IS  ••]  ^:?!'.  •^-  -i-'e 

I    B  6:>6a,  659,  756 
!    13  :&  67o,  677,  704 
I    S^a677 

I  »KraA69i 

I    B*^715A 
I    B  *f  103c 
I    S  1"  675,  677 

1  S/13:C98A 

I    H  ,n  431.  S.  427,  43(iH 
I    fSlrt)^  103U 

I    'g'*^  712a 
I    ^974 

«  TpI  ft!  849 

->  (i)  936a 

n  7.-,0 
I    VC  »]  433,  S.  428 
I    MJ  liJ]  *fl  849 

;    ***81U 


'•P  ¥C  [i]  427.  S.  424 

I  U  n]  S.  4361) 

I  -^  754.  898 

1  fft-  ig  184a,  b,  c.  4 1 7,  4 1 8.  S.  1 84. 1 84 a 

I  rS  fl^  184,  417,  S.  184B 

I  n  'Or  103b 

I  m^  isiD 

I  rS  ;^  E  s.  184c 

I  ^  656 A,  659 

I  ^1^^679 


Cliiiu^ 


Jin  348 
2^  849 
±  15,  30 
±SSIftl5 
g-  15.  32 

^848 
f!5S849A 
31  15,  30 
^  5f  G29,  959 


Ch'iiii-' 


m  jSi  "'72 


A 

in  ^^^ 

7521 

1  ^l'«i:^tt 

212A 

1  ^35  A 

SOS 

1  ^ ..)  n 

297.  798 

1  ^|.*«?!14 

21  2a 

1   9\'T^'ii 

r,58 

1  ^hfHli 

492 

Iv 

81  f»  ir>.  873c 
I   nr«.  9ir,n 

«  w  5:  '^i  n  ii87 

1    ^^62'o 


XVIl 


] 


INDEX 


A 


|g  945,  958 

P^  W  944,  944 E 

m  ^  S44E 
fiP^944K 
R  ^  629a 
li  K  ^  957 
^  628,  629a 
1  i£  ^  959 
J*  K  ^  957 
J!^944d 
^  ^  ^rfi  959 
J^^95S 


:^  U't  206 


Erlr^ 


Erh' 


~  fp  629c 

1   ^  :5  848 

1   Sl,^A9i:> 

1  "^  99,  103b 

1    ^  H  *§•  778,  779 

I    ^^^702 

1   ^  th  1£  ^  S  3U 

1    ^  ^  t  807 

1    ^^±469,813 

1    ^Sfte^C9 

1    I^M  '3*806,  809,  812 

1    ^^^  184 J,  805,831a,  u 

1    ^4mt  808 

1    t^mW-  184J 

1    ^Stii!267 

1    ^  *«^  $  t"  167b 

1    ^m^t  809 

1    ^  S  111  I"  295,  327,  413a,  664,  7 

1   ^:g|«'r662 

1    ^^^318 

1    If  m  ii  268 

n  ^  ii  ^  t*  323 

I    ^^:E679 
I    ^§R^268 
IC:  m  849 
I    ta^  849,  851a 
I    ^857 

^  ^  520,  812a 
I    m^  812a 

Fa* 

^  J*  «  f-f  622 

I  SJC  §t  ,^621,623,  623a,  S.  623 

I  S5c  ^4-  652  E.  653 

I  g^  ^  ;A:  ^  586 

I  SlJf4l64 

I  M  E^  6.  128  to  149.  150  to  163D. 

I  ^  758c 

I  ^  X  ^  F1  687 

I  f  S.  758F 

I  ^  fl  _^  6^21,  624 

I  #^n586 

I  #  ^  432A,  S.  584 

I  #:  F^  623,  S.  623 

I  n  m  174 

I  #  :^^  E  175 

I  ?51>  274,  440,  937 

I  i  915 

I  X^625 

I  m  R]  185L 

L  aii^ 

S  i4  ^  81    • 

I    :^  907,  S.  907 
I     g  913a. 
#  31  f4  433 
llA         ^^  190,  488,  6254,  629K,  713a,  812A 
I    mm±  629k 
I    p  t  309,  49(5a,  712,  759,  760 
I    ^^  Jl  779,  781 

xviii      J 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTER.^. 


a  ^  f^  S.  832 
I    it  ^  «•  '28  to  12!tc 

n&m  1-20 

•an 

J»  i;!:  ^*  f!]  ssoc 
I   iJ]  82.-. 

I    iiB25 


UK  «  «  497 


Fan' 


Fano' 


I    #  ^  ^fi21,  G2G 
m  t  "96a 


Fang- 


P^  Pi  .1?  ■=>04b 
I  ^^f  fit74<: 

I    »?  07 K,  74fi,  748 


?R  eg  a  S-  88 


Fei' 


Fen' 


:5j'^ 


1^  S.  555 

hh  Aij  a:  r.2() 

Rfeaw  S4'JA 

Pft  [pT   *fl  Xt'-« 

;fj  84'j 

ff792 

51   iO  fill  itt  HlC.  814 

j'W  ;a  *•*''»   t^SO,  838.  841,  844 

fr  77.'.  S.  771 

iW  :^  *  584 


5J>  li^  S.  5518 
I    «t331 
I    ^t'it  55  726 
I   JH  $f  tilSn 

I  n  mt  "14 
I  8IJ  m  m  i'Hi 

I    <f-it«*4 
I   ff]  83:)A,  8;.7 

I    #818 

I    H^  <04a,  f.25A 

Ven* 


i-\  m  945 
I    1^  984 


'eno' 


Feiig^ 


^  n  H'  933 

1    ^*i)i!'33 

1    ^-  ;'^  ^  933 

1    '^ft-  m  S.  37S  to 

394 

1    ir^  :^  ^  945 

1    :J^^90,  654 

1    5^3HIJI!I190 

1    iS:  A  ^  945 

1  ifilg:^fl?,s. 

S«'.»A 

1    ra  27  a 

1  ii*in'(t2'i 

1  m 

1    )fll'?4I3A,  57 

2.  860 

1    .\5.'.27A 

1    .l£'.llf  ^P27 

1    .@.  «  l«l  ^  20 

873 

1  lafiiw^-' 

873 

«»(!*]»  422A 

1  ^9r2 

1    «RJ4»3 

. 

1    «972 

[      xix      ] 


INDEX 


M573 


Fo^ 


Fu^ 


^:{2  103c,  709,  712,  713A,  778 
I    A  38,  945 


Fu'' 


Fu^ 


fjjf  846,  856b 

3^62,793,802 

m  w  m  ^  "b  526 

m  'M  !^*  fii  *  -t  ^26 

m  iJ'ii  S?.  ilk  :&  (^  ^  526 

0.  m  m^^-^  526 

^  793,  802 
^|«^  121 
"II  '#  835a 

g,',l^  ip:  25 

g  /2^  21,  23,  873 

il  ¥  821 
^821 

^  155  ^  849 
^  ii  ^J  849A 
^mn  8-t9A,  894 
^mn  849,  893,  894,  897 
g821 

;g|  749,  752A,  J,  824 
li^821 


Fu^ 


^^t  856b 
lift  f^  ^P.  959 
I    ;^  625,  709 
I    11374a 


MM^  957 
I    ^  577C,  629A,  631 
glj  H^^'^  i^  877a 

5§  857 

m  «  874 

:^  739, 828 

^^79a 

^  f  861 A 

m  W-  82 

^PP  ^IW^  :^!i!l«9is 

^  f*  ^  ±  S.  376  to  394 

K  6$  783 

tt  &  436K 

!|^  752,  7 52 J,  824 

Hf  :f  872,  879 

m^  578,619 

J^  J^  577B,  638,  709,  7nA,  713a 

S  5i  94 

E£itE|i^94A 

^  S  t  540 

f^  -g^  544,  55U,  557.  625,  654,  711  A, 

S. 835c 
B  i»  ^  738 
f]  ^  S  M  738     • 
=p-  ft  861a 
:rp;3  ^■877a 
fLT-it672 

M  ^li  793 

^j  ^  154C,  S.  128  to  149 

^  835A 

'f:  iK  658,  716 

ifJ  «  'S*  668 

^■^  'tr-673 

^  ^  *!?  675 

m  m  #  M  723 

^,  208,  209 

^^711A 

M  #  521 

fi'-li:^.  741 

If  'tfi  f^  {jg  734,  741 

•ff  -g:  526,  770a,  829b 

fi  ;^  167,  169,  B25A,  B,  526 


[       XX       ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


|lj  S  f  713A 

fijeial  S.  551B 

1    Si;f:&8S 

1    tt.^  571,  748 

1    SCfif799 

1    *l;»273 

1    m  A  '^'JS,  823A 

1   tt.  ^  «f  H]  256 

1    ?^  752 

1    J&  t^  167,  190,  205a 

1    ^  &  782,  811a,  828,  839A,  840a 

1    ttJ  ^  -^  4?'>B 

1   ^\  a  154c.  160a 

1   Sp  ftt  658,  720,  720a,  745,  745a, 

1    'g'  10L^.D.  1S4H,  663a,  756 

B,  C,  D,  E,   746,   802,   604,   867' 

1    '1?  J&.  -^''t^A.  605 

898,  899,  900,  S.  804 

1    ^Jft  *  766 

1    si:  ia  )&  208,  208a,  209,  209a 

1    X  g  p]  783 

1    ilK'T^lSA 

1    S^629a 

1    X  m  -^20 

1    m  291 

1    -^^71^ 

1  a^^-res 

1    Sg7r,2F 

1    ^  3®  790 

1    ep  495a,  573a 

I    «a^324 

1    'g?  it  Hi  270 

1  eg  m  jff ) 

1    A  822 

1    efiiUnS  ^332 

1   JBt  799 

1  <;g  'ij  s  > 

1    ^^S.  128  to  149 

1    ®^'?076 

m  A  573c 

1    Ba:fe87'2 

1    AffS.240 

1    g  6GL  70". 

1    *o12a 

1    Xb  tt  if  -P  S  fig  737 

m  mi  ^■>7 

1    fJ^  ^  fig  8.-.,  570 

1    s!^  PI  ^857 

1    j«  520,  544,  792 

1    ft*  «  Ife  857 

j   tf  r.95,  629B,  631 

1  ia8»7 

1    *  SH  138 

mm^A'n  172 

1    :i?-  661 

1*^15 

1    kli  U  493.  <95a 

S  ^  583,  629C 

1    0B  185E.  835a,  861A.  S.  128  to  149 
1    tr«g?fcKfl/fJFg£6lA 

Ila^ 

1    «i  %  .il  267 
1    .il  »5  ±i  88 
1    .i]  Mt  77 

Pft  K  (A  iE  863 

I  lap 

1  .')  fi  tr  831 K 

1    .i)W89 

1  Ji!W«yi8 

I    A(£8-'0 

1  }a,sH7iiA 

1    |g:^S.  128  to  149 

m,  Jit  r,59B 
1  ¥  TL  '-K  «  '■'59B 

1    iP  jE  «  fig  669B 
1    »  iE  m  i^  659 B 
1    >pja  185c,  417,  419,  75(5 

1  ■^^.  <\>  n  r.yjc 

1  *«ft6r,8 

1    >|r  't'  14£  fi.VJi: 

1    ti*  'J3A. 

1    in  .|.  »  C59C 

XXI 


INDEX 


m  '^  m  w-  ^  659b 

W  m  %  M  659b 

¥  SI]  %l  U  6r.9B 

¥  M  ¥  ^-JS  fi59B 

'^  fot,  ^  155  «59b 

'^  ^  ^  'fc  659t 

ifi  l|i  ^  757,  757a 

'^fL  i^  ^  '^  756 

r|r;';^  185b,  417 

"^  ^  H^  65flC 

W  'J^  fe  '>59C 

'^  "P  M  659c 

¥^  ^H  185,  756,  S.  ISoA 

¥  ':k  B  185a,  756,  S.  128  to  149, 

¥  :^  1!^-  659c 

W  :^  ¥?.  '>'''9« 

Wi^M  659C 

¥  ill  =ff  75G 

5|:  H  184F 

Wi^M^l  S.  825  to  826 

m  ^  700 

19;  It  ^  ^^  S.  S25  to  82(; 

B^  |5l  ^P  849 

ig  253,  833,838,842 

IS  F^  ^0  8-53 

H  ^  833B 

m  it  833C,  838,  842 


435 


i£  i^  756 


Han^ 


?F873 

I  pnittEa872A 

m5|rAii£718,  731 
I    ~  ^&  129b 
I    Sai1£712 

i  mmpM  138 
I  *  m  138 

I    fg  1^-493 
I    g|[-g£  129b 
I    ia  qi  778 


•m  1.1  i^  190 
I    5:jEfcA713A 

I  5:^11712 
;;^  t-t:  R-  i9Sc  to  200c 

i    ^^1^191 

I    ^  S.  193c  to  200c 

Hang- 

^?$^614,  615,  616. 

Hao^ 

®g:B520,  678,  709,  713a 
I     @  678 

Hei^ 

mma^^mmmn=i&  782a 

I    g|ij-^953A 

Ho' 

•g-  !i  ^  *  759,  760 

I    af  5V  f]  776 

I    K  ;fr  I'S  ^  m  776 
M  ''^  |5]  iP  849 

I    W^f^  849 

I    ^749,  820D 

I  vamsso 

I  ffl}  P]  ^n  849 

I  it  ^38,  843 

I  it  la '13^  719,  S20D 

I  Mi  850 

I  '^  820d 

I  M  820D 

I  3fi  M  it  a --^  820D 

i  m  l5l  in  849 
5W  -t  W]  306 

I  ^  1^  ^  iE  389 

I  ?i^^-g^J<389 

■  1  ^  ^-  388 

I  mm  HE  ic,  87;; 

I  mmm  ^■> 

V^^^^^  35 


xxii 


] 


OF   CHINESE   CHARACTERS. 


^m&  367 
I    8e#S.  431 

Hoir 

^  94  4,  944b,  966,  <Jti9 

Hou^ 

I    IS  971 

I    ffiSS970 

I    ?IS*KA526 

\  mmm 758F 

^  S  :^  E  98 

I    ffi  122 
I    »B.  749 

Hsi^ 

m  iS  3«6h 
I    JSES.  137a 

I  'a' 2 

1  PS  569c 

I  F&796 

I  1^  liH  tS  fi  1^  *fl  796c 

I    R]  122 

I    a|937,  S.  213 

'    flr  138,  93»; 

llsi^ 

fj  4Jy  pJi  :U3R.  514,  .-,14a,  767a 


HsicV 


rr 

-K!«;;c[a 

10 

~ 

•«< 

'.'- ' 

'7 

K  /  tt.-'O 


Tin  1^127 
I    ±  6.xS 
I    £55^97,  718 

X  m  '•';^«"' 

I    'r  iE  229 


Hsiang' 


m  o25b 
I    :^r,31 
I    ii±956 

I    ^l.>,  34 

I    ^  ii  ^  -t  .^^  «2liB 

I  in  ^t  -f-  52.-,B 

I    JH  629B 

I    ^  628,  62'Jb 

I    j?fe  525b 

I    ilf  523b,  532 

I  m^l  701 
*ta  ?(5  **  535 
ife'  Mfii^713 

I    4BE5K718 

I    J^SJ^TIS 

I  6S?71S 
ilS45-P^JK»JIfi'l«i»5]  261 

I    t^  Vr  652.  S.  758k 

I    mci^X^  m  fft  m  Bl  2.;3 

I    m^'M&^\¥t^  n]  -'62 


Ilsialig^ 


&'i  Hi  fA  733,  742 

M  X  n  '••■••••s 


llsianu^ 


^H  W.  A  8fi0 

'  a '31 

[fa  850 


[     xxiii      ] 


INDEX 


Hsiao^ 

Mi  B  94,  177a, 180,  190,  393 

1    35SS.  752 

m  R§  I5i  513 

1    i^l32 

|t  ^  f^  425 

1    a  221,  411,  547,  770a,    771a,    772, 

m  m  97B,  B,  718,  730,  746,  74S 

7T4,  775,  783,  792,  SUA,  874, 

1    i§|  ;K  727,  746,  748,  874 

S.  108,  551c,  771 

[   m  <^  97B,  718 

\  mmmmm^'^ 

1   ,!Nf  ^  ^M  722,  737 

1    31B]  ^  S.  108 

1    SIS'*  874 

Hsiao^ 

1    a  K  i*  K  »  ^1  165A 

1  M$k^?^%^M-mmw^2^2 

/J>:^'b'299,  713,  766 

1  mmmmmm^^i 

1    ip:^129B 

1    <5g670,746 

1    A  m  743a 

1  M'-re?© 

I  :^mMmm^-2io 

1    #11^389,391 

1    ^  576 

1    ^749,752 

1    ^icJt  filSA,  B 

1   |^;^^±132 

1  ^m^n  ♦oo,  407 

1    1&752 

1    fiii^f^577 

1    SM653 

1    '^M^t  618a,  b,  635c 

1    tl5M6o8 

1  mmmm  «i8b 

1    ^799 

1  ^i  eii  i£  m  ^  p)i  618A 

1    ^  ^  576,  577a,  578,  579,  708,  709, 

Hsieh* 

717a,  b. 

1  ^^^^<n9 

^  ^  iE  231 

1    ^^$^^^4  577 

Hslen^ 

Hsiao* 

^  ^  629B,  964 

I    H:*  IE  964 
^  ^  577B,  S35A 

I    ^  :^  E  682 

I    ^  ii  684,  685,  (586,  687,  688,  689, 
690,  691 

I    :^*f700 


Hsieh'' 


^  656B,  D,  672 

I    |SS.  752 

1    M?K912 


ife  ^  'g-  696 

I    ^#^707 

Hsien^ 

m^-s  'g-  m  87A 

^  K  863a,  732a;  874 
I    ■ff4  5fJ«S918 

I  tli:  fr  W  863 


Hsien^ 

m  iG|929 

Hsien^ 

51  t^  #  iii  977 

[     xxiv     ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


U  ^95.  846,  85Gb 
I    >^  G5S,  7!)4a,  n57 
I    ±  ir.,  31 
I    ±  Si  658 

I    ^-  lo.  33 
I    1-  SI  **!■■' 

^  f5C  fjf  5b  p/i  S-  335  to  3H8,  3D8  to  102. 

4t;3  to  tfi6 
I   «J(  3  fffl  ig  :90n.822A,  S.  108.  If.O, 

335    to  338,  344,   398  to   402, 

424  to  434.  4.58,  463  to  46ti, 

476  to  480.  880 
I    ikmm  #  tS  &  822  A 
I    fri:  ^  *S  lg  822A 
I    iA  4fi  ^  u&  l"'t»A.  l.\l 

I  i!i¥iitnn^  '•"''•'A 

i  iEii«B'S  d6;^c  &s.  louf..  ir.i 
I  ft  ■&  tS:  ig  •^^■-'A 

I    ^  G.'jIlA 

I    88  937 
I    W937 
«  tft  1$  9-^8 


Ilsin' 


i?  i^  ^  ai  ts  '^< '•• 

I    :R«56 


llsiii^ 


I    «i«ft  Tf  80IA 


Using' 

M  /ji  n  .-.sft 

;i'  330 

mzi&'if  •'•"'OK 

Ilhiiifi- 

>fr)  iff  21KA.  7.V.I,  7<;0.  S.  2IH  |,>  218a 


I  IS  1^831  A 

I  «832 

I  iS5  438,  937 

I  qtff  S31B,  S.  218  to  218A 

I  ^  Iff  759.  7."9b,  7titr;  /""is,  "iA^ 

ff  f^CAg  •"■0-lD 

i  ft  '.fr^lJP^S.  127 

I  ft  ^  ^  ^  823a 

I  ft  if*  343a.  .S40A,  .S.  82.")  to  826 

I  «i';'47 

I  ^819a 

I  ^  S.  458 


■^  tS  «S  ■•'49 

Hsiii' 

P|ifiESP94.-. 

1  1136  Kt  S  ••'4.5 

1    Jjg.  200 A.  .5930,  629c 

1    «E669 

1   IT^^  fit  1-4 

1  „^Tf£^;^cBi75 

1    ^ig'->l 

1  iK;  1^1^  945 

1  iKteHtW'M.-, 

Hsiii^ 

^  vt  (;29,  (;29A,  827a 

11X1*771 

Ilsil' 

J««'-'74 

1  ttr'JTS 

Ilsii' 

}f:  ^  38211.  3'.I2.  .S  376  to  3'J 

tlinn  426 

fi  'if  It  «•  -l^.".  to  338 

[      xvv      1 


INDEX 


U  I"  ji  S.  128  to  149,  333  to  338 

§^#700,  796c 

^li?656 

1    ^^PJi828 

1    ^:J\^S.  128  to  149 

Hsiiaii^ 

1    3f  IS  li  ^  796C 

g  ft  p/t  S29A 

1    ^g^S.  652 

1    it  jt  5]  861A 

1    ?^  5:  ^822 

1  Mi.  K  »34 

1    J1527A 

1    l«IB9i"> 

1    ^827A 

1    ^  5lJ  l?l  560 

Hsiin'^ 

1  mmiEi^m  sso 

1  ^msiJ;'^1lE850 

M.  ^  519A,  521 

1    ^815  9-15 

1    i5c  11857 

1    ^SR  St  9-15 

1    ^^ifi.S.796A- 

1  m1^»^  861A 

■     1    ^£271 

Hsiiaii" 

1    It  658,  835a,  857,  857b 

1    1(1520 

m  14  617,  617a,  618b 

1    ^  500,  519a,  784 

1 

1  mm.mfj\o2^ 

.\    m^  520,909 

m  ^  709 

\    m-K  507 

1  mmm^-^i- 

1    t«S-^506 

1    iE  •112a,  851a,  855a,  860 

1    #  ii  .^  522,  621 

1    jan  827,  827a 

t   ^-  *[i  339,  931  , 

1    f§  g&  S.  335  to'  338 

1    1?  it  814,  838,  840 

1  III  m  '±  M  m 

1    #aM520 

1    [S  «29a 

1    1?  IS  11501 

1    ^^  ta  !^  ^B-  758F 

1    m  l&  M  H,  ^^  602 

1    ^  'g*  708,  71Ia 

.  1  mi^zm^m  503 

1    ^  PJt  758c 

1    i5S 't  E  r  SlJ  269 

J    ^MW758F 

1  m^mm-^^'^ 

1    ^  ^  :S  679 

1  Ji&f^m'r269 

1    f|822 

r  M:  f^  'li  k  269 

1    ^^412a 

1    ^ff 't  in't  IlJ  269 

1    ¥  #  it  631 

1    m  't  M  H  SlJ  269 

1    :^'iF712 

1    1^  151^  655,  706,  707,  805a,  824a 

1    m  850 

1    m-^MlM,  706D,  805a,  824a 

1    M  274,  395,  941 

1    ii  658,  749,  804,  819a,  881,  S.  804 

1    ±  133,  l«3,  S.  376  to  394 

1    ^268 

1    g827A 

1    f519A,  520 

1   ^717 

1    X  03  271 

1    m  ^  106,  411,  674,  652A,  828,  941 

1    S  521 

1  mm  ¥^828 

1    #  521  • 

[_     xxvi     ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


5"W  ^  .■-21 

Hu* 

1    ^  778.  800.  824 

1    M  ft"&  SCO 

^  Ji  #^  342A 

1    itm'^800 

1  nn^^oiD 

1  lit  ft  i^^  '^00 

1    fff;  34it.  932 

1    It  3. 1?  797.  SOO 

1  rfn  iS  ?Sf  iS.  ^  •••'1 

1  ^Tt^^V^i^  ?oo 

1  i^^5^^r5^2 

1  ffi(jK):&?f8w 

«ff  80 

1   }t(H)«-^800 

m  Fl  A-  779,  780.  7S1 

1    ^  S.  796a 

1    y^  734,  741,  742 

1  is5  a  fic  ffli  &  s:^"!^ 

1    ¥^734.741.742 

1  in  <55: 

1    1^  '^  603 

I    Sfl272 

1    ?^  •%  ^  734.  741 

1  «^2r.9 

1    ^^fiR734.74? 

1    m^ih  8S5B 

1    Jpigt   97a,   D.    733,    7.S4.  7.34A,  741, 

1    |i»it835B 

741a,  742 

^  ?^  576. .'.t74 

1  ^m^7fi4 

1   ^ /]>  i^  :^  57.; 

1    @  665,  669.  674,  (;77,  702.  70Ge.  ( 

W\  »  726 

&.  665,  669.  672,  674,  677,  702,  704 

706.  70r)A.  B,  r.  812a 

Hsiin* 

1    :^-fi69(; 

1    ^  4.5.  97e,  8I2a 

JH,  749,  7r>2F 

1  mm^oiTi 

gm  If  857 

1  ?;^  jsp.ij^.8i2A 

1    jt$  ff  430a,  700r.  S.  4:'i6c 

1     ^^-^'-'^K 

1  «  a  » 1^  -F  «•  l»  m  'ii:  '-y-A 

1    5}  620,  S.  7:.3 

1    m  &  103a 

1    Uf  fil8A.   658,  794,  850,    851a,  S.5.S, 

Una^ 

85.-.A.  867,  S60 

TJ:  «}  99,  950a 

1    «8''" 

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SIKmJ  118 

1    «Pfil22 

JUna' 

flu' 

«?  (R)  J|  :fr  t55  tr  774 

1   tfii  Tf  fr77:! 

Bf  flfl!j*?E  914A,916 

1  ■^R)^Sj^-♦ 

1    H5E  K  87.-,  916, 'IICA.  917 

HikV 

Hn^ 

fb  5> «;  It  JR  «•  ^''^A 

;J£  «r  7:;o 

1  :5j^  flS  K  r-l  «■•<* 

1  ffr  li  :39 

t  *n77i 

1    «rM&7.39 

1  »n.-«fl 

1    ♦!»  7.13,  739 

1    *!"4 

xxvu 


INDEX 


Hiiai^ 

I  m-  m  m  n  <  '• '''  ^" ''' 

I    !^;  it  it  ^-8^3 


1?  'B-  5: 


Hiiaii^ 
Huang'' 


I  Is  2 

i  ft.4lifi 

I  ±1 

I  :kjfii 

I  :*:  ^  Ks  |;i  126c 

I  ±^  12 

I  "^  I 

i  ^  i.-i 

1  ^1948 

I  ?S:  90(; 

I  .SI  tf  947 

I  n  S.  210b 

I  ^  ^  ;}9 

I  ^tig- 74 


JJl  ii  980 

m  i^  fSf  F1  ^r  ^  9S2 


IIiii=^ 

^ 


H 


iii^ 


f-  :M:  52(1;  82!)B 
I    fi"  643,  82915 

!  t|-||r,i4 

I    ^^374a 

I    tf  f^  185J,  6r>2,  ,7r,o,  766 u,  7S2, 8 1  2a, 

828,  840a,  S.  4:if;r.  825  to  8i'(3 
I    gt  f  64:5,  706a 


I  gt  p]  78,  H61,  402,  4:)0,  4«1 

I  ff  K  «43,  770  a 

I  mJlkm^  1-tlA 

I  m  ^  «23a 

I  li  pJi  409,  5!»3a,  S.  36!)A 


=*  H  823 


li  ft  S.  369  a 

M  f.2'Jc 

P  277,  538.  77;»,  780,  781,  783,  805a, 

-S.  335  to  338,  479a,  €.--2 a 
il  :§:  JX  I*  ^/ *  ®  750B 
m  1^  i*  ::A:  E  83.-.B 
m  M  m  -A  E  924A 
iMc  E  277,  30:.C,  D,  S.  242 
Sj^  628,  (i29c 
Is]  ra  -^  ^t  392 
7C  (i29c 
Ji  829b 
m  M  103b.  427b,  428b,  694,  S.  432a 


VS  /j£  K5  •■'72 


Hun^ 


Iliin^ 


j5ir  m  m  s.  22 

J 

Hung 

K  m  718 

1    fi:906 

1    -£984 

1    +  ^-  #  437a 

1  -i-^-nik 

4;'.7a 

1    -i'^  ^  40 

m  m  #  37GB, 

1(35 

1  m.  #  .IE  Di 

i(3.-> 

1  ft  !f  'ji  m 

93.-. 

fliio' 

ifH  See  Ho- 

fS  015  916 

[      xxviii      ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


Huo^ 

I    gif??733,  737 
I    «  58  i^  P)i  7.-.7B 

I    |g  ^  n  "'91 
1    ^  «l  Sli  ^  !»"^A 
(/t  ^  :)21.  669,  674,  G77.  679,  680, 

702,  704.    705,    706a,  B.  0. 

812A.  S.  7.")3 


(396. 
707, 


I 


—  ^  629c 

1    .ru5^A»^"'' 

1    -^  99.  lOl-iB 

1    ^1^41702 

I    ^  K  t  807 

1    ^»i6li46'.i 

\    ^m±  469,813 

1    IffRirSOG,  809,  812 

1    ??^  A  184J,  80.-^831  A,  B 

1  ^mt^os 

1    ^«^«184J 

1    ^S^'g'809 

1  Sfws'ri^^B 

1    ^ff  15^325,  664.  71  lA 

1    ^^^873 

1  ^- ^  itr  "r  <:<i2 

|,^StFg»i\l'9B 

1    ^  «  ^-  67!. 

3^»77 

i;^  ^  83  fl  88.-, 

1   V- fill  fff.  ^  "4""- 

1    y.  ii^'if[7Mc,  866 

1  fl-  *?  la  3£  ^'■••'• 

fi  ^  '  KG6 

1    «l       " 

I    «857 

9}  m  «•'"•'• 

1  ^tfs^" 

1  iji  fti  i^^o 

1  *n'.88 

®*^715A 

j^  588,  6r)2E,  653 

3^  :^  ^  5SS 

'g-  18.-)K,  252.  301A,  .346b,  514,  709, 

71lA.  712,  7l:U.  766b,  807 
^  675,  677.  704.  70."..  713a 
J^-  B  677 
fiip  88,  766b 
fii|f:g:88 
±  237,  240 

IE  675,  G77.  711a,  S.  240 
(^  S.  240 

JjJ  f^  431,  431a,  698,  S.  427,  •I36H 
^  ;S  "'04B 
^  Wj  185K/ 

A  S.  240,  see  ^^  t  437a 
1^  ^2  g  'T  593 

^  til  ^  ^  907,  S.  907 

il&>S3E4lA 

5?  A  945 

IS  ^IJ  m  376a,  380a 

I    ffRS.  376 
1    S93.-, 

Z^m  956 

ffj-  ^  677c,  631 

«t  g  p;,  626A 

I    Ji571,  737,  738,  718 
I  »79;. 
■Pify(  1S6H.  1.   301,  .U:.!!.    127b,     428 

4t;9.  4X7,  813,  S.  432a,  43t,K 
I    -J:    is:.n,   I.  301,    427b,    42.Mi.    4r,;i 

187,  77<iC,  8I.J,  S.  ■J32A.  4.16k 
I    til  *  :?:  "'9X.  605,  605 A 
^XV^  ft(621.625 
I     if  408,  806.  809 

I  «li8  i:.6. 179 


[      xxix     ] 


INDEX 


mm^  653 

I    ^  822,  S.  369a 

I    m  PJi  S.  3«9A 

I    ^179,  422,  80^1 

II  :g:  167,  169,  409,  525A,  B,   526,  828, 
S.  369a 

I    i^il26A 

I    in  f^  426 

i    M  ■#  525A,  B,  526 

I    *#167B, 

i    |l|J  541,  828 

I    rf]  216 

I    ^    167,    169,    300,   422b,    468,  484, 
525a,  b,  526.  775.^805,  S.  432a 

I    1^127,8.127 
m  m  754 

I    ii!i^'tf754 

I    ^  754.  850,  85oA 

I    S^425 

I      m.    it   "^'i: 

Jan^ 

m^m  607 
!^  M  n  ^-  S97 

rA        O 
en- 

A  rfl5  932 

i£  f  >4  424.  !>\  123 

Jih* 

'B   m  A  694 

I    II  IE  ^  ?±  >§•  201 
I    >rS.  225 
I    *  ^  3:  ^  P^  587 
I    *^  1^62.1 

Joii^ 


Ju» 


in  ?f  913 

m  m  573 

1    ^  850 

1    #  IP  945 

fi  A  945 

Ju^ 

?L  ^S  575 

Ju^ 

A  7jC  to:  271 

IE  946 

1    ffi3^70S 

Jui* 

#m5  4i 

^  9i  ;^  ^  945 

€  M  :^  If)  I©  H  915 
I    ^  907,  910,  S.  907 
I    ?|»I  »  ^  Rf  11  B?  18  ^  il  917 
1    /fe^9lO 
1    ^^S^  fas;  863 


Tf  g^  850 


Kai^ 
K'ai^ 


la  m  I^  t  976 
I    ^^^mi72 

I  mTr^iti72 

I    nn984 


•ff  if  I*  525 


i8t  m  770c 


Kan^ 


Kan" 


[      ^xx     3 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


K'an^ 


mm  K «7A 

1    ^-0  14,  T66B 

1    «^  ^  oU,  766B 

1    ^  fj\  221,  766b,  7f.7 

!  ^  p)i  ^  2-21 

7t)7 

1  ^  pj?  ss  a : 

221 

1    *  Pit  'g-  221 

767 

m^9\bB 

K'iUl'' 

f\\m  p;j654A 

K-ang 

U  ^  S60 


Kao^ 


lar 


^ 


1  ^• 

1  ^ 

1  ^ 

1  :^' 

1  ^ 

1  ^ 

1  ^ 

1  ^ 

1  ^• 

1  ^ 

1  3f 

1  ^ 

1  :sf 

1  :? 

1  ^ 

1  5? 

#fA 

$5:  if  ^  ai  Jjlr  400 

tft  ^  3?.  '  S8o,  762,  763 

«  n  '^i  1 6.-.3 

■P  Tie  fr  ^  8.  702 

'J'  ^  ."^  5'6.  577a,  :;78,  717a, 

^  :t  583,  o<32a,  621,  627,  717A 

i«<  ^  ^  -i^  522.  f)2lA 

^■1^  :^  S.  621  to  62111 

1^  6G3.  7Gt;i!.  786 

X  :ife  *  ^^  «08 

ft  ?*  *  ^  /  603,  770b 

ft  :!^  *  ^!^  i 

i^SE  663,  7J>8 

iSi^*.^tJ12 

rlf  5^J  A!  758,  7oO 

IK  9^  i}-  Ml  "''I'A,  76<)i; 

*  «  *  :g  638.  hWc,  787 

629a 


ao' 


Mi-  i(t  'JiS 


K'ao' 

*:ttJcji^dti5o 
«$  i*  rfi  ;>c  Ei  ii2o 
!S  ?tt  ¥  A-  IS  9-'3 
S5ji«Jc;^E9-'OA 

??e  JK  805A 

^  l^i  ip  ;^<  E  923a 

?*ftti^  922.  922  a 

S^  M  S5C  ^  [5  922 

Jl-^  ^^'f  426,  S.  3:5,)  to  ;i38,  12;{.  4;',C.A 

m  iM,  '^2  2  A 

tSlK  ^l<iO,  822a 
I'  (5298,  S.  7.J8F 
35^520 

^  14  42tiA,  (;il8 
X  '!>,"  185H 
X  M  487 
Xig  311 
X  nj  3'»t> 
J^  ..]  3.56 
I    St  (VJS.  (>.-,2«J 


K'eii^ 

M  f«  ilil  '77,  7.S2 
I    f*  3i-  J^  777 
I    #f4816A 
t    ^  :^  IS  778,  8)9 
I    »  ift  A.'j  777,  7!S2 

■Jt  nfi]  122 

I    W  la  ft  976 
**  fJC  f^'iSQ,  <i62K 

I    Sc  *f  :^ 'iH  "'89 

M  i<*4a 

I    >:fc  6.  128  U)  ll'.i 
I    m  133 

I    g  i:'i 


[      xxxi      ] 


IKDEX 


I   ^  a  P  F^  «•  -61 

I  r^  ^j-- m  T- la  «"i 

I    ^  SI!  I?§  743C 
I    ^mf^  'tT  303 

*^  1-^-  35 
I    1^018 

K-0' 

^^16:511,  167b,  184j,  18.tG,  I,  J, 
294,  4' 7,  411,  422b.  434,  641, 
652,  697,  711a,  7(;6b,  7S2,  8 11  A. 
812a,  816-  828,  831  A,  8:59a, 
840A.  S.  368a,  432,  436J,  825 
to  826 

i  fp  {h  #  !)o(;a 

\  Ai^m  m  i^  E  8S0 

I  M  #  S  »  ;^^  E  S80   , 

I  italli6;!c 

]  it  1030,_1o4b,  155,  16(;a,  162a,  184j, 
185G,  I,  J,  294,  411,  422b,  434, 
541,  652,  755,  766B,  805,  815. 
828;  831 A,  B,  839A,  840A,  S. 
432,  436J,  825  to  826 


^82S 

I    tMf^-'543A 
I    ^  g|  595a,  b,  5'.t6,  597,  597A,  628, 

711c 
1    ft  310 

^  -^  f^  S  M  fli  -fe  M  '?'^A 


.oil" 


m  m  80 


K'ou" 

umm  m  m  s-  240 

I    At  it  893 

Kill 

ISl  f^  /^  ±  H 
I    lUM-T-19.  873 

I  iij  t^  n^  35 

Kii^ 


7'r 


f*  #  -t  GrA 

I  5-  -2^  W]  776 

I  5^  -H  m  ^  Xi]  542A,  776 

I  ^t£163c 

I  it  167A 
fi"  B^  850 

I  HI  g  706b,  C,  812a 

i  1^  Jr.  706b,  c,  812a 

1^  foj  S.  1U8  -^ 

I    frg  tr  184k,   302a,    393.    468,    481^, 

776,  S05,  S.  108,  185a 
I    P«T  ;^  E  «•  128  to  149 


KHi^ 

M  W-  86,  S9,  ».-jA,  yiA 

I    '|V8'0S 

I  r^  M  m  -A  IS  879.\ 

I    •fi&rM]3:^E879A 

I    A  i^  826,  835A, 844b, 860,  85lA, 853 

!    S826 

I  F^«];^57 

I    liE  77,  96,  298,  384a,  b,  456,  S.  376 

to  394 
I    «3*82,  89 

xxxii      ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


Kua* 


mfst^a-m  776a 

Kuan' 

'iV  &  "07 

[  %\]:k&.  819a 

I  @ffl82 

I  ^  87.  87a,  b,  c.  717.  9C1 

I  l|t  ^  9«1 

1  BK517.  8.5;» 

I  ^j^  1. -,8.859 

I  «.flt^S.  S59 

I  »Ji859 

I  B7'J9 

i  «»fBH74A 

I  a«Jil^l818 

I  «B5S54ri 

I    PU  aj  ^  S.  8.-,!) 
I    iE«t)^818 
M-^909 
I-  B§  85,  984 

!  f^mn^i 

i  ift*n"'92 

I    ;^  ee  8.-.0,  85lA 
I    ft  842 
«  ISIE838,  844 


iiarr 


»  a  *  35t  8T4 

I  a8li4t^874 

I  KH2H9 

I  Kn  fill  269 

I  Kt^c.'.* 

I  KHfilJ26» 

I  «  ft  «  ;^  E  9« 

I  «  »  8E  i«3c 

I  f'T  l>il  *0  849 

I  «  (U  «  81 


1P*;*:Bi674 

^  r/]  ijf  709,  711 A 

il  124.  664a,  S.  102  to  102a 
m$k%^M1^  224 

mikJi^^x%^mm  232 
s  Sf  if5  ia  ^  m  ig  f?  90 

3i  tS  5?  p}\  788 

a  iF  ruf  IS  nf  1^  18-ic,  s.  184a 
^m^^mmmm  2.-.8 

m  JoJ  it  258 

S  ,!i5  3c  ^  tl'  *  ^  ^  87a 

M.mf&mf^m  161 

S  #t  «E  ^  ^^  276,  39.-,a 

310   *iSE*±S£'&je  (;52,  S.  652 

^mf-^i^  E*12a 

S  X  p.?  il  *  ^  95 

J®  ^  '-Ji  Si  ili  ^  276,  421,  S.  420b 
S^^¥  ^  104D 
S  ±  «S  1^  ¥  5Bf  88 
S  *  ^  1^  ?li  !*  234 
S  ii  «?  IS  !»  |&  86 

g  R  m  t^mmsd 

Jf.  3^  ?^  K  ^  ^  *g  nt  ^  94 
3HflI  ^  J2-  'U  ig}  92 

ai  *SI  SB  'K  !*  3H7A 
a  &  Hi  -li  :!^  72 

mm^M  m  ik  'U  m  91 

^m  %<>,)&  'It  ?5f  '.•:< 

m  ^  .a  nr  iS  ^Jt  «f  ssa 

gi  i\  10711.  172,  (•>52 

«  W  W  la  t»J  ff^  ffl  m  ft  90 

«d  iE  2t;'j 

m  M  269 

jUjE^IUHa 

AnsiuiiA 


xxxni 


J 


INDEX 


f^  .f>  *t  fSC  f^  B-  737 

i  «  t&  t4  #c  "fi- 737 

I  i^  .Hft  i5f  ^  737 

I  J&  PJi  267 

I  ^       )  661,  704.  706b,  c,  707,  805a. 

i  ^ffrtr*  «12a,  S.  763 

I  l^^«80 

I  mf^  ^  "11 A 


.un?- 


fg  ^  f>]  355 

I    m  14  ^-  ?2.5  to  826 

Kuan'  '^ 

^'.p:  11:113, 115, 123 

Kiiang^ 

I    im  m  383 

I    i?nt  #  376b,  934 

I    #  #  IE  Ji  934 


Kiiang'* 


®  rO  77 

X  8:.o 


Kuei' 

B  ft  t^  Mii  ^i;  M  74.-,c,  89;» 

Kuei' 
Kuei' 

S  t«  :^C  ^  !>29 

n  A  if» 

I    ^^^^:  621,  713a,  710 
I     ^  ^  SSC  ^^  ^  622 

I    if.  7 


ii  629  b 


P^  m  877a 


K'uei' 
K'un' 


X  K  ^  ^  pfT  788A 
fl  ^  95,  189 
fS"^  859.  909 
m  m  783 
P  f^  783 

P.  H  656a,  6.-9,  (-,71 
fM  r^  m  430 

fsim#fa'rr«;7i 

*|  jfif  345a.  812a 
'^m  Mi  •■■'09 

#  S.  771 
SM771 
M  f4  830\ 
jf4  (r.L'i:.  6.-.S 

f4;^  ^|i  ■•■'91 

£r.  52  I 

Ju  14  428,  687,  716.  S.  652p, 

^m^ma  t587 

^  460,  989 

Si5  Jj  909 

fiiif  270 

^  766B 

m  Pit  769 

fS  fj]  464 

^  *  ^  598,    604,    606,    607,    608. 
621B 

M  f4  •■'99,  605,  766b 

mmMm  771, 771A 
mm'-^  m  770A 

^^cmn9 

j     ^  20,  21,  22,  23,  27a,  873,  877a,  944, 
946,  966,  969 

cfi  Ife  ^I  726 

it  14  61  8b,  786a 

II  330,  331 

.^-  S.  805 

pjt  839a 

ff]  465c,  542a,  776. 

n]  ^  #  ^j  i65c,  776,  776  a 


[      xxxiv     ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHAKACTERS. 


^  n  i'73 

:*  »  952 

^  1u4a 

1    ®92y 

1  IE  y29 

|-  *S.  11 

1  «y43 

1    JEy29 

1    »'.'29 

1    59-;t29 

1  ^  *ft  1^  -^  '■•0 

1    :fe922 

^mnmi^&  '-istt 

1    A  945 

1    Hi  27a,  126a,  187,  305 

IM:-*    190,267 

1  mt 

iS  JJC  ^  IE  ^  775 

1  :^Bi5iJ  P/is. -16IA 

1  K  «f  i^  ii'r  «•  4e4A 

1  lt^4*;-«A 

1    %  J^  -^^ITb,  7758 

i    ^miX  HOO.  468.  775 

1    ?^  ^  775,  83:)A 

1    m  m  ra  'rf  775 

1    ?J?iftt7  775a 

1    %  ^  (I  775 

1    |i|ff607,.iOH 

Kuntr* 

K  ^  f,29A,  (;3I.  'Jo  7 

1    ±629C 

K  ine 


^/^73 


K'un^ 


K'iiiii»^ 


fL  it:  »fl  !'"0.  950 A 
I     n   202 


Kuo- 

iS5  ff  34:u 

■t'  S.  127 

Hfi  S.  55 1 U 

fit  2 

^  f^-^  77SA 

.1!  !?l  -'•'■•' 

^6^412,  412A,  959 

=f-  ^  4  ISA 

T-^ir^iyjftflas-  112A.  113a 

i  906 

■^  ::^  E  s.  128  to  149 
Kuo^ 


*  m  79A 

I     ^«:*7-.)A 

Kuo^ 

ia  Llj  «  15*  65(;a 

La' 

M<fi914,  911b.  917.  918 


Lai^ 


,   « IS  ^  ^'-'S 


Lair 


Jl^Sf  718,  S.  76H 
I    9fl  950,  950b 

I  «!  f*  W  '.♦'•' 

I  ifnnd^ '-'Sa 

I     G9H1 
I      HI  Ml  K.  191 
\    a   ff  S.  20f. 

XXXV        ] 


INDEX 


Lang^ 


tfJ  76.  104d,'29O,  670,  798 


^  SI  ^  950b 
I    5^55 


Jt  m  934 


Lao^ 


Leng^ 


Li^ 


I    ?S;  14  S.  825  to  826 
^H^m  979 

LP 

Sl&^271 

^11271 

^  §B  274,  49lA,  940 

^  :^  E  S.  128  to  149 

^^491,940 

^  |5]  $n  849 

m  fJ)  495 

m  S]  A  979a,  897 

m  f^  585 

fb  m  %  pJi  771 

PbT  826 

H  ai  «f^J  849a 

Iff  |5]  ^  849 

M  545,  790 

^  "g-  67,  545 

*:  S]  S  897 

^  ii  ^J  8  49 A 

^  iBl  ^  849,  894 

^  ^  771a,  790 

?^  [5l  *n  849 
*^  IE  ^  F^  •'')85 

§§  r^-  384 

%\  ^  S.  376  to  394 

i^i41 


jl  ^  SI  393 

1    ?4  822 

1    3K  274,  376,  933,  934,  935 

Li* 

Is,  962 

1    f4  822 

1    g  237,  231),  239A,  76(;a,  B,  796a 

851a,  855a,  861a,  S.  796a 

1   |ft5  274,333 

1    .a  945 

t«J  ^  IE  959 

1    K^957 

Liang^ 

^  ^  f^  535 

M  ^  it  836 

1  BR  f^ -129 

1    «^M674 

1   l!^f4  429A 

1    1^  ^  S.  825  to  826 

1   M,  ii  f!)  794 

1    M  I5l  ^  849 

1    K908 

1     it  836,  838 

1    ^  it  836 

Liang^ 

JTq"  ^  H  ^  ^  S.  369A 

1    ^i  H  J^  II  S.  369A 

1    S't5C^^-t755 

1    StS:«^lf  ^f=755 

1  nmnw^-^^^ 

1    ffi  ^  i*  ^  PirS.  835C 

1    1^955 

1    ^  /J-  #  ^  576,  578 

1    -^  X  m  #  ^  «05 

i    K821B 

Liao^ 

m  m  Pc  635 

j  -;f  it2i3 

!    ?i  it  i^  fi?  1W  it  213  • 

[      xxxvi      ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTKKS. 


Liao* 

61 »  n  :&  ^^71 

1  «'^g!^i^5$K'Br'7iA 

^  ft  P/i  4(;0A 

1    «n]  Xlfi:"'7lA 

Lien* 

1  8!*i'tf.'7i 

frfl  ti  9"'0 

IK  ■^•'« 

aiiHP^isu 

1    ilfSSO 

1  m  si  :^58 

Liiig^ 

1  m^->- 

isa  isj  u  loiB 

LicMi' 

1    SjF  12'JB.  TJU 

1  ^'It  ^.hfrxfe  12-..B 

^^  >(r  7:.3.  S.  7:.3 

1    ^  lt;2B,  4<)3,  790 

1     'g  »  dij  54  S.  82.-.  to  82(J 

1    m  «  49:i-  879 

1   g  P/i  7u:5 

1    fig  '.t6,  '.I7E,  729,  746.  748.  799. 

874 

1    S^75<i 

1  |!ifc;kE8.;.^ 

1    dli  Jg  S.  S26  to  S26 

1    i}i  320.  332 

1   :^iS  ^I'N  936a 

1  iii;ff:5;?2 

1    '|i  fig  382 

Liir 

1    i|f  m  332 

w^n  *>o-^ 

1    i^  -fr  320,  332 

i  *  n  s'jo 

'    1  f^i*;ff!)'i 

- 

i  :;fe  ^<-.oi,(i02 

1    f#  &?/[>>)  ^  Bl  98 

i&^^n  424 

i    iat834 

Ki  §)j  i7<;c 

Ling' 

1   \i!f'^^>i^\ 

1    B$f^S  4rVf*;»l 

^  8J6 

1    H?f  '■?  ffc  ^  «  8.  702 

1    :^8o6 

i    »g9«.1ft'J-'7 

1    -;*•  8. -.6 

■JUS.  im 

1   •    •> 
lAU- 

I.iii' 

ai?Tfr2ni 

#.  K  A  ''"''J 

Liu^ 

1  aiE'.>-i7 

1   l}±<i:i9A 

>•>-  W  8.-.0 

1    ^  .',77c,  <)2yA,  031 

1    ^2108 

Liiii^'' 

1  ,'.!,  Hi  ajfc  sc,  89 

1   ,?^,  ..]  Mi  77 

P$  VI  ■''•''•• 

1     ol.  »  »fl  'tf  S'^liB 

1  ««iti')»:«|(V'7iA 

1     nL  i*  »«. 'lY  382B 

1    ■ff.'J:  r^  ■.7l.74:»B 

1    ,'..•.%  4  90 

1  ¥«!Vj  aSHi.?!:^ 

1    X  274 

1  SAia-'if  '71 

1  as.vi 

XXXV 11 


INDEX 


Ji  ^  If  231 


Lou^ 


Lou* 


I  '^  655,  656,  753 
¥  i^  ^  -r  S.  702 

mmm.  701 

WW^M.  703,  S.  702 
^  /Jv  ^  ^  708,  709 
W^^  708 
¥  A  ffi  ^  708 
¥  #  ^  103d 
^  If  822 

¥  ^  ©  ^  ^  621a,  713,  71(; 
¥X:^I4  716 
¥.^:E£  1=^716 
¥?i:K- 1^716 
m:^'r^^711 
^;^S.f;^716 

¥  ffl5  274,  417,  420,  936,  936a.  b,  S. 
420 

¥  ffl?  ^  f  436 

¥  fflJt^^  *  ^  tm  1^  ;&  tp  ^  I&  820 

¥  ji  /X  *  .^  71lA,  716 
¥;;'^  e  S.  128  to  149,  420a 
5:  5iJ  :A:  E  S.  128  to  149,  420a 
W-:^^^  708,  712 

¥^I?:^^^712 
-f:iM^^.^7i5D 

^fp  m  ^^708,710,  716 

W-Mfm:km'M^-  184b 

S^749 

?§  ^  Pi  656A 

M:^:^  731 

i¥§  ik  B]  477 
XM^io 

«^  ^  P^  If  78fiA 
^m  ^Jk  ti2lA,  786 


IfS  «i  iV  ^  M  786A 
\    mmA  300,  484 

i^  ^  H  1^  H  S.  369A 

^i^749 

1^  ^"184j,  185e,  g,  h,  I,  J,  K,  L,  220, 
221,  222,  294,  422b,  425b,  434, 
481,  759,  760,  761,  763,  764,  765, 
S.  128  to  149,  376  to  394,  432, 
436J,  702 
I  *«tE7?c#£^^  p)i758D. 

Luan^ 

mmi^  111 

I    ^  ft  109,  942 

I  fi^ 111 

I    1^  r)  113 

I    ^  ^  109,  942 

Lun^ 

^  ^  14  185g;  S,  436a 
I    «&tS^^789 
I    ^^1^720 

mmmf^  585 


Lung^ 


gg, 


^  B  629b 

m  1 


#  ^  11  461a 
I    Met  439 
I    i5(|f758K 


LU^ 


.1  ^  730,  732.  874 
I    5*c  680,  706c 


[ 


XXXVl 


ii      ] 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


H  ^  g  680,  704,  705 

Mei^* 

1  *  JEtS:  f\  :nA 
1  ^fiiJIfen-iiA 

5^«*^«:i7b 

1  53  t).">«A,  i">r>9 
1  s  ^  tut;,  704 

Men' 

1  S*.^'i.-.B 

n  =p  14  801 

1  S*^4:n 

1    S801 

1    fS  'g-67f.,  71lA 

1  $soi 

1    S':J£"04 

1  «a8oi 

1    ^S  ^-*>7'> 

1    T713A 

1    8t42.-.B 

1     B   '12 

Meng- 

1    #665,  tlOfi,  7<i6a.  712 

H  8f;4,  872,  S72a,  87i;,  87(;a, 

88:) 

1    ^  f^  4  JS.  71.; 

1    :fe872 

1  ^  f^ «  ^  n  <>8.-. 

mm^  57oA 

I  m7->4 

1    3l*:t-'79 

1  ^mm^^^'^00 

1    ^l^-^7o,  .;i9 

1    Bfe656A,  D,  6.")!t.  70(; 

1  «i^i^fe«;i9 

1  m^i^o 

1  rafe«n*.t7i4 

]\Ieiig' 

Mai' 

sisntt  ffj^Tiii 

ft  ^  «'0 

1    is '^60 

1    A-  m  138,  497 

1  .!rAS«7i.s 
1  -A-tt.,^190 

Man« 

1  ffKf^49;i 

JW  '^  ^  f4  627 

1    jlW  778 

1  :B^iSsi2b 

1    m  Au«12a,  901 
1    ^5J'^j!.^I2a 
1    ^  vi]  X12 
1    ;(*  ,fl  «  812,  901 
1    «Jtt.^J«12A,  9..1 

1   ^  ^  2t  U(  (I  -;27 

1    ZlJft  129b 

1    «^  iSSgr*  '51^621,  627 

1    R35AS  13K 

1  *  W- 1:^« 

1    tt  Jfi5- 379,  422a.  \'j:\ 

1    la^*  129B 

Meni;' 

1    tt  «  190 

1    »'h*^o79.  717B 

s  T  ^  n  o8.-. 

Mao* 

Mi^ 

E  »  *  n  •-•«'-. 

m%ilT  '••••'21.  S.  768P 

Mao* 

Mi^ 

as  >*-  900 

|«  See  Pi* 

fT  ii  A  as  a  ¥  n  •••»2 

XX 

*tf  •«  Ai  fi'i  'i£  «<;:» 

xix 

INDEX 


Min^ 

S  i^  1^  79(;c,  822 
I    gc  ^  274,  339a,  9S1 
I   Sk  ^  iii  C^  ^  »  ^  -^  S.  .■i2P-B 
1    i^  (^- 7.-.4,  807 
i    ^  o]  807 
\    l^m^  .754,  807 

I  14-  219A-.  75!).  7(i0,822,  S.  21!)  to  21i>A 

I  ^4^71^219 

I  #;lifl*219 

I  ^:^  !5  S.  128  to  149 

I  3^349 

I  Iff.  14-  811a,  831b,  S.  219  to  219A 

I  M  M  759,  7ri9B,  760,  7()0b,  7()1a 

I  &9.J9 

Min^ 

^  gk  M  nf-  H  ^  it  1^17 

m  m  m  ■>-^--> 

1    #  i§  J^  S  S.  8r,9A 

Mino-^ 

^  lit  573 

\    M^T^  r)2.">A,  n 
I    #  -t  n  829B 
I    #^>£S783 

m  m  9"'7 

III  ^  12;-),  382b,  S.  S7(;  to  :}:)4 
I    ^  IS  i^  125 

Moif 

II  :§  f^  1851,  (J99,  S.  436c 

Mu  (Mo)^ 

mmm^  579 


$a  St  ifc  766c 

It  s  755 

H  3^8.-7150 


Mii^ 


'Aixm  6*J7 

1  ^^%'m  12  J 

1  5c  S.  191 

1  It  4(;oa 

1  E  680 

J^  851 

i  m  ?'S  755 

1  ^  83H,  898 

1  :g  88,  755 

\  mm^ 755 

1  »?4  755 

M  ^  822 

Na^ 

1^  a  028 


Nan^ 


^  944 

W  }^  79B 

/i^  f  m  87c 

?^  79b 

^'^  M  ^  H  1^  ^  795b 

^  s.  2o<; 

^90 

^mm'^  97E 

7^'  ^l^  E  476,  S20B 

Nan* 

Si  j^  0-140 
I    l£^^^959 
I    *S^958 

Nei* 

r'S  ^  ^  it  tiil  ^  <!52l,  S.  7581 
I    S£97,  71.^ 


[       ^'1       3 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


f^  M  ft  '^  970,  78-.A 

1  J*^'^1':a 

1  fet-^^ 

:  is«  K-H" 

I    ^  S.  173.  !!•:?  to  -JiMic 

1    ffi  S.  VX2 

:    i^i^  15^978 

1   'A  §5  ^  7:ir 

1   'A  ^  m  W  ^  0:u 

1    |i|iIi-^!'7A.  73JA 

;    UJl  IX't.  s.  IiT,  I2S  to  U'.t 

t    Ra  i|'  15  137.  ;{s:{,  i;isu.  r.25 

!  [a  N'i  jll  :^^  15  '^^  i"-^«  f<  '•*'•'               ' 

1   m¥i^M:k^  s.  iL's  t<,  H!i 

,   m^V=±  i:>:<                                       i 

1  isifr  ii5i{c?ri.g  1^1                  i 

1  mi'irm  i--^  -                         • 

1  Raffim^i-i:^' 

1  p<g#rs  i:;*^ 

1  iin-jvs                               ; 

1    t?  fiti  ■^■"':  104 D,  o70 

1    H0ty7.  !•«.  7 IS 

1  :;^E9s 

1    It  .S.  137 

1  ;a-"''^" 

1    %;fif  75.  7.-.IV 

1   %  ;fif  H  fij£ 'h 'Ji '!r<  :i7a 

Xiao'' 

.P>  fft  li  '•♦:^A                                            ! 

ftrriijft^i.; 

'   «t  !«^JK7:i7. 74r, 

!  tfr  SJ^  f!A  «;  -17 

1  «r  ^  /^/i  It  cfi  -M 

t  «T,:9'.K7.s7 

1  «r  ::9  ii£  ^  cfl  -'7 

1   mcfifW:  7)<; 

Nicli^ 

A  «•)  «:»0 

1    ««3<« 

ing- 


-^  13.  Fj  ><■''•' 


Xiu= 


X(.^ 


^fl«lfF;t06,!il.-.,915A 
I    IR  '^  iHT).  91. 'A 


',,2 


WL  -t  '•'**:^ 


«?  m  no 


Xu 


iuan 


Xmig- 


CiJFJClfl  770c 

I  ^-Jl  I")   V.K) 

I  JFji  '^  598,  f,(iO.  COS,  f.ii:!A.  770.  77nA 

I  ^770 

I  B  it  '?t  !'T  •''•"■> 

I  iff  r,.-,2F: 

t  ff  X  '^  ■''•••I 

I  tr  770c 

'  X  i??i  «.  ^'j  76'.i 

I  :r.  jfTj  n  K2J 

'  T.  iSl  SB '-'71.  462.  '.i;<H.  '.I.T.I 

1  ^K  fj>t  '^.  •■'17h.  77(t() 

I  ♦*  ft ':•■-•< 

I  X  H^j  :^  15.  ^-  i-'t^'o  "■' 

I  t?n3i9 

I  '|l   'I*  n  'i''  "7.  '■'1711.  77ii 

I  li  2<  WtaS  ''»:<A.  770.  7:(»», 


\ll 


INDEX 


I    ^tU^  pn  617B,  770D 

I  ^3^-t  770 
I  m  ^  ?J\  770 
\    ^^  ^  598,  600,  770,  770b 

I    ^^;f769 

I   S  S]  468 

1    1^  IS.  #770 

I    m  IS:  Ji  ft  ^  p;i  620 

I    H  $^  599,  601,  602 

I   ^^^   598,   600,   601,   602, 

603A,  621b,  770 
I    ilj^fi^SoOB 

Nil' 

^^578 
I    ^  ,g  ^  />  fl  ^  578 

I  ^  m  ^  ^h  fi  -^  578 

I  ^  /J>  ^  ^  578 

I  ^  ?0  ^  ^J»  fi  ^  578 

I  ?  M  ia  ^  .^  618,  619,  619  a 


603, 


0^(2) 


m.  «ee  E* 
f(5  See  Ao' 


^k  m  mm^si.m.'^  652b 
A  m  718 

Silo  ^  ^h  ^  .^  717A 
m  filj  K15  it  7i2 
SJI  /J>  ^  ^  579 

m  M  '#  /j^  ^  ^  717A 

lift  'B'  m  717 
iSi  *t  ^  *r  30f' 


A 


nu 


n 


nu 


o 
no 

n 


e,  1^- 


X. 


^  fili  'g-  413A 
A-'^.t  299 
fi  A  945 

ar  H  239 

1^  lit  481,  766 
K]  jg77 
ji  :^  86,  89 

n  M  90 
^41 

53^  Fj  520 
fi"  915 
I    HI  %  951 

I  !il  fi  *#  M 1;  m  m.  864 

^  K  582a,  631 

I    K:^  628,  629a 
J5  3K  «.  752a,  f. 

I    I®,  752f,  796,  800 

Pai^ 

e  f^  915a 
I    %  ML  -\-  ^  tft  437A 


Pai' 


nn^^  124 

P'ai^ 

^|£656b,  f,  711a 
I    ^  661,  t;79,  704,  705 

I  'r7iiA 

I    1^  ^7f  654a 

P'ai* 

M^Jtii  422a,  S.  551b 

Pan^ 

?i  99,  713 
I    iij  tf]  122 
I    ^918 


[      xlii      ] 


OP  CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


Pan* 

#*  B  'J'  ^  iff  61SB 
I    B  fi  :^  679 
I    gg  Kl  ^  726A 

Mi  'B   423b.  618a.  15.  r>23,  635c 
'1t  Til  It  S82 

I   >li  '^6:.tA 

I    i|i  ;^  E  879A,  S80,  905 

I    m  n  5L'.-.n 

nxn^^&- 1''2 

Paiiii' 

W  -j^t  np  30S 

I  ^  1?  ±  ff  -it  308 

I  ±  ^  308 

I  ±  fti  ±  fr  i^  308 

I  ^?!£l-'9B 

I  «5  J«  :^  S  J:  tr  ;^  i^^'R 

I  j^  102,  KIOa,  H;2b,  246,  267,  J93, 
535,  697,  700,  779,  780,  781,  783, 
80oA,  811  A,  S.  335  to  338,  368A, 
878 

!    «»  «t  >»  A  E  243 

i    »  :^  fli.  87yA,  907,  S.  007 

I  W  S.  758 

I  $fi  yg  H-",,  245,  310,  393,  535,  697, 

S.  3(i9A,  373 

I  ^  |!»  S.  820,  82t; 

I  It  ttl  147,  7H3,  S.  155,  M'5  'u  x'Z6 

I  a«r  2111 ''30 

I  life  ir  70(;a 


Pao  (Po)' 


I'an-' 


fe  y<  47.07.  737 


Pao' 

1%  ^  jff  343A 

Ua  ^  427,  S.  424 
^  •I62A 
^C  6]  461 A 

m  "'75 

?^  #  «54 
%  984 
11:953 

M  Fj  <60a 


W  H  <;2'.k; 


Pao* 

III  a  ?!E  f*  SS  99 
^^435c 

P'ao* 

et  K  <i8o 

I  JIS  iS  737,  746 

I  «S  ffll  746 

I  J^.  ^  428,  686,  716.  S.  652E 

I  r^m!tm&,  6H6 

I  ^  850 

I    iqfe  666  a,  k,  65;*,  67o,  714 

I   \^:k  n  ■«:!<> 

I  i*i),ua'ir67o 

IV-i' 

n  l^jj  18.  27a,  863.  S73 
I    -f-  19,  -J 7 A.  873 


L    xi.ii    ] 


INDEX 


Pei^ 

Pi* 

At  m  3<i<iB 

5®  M^S.  127 

1    1^  457.  766 

m  Ti 

J    «ll^^ff548 

'^n^mmmm  872a 

1    ?&-9(i 

1  m#-^«3i 

1  nm^m.m'^  -d.-.d 

IS^*:^:  167b,  S.  128  to,  149 

1    -^  800 

1    MS.  I'-'i 

1  n'^^^^iu^ 

1    it  #  422,  S.  422,  832 

1  n^m^^\->^ 

1    #  'i>  167b,  755,  75(; 

1    t'(^  -k  S  476,  789,  820b 

1    ?t'rfffi7o6 

1  :n-Xm  rt.s.  5S4 

1  mm  1  ••»'.• 

Pei* 

1    #11  167b,  S.  128  to  149 
1    #  A  805,  822,  S.  3  69  A 

m-^m.mi^^  loe 

m  %\\  m  S.  373 

1   ffi^680 

1    U\  m  '±  M  373,  S.  373   ■ 

P'ei^ 

P'i^ 

^ses'^K-fS  ii--i 

tit  Tjsj^  i;.8 

1  ^'r8i2A 

|.§5[:^.<ie835A 

P'ei* 

m  }^  m  42.5 

1    ^  "P/i;:^  ^  83.0A 
iiC  /i|C  77 

Peu^ 

1    jg  <>80 

2|s:|4  252,  6U2,   (;o;^,    (;o7, 

611, 

612, 

Initio! 

615,    6l8c,     623a, 

627, 

787, 

H  65(;b,  e 

S.  584 

1    m  1S8 

P'iao* 

P'eiig- 

W<  .^  t^  IH8 
1    Hfo-.OA 

^  6o6b,  f,  706 

l>i3 

Pielr'-" 

glj  U  849 A,  851a 

Jrb  8 77 A 

1    ^  568,  617,  623,  627,  S.  623 

1    H  »&  tft  •<■£.  ^  877A 

1    i3fB438 

Pieii 

-^ijlAS^  70,  76,   !OlD,    123, 

201a 

202, 

m%m  180 

203,    204,   210,   212 

K.   n. 

229, 

\.=t^  458,  S.  458 

230,231,  293,  2!).->, 

713. 

754, 

1    =t  n@  1")0a,  151 

7il8 

1    $1^10,488 

1    JC^293 

1    |if4-l"'8.  541 

[       -Xl 

iv 

OF   CHINESE    dHARACTERS. 


/ 


m^ 


m 


i  »j^ 


Ag  162a 

^  S.  3;^.")  to  Wis 

^^  1.-.4A 

ti]  44(- 

'ir  S'l'.l 

SOOu,  o'.iSc.  (i^'.ic 

21(»A 

A7j  Ks:.M,  130b,  8.v.» 

f4  700,  S.  4:56c 

;]!?  S.  373 

ii'f  372 

iil  if  Ji.J  4>'fi 

14  34 1  A 

Pit  li52 

JPJ406 

^  *^  fit  404a 

4H(»r 

Fj  40(;a 

'§•712 

m  f$  i^  7,s2A 

*ifS22 

li]  4*j(; 

ff  S16a.  822 
A  E817.  84:.A 


rieu^ 


;.1  p^5  ±  7.-.8E 


I'i 


I'l 

11- 

:i^  >;  707 

1  ^^  *ii\  71:;a 

1    ^nlt  185.N 

I    'it  i?4  -t;^  703.  : 

II 

1  xmikn^F 

^  /(§  "1  I'I  lg  m  ''J*'^ 

1  .!!  to  ^1  jf  7;tr,A 

1   a  tiu'-' 

1    fi  Jg  697.  t>y8 

1  «S  ig  *S.  *4> 'i!'.s 

1    }fr»415.  417.  <I3(5 

1  ;S  f^  i§  «.  7:;h 

1    3B  f"?  i$  '^-'OD,  834 

1    H  iiiSlfi.  835.838. 

844,  844c.  Si)4 

1    fiSit  fSiP^816A 

1   af'->:^6 

P'illli'^ 


Zp  i£j  tij  4lilA 

1    K  512A 

6^  ^^^411 

1  .iiiri4ii 

1  m2\c, 

Po^ 


S^S.  131 

1  ;3  8(;iA 

1    ;5  -^  853.^.  877a 

fdl  •»44,  '.)6r.,  1)6'J 

1    i,t  8(13.  877a 

^ms.  2(ir, 

1    ;j^  S.  206 

mmx^oi-' 

1    ±229.  230,  231.412a,  944  a 

1    ±  51'J  -T  ll  !'60 

1  ±  l!!!  fS  :W4B 

■|  !^  ii&t;i«B 

m  jnl  ia  ^J  84!IA 
I  «j  je  7o:.a  to  I) 

I  \if.B^i^  '■*■'' '" " 

.      1    Wi  W  to  79:.A  tn  I),  M'.t 

I  ift«7!M; 


[      xlv       ] 


INDEX 


I    ^  f4-  252,  618b,  623a 
I    ^  965,  967,  968,  969 

Z^AA^  27A 

AA^mm^2^ 
AA5>mm  ^22 
mjikm  m  rv  826 

§  1  ^  (  658,  793,  819A,  825 

m  W  799 

:f:  H^  727,  799 
"fWM  m  797 

'^  ^  m  m  m  a  ^if  soo 

'^  ^  II  ^f  n  798 
:^^783,  736,  797,  801a 
aWS  124 
J£  f4  42S,  684.  716,  S.  6o2b 

m  754 

m  656a,  706 

lit  ^  430 

ife  «  n  f^  ^  714 
f/|5  275,  870,  906 

FoS  701 

m  892 

^•277,820 

^  882 

1^  279,  280,  821 
f^  IE  ±  ^  ^  ^  B74A, 
I    iE  384A,  P,  S.  376  to  396 

P'U^ 

#31  t5:W574 

I    ii  ^  622,  625 

I    MmJEmiX  7I3a 

\  m.mmB.  625 

I    ii^SlJ  IXA713A 
I    i§  14-  699,  601,  605,  606.  COS,  611. 
828 


^  m  |iF  g  615 
1   M  Jii  fli  374a 

1  m  m  ioo 

1    ii  ^  ^f  550A 

Sa^ 

^ffiic  :;«;- 79c,  573c 

Sai^ 

^g-§-  773,  773a 
1    H  ?f  S  l>&  !i  M  876 
1    #^ffiJH5  870 

San^ 

;  gE  78a,  97,  99,  717a,  718 
li^h^-^717A 
i!^  m  35c  0C  II  S.  97 
S£  #  ^  99 

m^ii^^m^  78a 
m  m  215 

J^  849a 

P  ii  ^  ;^  S  820b 

i;  943 
^  943 

¥m4^m^M,m  577,  s.  577 

^  99,  103b 
^^  1"  778 

^f4ii  184 J.  805^  83 IB 

^mm  i8'«j 

^  1:  til  f  328,  413a,  669 
-4  m  m  t  C'G'2 
^  t:-  K  322 
=f  IS,  Ji  268 

^  ii  P  'if  :i:;(i 

^  ^  ic  679 
-^-  §t  ^  268 
^  857 


[   xlvi   ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


San' 


Sfc  M  Si--' 

I    £1854 
I   ^  t<.  7:.3 


San* 


lit  m.  t  737 

1  ^  ;'t  e  US 

1  i^:-'Oi 

Sen' 

^*MH««914A 

!  tt:^  fv:''i7i'' 

Seng' 

ftiE.578A 

1  ^■■■:iA 

1    m  -73A,  S.  57 

Sa 

1  mms.  ."3a 

1  Ifl  tn  ai)  ?n!  Ifl 

S.  .■>73a 

1  m  .'•]  fip  ai  5' 

:5a 

1    iHi  B]  .^.73A,  S. 

.")73a 

Sha' 


^.Z^  87.-,  ills 

\  ^mv «■•■' 

1  ^Pti'is 

IS  /j£  P  K  tJ  ••' 

6lB 

Slian 

H  ¥•  iil  121 

»  «  JB  837 

1    ^  «f.  h!l  837 

1    iif  .-hSa 

Uf  ffl  8'i2 

1    ««22 

1    £5  4!i3,  4!I5a 

1   R  F5}  s.  3.;9/ 

I 

1    aU822 

Shano-' 


^  J^*^  [B.875,  <.ill 

!  J^iH¥E^n87r, 
^{i^  ^  r,y8,  613.  C14.  CI.-,  Gic 

«ff  ^V  ^  772 
^  774 
jfl  t;52E 
1^  :k  ^l  :.92 

^  fit  4(;iA,  46:>B 

^  ^fj  4r..-iD,  776A 
^aM5J-^776A 

iSi  M  ^'ij  iilj"  - :  tB 

le  yt  86:5 

go  461, '.138 

±910 

^  5j^  ■&  774 

miSi.ft  774 

^  315  I\  300,  468 

igj  j^t  839a 

:j^^^774 

n  m  7ti'.» 

^  HI  A  4fi8 
:f;jf^i\  321,909 

m  »  n  m  ?^?  Hfi  ^'20 

^<5t^    598,    609.    610.    r,n,   f.l2, 
62  IB 

'^^f^i  774 
r];^  rS.  ^24,  924a 
a^g^S.  240 


Shano-' 


I    111  '.HS 


[      xlvii      ] 


INDEX 


Sliang^ 


±1 

n^M^Mmm'A  598c,  787 
?g  m  J^  M  790 
111^127 
*ic  ^  S.  90 
.  *fc  ^  S.  90 
H  5^  97,  718 
-^959 
±658 

m  m  m  ss 

^  H  ffl  ^  73B,  742a- 

f^:  ^  91 

>^  IF.  91,570 

2^  filj  91 

3^  845 

1^91 

8#  IE  91,  570 

m  m  91 

■^  276,  27S,  S.  753 

mmn  585 

m  ^  S.  223 

1^  Fj  gl  S.  236,  23Ga 

^  ^j  ^  f*.  S.  240 

m^imm^-  2«' 

®  ^  929 

i  m  S-  279 

Jit  659a 

ffi  :}^  Sr  793 

m    216,    217.    93:^,    934,    !>35,    936b, 

937a,  940,  S.  58,  59 
f&  857 
ti  943 
1*943 
fillj943 
FT]  ;S;  412a 
'n  A  935 
Ti]  nK  438 
ff]  ^  460 


^  S]  .d  415 

I    ^1^932 

I    f!]i:^936B 

I    S]  Hi  934 

I    fi]M349 

I    ^  333a 

I    ffe  659a 

I    m  ffi  376 

I    ^929 

I    g*-849,  857,  929 

I    gt  659a,  857 

Pjl"  656b,  f,  706,  707,  749,  752k,  800, 
S.  753 

I    ^  706b,  c,  S.  753 

1    'j^-  706b,  C,  812a,  S.  75S 

Shen^ 

#  9ll  ft  fiR  977 
J^iif^912A 
m  M  512 

f  li  m  ^  733,  740 
I    m  79C 
I    ^^-390 
I    ^^-§-JE39l 
I    m^^'^  391 

^  fH-  ^  431,  805 

ff  1^  374a,  S.  127,  551b 

^14  541 

'p;  812  a 

m  m  444 

^J  :i:  S.  702 

HsM^  ff]  623B,  788 B 

fi  5^  IS  759a,  760a,  B,  761 

'^J  tr  S.  702 

%  li  758,  759,  7C0.  761 

n  mnmi^  758a.  e 

^IJ  '^  PI  526,  758 


[      xlviii       J 


OF    CRIXKSE    CHARACTERS. 


^  tij  ^nf  ^  )9f  7.-.8R.  s.  i'21 
i    ^ff398 


mm  n]Rl 


ShO'll' 


Shrno' 


±  i\  C,29a.  !)60 

H  T^  1^  ''-^B 

7l^  >5-  St  <-:n 

^816,  81!tA 

1  iq*«i'8 

m  «C  .->7:? 

1  *  1 

s;hr'no-' 


Sheiiii 


Sl.il. ' 

IW  Ef  «  W  ?^  40(.,  407 

i  ©  a  w  •■'■4 

i  ELiS7^  ji)i<;i8A 

I  et«??  pfi  f-isA 

I   t5  *  5&  618,  61KA,  B.  r.Hi,  r,i!iA 
I  Cf^m  A''i«B 
I    aw  "92b 

Sliil,= 

\\-  ii  '.»'.«.  70G.  7<i6ii.  f.  xI'Ja.  .-74,  s.  7 

r/  ;k  n  2-.. 

I    fH970 

I    SJ  ifif  601,  60r,.  611 

I    *f7,8l 

I  n  «r  11*0 

1  «  W  0  fii-' 


S  -:!<l  «  W  -'71 

1  X-lfe?^fM01 

I  m%ki\ini3  ?f\  •'i»S-  <"'17a.  «;18,  620 

I  ^^^598,  508 A,  r.  617a,  7s.-, a. 

787 

I  51^1^599,  828 

i  •:!^  *n  ^  ??  a  *  .-ig  V..S.  599,  <;17a 

I  ^  JK  ?5f  *f  J-^i 


Sl.ih^ 


1$  fe  330.  .S31 

I  ;ff:n2 

I  at -3^ 

I  7k:  n 
I  u  3:?o 


Shili 


±  ^  1^.  Sg  7->f. 
I  7-  r.2!tB 

1S  ^  I . 


m 


'.Ml 


[ 


I  ?5i^i1f  27a,  on 

I       I    -r-  12,28 

TlT  ^  ^^.  79<;a 

}       \    ^S.  71IC.^ 

I  ff:  ig  9.t1 

!      I    ^i  "6  59.5,  .V.t.iA.  .-^gG.  G2S 

,      I    ^U^  '!5(-  #*  ■■>9.=-)B.  .'i97A 

5t.  itt  f'^  ^-  ""7 

.   fi  •«  i;'7 

I      I    IS  *  ±  19-' 

'     I  B>  s.  2:»8 

[   Un  279.  280,  4 '.'2,  820 n 
'•^  i    an  I3-..  I'.'fi 

I    ^  8s.  99,  73f..  9.-.a 
'       1    ?flj  8i  ^F  "^ 

;    I  «f  j^f  fiis  '.'9 

I  {•?;  ft  ii  '••!• 
I  Wi-'i3 

xlix      1 


INDEX 


^£E  185,  75(1,  s.  i.s:>A 
ffl  i^  -r-  ^  2(;s 

m  pfT  -71,  771a 

i|t  ^  GU:;a,  770,  770a 

^  Tr  .  404,  (553,  S2S,  S21IA,  b,  S."  Ig 

9^  y4(; 


Sf^ 


573 


SI 


?;E>i*,  £912 


SI 


lO* 


ion 


^  ^  i:{'.),  157,  190,  4301'., 

7Gf! 

1    f:$^535 

1    g:  tr  6521,  S.  758f 

1    ^iE^ri71lA 

1    %^  422A,  711a,  77S, 

780 

1    -JCmmil  'llA 

1    ic,  f^  422,  S.  SC.SA,  422 

,  42(;r 

1   -±  'iT *!-'■"',  •■•4:5A 

J    !i£:pJt422A 

1    ^Jt^ltTOi),  7i:u 

1    ^it  ]0SB,(;!)4 

1  fl  ^^  ±  I'Z  :i<;2 

1    51  ^  251,  S16A 

1    Il^*jl438 

\  ^mm i<;3c 

1    ?.^P)t453 

1    ir^1tt^212R 

1    f!  ^  ft  ::t  it  779 

1    5f  Xi  (i'.H,  822 

Shoii^ 


g:  848 
I    fl^752D 

I  m  m  844B 
I  mmmi^^ 

I    g^P'cE570 


■-70 


Mf  s  g  <i»;9 

f;f,'f7r.2D,  J,  80r>,  S3I 
[3]  1^^748 
gt;  7(;6b 
^■r7  4^  76i;b 
&  ^  'g'  167g 

'*?  8;m 

t  m  848 

M  sr.c. 

I'f  80.-. 
If  914A 

fl  ;<5:  ^t  f^  fL  ^  fS  -3 
fiS  ;fe  SS  f^/  m  m  -'^ 

^fl  li  237 

SI  1  Oil* 

m  m  ?4  601 

i  I^^I4  60;5 
i  f:^^n5!io 

I    ^«it  ^^617n,  71.M-1 

I  Iimf4.<:"2 

Sim' 

^  p,C  103b,  KiSc,  167»,  171,  295,  325, 
327,  328,  403,  413A,  514,  535' 
541,  578,  622a,  642a,  664.  674, 
694,  706a,  711  a,  770c,  822,  828, 
829B,  S31A,  S.  3G9A,  464a,  825 
to  826 
I    t\L  ^  1'].  664,  704,  706b,  c.  S12a 

I    1iUi?fe  310,  404,  766b,  S.  369a,  652. 
832 

I    ri!fG-^5A 

1    1*520,  521,712,  ,S22 

I    ^^  779,  780,  781 


[       I       1 


OF    CHINESE    CHARACTERS 


mm 

'^  a  121 

IS  t^  i^  S.  12?  ( 

0  149 

Shu- 

Jft  A 

945 

Shu' 

a  j'v 

;ilso  Shii« 

1    jE  3S4U,  38H, 

391 

1    ^ 

389,  391 

i  € 

129,  S.  128 

to  149 

1  :H1 

855 

mis. 

854 

Shu* 

mit 

gt201 

1  ^ 

i  201,  593c,  629c 

^  929 

:K:&641,  771a 

i^  Ag  155,  163d,  181,  511.  S.  373 
if  i^  IfwB.  399,  411,  42'.',  541.  C52, 

755,  766b.    787,  811a,   S.   SOSa, 

422,  43fiE 
1^  'T  6521,  x^e  ^  ^  ft 

^  p)i  r69 

;!K  SI  30«,  460.  480 
«^t5S)?  -'22,  G41 
I*  iS  S.  369A 

:B^a«i8i 

U^S  A  1631},  262  523.  f,4  1 

I*  f\    KtSii,    310.  '374a.    409,     (In. 

.525.*,    B,    526,    578,    618-*,    641, 

S.  167b,  458,  623 
irf  also  Shu' 
ii  S.  376  to  391 
fi3  «t  R  7:jh 

6A  VI  1»  ..]  2.;7 
89  >F^  2^741 

q  979 

Jl  H  !?;  tft  5l  2t;8 

J«  IJf(  tii  It  '&  26« 


I 


a  J!!£  Sft  9^ 
I    Tft  ^  ri]  267 


Shua' 


W^  E712 
I    I?  ^  103c 


gr|l  "^20,  821 


Shuai^ 


Shuaiic' 


«  sa  ^  S  953 
I  iH  !6c  + '-?  IE  a  437A 
I  «R  7£  ^  950 


SI 


lur 


7h  )$:  4i  \^  «^2A 

I  el=:^^599 

I  ^^-^•!02 

I  ?iJ  Ao  s  S.V.. 

I  f^lj  13  in  849 

I  ^  Di^  15  C?   '50b 

I  fiip  719,756 

I  IW  il  te  ^  -ff?  -hf  ««5a 

I  fim  i«i  K^  I*  707 

I  U^'^.  757.  757.V 

I  firp  ^£  "iJ  7.50b.  756b 

I  ilipi'^Jt  747,  75h-C 

I  -T- a- fia  •-'i;9 

Shui' 

*ft  aj  :5>  -I  h  flE  «t. 

I  ai  fil  A  {$  t^'-O,  855a 

I  JX-.'T^"'! 

I  BK909 

1  ^;j;&  2il.  S.  212 

I  ?A;^fr»»  A15  s.  2i: 

!  f»  j^  <?•  v.-.L',  <;2i  ^ 


[  '-  j 


iKdex 


^  ^  f^  S.  825  to  826 
I    m  p1  267 
I    ^  ic  E  242 
1    3^  ^n  656b 

SliLm=* 

mU^  27a.  126 

Hi  7|c  si:  aE  41 
I  ^  ;fif  #  ife  i^  794 
I  3^rtJM^^7'j(; 


i^  *  850 


Shiio^ 


So^ 


p)t  )S34,  S.  3(>8a 
I    :^  221,  374a.  52;},  :,27a,  767 

^  jl«  ff  428 
i    IJ  f4  42SA,  608b 

Pi]  275,  434,  74y,  752F,  800.  857 
I    I$:g88 
I    ^  ]85g,  h,    I,  J.  K,  L.    294,    4oi, 

S.  432a,  43r,j 
i    r^792 
I    &231 

I  K  77,  82,  'J6,  4G0A 

I  iiC8o7 

i  ^  M  it- .Gl '-'^o 

\  m:^^  i»29 

I  iiiH,  i>73c 

\  ^mw  fn m) 623j^  tosu 

1    ^-  ^  0U4C 


■pT]  ti  ^  343a.  796c.  840a 

^  *^  18.-)L,  432b,  S.  439a,  436k,  702 
J£  ;^^  E  S.  128  to  149 

i£  Tiff  ^  PJi  758b 
gl]  S.  43fij 
BE  845 
®  89 

it  f  •■-78 
^  79 

iS^ilf  A  573c 
m  t  «74 
^.  937 

m  m  »37A 

PI  857 

U  937 

fj^_  77,  298,  384a,  b,  456,  S.  376  to  396 

It  t  <'<i9 

'B'  304,  3U5,  79t;A,  882 

^  89 

XK  571A 
^  939 
g*  fr  933 
fS  #  Di  933 
m  'i-^  «  933 
•^^  701 
m  t  «74 
,{10  849,  !)3C 
^932 
«#940 

^  -^  a  940 

^  #  ^^  flpll  940 

m.  #  ®  936B 

-X  89 

HE  81.-. 

^    577b,    6."i0,    712,    779,    780.    781, 

812A,  828 
i)i  'g*  ,?.v  M]  JU  S.  432 
zjj:  ^  103o,  664,  669,  (•.72,  674 
■^  229,   252.    639A,   (i94,    709,   713A, 
812A 


[      lii     ] 


OF   CHINESE   CHARACTERS. 


m  n  t  *'•'•  s]  i5 

Su^ 

I    §  ±  103c,  661.  C61'.   672.   674, 
702,  704.  705.  7068.  C,  711a,' 

677, 
S12.\, 

II  ^  i/i% '<ij  ?)( fi.ri«<  wPJfe'"' 

831k 

Su- 

1    Ift7-J 

ii  fit  ^^  711a,  71.; 

1    it  837,  838a 

1    )!£|^ '#[^^709A,  711a,  716 

t    ^»S.  223 

1    )&  fH  :.9:.I5,  597a.  605,  (-,24,  712A 

!  nms.'223 

'    IG^  ^<i2lA,  S.  167B 

1    ^fPil93t 

1    f£f4167B 

1    m  ii]  934 

1 
1 

1    IE,  ^  167b.  S.  1G7B 

1    ajl  ^  A  573C 

1 

1  sa  '§■  ^■a 

Su* 

1    »'9 

1  My32 

Ai5mi4i 

1   JS79 

1    «i  4J  A  573c 

Siuui^ 

1  US'.' 

^mm  ftgg.  S.  412 

1    ;^  296,  307,  :>S3,  61>SB,  65S,  79J 

i 

1    *  I'l  •■89 

1    1^:^  658,663,  704.  705 

1    ^m   ±  !>•  -IISA 

1    iJJJB    212b,    296,    307.     334a. 

365, 

1    iT|TS.-.0 

378,  397,  422a.  461a,  491. 

7(".8, 

1  m-^'i-^ 

798 

1    lfe412A 

Sui' 

1  mf:6v 

1    3g  659.  S.  240 

j 

1 

i^i^J;ic!l$i&"7i4A,  899,1105 
1    JS  ra  *11  849 

1    SK   457a,   706,    7r,6A,  B.   704,  830a. 

8j?t,  853 
1   lil{  Hi  4-^7A 

i    i^  305,  798,  882,  897                                 ! 
1    t«W389,  391 

ffi  .C;  #^  577 

1    U  329,  4C8,   696 

iL  W  '>rc 


Sui' 


Ssu* 

ey  119  lift  392 

I    ^r-  SI  ']•  ''fk  ftlS   Si  ^t  5' 7,  S.  577 

I     A^a-    "'.'A 
!    ^  99 
Jtl  *  .^72 


%i9lH«i 

914b 

1    It  582a, 

631 

1    lt'J£C2 

.»A 

'Pa' 

i«  w  n-  -^7 

JU 

1    1*912 

L      liii      ] 


INDBl 


^!f.y'«f|i875,  918 
I    fi  !|0  US  914a 


Ta^ 


^  W  E  i»&  ^  a'J  sm  745B 
Ta* 

:;'C  ll  ^  S.  573A 
:^  ffC  S.  55 
;g;  ^  S.  752A  to  f' 
^  IfcS.  412A 
#  #  929 
^^S.  13^ 
f:  3^  936 
^  ^  S.  573b 
^«850 
^  (a  S.  278 
M  li  S.  7U 
m  <&  S.  793 
M  937A 
^  i^  210B 
!|f  (;59A 
m  -•?  658 

ii;  jgs.  79  6A 

#.  ^  S.  376 
]^  ^  793 

mm  I 

Wi  M  n  o42A 

!^  ?&P  ik  >^.  273 

ISl  la  93GB 

m  11^  S.  192 

!l'll  ^EJC  851 

•>h  ^  851 A 

±  #  629b 

ttH  y.  131 

^  S  S.  131 

^ifi§929 

JKMSoO,  S.  412a 

1^^937 


:^  li  if  g.  333a 
r|i  7^  821 
ttJ  If  929 
]p:656c 
fK  ^  848 
SU  fa  848 
%  ^  849,  S.  793 
^  ift  S.  793 
^  M  J^25 

:;i  flfx  1^  s.  240 

*S825 

^  ^  S.  752a  to  F 

^  929,  933,  945 

it  it*  845 

•^  ®  944a 

^■n  »  934 

^  ^fi  928 

fi=  A935 

m±  131 

^  .^584,  708,  712 

^  ^  ^  fi  fl  592A 

^  a  ^  #  633 

^1^594 

'fil  H  325 

g  ^  856 

f6  933 

5^  f|g[  S.  752A  to  F 

ft  S.  629c 

g-^929 

^W85lA 

&  fS  829 

^:fc829 

gi^850 

^  Ig  856B 

51  #  215,  921,  9:')7a 

31  #  JlfiP  210 

11  #/i?ip216 

3®  K21oA,  937a 

Jl  5M5c  759b,  S.  215A 

m^JiEm  21 6A 


[     liv     ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


:k  ^  ssi; 

;^  S^  f^  849,  849A 

1  H^sr^o 

I    K'ff.^26 

1  mm»-^(i 

1  »«^8:.7 

1    lftW928 

1    ^^S.752At.F 

1    ^  it  S.  137 

1    te  659A 

1    IRiflS.  793 

I    t^.jR83.-.A 

1    «||^S.  793 

1  m^^^^ 

1    «m93.>A 

1    «if)^835 

1    Ig3t937 

1  ^s.  •;76 

1    ^^  fl^  t^">7 

1  ^ffl:576 

]    HE  366b,  3S6.  392,  460a,  826,    835a, 

1    «!.  !SIJ  7.-.  1,820 

840b,  844b,  8'.0.  851a,  S53,  Sr).")A, 

1    ^f^-S.7.51 

857. 

1    tt;,^t629B 

1    tgs  ^  S.  7r)2A  to  IP 

1    -jf  M  82()D 

1    «£i820 

1    «1I  5S  S.  207A 

1    S]  ^412a,  S.  7%A 

I  g|;  ng  s.  7:.2a  to  r 

1    B]  ^  S.  207a.  213 

1   iia  te  849a 

1    p]  M  857 

1  miwnr. 

t   R]  il  9:^3 

1    ig  .?^  S.  193  to  200c 

1    n]^936 

1  :J'|.  {'^8.^0 

1   s]  S^:^« 

1  S5c{^f  ni 

1    B]  5  4<J0 

1  3i:ffi827A 

1    ff]  S4I.-. 

1    ^^827A 

1    r]  ft  932 

1    3P-856 

1    m  ^-  939 

1    ^11928 

1    n)  01  936  n 

1    "^  734 

1    iil  ^  934 

1    iS  5!5c  S.  7r.2A  to  F 

1    B]?cS.  22.-. 

1    7C  ftii  S.  131 

1  ri],iB:83.-. 

1    Tti'^.^-  750 

1    Ti)  ;«  834 

1    7C?Jc74l 

1    f]  ^  S.  .-,8  to  59 

1    TC^S.  131 

1  SJii£:i49 

1    »659A 

1    5]  TC  932 

T'ji=' 

I    S]:fc937A 

J.     (1' 

1  ie-'72 

fS  ^  IS  873C 

1    :*:  )t  8.  193  to  200c 

T..;' 

1    |IJ«S.4!2A 

1  :ii 

1    ^  m  933,  S.  376 

f^  31  AS.  55  IB 

1    I»ffl934 

1    m.  Oi  f't  331 

1    Ji7.-,2A 

\  nk<m  u]  267 

1    i!l»9.37A 

1    m  U  792 

1    »«C«-7 

1  w  iii  \i  331 

;    1 

V         ] 

INDEX 


I    ^.913 
#  m  203 

I    1^11203 

^  ^  521 

I  m  m  m  947  , 


T'ai^ 


1^  ^  863a.  873,  873a,  874,  877a 


If:  ^  850 


T'ai* 


;*:  ^  0]  382,  o70 
^'  #  376b,  933 
f;  ^  xE  ?iP  933 
'M  #  ^"  ilP  933 
55 


E«=  55 


1* 


943 

.#  S.  75 
412,  959 
^  959 

JE  i^-  239,  239a 
3^  S.  236,  23fiA 
^  S.  235 
^  ^  233,  234,  235,  236,  236a 

mntiun  2:^6A 

^  ^  '^  li  235 

t-;  ^  934 

^  #  417,  936B 

m^iEm  9;^6b 

^  #  :!?  JJ^P  936b 
1*943 

fii|r943 

^  200b,  S.  193c  to  200c 

gj  3^  S.  226,  227 


jkJjif^  5.223 

I  m  ^  S.  192,  225 

I  it  ^^  ^  S.  226  to  227 

I  ^  848 

I  ^  333a 

I  #.848 

I  q^  12,943 

I-  ^  :fc  IS:  943 

I  7-  ?fc  fe  943 

\  ^  XU  9-t3 

I  ^  ^M*  943 

I  ^  /J?  if.  943 

1  ?  'J?  615  943 


Tan^ 


m  3i  *{£  m  761 

I    il  T£  ^  950a 


Ti 


^  B»  M  r.08 

I    ^.629C 


a-  -^  ^  ^  1 
I    ,g   W]i55 
I    ^  ^  497 


T'an^ 


Tano;^ 


Tang* 

It  0  379,  422A,  493 

T'ang- 

Igli]?&?^^-^621A,  786 
^^  ^  578,  619,  635B,  S.  167B 

1    ±^    69,   76,    116,   288,    334,    377, 
492a,  S. 108 

I    t304 

I    SP  11  76 

I    «Ellii-5^76 
Jg764 


[     l^i     ] 


OF    CHINESE   CHARACTERS. 


Tao' 

•g  213,  815,  838,  838a 

iE573B 

fC  573b 

IE  If]  S.  573b 

IE  e]  ig  ^E  573b 

IE  5]  fiij  5P  IE  S.  57SB 

ft  "3 

^  57:m 
I    l.^  SI  573b,  S.  673b 
!    M  838,  S44 
I    ii6-.8 
fS  EH  3$  90A 


Tr-'  (^ 


».  H  it  §1  Pi  5S7 
I    *l<fi'l8 

^•f  311  ^"^TK?!^^  <;5;{ 
I   ttS  ?*;^  gs.  1-8  to  149 


Tc-ng' 


g  E  »  95<; 

I    ft  BR  045 

I  fi-  f,;  SB  '-'15 

I    «}  i  -^72 
I  «ff  ;^.  gy  272 
I    JStt272 


B5  13 


j|  It  ♦  n  -89 

I    «932 


Ti' 


«!  *  »  IS  JS- 62,  764 
>b-  fft  JSJ  5?  K  765A 
:^  'B*  525b,  SoGb 

:^  W  ^-  pfi  '«<iB 
:^j  iS5  -t  '--t 

:n  U?  .^'J  IS  758,  7.iO 

'jimn^m  '60a,  7iiiA 

^j  S  f^  525,  .-^-.A,  526 
'g"34U 
W  932 
id^k  960 

ifr  UE  S.  2 
|j5  -  A  S.  659c 
-#177 

—  m  247 

—  3a71lA 
~|S!184F 

—  ^1  21SA,  2l'.lA 
z:#178 
n  ^a  248 
Z^S  711A 
H  fia  '84f 
n  y  218a,  219a 
=.  13  249 
=  SS.  184F 
H  ^  218a. 

ra  jia:  250 

HH1S4F 
PI  Jd  218a 

E,  906,  yi2 

I    m  A  103B 

IS  41  835  a 

I  *M1f  loiH 

I    ft  •"H  W  I  788a,  KIO,  H3(i,  830n,831, 
I   ^k  ti]  810.  H26A.  831v 


[       Ivii       J 


INDEX' 


^mm    } 


809,  827,  829 


m  m  m  > 

m  S]  809,  82(5a,  828,  828a 

m  m  827 

^  457,  776 

5^11457,  778 

^749 

M  750 

'^  435,  43jA,  b,  754 

$M  9*,  139,  144,  1.52.  162a,  176,  185m, 
N,  187,  190,  201a,  205a,  2I0a, 
244,  310,  393,  430b,  461a,  514, 
520,522,535,  622a,  636,  611, 
645,  649,  6.52,  (154,  6.54a,  697, 
709,  781,  782,  812a,  818,  S. 
369a,  873,  4.58,  523b 

I  m  ^  *82 

I    $M  t  -t<>lA,  6321,  see  JH  |^  S.  754f 
I    ^    749,   750,    750a,    b,   756,   756f, 
797,  798,  S.  753 

I  If  :^  PV;«<  ?t&  Tl  if  797 

1  t-  ^  i^  827,  827a 

I  >^^K827a 

I  ^  nt  !#  392 

I  ^mn 798 

^  X  M  ».  843 


.  Tiao* 

g^  162a,  371,  371A 

g  ^  161,  163,  .373,  408,  495A,  775 

^  f^  699,  S.  335  to  338,  436c 

±  5S  S.  373 

S  f  S.  420b 

^M.  177a,  183,532       , 


uao 


Tieh^ 


eC  98-t 


I^E  906.912 

T'ieh^ 

I  m^Bi^.^ 80(iB 

I  St^  Fj  783 

I  1?&^.^785 

I  J^  1^787,  788 

I  f&  1=  S  fi  ^  Pit  788 

I  5^r#103D 

I  g^l^.  M-t82 

I  UM  T  3E  -n 

Tien' 

Jk  ^■^4-422,  S.  422,  436D 

I  f:^?ts-iu9 

I    m  'ilSA,  413a 

I  %\]  m  380 

I    ^46 

I    f^85lA 

I    ^  940 

I    (1  1^  S.  376  to  394 

I    fi   202.   22(1,   384A,    B,    412a,   413A, 

759,  760,  763,  764 
I    jS  m  202,  220,  S.  376  to  394 
I    ill  766a,  b,  857 
I    Ji  W]  495 
I    JtS.TlA 
I    P;f4  83U^  B 
i    !E,^  -g-  514,  766b 
I    ^  5]  449,  766 
I    i^^  514,  851B 


Tien^ 


IS:  104a 

I    'I'^S.  75 


[     Iriii     ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


R2  -^  628,  f.-.ic 

1    7C  s.  t;2'.»C 

Hfk^j  790 

!    JFJC  n3  4  IS.  7'.»0 

1  ^i  «  n  *  .^  :^5A 

1  r^^Pi-iM 

1  m  fL'  *  f ^  'ios 

1    a  ^^  (-.07.  (iOS 

1    fd  R^  103d 

1  IS^Ti'i 

1    |S5>^791 

1    tS  t«.  ^  7i>I 

1  m  ^1 7'.'o 

T-iei 

?c;|t|Sm$.Jg6.-i 

1   TGf^.  1' 

1    '0-  S.  o33a 

I   W  3:^3 
1    -'■-  1 

1     J    ' 

1  I  s.  1 

1  3S:  14  230 

1  X  n.^  2:s2 

1  3:  .^  s  g  '^  5i»3 

1  Mei 

ra  IK  14  S-  825  to  826 

1    JW  n]  3--.2 

TiiiLi' 


T  <^  079 


m.  tt  961,  96.-,.  966 

1  Ki^^:n» 

1  ^  96.-> 

Ting* 

Jiii^  913 

1    ii^Vi  J<  I'i  S79 

1  a/x».ijn>ii»79 

T'iiig' 

RS  iK  ii  622 

I    M  780,  781 
flg  79.-).  846,  S.  3C9A 

I    -g,  184G,  760,  y.  12S  to  119 

;    31  7o9.  700 

iMng- 

s  m  21G 

I    ii^6o2C 
I    JBt937A 

I  fit  ^J>  m  9;57a 

Jgg  218a.  219a 
I    ^  75.1,  7C0,  S.  218,  2]8a,  219,  219a 

io 

^  mRWi  18,  .^7:1 

i    2iJflJ"5  17,S73 

I  mmm^^ 

T'ou^ 


n  i^Si«?en  172 

1  ^'i?mii  172 

Bfi  ;?,  iri  «t  966 

1    ^'  2£  'it  778 

1   ^4>^^T-2.w 

1  ^-  m  1$  ;^c  p.  :U3 

1    '^-^^267 

t  :i^^St:!ic 

1    ^  *£  51  268 

1   '3?  ii!l»  'tr:H9 

1    ^Sti:It2r.8 

T.sa' 

/• 

«lJKjgl\2.l,712 

1    W  ir  fi4  I 

1    %il''H 

[      lix      1 


INDEX 


Tsai^ 


f?  j^  9]l 

m^Q  131 

I    ^  873a,  875 


Tsai'' 


^•^mi^^.tmu  vryk  129A 

I?  ?K  A916 

Ts'a? 

flt  ik  ^  349a,  932a,  S.  431 
I    jEiC  ^  ^  568,  621a  . 
I    JiC  -&  P/(  S.  825  to  82C 

I  j£fe  i^  m  374A 

I  iC:5(  m  =t  ^  371 

I  Ik  &  m  it  S.  Sl>5  to  826 

I  J^  W  ^  PJi  370 

Ts'ai^ 

J$  iK  2S^  /t?  ^  ^  PI  501,  S.  584 

Tsan* 

m  m  857 
I    m  t  382b 

I    m  B  79,  382b,  391,  S.  37r)  to  394 
I    #  DOti 


Ts'an^ 


^  \\%  752a,  800 
1    Sp«26,  851a 
I    if 'f  663 
I    fl^752A 


^  Wi  982 

1^  165A,  283,  284,  683 
II  -g-  696,  S.  128  to  149.  435 
m  IS  275,  285 A,  341,  351,  423,  442, 
474 

,^g  I  658,    659,     722,    735,  737,  738, 

't  f  "41,  874 

m  &  697,  699 

m  &  a  il  699 

§tt  1'  184L,  662,  756,  812a 

Ui^^^.  712 

2p  93.   . 

-^.  286,  341A,  39C,  413,  822,  S,  128 

to  149 
m  -t  526 

m  'f  822,  S.  369A,  42UB,  435 
m  It  526,  822 
1^  310,  318,  322,  805,  867,  879,  880 

907,  S.  907 
^  :;^  g  867,  879,  880 


Ts'an^ 


m  M  fj\  617b,  770D 
14  601,  602 


Tsang^ 


m  !S  456 


Tsang* 


m  3£  915 

I    ?t^H99 
1    ^*3-627 


[       Ix       ] 


OF   CHINE6K    CHARACTKKS. 


Ts'ang' 

«  t-  IS]  353 

1    3E  «§.  ff  749,  834 

:&«-5C2 

1  ^  Psi  '?f  56(; 

1    «^fl:5-'64 

TS(-^ 

1    ^t  «l  if  ffi  P^  5.i3 

1    :^  i^  826,  844b,  850,  iolA,  853,  857 

3ft  ^  1*)  IS  S.  128  to  119 

1    l&^jS.  808 

Ts'e^ 

1  s'ang- 

m  ^  ^  37 

JSS16.'4A 

iM  ?*  iff  1851 
1    Ift  487,  656a,  659 

1    ft^;^715D 

Tsao* 

1    *&?f699B 
1    *&;S690i 

JS  »»  ig  S'^  9"' 
1    ?ef5-)«  551  A,  859 

1   ft?5j^«iE^i?  •'■•lA 
1    ffjatiig^51,55lA 

1  fi?ai«si]g'rf.'i5iA 

\   *&±8I2a 

1  *&-^n7si 

1    It  i\  487,  (i56A 

1  li-$f69y 

1    ;1C850 
9E  Hi  ff  426 

1  waij«iEi£tf -o-iA 

1    :R-  «  757b 

Tsr'ng^ 

1    :l^-8S*.^5'Jl 

1    *  a  201.  265 

Jf  K  ^  9'>9 

1  *  iS  61  «i  «J  w]  205 

1    R4  9'7 

1    mi&  «t«N]261 

1    ^  577c,  f,2:i.A,  6:u 

1  jftt  «S  ■•«»*,  s.  3<;8 

1    «&*n691 
1    <ff#n07,  608 

Tso'^ 

1    *}pri757 

/.   IW  «  573a 

1    iE  573b 

Ts'ao'^ 


;fl  «  749 
#834 


I  ^281 

I  WIS  673a 

I  K  SA  226,  22 7 A 

I  iett673B 


[       Ixi        ] 


INDEX 


/fens  573B 
%  ^  573a 
SlJ  Um^  208,  208a 
■  ^  5.1S,  735,    755,   7;»8,    79'.).    8'.)3, 

H  fi.  tf  "58 
%  ai.  f'  '55 
E  ^t  ^  798 

#  IB:  573a 

#  IP  279 

5]  65,  88,  122,  798 
^^  216 
_^  857 

#  li  283 
^  ^  805,  S.  907 
^  IE  58 
m  A  GO 
t?  lis  £&  20  7 A 
?t  ^  "38 
^  S.  749 
^  n  23(i 

fe  ^  ^  851b,  8.'>3a,  855a,  857a,  85Sa 
jl^SSlB,  858,  85SA 
^^  49,726,  746,  871,  874 
J|85IB,  858,  85SA 
It  210 


Tso* 

4fe  m  n  ■'565 

I    *!  li  ^  #  5i>5 

I    !^  162b,  535,  S.  368a,  3(;"9a,  825   to 

826 
I    miS?i788 


TS'O" 


%  835a 
^  835a 


Tsou* 

^  Stf  Ig  105 

I    ^982 

I    ^  14  S.  436D 

Tsiiaii^ 

I    (1^94,  139,  177A,  180,  19A  205a,  393, 
461a,  S.  458 


Tsui^ 


^d  ^  «  PJi  514a' 


Tr--' 


S  Ul 


86,  89 


Ts'ui^ 


^819A 


Tsiin^ 


mm^}^  i'8i 

[      Ixii      ] 


OF   CHINKSK    CJiARACTERS. 


Ts'uir 

#  *  *  ^  621b,  (>27a 


^  jE  "'^  •■''.» 

;  je  ^  ^.  •"'<■> 
jE  d?  m  s.  .-.8, 50 

^  S.  62 

^  717 
\  60.  Gl 
/^/^56 

-^  n: 

;^  35a 

fg  933,  S.  57 

^  39,  2I.-.A,.21SA,  21'.tA,  759,  944 
^^'..44 

717a 
^^  '^31  124 

CiiyS^s.  ni 

I    »*fS.479 


J  siiiur 


as.  751 

;^93a 
^  ff  f;53 

^tH'^mV'it:  ATI  102 

HE  252.  712 
ft  «  -ft- 252,  51  4 
K  iJ  525a,  529,  633 


[       Ix 


»»mm  222.  7(i2 

tit  !?e  ifi  JK  ^  222 

^  «?e  ^  fl?.  7o3a,  8.  222 

^  r£  t  ••■72 

^J  ^  ^  520 

^I  m  Jfj  -^20 

^  It  ^  520 

'.(r  tjfi  'g-  668 

ip:  m  tC  673 

^  ^^  "B"  675 

;|$  153,  162A,  635 

m  t  "':^5,  755 

mt^\l:k^  819A 

J|^  :^  ^  780 

^5  R  163,  535 

5^207 

^792 

^;«C  2()8 

2«  f  -"'20 

•^  772,  S.  771 

fg  ig  79(;a  S.  825  to  82(; 

m^f[  625A 

W  ^  ^g  -ti'S 

itt^-917 
SK  S.  551b 

f^  87a,  97E,  570,571,  748,  755,  80 1  A, 
877a.  878 

•"ff  13!  i&  7!'2 

•^  ;"^  W  'If  ?;^  77 

^  \Mnm  /<\s.  7G 

'7?  4^  «t  7<i6 
;'^  15  S.  f,51n 

'!P  :*;  K  tff  «  »  Si  fi'j  f*  62 
ff  i;  S*  «f  «  »  K  JE  f*  "I 

V  1R  rt  790 
X  «  fJ]  783 

iii       ] 


INDEX 


l&S    188,   ill,    574,    632,    654a,    754, 

»  m  305 

770,  770a.   771a,  772.  774,  775, 

1    mm^]  254,  255 

783,     792,    811A,    812b,     835b, 

1    IS  ^R]^  254 

S.  771 

!    5]^^^mWS^102 

\  mnmmmk^^^o 

1    SII*«fi]2(;6 

1  m  ^  m  M^  m  ^  ^  n  ^^0 

\  mm-M  m  Stl  :k  E  isca 

1  m^'m^  ^^  £930 

1    il  94,    139,    165A,    167,    190,   205a, 

\.  m^mmm'^n  305, 930 

393 

1  li  X  ^s  ^  95 

1    ^li696A 

1    Iif^i^tt¥^393 

1    ^Mt«62 

1  mmm^wm  113 

1    .#818 

1  m  ^h  m  ^K  m  m  276,  sosb 

1    M  177a,  179,   180,  190,   205a,  393, 

1  m^m^mmro^ 

404a,  625a,  S.  458 

1    ^^;  PI  305 

1  M  'B"  -leiA 

1    a®  li  JlJr  83:>B 

1    ■g^  658,  749,  803,  819a,  820,  82lA 

1    ^5  739 

1  ^:g-^564 

]    ^g^  317.332 

1    g  525a,  b,  531,  829A 

1    «S-^'r317,  332 

1    H  $  -t  525a 

1    «S^tl[332 

'  1    m   661,    737,    738,    739,    741,    742, 

1  mmm  332 

S.  763 

1    ^Kil|j:^332 

1  mt^&ifee^m 

1    .(1  rj  -B  fi76 

1    J^^  155,  604a,  S.  155 

1    ^  102,    146,   155,  158,  160A.   162b, 

1  m^n^tm^-^oo 

163a,  181,  1-85M,  188,  246,  252, 

1    ^  f4-  535,  7(;6B,  816A,  828,  83lA,  B, 

273,  305,  369a,  425b,  430b,  520, 

839a,  840a,  !?.  825  to  826 

535,  537,  54'3,  547,  548,  632a,  697, 

1    m  5]  398 

699,  700,  709,  71lA,  713a,  779, 

1    ^^M  184E,  S.  376  to, 394 

780,  781,  782,  783,  785,  790,  792, 

1    lg  752E 

805a,   806b,   806a,    812A,    828, 

\    mis.^  270 

901,  S.    108,   335   to  338,    3(j8a, 

1    M'^^m  273,  S.  273 

373,    479a,    523b,  (;52a,   825  to 

826 

1    3^ 'B- 669,  674,  677  • 

Tsung* 

1  'm%^^  7^ 

1    &  751,  751a,  b,  S.  753 

^  S,  966 

1  m^n  849A 

1    ffi  IB]  ^  849 

1  ^mm  773 

Ts'ung'' 

1  m  m  163c 

iit  m  t  i22B 

[      Ixiv      ] 


OF    CHINKSE    CHARACTERS. 


'■p    1 
111 

m^n  20(!' 

??5  R  aij  SI5  iJJ  !£  s-  821 

^  n  -&  Si;  iw  ft  !^.  '520 

Pi  s:$5 

^  .;!  {jE  831 

1^4  S.  7r)2A  to  F 

US  732c 

^  j^  213 

tt  211.  212b,  S26 

IJi  ill  4.-.  I 

^^211,S2G 

tK  ^  S20D 

R]  7.->2c.  800 

M  S-  27S 

m  fg  220 

It  719.  : lit  \.  755,  .<?97,  898 

Bt  '••*•"' 
ESf  u]  80 
iW  IJe.  2it7 
H  8:i.v 

tf  t^  ^'■^ '  i^ 
fiS  .*]  itt  837 
ffi  fir  n  «  li.'S  822 

*  ££  «  827A 

m  7h  n  ai  n  849a 

pa  IS  836 

»  AS  i£  Jft  -  -ii?  #  fel  :^  Vd  6'J.-.A 

^  «  (^'-.G,  69.5 

m  ^  ivi  fi3-' 
yk'X^  ••.9.->A 

^,H  188,  C9.-.,  7:.4.  783,  812a.  818 

W  III  vl  vft  W'  :>c  (a  84.->A 

fj^  ;ii|  *«  is  »  P^  'II  ff  ifi  ^c  IS  G95A 

m^9i  MH  -n,  89» 

»?a  %  ;A:  {5.  817,  8^:iA 


"B  J*  ?ft  «^  :^  £  2^2 

I    *»?  ;^  S  242.  369,  r,53,  77S,  817.  KIS, 
899 

I  ia^  ^  J*  Ig  :^"5yA 

I  Ii?.  ±  m  ^  ^  'I^  '^^  ^  F5  5.->3 

I  tg  749,  752J,  824 

i  JiU  lei  ^  849 

I  tft"'21 

I  m  *g  822A 

I  m  ?}\  ^9:^ 

I  li3!i*g-0Gi 

lir 

3S  tt  M  'U  7.i(i.  761 

tft  m  t  79,  3=(2b,  S.  37(5  to  394 

'■p     1 
1  11 

^  -^  ^^  102,  79::c,  822 
I    -X  %  2f  4.  346b,  932,  932a 

I  %mmmm^  iVi374A 

I    ^|J]80S 
I    5t  •"•)  fiE  808 

!  X-J':  15  ^-  12S  to  149 
I'lr 

II  an  984 

I    JSnl!«-34l 

I    2ifi&48.5,  654,  <;.i4A 

I  >,;ii  ^  2  ^H07,  corf 
I  if\  ^?f  1^  :ii  90.; 

I  ff  fiU  M  f41  *?  fif^^ 

I   ^  167IJ 


T'li^ 


±  m  861 

I  ff;f8(ii 


L    i-^v    ] 


INDEX 


±  iJ  H  -if  SB  870 

1    SS861 

1    t  861 

1    ?f:  f?f  607,  608 

\    ^Xm  603,  S.  584 

1  ;fcx#^59l 

1    f]  861a,  90i 

1    H]^^^579 

1  mMm^-^^.5oo 

1    mt^^^J-^  555 

i  m^m&m"o2 

Tuan^ 

g^929 

[    bJ.929 

1    ^929 

tl  m  77 


Tuan'* 


Tui^ 


656b,  f,  703,  711a,  S.  7o3 
•g-eei,  679,704,  705,711a 


T'ui^ 

^^  218,219 

1    M  218,  219, 

758F,  759,  760,  761 

1    * -ft  760 

T'un^ 

tE  ft  f^  185J 

1    ffl^S76A- 

1    m  m  8i*A 

i?.  m  939 

1    IT  939 

1    'rjE229 

1    W939 

^  1^  S.  12 

1    f^W913A 

^  ^  2,  12 

^  5(593 

?&  796 

?&M^^  Isl^il  795 A 

H  §  ^  :^  ^  !t  715K 

E«"lt'&803 

H  ^  JM  It  fi  ^  715D 

E^'a^i?lim:^^&'8i8 

H  ^  ^  lit  IS  tS  ^  S.  805 
p]  122 
g  S.  210b 
J^800 

Tung' 

:^  525A,  B,  532,  770,.  774,  776,  792 
W-  m  776 
^  -^  525a,  b 


Tiing^ 

^f^M  Of  HI  a  11  917 

-i?  ffi  4^  ^  n  589 
i    ^BM«l-a'593 


T'ung^ 

fi^JlE928 

1    gfe  11  S]  al]  f?g  928 

1   j^  13!  S]  ii  iEic  (I  928 

1    itB]gM928 

1  i5c  H]  :m  ii  928 

1   J^  5]  928 

1    ^f^S.479 

1    41  tJ]  35G 

1  ^  ;'^  ^  945 

1  m  m  -k;ia 

1    p  319,  812a 

i    ^^-188 

1    Pf^652 

1    ^  f  319,  323,  326- 

1   m:>^^  945 

1    MK594 

[      Ixvi      ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


I  ^    5S3,   r,25,   658,  713,  791,  849a, 

850A.  8:.2,  854,  882,  892 

I  ^#IW2.57 

I  ^  P  f^  253 

I  ^  ;k  Ei  820b 

I  ■$  778.  779,  781 

I  ^  S-t9A 

T'ung- 

3  to  795a,  to  D,  849,  849A.  SoOa,  852, 

Ko3a, 854.  86lA, 894 
I    ii  ±  th  J^  593c,  629c.  631 
I    fl  835A 
I    X  at  311,  930a 
1    X^Oiii 
I    X  =^  4-11  940 

I  5:  -^  d?  m  9  »o 

S^629 
iH  7C  ^  S.09 

o 
l/ii^JE?,  1.^4u,  S.  128to  129 
I    ^fi   ir.l,  162,  347,  36^^38.-.,  454, 
470,    4S9,   796B,    f^  108,  431, 
4.361 
I    Ui  n  If'-'-D,  429 
I    SI- iK  504a 
I    Jl|  ii  ^  IS  a  /J2  rag  S.  756 

I    fflFj.^'59 

\    ^  (661,  706.   707.  731,  735,  742, 

1    M  'i^    I  797,  S.  97,  753 

I    «i  5> -r?  f^.  R-'^ 
I    «l^>^j555 
I    tt  &  Si  552 

Tzii' 

ItJ^  F^164,  16-.A,  167 


r   1 


S  J5c  1^  K  1^  ntl*  165A 

I  SJcl^^lUiesA 

I    3^  ;^  ^  945 

I    Kl5Jg»^Jtl73 

I    g|  •g'    182,   302,  405,   423a,   :>35, 

S.  186,  369a 
I    «K805 
I    SJ5A  159B,  652 
«  a  ^i^  428.  716 

I    ffimf^430 

^  944 
^1^948 

I  1!^  ^  (^  iSiT -H  ■•^49 

I  S  984 

I  ?S  fSj  S.  137a 

I  ?S  g'li  S.  137 

Tzii* 

^  fg  525,  525a,  b,  526,  527,  627a 
I    f&  ^  If  525A,  B,  626 
I    f6  USE  n  ■^25A,  B,  526 
i    fS  3?  J*i!  S  •••27 

I   i-S^fi0cS26 

I    fft  «J>  ?^ -IT  525A 

I    f&^M526 

I    f6  HJf  ^  m  518,  527A 

Tz'ir 

M  ^  ii]  376a,  381 

I    g^  ?!  .S.  376  to  394 

I    SB  S.  376 
;:„]  tt:  s;  193c  to  200c 

I    ffK376 
«4SH77 

Izir 

*  ^658 

li]  ;li  851,  866 

x  \- i  i       j 


INDEX 


'  I    m  97,  718 

I   1^88 
I    '^850 
I    ^1498 

I  m=fB.  7520 

I  gffiia752H 

I  fl  f-B  274,  305a,  305b,  930 

I  ^*jrR-ti^;^.B  277,  305c 

I  ^  Si5  f^  »  -t  *  ;^  S  277,  ,305d 

I  ^  :^s:  E.  S.  128  to  129 

I  ffl958 

Wan' 

^  Sr  ^  14  618a 

1   ^  ^4  577,  605,  619A,  620,  S.  620 

Wan^ 

^.  S  f?  -t  773b 
I    ^fll^Dt587 
1    la  m  J^  S- 't  790a 

1    '#|gl 

Wang"^ 

3£  13,  16,  17,  41,  4lA,  305,  863a,  873, 
895,  906,  915,  S.  1 
1   ^42 
I    "t  m  495 
1    ^3^97 
1    :^B305 


Wei^ 


H  m  748,  897 
I   ^  IE  a  1^748 
I   ^Slja^748 

I  mm ^7^8 


Wei^ 

BiJ^738 

ii«  #  P  ^  5i^  la  ^  ff]  259 

M  M  799 

mm^  B  m  89 
^mm^  735 

^- It]  ^  f?f  m  735       . 
^  la  i^  ^  100 
^  ±^  76,  104D,  493,  495a 
^  m  m  ^  728,  746 

^mm  1^734 

^  riK^89,  94,94a 

m  ^  ,fu  w-  m  89 

^-  -ff]  E  82 
■M^W-^  799 
-t  >•£  filj  90 
EI)  ?^  :^  :^  725 

M.   181,    246,  251,  697,  SOoA,    812a, 
'>70,  S.  369a,  373,  832 


AVei* 

*  A  ?;!£  965 

BS  ^  ^  680,  704,  705 
m  834 

I    ^  70211 

I    :R:g:702 

I    ^<  @  702 
■\    ±^  504B 

I    ^  J^  510A, 859 

1    '^m^r\  709 

I    :^fl  'Jt  n5c 

1    :^  ^  346a,  8'40a,  S.  427,  436H 

I    IE  't  648 

I    ^  S]  346 

i  ^fiiii 

Wen^ 

X  M       I  H8,  310   3',13.  520,  642.  69C, 
I    ^  'g"  (  697,  709,  712,  822 

I    ^  ^  422a,  514,  778,  77? 


i      ] 


OP  CHINESE   CHARACTERS. 


VS. 

m 

*^ 
m 


jpf  S.  368a 
^  §!  80.5a 

Jifl  778,  824 

iJ]  335 

^;^*5S7 

581,  6o2i.: 

Iffi  -T  967 

gp945 

^  JE  '6'  860 

^J  754 

33-  Fl  754 

lA  ^  754 

ff  7(3fiB 

Ig  62.-,  A 

827A 

f^  G52,  755,  7G6B,  782,  812a, 

^  504A, 80oA 

A  525a, 525b, 526 


810  a 


Wen^ 

e*g680 

WW 

M  m  S50 
iiijsi^  Aim  8S5 

1    ffi  ^  i*  H  H'f  ''K  744D,  K7:> 
1    SS-207A 

Wir 

M  .;?.  ^  Mi  ^^  «^ 
1   ,V„  IS  1.]  Ml  77 

1   JIH5«I»82 

!  irjsisos2 

Wu^ 

5E  B  W  ±  ■'^♦a 

I  tr  iE  22<.i 

I  S  848 

I  B"  F  :fe  877a 

I  +  ^  j*  877a 

itf-  \¥  753E 

K  it  ±  62Sd 

i  ^  A  629D 

I  ft  i5ifit'.»»5 

I  mtfei55fit945 

I  ^  fj]  4'5A,  424a 

1  i«i}i!j  7;8,  821 

I  IS?f!5  6t9i5 

I  SJ^Pfit!'^' 

I  iR-^S.  ,S9 

I  ^  O]  415a, 425a,  427A 

I  f  fil! -T  9f'8 

I  li  W=  ^  70'JA,  716 

I  ^i>59 

I  a  A  329 

!  Mi«6t"45 

I  ^te.'«fit94.- 


AVu' 


i}*f  ^  ^  n  689 


Ya 


ffp  T  76fin 


\ '      o 

1  a 


flr-  n  7.5:!A  to  K 
I    ^830 


[      Ixix      ] 


INDEX 


Ya^ 


■ffi  m  S.  279 
I    ^fa  S.  132 


Yang'^ 

#  ^  M  832,  859,  S.  832 
I    ^^.^822 


Yano-^ 


I    W:E732 

I  >t>  IS;  86 

|g  H  14-  007,  G08 


Yao= 


Yao^ 


5^  ^  ©  H  ^  430 


Yeh^ 


i^  ^  pji  788a 

mm  t^  911 


Yen^ 

#  "b-  206 

}i]f  ^  pji  210a,  370,  406a,  410,  518,  527a, 
771,  S.  221,  335  to  338,  398  to 
402,  403  to  466 
lM^P'^fI.850 

I    ^  it  841,  S.  835 

I    ^835B 

\    m:^i^  835A 

I    IJC  1^  369A,  S.  369a 

I    g5(  ^y>  p/l  S.  835c 

I    ^^Jti835B 

\   ^'A&  369,  835b 

I    ■^•0  ^  835a 

I   M.  M  835a 

I   ?S  it  835,  838,  841,  S.  841 

I    as  ^  835a 


Ii2«il84] 

^  If]  ;^  ft  835A 

^  0]  H  ^  835A 

m:k^  835A 

H  il  ^  835A 

M  ii  ^J  849 

Wm^  849 

•;«  ii  ^J  849A 

i^  ^  835A 

B  ;^  369 

-^  ^  Fj  818 

^y^:  B818 

^^  .®  S.  369 

l^  m.  M  818,  S.  818 

^  *S  m  S.  369A 

^jl  ^  l«  PJT  ;^  115  835A 

il  fg?  658,  835,  977,  S.  818,  835 

Jl  fS  alj  i£  835a 

mi^m  (W  fV  835A 

mmik  835 

il  0]  ^  ^J  835a 
JE  H]  il-  IP]  835A 

Yen^ 

^  US- 944a 

m.  #  S.  240 

iM.'^^^mmt  593 

I    ^5736 

mm  55 

Yen* 

m  M  268 

I    J5C  :yv  B  927,  970 
I    ij-  115  338 


Yin^ 


J|i  ^02lB 

It  PI/  IE  m  •■^73b 

I    Pi  JP  'g'  860 


Ixx      ] 


OF   CHINESE    CHARACTERS. 


liir 

V^mm  345,  460A 

1    it  £82 

^  U  pji  S.  825  to  826 

1    x^  »■]  82 

1    tl»«551 

1    tt,  737,  741,  753 

1   SFj  S.  128  to  uy 

1    i^  ig  706U,  805A,  824,  824A 

ISf^^*   is.  128  to  140 

1  m  m  r,  822 

1  afpi m±  < 

1  :;i£*f343A 

1    ^f  542,  542a,  550a,  792 

1  mm.^oiu 

1  ^r:5»g6tpn592 

\    j^^S.  368a 

1  'ff  IS  s  p.n  56?> 

1   ^r  Sji  ^  5*8 

Yii^ 

1    ISt  549,  530a 

1    Mt  71.  72,  77,  497 

mmtssi  n  592  B 

1    «^  Jli  £iT  41  78a 

i  Si  fill  taiSI^HSc 

1    ^  '-'^S 

1    ilS  fiiji  I&  i?i  ^  61.S,  618b 

1    7C  Fi  859 

1    g£^959 

1    K  582a,  631 

Yin^ 

1    ^^028,  629a 

-•J I   a  '.'70 

1    Eife582A,631 
1    ^  6.->2e,  716 

Yin^ 

f{}984 

Yii'^ 

1    >^§6«fi72I 

ig  ^  752D,  800 

1    >^i;tK724 
1    ?3?Ag<97 

1    ?£  «i  Fj  S.  825  to  826 

1    lWIfti«8.^0 

1    gljff  158 

1  m  s-  7y(;A 

j    m  A.J  30H,  S.  859 

1    :^  Iff  12  850 

1    m  i\  1"3b 

1    m  7523 

»3:  ±  'J58 

1    f*i  4l  W^  t?  652,  (•.52b 

Yinj^' 

1    Z?^  ^li  Si  ff  ig  'i52 

1    ^Jt  B  TK  .^  ^  3L  *Jl  m  n  ^.  *>'>'i 

^i  B  3:  ''/^  n  587 

1    9J5  752B 

1    ^14  •••27 

1    ifi^:^l&  652a 

i.1^  MI  fb  ^  -ff  r.ON 

1  mt$7ii'i1*'y2K 

1    /ll  fb  ?J^  n  591 

%  Hi  HI-  h.'i  27:j 

«  W  8» 

1  rk  ttij «.  m  2' 3 

Ving* 

1    fA  iij  479,  S.  47!) 

1  r^ttJ;.jH50 

^  lo:ti,.  656c,  V.  loii,  'or.,  707,  749, 

1    if^/ tt  m  273,  S.  273 

752n,  S,  749,  763 

i    fimA22,HMA 

I    -fi-  H.  753 

1    f»«274,  472 

\  1 


XXI 


INDEX 


fK  1^  ;'^  E  S.  128  to  149 
I    m#788 

>^mm  573A 

JE  573b 
^  282 

m  m  573a  ■ 

^  glj  227,  227A 

^  ^  573b 

ig  ^  573b 

K  H  573A 

SlJ  WMlk  209,  209A 

^  735,  755,  798,  799,  89/?,  894 

m^'U  559 

m  BU  ^  MI^I  735 

m^"^  755 

MJI  :^  798 

-0  m  ii6 

#  S  573  a 
f#  E  280 
Pflll9 

15]  66,  88,  122,  798 
#?&216 
.^857 
:B  Hfl  284 
m  ^  805,  S.  907 
^  JE59 
^  A61 

f  [5  tSlJ  ife  207b,  820 
?t  ^  573b 
^J  ^  236a 
^  m  (^)  ^  575 

f  mmjrn  575 

^  ht  \i]  447 


Yii-^ 


^  M  ^  756 
mW^  460a 


^  ;f*  lU  S.  99 


Yii-^ 


Yii^ 


^  I&  ^  ii  124 

I    ^S.  191 

I    18^56 

I    ^PJiS.  56 
W  H  _^  575 
JS  i^  gP  ffi  971 
W  5fi  5#  lg  91 

I    ^  Si  If  91 

I    Bif  ^f^  lOlA,  87SK 

I    fl&f#fw99 

I   m  :f^&  101,  105 

I    ^&^93 

I    11237,238 

1    #,^/^93a 

I    &  213,  214,  214a,  567A,  652t,  796a,. 
835b,  S. 796a 

I    ifi.^206 

I    ^/^94a 

I  mm ^2 

I    14-  602;  603,  607,  611,  612,  615,  618c, 
623,  623a,  627,  627a,  787,  S.  584 

1    ffl  ^  fi  984 

Yiian^ 

7C  ^  S.  1 

B.  ^^  m  76,  104D,  291,  570,  798 

H  ga  il  90 

I    95  W  A  t«  if  5^  i^  97D,  733,  741 

I'  mmf>^umw^ 970, 741A 


Yiian* 


^/B90 
I    SIJ90 

Ixxii      ] 


OF  ^-HINESE    CHARACTERS. 


1^  as.  128  to  149 
1    ^  2:56,  236A 
1    f$  2.S.5,  S.  128  to 
1    1&  575 

149 

Yiin^ 

^3iS.  191 
^5«fit9<i,  914E 

1    Kg  {$  114,  123.  125 

1    5j  937a 

Y 

iieh^ 

Vllll^ 

*  J§  M  ^  ■^•■':<A 

mfi^n  O'JDH 

1    tiff  63.-, 

1    gP  u]  18.-.  I 

m  ^  «7') 

1    alJS35A 

1    9?H87 

1    S|i  ;^  jiE  835a 

1    4l3S9 

1    ^1  835 A 

m^i^s.  •■•2'.'C 

1    «iiff699 

1    ^  Pft  J86.V 

1   fj]  s;<5 

1     1?  ^  f^-^lA 

1    PI  835a 

[      Ixxlii      ] 


SOURCES   OF   INFORMATION. 


Baranoff  (Captain  of  Cavalry  of  the  Zaamur  District)  :  "  Barga 
and  Khalkha  "  :  "  Researches  in  Manchima  and  Mongoha  "; 
second  volume,  "  Mong(>lia."     Harbin,  1905. 

By  the  same  author:  "Dictionary  of  Mongolian  Expressions" 
(11th  volume  of  "Researches  in  Manchuria  and  Mongolia.") 
Harbin,  1907. 

A.  A.  Batorsky :  "Short  Military,  Statistical  and  Descriptive 
Treatise  on  Mongolia";  Parts  I  and  II  (originally  published 
in  the  "  Magazine  of  Geographical,  Topographical  and 
vStatistical  Researches  in  Asia,"  Nos.  37  and  48);  edition 
issued  by  the  Instruction  Committee  of  the  General  Staff. 
St.  Petersburg,  1889  and  1891. 

V.  V.  Hagclstrom,  (Student-interpreter  of  the  Imperial  Russian 
Legation,  Peking):  "Confucianism  in-  1906-1907:  The 
Descendant  of  ("onfucius,  K'ung  Ling-i."  St.  Petersburg, 
1909. 

,By  the  same  author:  "A  Short  Description  of  the  Judicial 
Establishments  of  China  "  (published  in  the  "  Chinese  Good 
News"  of  the  28th  May,  1909,  issues  Nos.  7  and  8). 

John  Zaliliaroxo  (teacher  of  Manchu  at  the  Imperial  University 
of  St.  Petersburg):  "  Complete  Manchu-Russian  Dictionary." 
St.  Petersburg,  1875. 

The  Monk  lakhinf  (Bichurine):  Civil  and  Moral  Aspect  of 
China."      St.  Petersburg,  1848. 

By  the  same  author  :  "  Description  of  Peking"  (translated. from 
the  Chinese).     Peking,  1906. 

A  manuscript:  "  Sketch  of  the  Political  Organization  of  China." 

[     Ixxiv     ] 


SOURCES    OF    INFORMATION. 


A.  von  Landesen  and  P.  SUiknrkine  (active  miMiibers  of  the 
"  Society  of  Russian  Orientalists"):  "  Reference  Book  of 
China";,  vohmie  I,  "Section  of  General  Information." 
Harbin,  1909. 

Stephan  Z?/)nr^r^r  :"  Institutes  of  the  Chinese  Colonial  Office" 
(translated  from  the  Manchu);  two  volumes.  St.  Petersljur<r, 
•1828. 

Z.  Matussovslii/ :  ''  (icographical  Review  of  the  Chinese  Empire." 
St.  Potersburg,  1888. 

Archimandrite  PuUadiinn  (late  Chief  of  the  Russian  Ecclesias- 
tical Mission  at  Pekinor)  and  P.  S.  Popofl"  (Senior 
Interpreter  of  the  Imperial  Russian  Legation  at  Peking)  : 
"  Chinese-Russian  Dictionary  ";  two  volumes.     Pekhig,  1888. 

A.  Pozdac-f:  "  Mongolia  and  the  Mongols.  Results  of  n 
Journey  to  Mon;;olia,  1892-1893."  Volume  I  ;  Diary  and 
Itinerary,  1892.  St.  Petersburg,  1896.  Volume  II  ; 
Diary  and  Itinerary,  1893.      St.  Petersburg,  1898. 

D.  Pokotiluff:  "  Ou  T'ai  and  its  Past"  (Memoirs  of  the  Imperial 
Russian  Geographical  Society,  section  of  General  Geograp'uy, 
22nd  volume,  No.  2).      St.  Petersburg,  1893. 

Polumordcinoff  (Captain  of  Cavalry)  :  "  The  CHiinese  Army 
Organization  "  ("  Researches  in  Manchuria,  Mongolia  and 
China,"  issue  No.  21).      Harbin,  1!»()S. 

By  the  same  author:  "The  Chinese  Army  :  Military  Administra- 
tion and  .Organization"  ("Researches  in  Manchuria, 
Mongolia  and  China"  ;  issue  No.  22).      Harbin,   1908. 

By  the  same  author  :  "  Tiie  Chinese  Army  ;  Troops  of  the 
Ilsiin-fang-tui  Category;  Military  Ecpupment"  ("Re- 
searches in  .Manchuria,  Mongolia  and  China";  issue  No. 
26  j.      Hiirlnn,  19()h. 

P.  S.  Popoff '■  "The  Ontral  Ciovcnimcnt  C)rganization  of  China 
and  Branches  of  the  Administration."  St.  Petersburg, 
1903.      Supplement,  1909. 

[      Ixxv     ] 


SOURCES    OF    IXFORAfATION, 


Colonel  Piitiata:  "Armed  Forces  of  China  and  the  Princli)les  of 
Military  Science  as  Interpreted  by  the  Ancients  "  ("  Maga- 
zine of  CxeogTaphical,  Topographical  and  Statistical  Kesear- 
ches  in  Asia"  ;  issue  No.  39).      St.  Petersburg,  1889. 

By  the  same  author:  "China"  ("Magazine  of  Geographical^ 
Topographical  and  Statistical  liesearches  in  Asia  "  ;  issue 
No.  59).     St.  Petersburg,  1895. 

A.  Spitzi/nc:  "  Adn)inistrative  Organization  ot  Manchuria" 
(article  in  the  "Messenger  of  Asia  "  ;  No.  2,  October,  1909). 

]\  N.  von  !^liarenher(j-^]u)rlenu'r  (First  Lieutenant)  :  "  Short 
Dictionary  of  Military  and  Naval  Words  and  Expressions 
of  Contemporaneous  Chinese."     Peking,  1910. 


:/c  m  ^t  m  m  m  ^  Ta*  Clriug^  Kuang^  Hsii^  Hsin^ 
Fa"*  Ling*  :  Collection  of  New  Laws  and  ( 'ommands  Issued 
during  the  lleign  of  the  Emperor  Kuang  Hsu  (during  the 
Period  1901-1908).  20  j^  Ts'e',  volumes.  Edition  issued 
by  the  i§j  ff  ^\l  f\-  f^  Shang^  Wu'  Yin*  Shu^  Kuan^, 
Shanghai,  1908. 

iC  'M  m.  i^  i?  Vi  ^  Ta"  Ch'ingi  Hsiiani  T'ung''  Hsin'  Fa* 
Ling*  :  Collection  of  New  Laws  and  Commands  Issued 
diu-ing  the  lleign  of  llsiian  T'ung  (during  the  period  1909- 
1911).  27  jljl  Ts'e',  volumes  (in  course  of  issue).  Edition 
issued  by  the  f§]  f^  f!fl  ^  |^  Shani^^  Wu*  Yin*  Shu^ 
Kuan",  Shanghai,  1909-1911. 

^  r^  M  T/  U  li  K'angi  Nan-  Hai-  Kuan^  Chili*  I*:  Discussion 
of  Kanks,  by  K'ang  Yu-Avei.  ]']dition  issued  by  the 
^-  ^  tl  ^  Kuang^  Chih*  Shu'  Chii^  Shanghai,  190(5. 

Jra  H  f?  iISC  0:  Ch'ing^  Kuo^  Hsin'  Cheng*  Fa* :  Administrative 
Organizatio)!  of  the  Chinese,  Empire ;  second  edition. 
Issued    by    the    M    ^    ®   ^  Kuang=   Chih'  Shu'    ChiiV 

Shanghai,  1906. 

[      Ixxvi     ] 


SOL'llCES    OF    INFORMATION. 


^-  [^  fr  e>(  Ui  M.W.  ii  M  Ch'inai  Kuo=^  lUm^  K:x?  Chlh^  Tsu' 
Chih^  Tniuii'  Piao^  :  Tnl)!!'  of  New  roliticnl  ()ri>-!iiiizations 
of  CliiiKi.  (\ini]»ilod  in  a  form  iiulicatoil  1>\  ]^  ;f^  f*  llu- 
Wei'-tO",  (-'liincsc  Minister  to  Tokyo,  19(»}». 

^<  ^  -X  Yvi  ^  ^k  <^"1'''"'  '^'''\i^'  '^''^'  <  l.'ino'  ll.ii'  Tien^': 
Collected  Institutes  of  the  Ta  Cli-inu:  Dynasty  (approved  by 
tlie  Einjieror), 

#C  ^  ^=^1  l^'fi  I/?  f1^  -f  M  Ch'in'  Tincj*  riiin.!?!  Slian-'  Hsin'  I.ii' 
Sliilr- <.'lHni_i>-' :  New  Commercial  Laws  Sanctioned  l)y  the 
Eni))cror,  in  Id  Categories.  Edition  issued  liy  the  4t  ^ 
p  aj  ^  Pei^  Hsin»  1^  Shu^  Chir^  Pekino-,  IDOfi. 

ft^iililfff^  <^'l^'i'i'  Tino-^  ITsim^  Chin^'  Jlsin'  diano' : 
New  Police  Kegnlations  Sanctioned  liy  th(>  Kmperor. 
Two  UJ-  Ts'c^  A  oluines. 

^'^'^^MU  <-'li''»'  'i">^'  Chancri  Ch'eng-  L.'l'  Tsuan^ 
Collection  of  Rules  and  Heo-ulations  Sanctioned  l)v  the 
Emperor.  Five  jjj"  Ts'e*,  volumes.  Edition  issued  by  the 
ft  ^ff  U  fi  ^  Pci'  Hsin'  P  Shu^  Ch.i^,  Pekin-.  .1908. 

S;  T-T  —  M  ^  <^'l''li'  Kuan^  I'  Lan^  Piao' :  Table  of  Officials. 
A  j)eriodical  publication  issued  by  the  f^  -f^  ji'rt  ^  ^  'P^o* 
Hsin'  Sh:*  Fen'  Chii^.     Nos.  G  to  13.     Pekinjr,  1909-1911. 

'^Wi^JffML'^  ^^'I'ili'  >V  Chen^*  Fu^  Tsu^*  Chih^  :  The 
(lOvermnoMt  Orjranization  of  China.  lOdition  issued  bv  tiic 
^■^W^^UM  ,'41, lit  Pei^  ("hih'  Na'  M.'i^^  .l.h'  Hsin' 
Wrri^"  Sh."-\  Tientsin,  1904. 

'!»  ^  ;/v  'iV  —  "il  ^  Chung'  Kuo=  Ta'  Kuan'  1'  Lau"  Piao^  : 
Tabic  of  tjie  Higher  Officials  of  China.  A  periodical 
publication  foiTnerly  issued  by  the  f^  ^  jfit  ^  A^  Tso^ 
Hsin'  She'  Fen'  Chii'.      Nos.  1  to  5.      Peking,  liH»9. 

'!»  f^  itli  i'il  ^  1$:  ^?1- \^J  ("hung'  Kuo^  Ti'  Ei=  llsiiclr  Chiao^ 
K'o'  .Shu'  :  Manual  of  the  Geography  of  the  Chinese 
Empirr,  |,y  )^'^  TMi'  Chi*.  Third  edition.  Issued  by  the 
\'M  Vfl  rP  }\\^  Shang'  Wu<  Vin*  Shu'  Kuan\  Sluinghai,!  90(5. 

[     Ixxvii     ] 


SOURCES    OF    INFORMATION, 


^M^^^'^  Cluing'  Kuo2  T'ieh^  Lu"  Chihs  Nan^:  Chinese 
Railway  Handbook.  Edition  issued  by  the  ^^  ^  ^ 
Kuang^'  Chih^  Shu^  ChuS  Shanghai,  1905. 

i^  ?&  1r  ^  Cheng*  Chih^  Kuan^  Fao"* :  The  Peking  Gazette; 
Peking,  1907-1910. 


Ball^  J.  Dyer  :  "  Things  Chinese  or  Notes  connected  Avith  China." 
Fourth  Edition.      Shanghai,  1903. 

Betz^  Di\  :  "  Die  Provinzialbehorden  "  (cf .  infra  Hauer). 

Giles^  Hcrhert  A.  (H.B.M's.  Consul  at  Ningpo)  :  "A  Chinese- 
English  Dictionary."     London,  1892. 

By  the  same  author  :  "  A  Glossary  of  Reference  on  Subjects 
connected  Avith  the  Far  East.  Third  Edition.  IShanghai, 
1900. 

Gory^  Jules  (Chinese  Customs) :  "  Notes  on  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment Bank."     Peking,  1908. 

Be  Groot,  J.  J.  M.  {Ph.  D.) :  "  The  Religious  System  of  China, 
Its  Ancient  Forms,  Evolution,  History  and  Present  Aspect. 
Mannei's,  Customs  and  Social  Institutions  connected  there- 
with." Volume  III  (Book  1,  Disposal  of  th6  Dead  : 
Part  III,  The  Grave).      Leide,  1897. 

Haue?\Dr.:  "  Pekinger  Zentralreigierung  "  (Mittheihmgen  des 
Seminars  fiir  Orientalischen  Spracheu  an  der  Koniglichen 
Fricdrich-Wilhelms-Universitiit  zu  Berlin.  Jahrgang  XII. 
Erste  Abtheilurig  :  Ostasiatische  Studien.     Berlin,  1909). 

Hoang,  P.  Pierre  :  "  Expose  du  (.'ommei-ce  public  du  Sel." 
Chang-hai,  1898.     (Varietes  Sinologiques  No.  15). 

By  the  same  author  :  "  Melanges  sur  I'Administration,"  Chang- 
hai,  1902.     (Varietes  Sinologiques  No.  21). 

Jernif/an^  T.  R.  (Ex-Consul-General  of  the  United  States  of 
America  at  Shanghai,  China) :  "  China's  Business  Methods 
and  Policy."     Shanghai,  1904. 

[     Ixxviii     ] 


SOURCES    OK     IXFOUMATIOX. 


KrnncUi/:  "  M.  Ixichard's  Comprehensive  Geography  of  the 
Chinese  Empire  and  Dependencies  (Transhited  into  English, 
revised  and  eidarged  by ).      Shanghai,  190H. 

Moi/ers,  JliUiani  Fre/lrn'rk  :  "The  Chinese  (rovernnient."  A 
Mannal  of  Chinese  Titles  categroricaliv  arraiiired  and 
explained,  with  an  ajipendix.  Third  Edition  (revised  by 
a.  Play  fair),      t^hanghai,  1896. 

Mai/crs,  S.  F.  (Assistant  (/hinese  Secretary,  II.B.M's.  Legation, 
Peking):  "List  of  the  Higher  Metropolitan  and  Provincial 
Authorities  of  China."  ((Jompiled  by  the  (.'hinese  Secre- 
taries H.B.M's.  Legation,  Peking).      Shanghai,  1908. 

Morse,  Ilosm  Ballon  (A.  B.,  Har\ard  ;  .Member  R,  A,  S., 
England  ;  Commis^sioner  of  Customs  and  Statistical  Secre- 
tary, L  (t.  of  Customs,  China):  "The  Trade  and 
Administration  uf  the  Chinese  Empire."      Shanghai,  1908. 

O/iuniofo:  "A  Chinese  Pronunciation  Dictionarv  in  Pekinjr 
Dialect."      Fifth  Edition.     Tokvo,  1907. 

I*<irhcr,  K.  J!.:  "China.  Her  History,  Diplomacy  and 
Commerce  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Prosent  Day." 
Second  Edition.      London,  1901. 

/V/-y,  \.  TlieopliiJe  :  "Manuel  de  Langiic  Mandarine  on 
Recneil  Ideologicpie  en  Chinois,  Fran(;ai3  et  Anglais  des 
termes,  locutions  et  idiotismes  de  la  Langue  Mandarinr  du 
.Nord  (Texte  Anglais  par  M.  ("h.  II.  Oliver,  M.A.). 
Shanghai,  1895. 

fniliants,  S.  H'clls  :  "  The  Middle  Kingdom.  A  Snr\ey  of  the 
Geogra|»hy,  (iovornment,  Literature,  Social  Life,  Ai'ts  and 
Histoi-y  of  the  Chinese  Empire  and  its  Inhabitants." 
Revised  edition.      \n  two  vohnnes.      Xew  York,  1904. 


[     Ixxix     ] 


Extracts  from  Criticisms  of  the  Russian  Edition  of 
"The  Present  Day  Political  Organization  of  China." 

{^'rrrtndittion.^) 

It  is  with  great  {ileasjure  we  Doto,  and  heartily  welcome,  tlie  appt'arance  of 

this  creditable  work,  prod uceil  by  the  coinliined  effort  of  H.  S.  nruiinert  and  V.  V. 

Hagelstroui,  loniier  students  of   the   Department  of   Orieiitiil    Liinguage-i   of   St. 

Petersburg  Uni\er8ily,  with  the  active  and   intelligent  assistance  of  the   Chinese 

"Secretary  of  the  Imperial  Russian  Legation  at  Peking. 

We  venture  to  say  with  confidence  that  in  the  list  of  works  of  this  kind, 
enumerated  by  the  authors  in  their  "  Sources  of  Information,"  the  present  volume, 
in  the  abundance,  variety  and  up-to-dateness  of  the  information  supplied,  lias  no 
equal  ;  and  its  modest  title  by  no  means  describes  its  contents  in  full. 

The  book  gives  more  than  tlie  "  Present  Day  Political  Organi/.ation  of 
China;"  it  discusses  other,  not  less  interesting,  institutions  of  C^hina.  now  in  the 
process  of  reformation,  for  instance,  education,  militar)'  forces,  lianks,  railways, 
telegraphs  and  telephones,  colonization,  judicial  establishments,  etc. 

Our  attention  was  particularly  attracted  to  tlie  comparatively  large  portion 
concerning  education,  in  which  is  found  much  valuable  and  detaiieii  information 
as  to  the  present  system  of  education  in  China  in  general  and,  in  particular,  the 
types  and  management  of  present  day  schools — elementary,  primary,  middle, 
highei',  normal,  pi'ofessional  and  special,  universities  and  schools  for  females.  At 
the  fame  time  tliere  is  much  information  concerning;'  tidncational  schenu's. 
educational  administration  and  the  teaching  ptaff. 

Wlien  considei'ing  new  establishments  the  authors  do  not  coniine  tlieni- 
selves  to  the  mere  emuneration  of  their  functions  and  those  of  their  sections  ; 
exact  dates  of  the  Imjierial  Decrees  calliii,?  the  institutions  concerned  into  existence 
are  given  and,  in.nvany  cases,  these  Decrees  are  (luoted,  either  in  part  or  in  toto. 
When  reviewing  reformed  establishments  they  invariably  add  historical  comments. 

The  translation  of  the  Cliiiiese  designations  of  the  numeious  institutions, 
posts  and  ranks  into  Russian,  to  correspond  to  our  nomenclature — no  light  task — - 
has  been  exceedingly  well  done. 

In  conclusion,  1  venture  to  express  my  opinion  that  this  work,  Iwing  the 
best  reference  book  on  the  Present  Political  Oi'ganization  of  China,  will  prove  a 
necessity  in  reading  books  C(mcerning  governmeut  establishments  whitli  China,  in 
consequence  of  tlie  reform  movement,  has  been  lately  so  e^iriched  and,  also,  will  be 
found  indispensable  in  the  examination  of  government  and  private  records  and 
documents. — P.  S.  I'OPOFF,  Pri<fessor  of  Chhiexe.  at  St.  Pftevxhirtj  Unirersitji, 
sometime  Chinene  Secretary  of  H.  I.  7?.  il/'*".  Legation,  Pehbuj. 

Nous  connaiasions  jusqu'ici  tr^s  imparfaitement  rorganisation  politique  de 
]a  Chine.  Quehpies  services  qu'aient  rendus  le  "  Chinese  Government"  de  Mayers 
et  lea  "  Melanges  sur  rAdministration  "  du  P.  Hoang,  aucnn  de  ces  deux  ouvrages 
n'etait  suffisamment  detaille,  et  d'ailleurs  I'un  et  I'autre  sont  anterieurs  a  la 
plupart  des  rfiformes  qui  out  transforme  les  rouages  du  gouvernement  chinois. 
AuBsi  ne  pouvons-noua  qu"accueillir  avec  le  plus  vif  empressement  le  volumineux 
ouvrage   dans  lequel    MM.    Brunnert   et   Hagelstrom,   sous   le   controle    de     M. 

[     Ixxx    .  ] 


Kole.-M«ff.  out  i-tutiie  avrc  iin  soiu  exliOiiie  r(irn;ani,«-ation  iiolitique  iMiiUeiDporuiiie  . 
f(iut»-ii  les  iiiiio\:iti(iiis  v  out  etir  iudimii-e*  ;  jiour  Iveiuicoup  d't-iitre  elks  on  a  note 
111  (lau-  exacte  i>u  files  ont  vti  promul^'ueef  et  on  a  cite  le  textf  dii  ilecret  qui  Icb  a 
insfitdeeit  :  il  y  a  h\  nne  foule  de  i-eiisfit:nt'ments  ((ue.  d^s  ni:iintennnt.  on  aurait  de 
lii  peine  d  retrouver  et  ([Ut-  plus  tard  ihit^toiien  recueillera  precieusement.  Nous 
frouhaitons  tr^s  vivenient  que  cet  ouvrage  soit  traduit  fii  une  laiigue  accesKildc  a 
un  plus  grand  nouibre  de  lectenrs  que  le  rupse  :  dautre  part  nous  vomirioiis  y  voir 
ajouter  lindication  des  mots  mandehous  qui  entrent  dans  la  composition  dun 
assez  j^rand  noml're  lie  litres  et  qui  M>nt  simplement  transoris  fii  chitiois. —  Touwj 
I'ao      D^ceud.re  l!tlU,  No.  5. 

.  .  Only  a  sinologue  of  hij.'h  st:inding  would  be  justified  in  criticising  the 
work  of  Messrs.  Brunnert  and  Hagelstroni  ;  whereas  even  the  tyro  to  whom 
transliterations  of  i<ieo:.craphs  are  but  nii-aninglcss  sounds  can  see  iit  a  glance  that 
in  this  Russian  publication  the  authors  and  compilers  liave  successfully  accom- 
plished an  almost  c«>lossal  task  of  profound  and  tireless  erudition.  Their  woik 
appears  to  be  iti  the  most  literal  sense  an  exhaustive  one  of  referejice  in  which  all 
the  esMntial  data  in  any  way  connected  with  Chinese  metropolitan  and  provincial 
cici..;;ive  and  administrative  institutions  m:iy  be  ascertained  at  a  glance.  The 
volume  consists  of  four  sections,  with  appendices,  an  index,  a  key  to  the  Chinese 
readings,  a  list  of  authorities,  and  errata.  The  (irFt  section  deals  with  the  Kmperor 
and  Imperial  House,  the  metropolitan  governmental  institutions  other  than 
.Ministries.  The  second  comprises  the  Ministries,  police,  banks,  mints.  Customs, 
temples,  education,  census,  libraries,  miliUiry  and  .naval  niatters.  J'he  third 
treats  of  the  Metropolitan  Province  :md  .Manchuria,  and  the  provincial  jidministra- 
tioii  and  colonial  possessions  of  (Jbina  ;  while  the  fourth  deals  with  such  subject« 
as  otticials  despatched  on  spiaial  missions,  institutions  reformeii  or  abolished, 
honourable  ranks.  berediUry  and  honourable  titles,  posthumous  ranks  and  titles, 
rewards,  orders,  etc. 

It  is  a  pity  that  a  work  of  such  comprehensive  scope  must  remain  a  sealed 
book  to  the  majority  of  English  readers,  who  would  otherwise,  at  a  juncture  like 
tlie  present,  be  eager  to  av;iil  themselves  of  the  most  np-to-ilate  information 
regarding  the  Chinese  movement  in  the  dirertion  nl  < onstitutional  reform.  Tbiis 
in  the  first  section  aie  described  the  new  l.'hinese  I'arlianient  to  be  openeil  in  11*13, 
the  Imperial  Council,  llie  Imperial  ("liMncbllery .  the  Committee  of  Minibters,  the 
< 'onstitutional  UeforniH  Commission,  the  Constitutional  (Jhamber  and  Provincial 
\<  isory  Corauiittees.  the  Commissi(»n  oii  Legislative  lleforms,  the  Anti-Opium 
('ummi*>sion,  the  tJeiieral  Staff,  the  fommittee  im  Fleet  Ue-organi/.ation  and  the 
Chief  Naval  A<lmini»tration  ;  and  in  the  second  pari  will  be  foiintl  much  valuable 
material  concerning  the  old-style  and  moilern  Chinese  armies,  the  Chine.»e  Heel. 
•  'onrts  and  prisons,  aijriculture.  railways,  telegraphs  and  telephoiu-s.  The  intrinsic 
UBefuIness  of  all  this  classified  matter  to  the  specialist  i>  enhanced  b\  the  fad 
that  in  every  instance  the  authors  have  been  careful  to  furnish  the  ('binese 
tt-riiiiiiology  will)  a  Kussian  trausliti-ration. 

I'.cfore    taking   leave   of   a    really    moiiumonlal    pie«t  of    work    which   n.av 
juiitly  t>«  naid  to  repr«i»ent  the  last  wurd  un  the  subject,   we  cannot  do  l»ett>T  than 
translate  some  extracts  from  the  Mrikinely  mwbst  yet  illuminalinK  prefure 
Ja/mi,  Chrmiiclr.  lOth  October.  1910. 

[       IX.NXi       1 


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